1
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Pan H, Xu R, Zhang Y. Role of SPRY4 in health and disease. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1376873. [PMID: 38686189 PMCID: PMC11056578 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1376873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SPRY4 is a protein encoding gene that belongs to the Spry family. It inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and plays a role in various biological functions under normal and pathological conditions. The SPRY4 protein has a specific structure and interacts with other molecules to regulate cellular behavior. It serves as a negative feedback inhibitor of the receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RTK) signaling pathway and interferes with cell proliferation and migration. SPRY4 also influences inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. In different types of tumors, SPRY4 can act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene. Its dysregulation is associated with the development and progression of various cancers, including colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, gastric cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer. SPRY4 is also involved in organ development and is associated with ischemic diseases. Further research is ongoing to understand the expression and function of SPRY4 in specific tumor microenvironments and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Renjie Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Li J, Ma R, Wang X, Lu Y, Chen J, Feng D, Zhou J, Xia K, Klein O, Xie H, Lu P. Sprouty genes regulate activated fibroblasts in mammary epithelial development and breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:256. [PMID: 38600092 PMCID: PMC11006910 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Stromal fibroblasts are a major stem cell niche component essential for organ formation and cancer development. Fibroblast heterogeneity, as revealed by recent advances in single-cell techniques, has raised important questions about the origin, differentiation, and function of fibroblast subtypes. In this study, we show in mammary stromal fibroblasts that loss of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) negative feedback regulators encoded by Spry1, Spry2, and Spry4 causes upregulation of signaling in multiple RTK pathways and increased extracellular matrix remodeling, resulting in accelerated epithelial branching. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that increased production of FGF10 due to Sprouty (Spry) loss results from expansion of a functionally distinct subgroup of fibroblasts with the most potent branching-promoting ability. Compared to their three independent lineage precursors, fibroblasts in this subgroup are "activated," as they are located immediately adjacent to the epithelium that is actively undergoing branching and invasion. Spry genes are downregulated, and activated fibroblasts are expanded, in all three of the major human breast cancer subtypes. Together, our data highlight the regulation of a functional subtype of mammary fibroblasts by Spry genes and their essential role in epithelial morphogenesis and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Li
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
| | - Rongze Ma
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- Institute of Aix-Marseille, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunzhe Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
| | - Deyi Feng
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
| | - Jiecan Zhou
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
| | - Kun Xia
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hu Nan Sheng, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China
| | - Ophir Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 0422, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE1508, San Francisco, CA, 94143, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Guerin Children's, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Gracie Allen Dr., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Aix-Marseille, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hu Nan Sheng, China.
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China.
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hu Nan Sheng, China.
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3
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Tantibhaedhyangkul W, Tantrapornpong J, Yutchawit N, Theerapanon T, Intarak N, Thaweesapphithak S, Porntaveetus T, Shotelersuk V. Dental characteristics of patients with four different types of skeletal dysplasias. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5827-5839. [PMID: 37548766 PMCID: PMC10560164 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05194-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal dysplasia (SD) comprises more than 450 separate disorders. We hypothesized that their dental features would be distinctive and investigated the tooth characteristics of four patients with different SDs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four SD patients with molecularly confirmed diagnoses, Pt-1 acromicric dysplasia, Pt-2 hypophosphatasia and hypochondroplasia, Pt-3 cleidocranial dysplasia, and Pt-4 achondroplasia, were recruited. A tooth from each patient was evaluated for mineral density (micro-computerized tomography), surface roughness (surface profilometer), microhardness, mineral contents (energy-dispersive X-ray), and ultrastructure (scanning electron microscopy and histology), and compared with three tooth-type matched controls. RESULTS Pt-1 and Pt-3 had several unerupted teeth. Pt-2 had an intact-root-exfoliated tooth at 2 years old. The lingual surfaces of the patients' teeth were significantly smoother, while their buccal surfaces were rougher, than controls, except for Pt-1's buccal surface. The patients' teeth exhibited deep grooves around the enamel prisms and rough intertubular dentin. Pt-3 demonstrated a flat dentinoenamel junction and Pt-2 had an enlarged pulp, barely detectable cementum layer, and ill-defined cemento-dentinal junction. Reduced microhardnesses in enamel, dentin, and both layers were observed in Pt-3, Pt-4, and Pt-1, respectively. Pt-1 showed reduced Ca/P ratio in dentin, while both enamel and dentin of Pt-2 and Pt-3 showed reduced Ca/P ratio. CONCLUSION Each SD has distinctive dental characteristics with changes in surface roughness, ultrastructure, and mineral composition of dental hard tissues. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this era of precision dentistry, identifying the specific potential dental problems for each patient with SD would help personalize dental management guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worasap Tantibhaedhyangkul
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jenjira Tantrapornpong
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuttanun Yutchawit
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanakorn Theerapanon
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Narin Intarak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sermporn Thaweesapphithak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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4
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Thaler R, Yoshizaki K, Nguyen T, Fukumoto S, Den Besten P, Bikle DD, Oda Y. Mediator 1 ablation induces enamel-to-hair lineage conversion in mice through enhancer dynamics. Commun Biol 2023; 6:766. [PMID: 37479880 PMCID: PMC10362024 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal cell fate is postulated to be primarily determined by the local tissue microenvironment. Here, we find that Mediator 1 (Med1) dependent epigenetic mechanisms dictate tissue-specific lineage commitment and progression of dental epithelia. Deletion of Med1, a key component of the Mediator complex linking enhancer activities to gene transcription, provokes a tissue extrinsic lineage shift, causing hair generation in incisors. Med1 deficiency gives rise to unusual hair growth via primitive cellular aggregates. Mechanistically, we find that MED1 establishes super-enhancers that control enamel lineage transcription factors in dental stem cells and their progenies. However, Med1 deficiency reshapes the enhancer landscape and causes a switch from the dental transcriptional program towards hair and epidermis on incisors in vivo, and in dental epithelial stem cells in vitro. Med1 loss also provokes an increase in the number and size of enhancers. Interestingly, control dental epithelia already exhibit enhancers for hair and epidermal key transcription factors; these transform into super-enhancers upon Med1 loss suggesting that these epigenetic mechanisms cause the shift towards epidermal and hair lineages. Thus, we propose a role for Med1 in safeguarding lineage specific enhancers, highlight the central role of enhancer accessibility in lineage reprogramming and provide insights into ectodermal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Keigo Yoshizaki
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Thai Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Pamela Den Besten
- Department of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Krivanek J, Buchtova M, Fried K, Adameyko I. Plasticity of Dental Cell Types in Development, Regeneration, and Evolution. J Dent Res 2023; 102:589-598. [PMID: 36919873 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231154800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have improved our understanding of the plasticity of cell types behind inducing, building, and maintaining different types of teeth. The latest efforts were aided by progress in single-cell transcriptomics, which helped to define not only cell states with mathematical precision but also transitions between them. This includes new aspects of dental epithelial and mesenchymal stem cell niches and beyond. These recent efforts revealed continuous and fluid trajectories connecting cell states during dental development and exposed the natural plasticity of tooth-building progenitors. Such "developmental" plasticity seems to be employed for organizing stem cell niches in adult continuously growing teeth. Furthermore, transitions between mature cell types elicited by trauma might represent a replay of embryonic continuous cell states. Alternatively, they could constitute transitions that evolved de novo, not known from the developmental paradigm. In this review, we discuss and exemplify how dental cell types exhibit plasticity during dynamic processes such as development, self-renewal, repair, and dental replacement. Hypothetically, minor plasticity of cell phenotypes and greater plasticity of transitions between cell subtypes might provide a better response to lifetime challenges, such as damage or dental loss. This plasticity might be additionally harnessed by the evolutionary process during the elaboration of dental cell subtypes in different animal lineages. In turn, the diversification of cell subtypes building teeth brings a diversity of their shape, structural properties, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krivanek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Buchtova
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - I Adameyko
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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6
