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Gao L, Liu Y, Wen Y, Wu W. LncRNA H19-mediated mouse cleft palate induced by all-trans retinoic acid. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:395-401. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116651121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the new class of transcripts and pervasively transcribed in the genome, which have been found to play important functional roles in many tissues and organs. LncRNAs can interact with target gene to exert their functions. However, the function and mechanism of lncRNA in cleft palate (CP) development remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of lncRNA H19 and its target gene insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) in CP of mice. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is a well-known teratogenic effecter of CP. After establishment of the CP mouse model using atRA in vivo, we found that the rate of CP in mice was 100%. The tail lengths of fetuses in atRA-treated mice were shorter than those of control mice from embryonic day (E)12 to E17. The expression of lncRNA H19 and IGF2 were embryo age-related differences between atRNA-treated and control mice. In addition, the the relationship between lncRNA H19 and IGF2 were negative correlation in the critical period of developmental palate. These findings suggest that lncRNA H19 mediate atRA-induced CP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Y Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Y Wen
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - W Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Abstract
The human adult adrenal cortex is composed of the zona glomerulosa (zG), zona fasciculata (zF), and zona reticularis (zR), which are responsible for production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens, respectively. The final completion of cortical zonation in humans does not occur until puberty with the establishment of the zR and its production of adrenal androgens; a process called adrenarche. The maintenance of the adrenal cortex involves the centripetal displacement and differentiation of peripheral Sonic hedgehog-positive progenitors cells into zG cells that later transition to zF cells and subsequently zR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Xing
- Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1860 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1860 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William Rainey
- Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1860 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 2560D MSRB II, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Endocrine Oncology Program, Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Apostolidou S, Abu-Amero S, O'Donoghue K, Frost J, Olafsdottir O, Chavele KM, Whittaker JC, Loughna P, Stanier P, Moore GE. Elevated placental expression of the imprinted PHLDA2 gene is associated with low birth weight. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 85:379-87. [PMID: 17180344 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The identification of genes that regulate fetal growth will help establish the reasons for intrauterine growth restriction. Most autosomal genes are expressed biallelically, but some are imprinted, expressed only from one parental allele. Imprinted genes are associated with fetal growth and development. The growth of the fetus in utero relies on effective nutrient transfer from the mother to the fetus via the placenta. Some current research on the genetic control of fetal growth has focused on genes that display imprinted expression in utero. The expression levels of four imprinted genes, the paternally expressed insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2), the mesoderm-specific transcript isoform 1 (MEST); the maternally expressed pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 2 (PHLDA2); and the polymorphically imprinted insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2R) gene are all known to have roles in fetal growth and were studied in the placentae of 200 white European, normal term babies. The quantitative expression analysis with real-time PCR showed the maternally expressing PHLDA2 but not the paternally expressing IGF2 and MEST, nor the polymorphic maternally expressing IGF2R placental levels to have a statistically significant effect on birth weight. PHLDA2 expression levels are negatively correlated with size at birth. These data implicate PHLDA2 as an imprinted gene important in fetal growth and also as a potential marker of fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Apostolidou
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Gynaecological Oncology, The Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK.
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4
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Abstract
Breast cancer may originate in utero. We reviewed the available evidence on the association between birthweight and the risk of breast cancer. To date, 26 research papers addressing this issue have been published. The majority of studies identified a positive link between birthweight and premenopausal, but not postmenopausal, breast cancer. The relative risk estimate for breast cancer comparing women with high birthweight to women with low birthweight combining all studies including both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer was 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.13-1.34). The mechanisms underlying this association likely include elevated levels of growth factors that may increase the number of susceptible stem cells in the mammary gland or initiate tumors through DNA mutations. Loss of imprinting (LOI) of growth hormone genes relevant for intrauterine growth, such as insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), leads to abnormally high levels of these hormones evidenced by high birthweight. LOI of IGF2 has also been found in mammary tumor tissue. The role of environmental factors that stimulate such epigenetic regulation of gene expression remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin B Michels