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Lavicky J, Kolouskova M, Prochazka D, Rakultsev V, Gonzalez-Lopez M, Steklikova K, Bartos M, Vijaykumar A, Kaiser J, Pořízka P, Hovorakova M, Mina M, Krivanek J. The Development of Dentin Microstructure Is Controlled by the Type of Adjacent Epithelium. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:323-339. [PMID: 34783080 PMCID: PMC9300090 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable amount of research has been focused on dentin mineralization, odontoblast differentiation, and their application in dental tissue engineering. However, very little is known about the differential role of functionally and spatially distinct types of dental epithelium during odontoblast development. Here we show morphological and functional differences in dentin located in the crown and roots of mouse molar and analogous parts of continuously growing incisors. Using a reporter (DSPP-cerulean/DMP1-cherry) mouse strain and mice with ectopic enamel (Spry2+/- ;Spry4-/- ), we show that the different microstructure of dentin is initiated in the very beginning of dentin matrix production and is maintained throughout the whole duration of dentin growth. This phenomenon is regulated by the different inductive role of the adjacent epithelium. Thus, based on the type of interacting epithelium, we introduce more generalized terms for two distinct types of dentins: cementum versus enamel-facing dentin. In the odontoblasts, which produce enamel-facing dentin, we identified uniquely expressed genes (Dkk1, Wisp1, and Sall1) that were either absent or downregulated in odontoblasts, which form cementum-facing dentin. This suggests the potential role of Wnt signalling on the dentin structure patterning. Finally, we show the distribution of calcium and magnesium composition in the two developmentally different types of dentins by utilizing spatial element composition analysis (LIBS). Therefore, variations in dentin inner structure and element composition are the outcome of different developmental history initiated from the very beginning of tooth development. Taken together, our results elucidate the different effects of dental epithelium, during crown and root formation on adjacent odontoblasts and the possible role of Wnt signalling which together results in formation of dentin of different quality. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Lavicky
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Kolouskova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Prochazka
- Advanced Instrumentation and Methods for Materials Characterization, CEITEC Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Rakultsev
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcos Gonzalez-Lopez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Steklikova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartos
- Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anushree Vijaykumar
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Advanced Instrumentation and Methods for Materials Characterization, CEITEC Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pořízka
- Advanced Instrumentation and Methods for Materials Characterization, CEITEC Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mina Mina
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jan Krivanek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Guo W, Lin X, Zhang R, Hu L, Wang J, Wang F, Wang J, Zhang C, Wu X, Wang S. Spatiotemporal Expression Patterns of Critical Genes Involved in FGF Signaling During Morphogenesis and Odontogenesis of Deciduous Molars in Miniature Pigs. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:132-141. [PMID: 34975307 PMCID: PMC8692127 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.61798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway plays an important role in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth development. Nevertheless, how the ligands, receptors, and antagonists of the FGF pathway are involved in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions remains largely unknown. Miniature pigs exhibit tooth anatomy and replacement patterns like those in humans and hence can serve as large animal models. The present study investigated the spatiotemporal expression patterns of critical genes encoding FGF ligands (FGF3, FGF4, FGF7, and FGF9), antagonists (SPRY2 and SPRY4) and receptors (FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3) in the third deciduous molars of miniature pigs at the cap (embryonic day 40, E40), early bell (E50), and late bell (E60) stages. The results of in situ hybridization (ISH) with tyramide signal amplification and of qRT-PCR analysis revealed increased expression of FGF7, FGFR1, FGFR2, and SPRY4 in dental epithelium and of FGF7 and FGFR1 in mesenchyme from E40 to E50. In contrast, the results revealed decreased expression of FGF3, FGF4, FGF9, and FGFR3 in dental epithelium and of FGF4, FGF9, FGFR2, and FGFR3 in the mesenchyme from E40 to E60. Mesenchyme signals of FGF3, FGF4, FGF7, SPRY2, FGFR2, and FGFR3 were concentrated in the odontoblast layer from E50 to E60. The distinct expression patterns of these molecules indicated elaborate regulation during dental morphogenesis. Our results provide a foundation for further investigation into fine-tuning dental morphogenesis and odontogenesis by controlling interactions between dental epithelium and mesenchyme, thus promoting tooth regeneration in large mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Guo
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangyi Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral Basic Science, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Academician Workstation for Oral-Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Academician Workstation for Oral-Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Li D, Wang X, Yao L, Jing H, Qin T, Li M, Zhang S, Chen Z, Zhang L. Sox2 controls asymmetric patterning of ameloblast lineage commitment by regulation of FGF signaling in the mouse incisor. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:1035-1042. [PMID: 34279757 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse incisors are covered by enamel only on the labial side and the lingual side is covered by dentin without enamel. This asymmetric distribution of enamel makes it possible to be abrased on the lingual side, generating the sharp cutting edge of incisor on the labial side. The abrasion of mouse incisors is compensated by the continuous growth throughout life. Epithelium stem cells responsible for its continuous growth are reported to localize within the labial cervical loop. The transcription factor Sox2 plays important roles in the maintenance of stem cell pluripotency and organ formation. We previously found that Sox2 mainly expressed in the dental epithelium. Besides, Sox2 has been reported to be a dental epithelium stem cell marker in the incisor. However, the exact mechanism of Sox2 controlling amelogenesis is still not quite clearly elucidated. Here we report that conditional deletion of Sox2 in the dental epithelium using Shhcre caused impaired ameloblast differentiation in the labial side and induced ectopic ameloblast-like cell differentiation on the lingual side. Abnormal FGF gene expression was detected by RNAscope in situ hybridization in the mutant incisor. Collectively, we speculate that asymmetric ameloblast lineage commitment of mouse incisor might be regulated by Sox2 through FGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717 Jinbu Street, Yantai, 264100, Shandong, China
- Binzhou Medical University, No. 346 Guanhai Street, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Binzhou Medical University, No. 346 Guanhai Street, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
- Department of Stomatology, Binzhou Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Yao
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, 264008, Shandong, China
| | - Huaixiang Jing
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717 Jinbu Street, Yantai, 264100, Shandong, China
| | - Tiantian Qin
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717 Jinbu Street, Yantai, 264100, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Binzhou Medical University, No. 346 Guanhai Street, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Binzhou Medical University, No. 346 Guanhai Street, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717 Jinbu Street, Yantai, 264100, Shandong, China.
- Binzhou Medical University, No. 346 Guanhai Street, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
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9
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a multi-etiologic infection characterized clinically by pathologic loss of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Herpesviruses and specific bacterial species are major periodontal pathogens that cooperate synergistically in producing severe periodontitis. Cellular immunity against herpesviruses and humoral immunity against bacteria are key periodontal host defenses. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are modifiers of periodontal disease severity. MicroRNAs are a class of noncoding, gene expression-based, posttranscriptional regulatory RNAs of great importance for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Aberrant expression of microRNAs has been associated with several medical diseases. Periodontal tissue cells and herpesviruses elaborate several microRNAs that are of current research interest. This review attempts to conceptualize the role of periodontal microRNAs in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The diagnostic potential of salivary microRNAs is also addressed. Employment of microRNA technology in periodontics represents an interesting new preventive and therapeutic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar R Naqvi
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Department of Periodontology, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Marañón-Vásquez GA, Vieira AR, Dos Santos LV, Cunha AS, Weiss SG, Araujo MTDS, Bolognese AM, Scariot R, Küchler EC, Stuani MBS. FGF10 and FGF13 genetic variation and tooth-size discrepancies. Angle Orthod 2021; 91:356-362. [PMID: 33492380 DOI: 10.2319/060920-531.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore whether variations in odontogenesis-related genes are associated with tooth-size discrepancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurements of the width of permanent teeth were obtained from dental casts of 62 orthodontic patients (age 15.65 ± 6.82 years; 29 males and 33 females). Participants were classified according to the anterior and overall Bolton ratios as without tooth-size discrepancy or with maxillary or mandibular tooth-size excess. Genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells was used, and 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across nine genes were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan chemistry. χ2 or Fisher exact tests were applied to determine the overrepresentation of genotypes/alleles depending on the type of tooth-size discrepancy (α = .05; corrected P value: P < 5.556 × 10-3). Odds ratios (ORs) and their correspondent 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were also calculated to investigate the risk of this phenotype for the SNPs having significant association. RESULTS Individuals carrying the FGF10 rs900379 T allele were more likely to have larger mandibular teeth (OR = 3.74; 95% CI: 1.65-8.47; P = .002). This effect appeared to be stronger when two copies of the risk allele (TT) were found (recessive model, OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.71-22.16; P = .006). On the other hand, FGF13 rs5931572 rare homozygotes (AA, or male A hemizygotes) had increased risk of displaying tooth-size discrepancies when compared with the common homozygotes (GG, or male G hemizygotes; OR = 10.32; 95% CI: 2.20-48.26; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that FGF10 and FGF13 may contribute to the presence of tooth-size discrepancies.
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11
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Woodruff ED, Gutierrez GC, Van Otterloo E, Williams T, Cohn MJ. Anomalous incisor morphology indicates tissue-specific roles for Tfap2a and Tfap2b in tooth development. Dev Biol 2021; 472:67-74. [PMID: 33460639 PMCID: PMC8018193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mice possess two types of teeth that differ in their cusp patterns; incisors have one cusp and molars have multiple cusps. The patterning of these two types of teeth relies on fine-tuning of the reciprocal molecular signaling between dental epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during embryonic development. The AP-2 transcription factors, particularly Tfap2a and Tfap2b, are essential components of such epithelial-mesenchymal signaling interactions that coordinate craniofacial development in mice and other vertebrates, but little is known about their roles in the regulation of tooth development and shape. Here we demonstrate that incisors and molars differ in their temporal and spatial expression of Tfap2a and Tfap2b. At the bud stage, Tfap2a is expressed in both the epithelium and mesenchyme of the incisors and molars, but Tfap2b expression is restricted to the molar mesenchyme, only later appearing in the incisor epithelium. Tissue-specific deletions show that loss of the epithelial domain of Tfap2a and Tfap2b affects the number and spatial arrangement of the incisors, notably resulting in duplicated lower incisors. In contrast, deletion of these two genes in the mesenchymal domain has little effect on tooth development. Collectively these results implicate epithelial expression of Tfap2a and Tfap2b in regulating the extent of the dental lamina associated with patterning the incisors and suggest that these genes contribute to morphological differences between anterior (incisor) and posterior (molar) teeth within the mammalian dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Woodruff
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Eric Van Otterloo
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Martin J Cohn
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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12
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Epithelial loss of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation leads to disturbed enamel and impaired dentin matrix formation in postnatal developed mouse incisor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22037. [PMID: 33328493 PMCID: PMC7744519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of dentin and enamel matrix depends on reciprocal interactions between epithelial-mesenchymal cells. To assess the role of mitochondrial function in amelogenesis and dentinogenesis, we studied postnatal incisor development in K320E-TwinkleEpi mice. In these mice, a loss of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), followed by a severe defect in the oxidative phosphorylation system is induced specifically in Keratin 14 (K14+) expressing epithelial cells. Histochemical staining showed severe reduction of cytochrome c oxidase activity only in K14+ epithelial cells. In mutant incisors, H&E staining showed severe defects in the ameloblasts, in the epithelial cells of the stratum intermedium and the papillary cell layer, but also a disturbed odontoblast layer. The lack of amelogenin in the enamel matrix of K320E-TwinkleEpi mice indicated that defective ameloblasts are not able to form extracellular enamel matrix proteins. In comparison to control incisors, von Kossa staining showed enamel biomineralization defects and dentin matrix impairment. In mutant incisor, TUNEL staining and ultrastructural analyses revealed differentiation defects, while in hair follicle cells apoptosis is prevalent. We concluded that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in epithelial cells of the developed incisor is required for Ca2+ homeostasis to regulate the formation of enamel matrix and induce the differentiation of ectomesenchymal cells into odontoblasts.
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13
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Gan L, Liu Y, Cui DX, Pan Y, Wan M. New insight into dental epithelial stem cells: Identification, regulation, and function in tooth homeostasis and repair. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1327-1340. [PMID: 33312401 PMCID: PMC7705464 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i11.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth enamel, a highly mineralized tissue covering the outermost area of teeth, is always damaged by dental caries or trauma. Tooth enamel rarely repairs or renews itself, due to the loss of ameloblasts and dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs) once the tooth erupts. Unlike human teeth, mouse incisors grow continuously due to the presence of DESCs that generate enamel-producing ameloblasts and other supporting dental epithelial lineages. The ready accessibility of mouse DESCs and wide availability of related transgenic mouse lines make mouse incisors an excellent model to examine the identity and heterogeneity of dental epithelial stem/progenitor cells; explore the regulatory mechanisms underlying enamel formation; and help answer the open question regarding the therapeutic development of enamel engineering. In the present review, we update the current understanding about the identification of DESCs in mouse incisors and summarize the regulatory mechanisms of enamel formation driven by DESCs. The roles of DESCs during homeostasis and repair are also discussed, which should improve our knowledge regarding enamel tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Di-Xin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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14
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Yoshizaki K, Fukumoto S, Bikle DD, Oda Y. Transcriptional Regulation of Dental Epithelial Cell Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238952. [PMID: 33255698 PMCID: PMC7728066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental enamel is hardest tissue in the body and is produced by dental epithelial cells residing in the tooth. Their cell fates are tightly controlled by transcriptional programs that are facilitated by fate determining transcription factors and chromatin regulators. Understanding the transcriptional program controlling dental cell fate is critical for our efforts to build and repair teeth. In this review, we describe the current understanding of these regulators essential for regeneration of dental epithelial stem cells and progeny, which are identified through transgenic mouse models. We first describe the development and morphogenesis of mouse dental epithelium in which different subpopulations of epithelia such as ameloblasts contribute to enamel formation. Then, we describe the function of critical factors in stem cells or progeny to drive enamel lineages. We also show that gene mutations of these factors are associated with dental anomalies in craniofacial diseases in humans. We also describe the function of the master regulators to govern dental lineages, in which the genetic removal of each factor switches dental cell fate to that generating hair. The distinct and related mechanisms responsible for the lineage plasticity are discussed. This knowledge will lead us to develop a potential tool for bioengineering new teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Yoshizaki
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daniel D. Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Abstract
The roles of SPRED proteins in signaling, development, and cancer are becoming increasingly recognized. SPRED proteins comprise an N-terminal EVH-1 domain, a central c-Kit-binding domain, and C-terminal SROUTY domain. They negatively regulate signaling from tyrosine kinases to the Ras-MAPK pathway. SPRED1 binds directly to both c-KIT and to the RasGAP, neurofibromin, whose function is completely dependent on this interaction. Loss-of-function mutations in SPRED1 occur in human cancers and cause the developmental disorder, Legius syndrome. Genetic ablation of SPRED genes in mice leads to behavioral problems, dwarfism, and multiple other phenotypes including increased risk of leukemia. In this review, we summarize and discuss biochemical, structural, and biological functions of these proteins including their roles in normal cell growth and differentiation and in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lorenzo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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16
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Vesela B, Svandova E, Hovorakova M, Peterkova R, Kratochvilova A, Pasovska M, Ramesova A, Lesot H, Matalova E. Specification of Sprouty2 functions in osteogenesis in in vivo context. Organogenesis 2019; 15:111-119. [PMID: 31480885 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2019.1656995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprouty proteins are modulators of the MAPK/ERK pathway. Amongst these, Sprouty2 (SPRY2) has been investigated as a possible factor that takes part in the initial phases of osteogenesis. However, the in vivo context has not yet been investigated and the underlying mechanisms taking place in vitro remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, the impact of Spry2 deficiency was examined in the developing tibias of Spry2 deficient (-/-) mouse. The investigation was performed when the osteogenic zone became clearly visible and when all three basic bone cells types were present. The main markers of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RT-PCR showed that the expression of Sost was 3.5 times higher in Spry2-/- than in the wild-type bone, which pointed to a still unknown mechanism of action of SPRY2 on the differentiation of osteocytes. The up-regulation of Sost was independent of Hif-1α expression and could not be related to its positive regulator, Runx2, since none of these factors showed an increased expression in the bone of Spry2-/- mice. Regarding the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway, the Spry2-/- showed an increased expression of Rank, but no significant change in the expression of Rankl and Opg. Thanks to these results, the impact of Spry2 deletion is shown for the first time in the developing bone as a complex organ including, particularly, an effect on osteoblasts (Runx2) and osteocytes (Sost). This might explain the previously reported decrease in bone formation in postnatal Spry2-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Vesela