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Street ME, Seghini P, Ziveri MA, Fieni S, Volta C, Neri TM, Viani I, Bacchi-Modena A, Bernasconi S. Interleukin-6 and insulin-like growth factor system relationships and differences in the human placenta and fetus from the 35th week of gestation. Growth Horm IGF Res 2006; 16:365-372. [PMID: 17101288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is essential for normal fetal growth. Cytokine and IGF-IGFBP relationships have been shown in specific tissues, but it is unknown whether these occur in the placenta. We aimed to assess possible differences in the IGF system depending on gestational age (GA) from week 35 to 40, and to study relationships of IL-6 with components of the IGF system in the placenta and newborn infant. We followed 32 normal births and collected whole villous tissue and cord serum. Total RNA was extracted from the placenta samples, reverse transcribed and then real-time quantitative (TaqMan) RT-PCR was performed to quantify cDNA for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IL-6. The corresponding proteins were assayed in placenta lysates and cord serum using specific commercial kits. Two groups of subjects (Group 1, 35-37 weeks GA, N=12 and Group 2, 38-40 weeks GA, N=20) were studied. In placenta, IGF-I mRNA was more abundant than IGF-II mRNA at all times and together with IGFBP-1mRNA were less expressed at term. IGFBP-2 and IL-6 mRNAs were higher after week 37 GA. IL-6 and IGFBP-2 gene expression were closely related. The corresponding proteins showed similar differences to the genes but IGF-I was undetectable in the lysates, whereas IGF-II was abundant. IGFBP-2 concentrations were very high and greater than those of IGFBP-1. In the newborn, no difference was seen in any cord serum protein after week 35 GA. IGFBP-1 was negatively correlated with parameters of neonatal size. In conclusion, this study reports new insights into IL-6, IGF-IGFBP relationships within the human placenta and shows the importance of comparing subjects with the same GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Street
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Tisi DK, Liu XJ, Wykes LJ, Skinner CD, Koski KG. Insulin-like growth factor II and binding proteins 1 and 3 from second trimester human amniotic fluid are associated with infant birth weight. J Nutr 2005; 135:1667-72. [PMID: 15987847 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.7.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing fetus begins to swallow amniotic fluid (AF) early in gestation, a process that results in ingestion of numerous growth factors. Our objectives were 2-fold: 1) to assess the concentration and distribution of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) and its binding proteins (BP) 1 and 3 in 2nd trimester amniotic fluid using ELISA, and 2) to establish whether concentrations of AF IGF II and its binding proteins IGF BP1 and 3, measured early in pregnancy, were associated with and predictive of infant birth weight. Birth weights were categorized using recently developed birth-weight-for-gestational-age percentiles for fetal growth in which infants < 10% were classified as SGA (small-for-gestational-age) and those > 90% as LGA (large-for-gestational-age). AF samples were collected after routine genetic testing (15.1 +/- 0.04 wk, range 12-20 wk) from 543 mother-infant pairs in Montreal, QC, Canada. Maternal and fetal characteristics were obtained from questionnaires and medical chart review. Multivariate regression analysis that controlled for maternal height, prepregnancy weight, smoking behavior, infant gender, gestational age, parity, as well as amniocentesis week showed that higher AF IGF BP1 was associated with lower birth weight (partial r2 = 0.0062). Regression analyses revealed that AF IGF BP3 was positively associated with birth weight within LGA and macrosomia subpopulations (partial r2 = 0.0283 and 0.0404, respectively). These results show that 2nd trimester AF IGF BP1, BP3, and IGF II may emerge as early indicators of fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Tisi
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Zumkeller W. Current topic: the role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors for placental growth and development. Placenta 2000; 21:451-67. [PMID: 10940195 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2000.0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Zumkeller
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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Garcia-Ramirez M, Toran N, Carrascosa A, Audi L. Anomalous costochondral cartilage in fetal anencephaly. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000; 3:256-63. [PMID: 10742413 DOI: 10.1007/s100249910033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anencephaly is a human fetal malformation with absence of brain and calvarium superior to the orbits. The consequent absence of hypothalamus provides a unique model for studying human development, and therefore skeletal growth, in the absence of hypothalamic hormones and their regulatory functions. To assess the influence of hypothalamic insufficiency on cartilage development, we studied costochondral cartilage sections from eight anencephalic fetuses (18-22 weeks old) and seven controls (16-22 weeks old) with pathologies not directly related to skeletal growth. We found a previously undescribed anomalous organization of the cartilage in the anencephalic. The proliferative chondrocytes showed a disordered appearance with an increased proliferative zonal length (156 +/- 28 microm in anencephalic fetuses vs. 103 +/- 14 microm in controls, p = 0.006) and a concomitant decrease in the maturing portion, where cells form ordered isogenic groups (58 +/- 13 microm in anencephalic fetuses vs. 93 +/- 19 microm in controls, p = 0.003). In addition, cell density was significantly decreased in the proliferating and maturing zones in the anencephalic cases (84 +/- 21 vs. 130 +/- 21 cells/40 microm(2) in proliferating zone; 53 +/- 8 vs. 94 +/- 8 in maturing portion, p < 0.005). These alterations in the developing cartilage of the anencephalic may contribute to the observed growth retardation in these fetuses and reflect modifications in pituitary hormones and growth factors resulting from reduction in hypothalamopituitary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garcia-Ramirez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospitals Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Nielsen J, Christiansen J, Lykke-Andersen J, Johnsen AH, Wewer UM, Nielsen FC. A family of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding proteins represses translation in late development. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:1262-70. [PMID: 9891060 PMCID: PMC116055 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.2.