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Svandova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Renata Peterkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Adela Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Martina Pasovska
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic.,Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Alice Ramesova
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Herve Lesot
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic
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17
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Marangoni P, Charles C, Ahn Y, Seidel K, Jheon A, Ganss B, Krumlauf R, Viriot L, Klein OD. Downregulation of FGF Signaling by Spry4 Overexpression Leads to Shape Impairment, Enamel Irregularities, and Delayed Signaling Center Formation in the Mouse Molar. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10205. [PMID: 31485553 PMCID: PMC6715786 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF signaling plays a critical role in tooth development, and mutations in modulators of this pathway produce a number of striking phenotypes. However, many aspects of the role of the FGF pathway in regulating the morphological features and the mineral quality of the dentition remain unknown. Here, we used transgenic mice overexpressing the FGF negative feedback regulator Sprouty4 under the epithelial keratin 14 promoter (K14‐Spry4) to achieve downregulation of signaling in the epithelium. This led to highly penetrant defects affecting both cusp morphology and the enamel layer. We characterized the phenotype of erupted molars, identified a developmental delay in K14‐Spry4 transgenic embryos, and linked this with changes in the tooth developmental sequence. These data further delineate the role of FGF signaling in the development of the dentition and implicate the pathway in the regulation of tooth mineralization. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Cyril Charles
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France
| | - Youngwook Ahn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research Kansas City MO USA
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Andrew Jheon
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research Kansas City MO USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Kansas University Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Laurent Viriot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco CA USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics University of California San Francisco CA USA
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18
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Liang Y, Chen G, Yang Y, Li Z, Chen T, Sun W, Yu M, Pan K, Guo W, Tian W. Effect of canonical NF-κB signaling pathway on the differentiation of rat dental epithelial stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:139. [PMID: 31109359 PMCID: PMC6528379 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), an important transcription factor, participates in many physiological and pathological processes such as growth, differentiation, organogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune response, including tooth development. However, it is still unknown whether NF-κB participates in the regulation of dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs) in postnatal rat incisors. Here, we investigated the specific differentiation regulatory mechanisms of the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway in DESCs and provided the mechanism of cross-talk involved in DESC differentiation. METHODS After adding the activator or inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway, Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to analyze the expressions of amelogenesis-related genes and proteins and canonical transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. In addition, we used amelogenesis induction in vitro by adding the activator or inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway to the amelogenesis-induction medium, respectively. Recombinant TGF-β was used to activate the TGF-β pathway, and SMAD7 siRNA was used to downregulate the expression of SMAD7 in DESCs. RESULTS We found that the expression of amelogenesis-related genes and proteins as well as TGF-β signaling were downregulated, while SMAD7 expression was increased in NF-κB-activated DESCs. In addition, NF-κB-inhibited DESCs exhibited opposite results compared with NF-κB-activated DESCs. Furthermore, the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway suppressed the canonical TGF-β-SMAD signaling by inducing SMAD7 expression involved in the regulation of DESC differentiation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway participated in the regulation of DESC differentiation, which was through upregulating SMAD7 expression and further suppressing the canonical TGF-β-SMAD signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhi Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyue Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuangwu Pan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weidong Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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19
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He B, Chiba Y, Li H, de Vega S, Tanaka K, Yoshizaki K, Ishijima M, Yuasa K, Ishikawa M, Rhodes C, Sakai K, Zhang P, Fukumoto S, Zhou X, Yamada Y. Identification of the Novel Tooth-Specific Transcription Factor AmeloD. J Dent Res 2018; 98:234-241. [PMID: 30426815 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518808254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play an important role in various organs' development; however, a tooth-specific bHLH factor has not been reported. In this study, we identified a novel tooth-specific bHLH transcription factor, which we named AmeloD, by screening a tooth germ complementary DNA (cDNA) library using a yeast 2-hybrid system. AmeloD was mapped onto the mouse chromosome 1q32. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmeloD belongs to the achaete-scute complex-like ( ASCL) gene family and is a homologue of ASCL5. AmeloD was uniquely expressed in the inner enamel epithelium (IEE), but its expression was suppressed after IEE cell differentiation into ameloblasts. Furthermore, AmeloD expression showed an inverse expression pattern with the epithelial cell-specific cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin in the dental epithelium. Overexpression of AmeloD in dental epithelial cell line CLDE cells resulted in E-cadherin suppression. We found that AmeloD bound to E-box cis-regulatory elements in the proximal promoter region of the E-cadherin gene. These results reveal that AmeloD functions as a suppressor of E-cadherin transcription in IEE cells. Our study demonstrated that AmeloD is a novel tooth-specific bHLH transcription factor that may regulate tooth development through the suppression of E-cadherin in IEE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B He
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,3 Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Chiba
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,4 Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - H Li
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,5 Lifecare Acupuncture and Alternative Medicine Center, Colleyville, TX, USA
| | - S de Vega
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,6 Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Tanaka
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,7 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - K Yoshizaki
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,8 Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Ishijima
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,9 Department of Medicine for Orthopedics and Motor Organ, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yuasa
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,10 Pediatric Dentistry, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - M Ishikawa
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,11 Division of Operative Dentistry, Laboratory of Cell and Department of Restorative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - C Rhodes
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Sakai
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,12 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - P Zhang
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Fukumoto
- 4 Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - X Zhou
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Yamada
- 1 Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factors in Tooth Development and Incisor Renewal. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7549160. [PMID: 29713351 PMCID: PMC5866892 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7549160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralized tissue of the tooth is composed of enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone; enamel is a calcified tissue with no living cells that originates from oral ectoderm, while the three other tissues derive from the cranial neural crest. The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are critical during the tooth development. Accumulating evidence has shown that the formation of dental tissues, that is, enamel, dentin, and supporting alveolar bone, as well as the development and homeostasis of the stem cells in the continuously growing mouse incisor is mediated by multiple FGF family members. This review discusses the role of FGF signaling in these mineralized tissues, trying to separate its different functions and highlighting the crosstalk between FGFs and other signaling pathways.
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21
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Li L, Tang Q, Kwon HJE, Wu Z, Kim EJ, Jung HS. An Explanation for How FGFs Predict Species-Specific Tooth Cusp Patterns. J Dent Res 2018; 97:828-834. [PMID: 29489426 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518759625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Species-specific cusp patterns result from the iterative formation of enamel knots, the epithelial signaling centers, at the future cusp positions. The expressions of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), especially Fgf4, in the secondary enamel knots in the areas of the future cusp tips are generally used to manifest the appearance of species-specific tooth shapes. However, the mechanism underlying the predictive role of FGFs in species-specific cusp patterns remains obscure. Here, we demonstrated that gerbils, which have a lophodont pattern, exhibit a striped expression pattern of Fgf4, whereas mice, which have a bunodont pattern, have a spotted expression pattern, and these observations verify the predictive role of Fgf4 in species-specific cusp patterns. By manipulating FGFs' signaling in the inner dental epithelium of gerbils, we provide evidence for the intracellular participation of FGF signaling, specifically FGF4 and FGF20, in Rac1- and RhoA-regulated cellular geometry remolding during the determination of different cusp patterns. Our study presents a novel explanation of how different FGF expression patterns produce different cusp patterns and implies that a conserved intracellular FGF-GTPase signaling module might represent an underlying developmental basis for evolutionary changes in cusp patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Q Tang
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - H-J E Kwon
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Z Wu
- 4 Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - E-J Kim
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-S Jung
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,4 Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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22
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Sanz-Navarro M, Seidel K, Sun Z, Bertonnier-Brouty L, Amendt BA, Klein OD, Michon F. Plasticity within the niche ensures the maintenance of a Sox2+ stem cell population in the mouse incisor. Development 2018; 145:dev.155929. [PMID: 29180573 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In mice, the incisors grow throughout the animal's life, and this continuous renewal is driven by dental epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells. Sox2 is a principal marker of the epithelial stem cells that reside in the mouse incisor stem cell niche, called the labial cervical loop, but relatively little is known about the role of the Sox2+ stem cell population. In this study, we show that conditional deletion of Sox2 in the embryonic incisor epithelium leads to growth defects and impairment of ameloblast lineage commitment. Deletion of Sox2 specifically in Sox2+ cells during incisor renewal revealed cellular plasticity that leads to the relatively rapid restoration of a Sox2-expressing cell population. Furthermore, we show that Lgr5-expressing cells are a subpopulation of dental Sox2+ cells that also arise from Sox2+ cells during tooth formation. Finally, we show that the embryonic and adult Sox2+ populations are regulated by distinct signalling pathways, which is reflected in their distinct transcriptomic signatures. Together, our findings demonstrate that a Sox2+ stem cell population can be regenerated from Sox2- cells, reinforcing its importance for incisor homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sanz-Navarro
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ludivine Bertonnier-Brouty
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Frederic Michon
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland .,Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
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23
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Abstract
The Encouraging Novel Amelogenesis Models and Ex vivo cell Lines (ENAMEL) Development workshop was held on 23 June 2017 at the Bethesda headquarters of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Discussion topics included model organisms, stem cells/cell lines, and tissues/3D cell culture/organoids. Scientists from a number of disciplines, representing institutions from across the United States, gathered to discuss advances in our understanding of enamel, as well as future directions for the field.
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24
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Naveau A, Zhang B, Meng B, Sutherland MT, Prochazkova M, Wen T, Marangoni P, Jones KB, Cox TC, Ganss B, Jheon AH, Klein OD. Isl1 Controls Patterning and Mineralization of Enamel in the Continuously Renewing Mouse Incisor. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32. [PMID: 28650075 PMCID: PMC5685895 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rodents are characterized by continuously renewing incisors whose growth is fueled by epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells housed in the proximal compartments of the tooth. The epithelial stem cells reside in structures known as the labial (toward the lip) and lingual (toward the tongue) cervical loops (laCL and liCL, respectively). An important feature of the rodent incisor is that enamel, the outer, highly mineralized layer, is asymmetrically distributed, because it is normally generated by the laCL but not the liCL. Here, we show that epithelial-specific deletion of the transcription factor Islet1 (Isl1) is sufficient to drive formation of ectopic enamel by the liCL stem cells, and also that it leads to production of altered enamel on the labial surface. Molecular analyses of developing and adult incisors revealed that epithelial deletion of Isl1 affected multiple, major pathways: Bmp (bone morphogenetic protein), Hh (hedgehog), Fgf (fibroblast growth factor), and Notch signaling were upregulated and associated with liCL-generated ectopic enamel; on the labial side, upregulation of Bmp and Fgf signaling, and downregulation of Shh were associated with premature enamel formation. Transcriptome profiling studies identified a suite of differentially regulated genes in developing Isl1 mutant incisors. Our studies demonstrate that ISL1 plays a central role in proper patterning of stem cell-derived enamel in the incisor and indicate that this factor is an important upstream regulator of signaling pathways during tooth development and renewal. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Naveau
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, UMR S872, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S872, Paris, France.,INSERM U872, Paris, France
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - McGarrett T Sutherland
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy Wen
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle B Jones
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Department of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew H Jheon
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Neben CL, Lo M, Jura N, Klein OD. Feedback regulation of RTK signaling in development. Dev Biol 2017; 447:71-89. [PMID: 29079424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of the amplitude and duration of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is critical for the execution of cellular programs and behaviors. Understanding these control mechanisms has important implications for the field of developmental biology, and in recent years, the question of how augmentation or attenuation of RTK signaling via feedback loops modulates development has become of increasing interest. RTK feedback regulation is also important for human disease research; for example, germline mutations in genes that encode RTK signaling pathway components cause numerous human congenital syndromes, and somatic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancers. In this review, we survey regulators of RTK signaling that tune receptor activity and intracellular transduction cascades, with a focus on the roles of these genes in the developing embryo. We detail the diverse inhibitory mechanisms utilized by negative feedback regulators that, when lost or perturbed, lead to aberrant increases in RTK signaling. We also discuss recent biochemical and genetic insights into positive regulators of RTK signaling and how these proteins function in tandem with negative regulators to guide embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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26
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Ramanathan A, Srijaya TC, Sukumaran P, Zain RB, Abu Kasim NH. Homeobox genes and tooth development: Understanding the biological pathways and applications in regenerative dental science. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 85:23-39. [PMID: 29031235 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Homeobox genes are a group of conserved class of transcription factors that function as key regulators during the embryonic developmental processes. They act as master regulator for developmental genes, which involves coordinated actions of various auto and cross-regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the expression pattern of homeobox genes in relation to the tooth development and various signaling pathways or molecules contributing to the specific actions of these genes in the regulation of odontogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search was undertaken using combination of keywords e.g. Homeobox genes, tooth development, dental diseases, stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, gene control region was used as search terms in PubMed and Web of Science and relevant full text articles and abstract were retrieved that were written in English. A manual hand search in text books were also carried out. Articles related to homeobox genes in dentistry and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine of odontogenesis were selected. RESULTS The possible perspective of stem cells technology in odontogenesis and subsequent analysis of gene correction pertaining to dental disorders through the possibility of induced pluripotent stem cells technology is also inferred. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the promising role of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine on odontogenesis, which can generate a new ray of hope in the field of dental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ramanathan
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Prema Sukumaran
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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27
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Abstract
Mammalian teeth harbour mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which contribute to tooth growth and repair. These dental MSCs possess many in vitro features of bone marrow-derived MSCs, including clonogenicity, expression of certain markers, and following stimulation, differentiation into cells that have the characteristics of osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Teeth and their support tissues provide not only an easily accessible source of MSCs but also a tractable model system to study their function and properties in vivo In addition, the accessibility of teeth together with their clinical relevance provides a valuable opportunity to test stem cell-based treatments for dental disorders. This Review outlines some recent discoveries in dental MSC function and behaviour and discusses how these and other advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based dental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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28
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Jiang N, Xiang L, He L, Yang G, Zheng J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhou Y, Sheu TJ, Wu J, Chen K, Coelho PG, Tovar NM, Kim SH, Chen M, Zhou YH, Mao JJ. Exosomes Mediate Epithelium-Mesenchyme Crosstalk in Organ Development. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7736-7746. [PMID: 28727410 PMCID: PMC5634743 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organ development requires complex signaling by cells in different tissues. Epithelium and mesenchyme interactions are crucial for the development of skin, hair follicles, kidney, lungs, prostate, major glands, and teeth. Despite myriad literature on cell-cell interactions and ligand-receptor binding, the roles of extracellular vesicles in epithelium-mesenchyme interactions during organogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we discovered that ∼100 nm exosomes were secreted by the epithelium and mesenchyme of a developing tooth organ and diffused through the basement membrane. Exosomes were entocytosed by epithelium or mesenchyme cells with preference by reciprocal cells rather than self-uptake. Exosomes reciprocally evoked cell differentiation and matrix synthesis: epithelium exosomes induce mesenchyme cells to produce dentin sialoprotein and undergo mineralization, whereas mesenchyme exosomes induce epithelium cells to produce basement membrane components, ameloblastin and amelogenenin. Attenuated exosomal secretion by Rab27a/b knockdown or GW4869 disrupted the basement membrane and reduced enamel and dentin production in organ culture and reduced matrix synthesis and the size of the cervical loop, which harbors epithelium stem cells, in Rab27aash/ash mutant mice. We then profiled exosomal constituents including miRNAs and peptides and further crossed all epithelium exosomal miRNAs with literature-known miRNA Wnt regulators. Epithelium exosome-derived miR135a activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and escalated mesenchymal production of dentin matrix proteins, partially reversible by Antago-miR135a attenuation. Our results suggest that exosomes may mediate epithelium-mesenchyme crosstalk in organ development, suggesting that these vesicles and/or the molecular contents they are transporting may be interventional targets for treatment of diseases or regeneration of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, China
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Lusai Xiang
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Ling He
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jinxuan Zheng
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yimei Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sainan Wang
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Yue Zhou
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Tzong-Jen Sheu
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Kenian Chen
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Paulo G. Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Nicky M. Tovar
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Shin Hye Kim
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mo Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jeremy J. Mao
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
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29
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Spassov A, Toro-Ibacache V, Krautwald M, Brinkmeier H, Kupczik K. Congenital muscle dystrophy and diet consistency affect mouse skull shape differently. J Anat 2017; 231:736-748. [PMID: 28762259 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bones of the mammalian skull respond plastically to changes in masticatory function. However, the extent to which muscle function affects the growth and development of the skull, whose regions have different maturity patterns, remains unclear. Using muscle dissection and 3D landmark-based geometric morphometrics we investigated the effect of changes in muscle function established either before or after weaning, on skull shape and muscle mass in adult mice. We compared temporalis and masseter mass and skull shape in mice with a congenital muscle dystrophy (mdx) and wild type (wt) mice fed on either a hard or a soft diet. We found that dystrophy and diet have distinct effects on the morphology of the skull and the masticatory muscles. Mdx mice show a flattened neurocranium with a more dorsally displaced foramen magnum and an anteriorly placed mandibular condyle compared with wt mice. Compared with hard diet mice, soft diet mice had lower masseter mass and a face with more gracile features as well as labially inclined incisors, suggesting reduced bite strength. Thus, while the early-maturing neurocranium and the posterior portion of the mandible are affected by the congenital dystrophy, the late-maturing face including the anterior part of the mandible responds to dietary differences irrespective of the mdx mutation. Our study confirms a hierarchical, tripartite organisation of the skull (comprising neurocranium, face and mandible) with a modular division based on development and function. Moreover, we provide further experimental evidence that masticatory loading is one of the main environmental stimuli that generate craniofacial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Spassov
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mirjam Krautwald
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Brinkmeier
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Du W, Hu JKH, Du W, Klein OD. Lineage tracing of epithelial cells in developing teeth reveals two strategies for building signaling centers. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15062-15069. [PMID: 28733464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.785923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An important event in organogenesis is the formation of signaling centers, which are clusters of growth factor-secreting cells. In the case of tooth development, sequentially formed signaling centers known as the initiation knot (IK) and the enamel knot (EK) regulate morphogenesis. However, despite the importance of signaling centers, their origin, as well as the fate of the cells composing them, remain open questions. Here, using lineage tracing of distinct epithelial populations, we found that the EK of the mouse incisor is derived de novo from a group of SRY-box 2 (Sox2)-expressing cells in the posterior half of the tooth germ. Specifically, EK progenitors are located in the posterior ventral basal layer, as demonstrated by DiI labeling of cells. Lineage tracing the formed EK with ShhCreER , which encodes an inducible Cre recombinase under the control of the Sonic hedgehog promoter, at subsequent developmental stages showed that, once formed, some EK cells in the incisor give rise to differentiated cells, whereas in the molar, EK cells give rise to the buccal secondary EK. This work thus establishes the developmental origin as well as the fate of the EK and reveals two strategies for the emergence of serially formed signaling centers: one through de novo establishment and the other by incorporation of progeny from previously formed signaling centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- From the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China and.,the Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology and
| | | | - Wen Du
- From the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China and.,the Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology and
| | - Ophir D Klein
- the Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology and .,Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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31
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Zheng X, Goodwin AF, Tian H, Jheon AH, Klein OD. Ras Signaling Regulates Stem Cells and Amelogenesis in the Mouse Incisor. J Dent Res 2017. [PMID: 28644741 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517717255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Ras signaling during tooth development is poorly understood. Ras proteins-which are activated by many upstream pathways, including receptor tyrosine kinase cascades-signal through multiple effectors, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K pathways. Here, we utilized the mouse incisor as a model to study how the MAPK and PI3K pathways regulate dental epithelial stem cells and amelogenesis. The rodent incisor-which grows continuously throughout the life of the animal due to the presence of epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells-provides a model for the study of ectodermal organ renewal and regeneration. Utilizing models of Ras dysregulation as well as inhibitors of the MAPK and PI3K pathways, we found that MAPK and PI3K regulate dental epithelial stem cell activity, transit-amplifying cell proliferation, and enamel formation in the mouse incisor.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zheng
- 1 Department of Stomatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A F Goodwin
- 2 Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Tian
- 2 Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A H Jheon
- 2 Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - O D Klein
- 2 Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,3 Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Krivanek J, Adameyko I, Fried K. Heterogeneity and Developmental Connections between Cell Types Inhabiting Teeth. Front Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28638345 PMCID: PMC5461273 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every tissue is composed of multiple cell types that are developmentally, evolutionary and functionally integrated into the unit we call an organ. Teeth, our organs for biting and mastication, are complex and made of many different cell types connected or disconnected in terms of their ontogeny. In general, epithelial and mesenchymal compartments represent the major framework of tooth formation. Thus, they give rise to the two most important matrix–producing populations: ameloblasts generating enamel and odontoblasts producing dentin. However, the real picture is far from this quite simplified view. Diverse pulp cells, the immune system, the vascular system, the innervation and cells organizing the dental follicle all interact, and jointly participate in transforming lifeless matrix into a functional organ that can sense and protect itself. Here we outline the heterogeneity of cell types that inhabit the tooth, and also provide a life history of the major populations. The mouse model system has been indispensable not only for the studies of cell lineages and heterogeneity, but also for the investigation of dental stem cells and tooth patterning during development. Finally, we briefly discuss the evolutionary aspects of cell type diversity and dental tissue integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krivanek
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University ViennaVienna, Austria.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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Percival CJ, Marangoni P, Tapaltsyan V, Klein O, Hallgrímsson B. The Interaction of Genetic Background and Mutational Effects in Regulation of Mouse Craniofacial Shape. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:1439-1450. [PMID: 28280213 PMCID: PMC5427488 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inbred genetic background significantly influences the expression of phenotypes associated with known genetic perturbations and can underlie variation in disease severity between individuals with the same mutation. However, the effect of epistatic interactions on the development of complex traits, such as craniofacial morphology, is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of three inbred backgrounds (129X1/SvJ, C57BL/6J, and FVB/NJ) on the expression of craniofacial dysmorphology in mice (Mus musculus) with loss of function in three members of the Sprouty family of growth factor negative regulators (Spry1, Spry2, or Spry4) in order to explore the impact of epistatic interactions on skull morphology. We found that the interaction of inbred background and the Sprouty genotype explains as much craniofacial shape variation as the Sprouty genotype alone. The most severely affected genotypes display a relatively short and wide skull, a rounded cranial vault, and a more highly angled inferior profile. Our results suggest that the FVB background is more resilient to Sprouty loss of function than either C57 or 129, and that Spry4 loss is generally less severe than loss of Spry1 or Spry2 While the specific modifier genes responsible for these significant background effects remain unknown, our results highlight the value of intercrossing mice of multiple inbred backgrounds to identify the genes and developmental interactions that modulate the severity of craniofacial dysmorphology. Our quantitative results represent an important first step toward elucidating genetic interactions underlying variation in robustness to known genetic perturbations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Percival
- Alberta Children's Hospital Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- The McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Vagan Tapaltsyan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ophir Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Alberta Children's Hospital Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- The McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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34
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Hu JKH, Du W, Shelton SJ, Oldham MC, DiPersio CM, Klein OD. An FAK-YAP-mTOR Signaling Axis Regulates Stem Cell-Based Tissue Renewal in Mice. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:91-106.e6. [PMID: 28457749 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires the production of newly differentiated cells from resident adult stem cells. Central to this process is the expansion of undifferentiated intermediates known as transit-amplifying (TA) cells, but how stem cells are triggered to enter this proliferative TA state remains an important open question. Using the continuously growing mouse incisor as a model of stem cell-based tissue renewal, we found that the transcriptional cofactors YAP and TAZ are required both to maintain TA cell proliferation and to inhibit differentiation. Specifically, we identified a pathway involving activation of integrin α3 in TA cells that signals through an LATS-independent FAK/CDC42/PP1A cascade to control YAP-S397 phosphorylation and nuclear localization. This leads to Rheb expression and potentiates mTOR signaling to drive the proliferation of TA cells. These findings thus reveal a YAP/TAZ signaling mechanism that coordinates stem cell expansion and differentiation during organ renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Kuang-Hsien Hu
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Samuel J Shelton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - C Michael DiPersio
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Bloomquist RF, Fowler TE, Sylvester JB, Miro RJ, Streelman JT. A compendium of developmental gene expression in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:3. [PMID: 28158974 PMCID: PMC5291978 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lake Malawi cichlids represent one of a growing number of vertebrate models used to uncover the genetic and developmental basis of trait diversity. Rapid evolutionary radiation has resulted in species that share similar genomes but differ markedly in phenotypes including brains and behavior, nuptial coloration and the craniofacial skeleton. Research has begun to identify the genes, as well as the molecular and developmental pathways that underlie trait divergence. RESULTS We assemble a compendium of gene expression for Lake Malawi cichlids, across pharyngula (the phylotypic stage) and larval stages of development, encompassing hundreds of gene transcripts. We chart patterns of expression in Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Hedgehog (Hh), Notch and Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathways, as well as genes involved in neurogenesis, calcium and endocrine signaling, stem cell biology, and numerous homeobox (Hox) factors-in three planes using whole-mount in situ hybridization. Because of low sequence divergence across the Malawi cichlid assemblage, the probes we employ are broadly applicable in hundreds of species. We tabulate gene expression across general tissue domains, and highlight examples of unexpected expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS On the heels of recently published genomes, this compendium of developmental gene expression in Lake Malawi cichlids provides a valuable resource for those interested in the relationship between evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Bloomquist
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - T E Fowler
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J B Sylvester
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R J Miro
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J T Streelman
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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36
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Jin Y, Wang C, Cheng S, Zhao Z, Li J. MicroRNA control of tooth formation and eruption. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 73:302-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Sun Z, Yu W, Sanz Navarro M, Sweat M, Eliason S, Sharp T, Liu H, Seidel K, Zhang L, Moreno M, Lynch T, Holton NE, Rogers L, Neff T, Goodheart MJ, Michon F, Klein OD, Chai Y, Dupuy A, Engelhardt JF, Chen Z, Amendt BA. Sox2 and Lef-1 interact with Pitx2 to regulate incisor development and stem cell renewal. Development 2016; 143:4115-4126. [PMID: 27660324 PMCID: PMC5117215 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 marks dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs) in both mammals and reptiles, and in this article we demonstrate several Sox2 transcriptional mechanisms that regulate dental stem cell fate and incisor growth. Conditional Sox2 deletion in the oral and dental epithelium results in severe craniofacial defects, including impaired dental stem cell proliferation, arrested incisor development and abnormal molar development. The murine incisor develops initially but is absorbed independently of apoptosis owing to a lack of progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Tamoxifen-induced inactivation of Sox2 demonstrates the requirement of Sox2 for maintenance of the DESCs in adult mice. Conditional overexpression of Lef-1 in mice increases DESC proliferation and creates a new labial cervical loop stem cell compartment, which produces rapidly growing long tusk-like incisors, and Lef-1 epithelial overexpression partially rescues the tooth arrest in Sox2 conditional knockout mice. Mechanistically, Pitx2 and Sox2 interact physically and regulate Lef-1, Pitx2 and Sox2 expression during development. Thus, we have uncovered a Pitx2-Sox2-Lef-1 transcriptional mechanism that regulates DESC homeostasis and dental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Maria Sanz Navarro
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mason Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thad Sharp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P.R.China
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P.R.China
| | - Myriam Moreno
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nathan E Holton
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laura Rogers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Traci Neff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael J Goodheart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Frederic Michon
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Adam Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P.R.China
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Xi J, He S, Wei C, Shen W, Liu J, Li K, Zhang Y, Yue J, Yang Z. Negative effects of retinoic acid on stem cell niche of mouse incisor. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:489-497. [PMID: 27771497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous growth of mouse incisors depends on epithelial stem cells (SCs) residing in the SC niche, called labial cervical loop (LaCL). The homeostasis of the SCs is subtly regulated by complex signaling networks. In this study, we focus on retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of Vitamin A and a known pivotal signaling molecule in controlling the functions of stem cells (SCs). We analyzed the expression profiles of several key molecules of the RA signaling pathway in cultured incisor explants upon exogenous RA treatment. The expression patterns of these molecules suggested a negative feedback regulation of RA signaling in the developing incisor. We demonstrated that exogenous RA had negative effects on incisor SCs and that this was accompanied by downregulation of Fgf10, a mesenchymally expressed SC survival factor in the mouse incisor. Supplement of Fgf10 in incisor cultures completely blocked RA effects by antagonizing apoptosis and increasing proliferation in LaCL epithelial SCs. In addition, Fgf10 obviously antagonized RA-induced downregulation of the SC marker Sox2 in incisor epithelial SCs. Our findings suggest that the negative effects of RA on incisor SCs result from inhibition of mesenchymal Fgf10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, 2 West Huangjiahu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Shijing He
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Science, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Cizhao Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Science, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Wanyao Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Science, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, 2 West Huangjiahu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Science, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Science, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Zheqiong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Science, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
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SPRY1 regulates mammary epithelial morphogenesis by modulating EGFR-dependent stromal paracrine signaling and ECM remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5731-40. [PMID: 27621461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611532113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the local microenvironment in influencing cell behavior is central to both normal development and cancer formation. Here, we show that sprouty 1 (SPRY1) modulates the microenvironment to enable proper mammary branching morphogenesis. This process occurs through negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in mammary stroma. Loss of SPRY1 resulted in up-regulation of EGFR-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in response to amphiregulin and transforming growth factor alpha stimulation. Consequently, stromal paracrine signaling and ECM remodeling is augmented, leading to increased epithelial branching in the mutant gland. By contrast, down-regulation of EGFR-ERK signaling due to gain of Sprouty function in the stroma led to stunted epithelial branching. Taken together, our results show that modulation of stromal paracrine signaling and ECM remodeling by SPRY1 regulates mammary epithelial morphogenesis during postnatal development.
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40
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Ogawa N, Shimizu K. Fgf20 and Fgf4 may contribute to tooth agenesis in epilepsy-like disorder mice. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Yang Z, Balic A, Michon F, Juuri E, Thesleff I. Mesenchymal Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Controls Epithelial Stem Cell Homeostasis in Teeth by Inhibiting the Antiapoptotic Effect of Fgf10. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1670-81. [PMID: 25693510 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous growth of rodent incisors relies on epithelial stem cells (SCs) located in the SC niche called labial cervical loop (LaCL). Here, we found a population of apoptotic cells residing in a specific location of the LaCL in mouse incisor. Activated Caspase 3 and Caspase 9, expressed in this location colocalized in part with Lgr5 in putative SCs. The addition of Caspase inhibitors to incisors ex vivo resulted in concentration dependent thickening of LaCL. To examine the role of Wnt signaling in regulation of apoptosis, we exposed the LaCL of postnatal day 2 (P2) mouse incisor ex vivo to BIO, a known activator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This resulted in marked thinning of LaCL as well as enhanced apoptosis. We found that Wnt/β-catenin signaling was intensely induced by BIO in the mesenchyme surrounding the LaCL, but, unexpectedly, no β-catenin activity was detected in the LaCL epithelium either before or after BIO treatment. We discovered that the expression of Fgf10, an essential growth factor for incisor epithelial SCs, was dramatically downregulated in the mesenchyme around BIO-treated LaCL, and that exogenous Fgf10 could rescue the thinning of the LaCL caused by BIO. We conclude that the homeostasis of the epithelial SC population in the mouse incisor depends on a proper rate of apoptosis and that this apoptosis is controlled by signals from the mesenchyme surrounding the LaCL. Fgf10 is a key mesenchymal signal limiting apoptosis of incisor epithelial SCs and its expression is negatively regulated by Wnt/β-catenin. Stem Cells 2015;33:1670-1681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqiong Yang
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Yu T, Volponi AA, Babb R, An Z, Sharpe PT. Stem Cells in Tooth Development, Growth, Repair, and Regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:187-212. [PMID: 26589926 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human teeth contain stem cells in all their mesenchymal-derived tissues, which include the pulp, periodontal ligament, and developing roots, in addition to the support tissues such as the alveolar bone. The precise roles of these cells remain poorly understood and most likely involve tissue repair mechanisms but their relative ease of harvesting makes teeth a valuable potential source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for therapeutic use. These dental MSC populations all appear to have the same developmental origins, being derived from cranial neural crest cells, a population of embryonic stem cells with multipotential properties. In rodents, the incisor teeth grow continuously throughout life, a feature that requires populations of continuously active mesenchymal and epithelial stem cells. The discrete locations of these stem cells in the incisor have rendered them amenable for study and much is being learnt about the general properties of these stem cells for the incisor as a model system. The incisor MSCs appear to be a heterogeneous population consisting of cells from different neural crest-derived tissues. The epithelial stem cells can be traced directly back in development to a Sox10(+) population present at the time of tooth initiation. In this review, we describe the basic biology of dental stem cells, their functions, and potential clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Angelova Volponi
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Babb
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengwen An
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
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43
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Nakatomi C, Nakatomi M, Saito K, Harada H, Ohshima H. The enamel knot-like structure is eternally maintained in the apical bud of postnatal mouse incisors. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1122-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lovicu FJ, Shin EH, McAvoy JW. Fibrosis in the lens. Sprouty regulation of TGFβ-signaling prevents lens EMT leading to cataract. Exp Eye Res 2015; 142:92-101. [PMID: 26003864 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is a common age-related condition that is caused by progressive clouding of the normally clear lens. Cataract can be effectively treated by surgery; however, like any surgery, there can be complications and the development of a secondary cataract, known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO), is the most common. PCO is caused by aberrant growth of lens epithelial cells that are left behind in the capsular bag after surgical removal of the fiber mass. An epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is central to fibrotic PCO and forms of fibrotic cataract, including anterior/posterior polar cataracts. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) has been shown to induce lens EMT and consequently research has focused on identifying ways of blocking its action. Intriguingly, recent studies in animal models have shown that EMT and cataract developed when a class of negative-feedback regulators, Sprouty (Spry)1 and Spry2, were conditionally deleted from the lens. Members of the Spry family act as general antagonists of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated MAPK signaling pathway that is involved in many physiological and developmental processes. As the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway is a well established target of Spry proteins, and overexpression of Spry can block aberrant TGFβ-Smad signaling responsible for EMT and anterior subcapsular cataract, this indicates a role for the ERK/MAPK pathway in TGFβ-induced EMT. Given this and other supporting evidence, a case is made for focusing on RTK antagonists, such as Spry, for cataract prevention. In addition, and looking to the future, this review also looks at possibilities for supplanting EMT with normal fiber differentiation and thereby promoting lens regenerative processes after cataract surgery. Whilst it is now known that the epithelial to fiber differentiation process is driven by FGF, little is known about factors that coordinate the precise assembly of fibers into a functional lens. However, recent research provides key insights into an FGF-activated mechanism intrinsic to the lens that involves interactions between the Wnt-Frizzled and Jagged/Notch signaling pathways. This reciprocal epithelial-fiber cell interaction appears to be critical for the assembly and maintenance of the highly ordered three-dimensional architecture that is central to lens function. This information is fundamental to defining the specific conditions and stimuli needed to recapitulate developmental programs and promote regeneration of lens structure and function after cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney 2001, NSW, Australia.
| | - E H Shin
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - J W McAvoy
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney 2001, NSW, Australia
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Mattingly A, Finley JK, Knox SM. Salivary gland development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:573-90. [PMID: 25970268 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve-derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mattingly
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Tapaltsyan V, Eronen JT, Lawing AM, Sharir A, Janis C, Jernvall J, Klein OD. Continuously growing rodent molars result from a predictable quantitative evolutionary change over 50 million years. Cell Rep 2015; 11:673-80. [PMID: 25921530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fossil record is widely informative about evolution, but fossils are not systematically used to study the evolution of stem-cell-driven renewal. Here, we examined evolution of the continuous growth (hypselodonty) of rodent molar teeth, which is fuelled by the presence of dental stem cells. We studied occurrences of 3,500 North American rodent fossils, ranging from 50 million years ago (mya) to 2 mya. We examined changes in molar height to determine whether evolution of hypselodonty shows distinct patterns in the fossil record, and we found that hypselodont taxa emerged through intermediate forms of increasing crown height. Next, we designed a Markov simulation model, which replicated molar height increases throughout the Cenozoic and, moreover, evolution of hypselodonty. Thus, by extension, the retention of the adult stem cell niche appears to be a predictable quantitative rather than a stochastic qualitative process. Our analyses predict that hypselodonty will eventually become the dominant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagan Tapaltsyan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jussi T Eronen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Senckenberg Research Institute and Nature Museum, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre LOEWE BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Michelle Lawing
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Amnon Sharir
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christine Janis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jukka Jernvall
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Lochovska K, Peterkova R, Pavlikova Z, Hovorakova M. Sprouty gene dosage influences temporal-spatial dynamics of primary enamel knot formation. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:21. [PMID: 25897685 PMCID: PMC4425875 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mouse embryonic mandible comprises two types of tooth primordia in the cheek region: progressive tooth primordia of prospective functional teeth and rudimentary tooth primordia in premolar region - MS and R2. Mice lacking Sprouty genes develop supernumerary tooth in front of the lower M1 (first molar) primordium during embryogenesis. We focused on temporal-spatial dynamics of Sonic Hedgehog expression as a marker of early odontogenesis during supernumerary tooth development. RESULTS Using mouse embryos with different dosages of Spry2 and Spry4 genes, we showed that during the normal development of M1 in the mandible the sooner appearing Shh signaling domain of the R2 bud transiently coexisted with the later appearing Shh expression domain in the early M1 primordium. Both domains subsequently fused together to form the typical signaling center representing primary enamel knot (pEK) of M1 germ at embryonic day (E) 14.5. However, in embryos with lower Spry2;Spry4 gene dosages, we observed a non-fusion of original R2 and M1 Shh signaling domains with consequent formation of a supernumerary tooth primordium from the isolated R2 bud. CONCLUSIONS Our results bring new insight to the development of the first lower molar of mouse embryos and define simple tooth unit capable of individual development, as well as determine its influence on normal and abnormal development of the tooth row which reflect evolutionarily conserved tooth pattern. Our findings contribute significantly to existing knowledge about supernumerary tooth formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Lochovska
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Renata Peterkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Pavlikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Sprouty proteins are evolutionarily conserved modulators of MAPK/ERK pathway. Through interacting with an increasing number of effectors, mediators, and regulators with ultimate influence on multiple targets within or beyond ERK, Sprouty orchestrates a complex, multilayered regulatory system and mediates a crosstalk among different signaling pathways for a coordinated cellular response. As such, Sprouty has been implicated in various developmental and physiological processes. Evidence shows that ERK is aberrantly activated in malignant conditions. Accordingly, Sprouty deregulation has been reported in different cancer types and shown to impact cancer development, progression, and metastasis. In this article, we have tried to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the Sprouty physiology and its regulatory functions in health, as well as an updated review of the Sprouty status in cancer. Putative implications of Sprouty in cancer biology, their clinical relevance, and their proposed applications are also revisited. As a developing story, however, role of Sprouty in cancer remains to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Masoumi-Moghaddam
- UNSW Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia,
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Balic A, Thesleff I. Tissue Interactions Regulating Tooth Development and Renewal. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:157-86. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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