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a major fetal growth factor. The IGF-II gene generates multiple mRNAs with different 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs) that are translated in a differential manner during development. We have identified a human family of three IGF-II mRNA-binding proteins (IMPs) that exhibit multiple attachments to the 5' UTR from the translationally regulated IGF-II leader 3 mRNA but are unable to bind to the 5' UTR from the constitutively translated IGF-II leader 4 mRNA. IMPs contain the unique combination of two RNA recognition motifs and four hnRNP K homology domains and are homologous to the Xenopus Vera and chicken zipcode-binding proteins. IMP localizes to subcytoplasmic domains in a growth-dependent and cell-specific manner and causes a dose-dependent translational repression of IGF-II leader 3 -luciferase mRNA. Mouse IMPs are produced in a burst at embryonic day 12.5 followed by a decline towards birth, and, similar to IGF-II, IMPs are especially expressed in developing epithelia, muscle, and placenta in both mouse and human embryos. The results imply that cytoplasmic 5' UTR-binding proteins control IGF-II biosynthesis during late mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nielsen
- RNA Regulation Centre, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Giudice LC, Mark SP, Irwin JC. Paracrine actions of insulin-like growth factors and IGF binding protein-1 in non-pregnant human endometrium and at the decidual-trophoblast interface. J Reprod Immunol 1998; 39:133-48. [PMID: 9786458 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(98)00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF binding protein (IGFBP-1) appear to play major roles in endometrial development during the menstrual cycle and in the process of implantation. The mitogenic, differentiative, and anti-apoptotic properties of these growth factors, as well as their spatial and temporal expression in cycling endometrium, suggest that they may participate in endometrial growth, differentiation, inhibition of apoptosis, and perhaps angiogenesis. IGFBP-1 is a major protein product of non-pregnant endometrium during the mid-late secretory phase and occurs in abundance in decidua. Its roles as an IGF-binding protein and as a trophoblast integrin ligand suggest that it may have multiple roles in endometrial development and in interactions between the decidua and the invading trophoblast. Precise elucidation of the mechanisms underlying IGF and IGFBP-1 action at the decidual-trophoblast interface in early pregnancy awaits further investigation. The future also awaits elucidation of the potential predictive utility of IGFBP-1 in serum and in decidua in, for example, pre-eclampsia and perhaps implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Giudice
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305-5317, USA
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12
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Paquette J, Giannoukakis N, Polychronakos C, Vafiadis P, Deal C. The INS 5' variable number of tandem repeats is associated with IGF2 expression in humans. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:14158-64. [PMID: 9603916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.23.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The minisatellite DNA polymorphism consisting of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) at the human INS (insulin gene) 5'-flanking region has demonstrated allelic effects on insulin gene transcription in vitro and has been associated with the level of insulin gene expression in vivo. We now show that this VNTR also has effects on the nearby insulin-like growth factor II gene (IGF2) in human placenta in vivo and in the HepG2 hepatoma cell line in vitro. We show that higher steady-state IGF2 mRNA levels are associated with shorter alleles (class I) than the longer class III alleles in term placentae. In vitro, reporter gene activity was greater from reporter gene constructs with IGF2 promoter 3 in the presence of class I alleles than from those with class III. Taken together with the documented transcriptional effects on the insulin gene, we propose that the VNTR may act as a long range control element affecting the expression of both INS and IGF2. The localization of a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus (IDDM2) to the VNTR itself suggests that either or both of these genes may be involved in the biologic effects of IDDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paquette
- Department of Pediatrics, Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
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13
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Abstract
IGFBP-1 is a major protein product of nonpregnant endometrium during the mid-late secretory phase and occurs in abundance in decidua. Its roles as an IGF-binding protein and as a trophoblast integrin ligand suggest that it may have multiple roles in endometrial development and in interactions between the decidua and the invading trophoblast. IGFBP-1 in vaginal/cervical secretions has already had clinical application as a predictor of premature rupture of fetal membranes. The future awaits elucidation of the potential utility of IGFBP-1 in serum and in decidua in predicting fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia and perhaps implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Giudice
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5317, USA
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Yohay D, Lunenfeld E, Giat Y, Levy J, Sharoni Y, Potashnik G, Glezerman M. Do changes in growth hormone levels correlate with IGF-I levels in patients undergoing IVF-ET? Gynecol Endocrinol 1997; 11:269-74. [PMID: 9272424 DOI: 10.3109/09513599709152545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that adjunctive growth hormone (GH) therapy improves ovarian response and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome in specific groups of patients. The correlation between insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and GH is well established. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in plasma GH correlate with IGF blood levels in patients during IVF treatment. Thirty-six women undergoing IVF and embryo transfer (ET) were examined. Ovarian stimulation was carried out by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) and gonadotropins. Blood was drawn at the early and late follicular phase, on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection and at the mid- and the late luteal phases. The samples were assayed for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGF BP-3), GH and estradiol. According to the IGF-I and GH plasma levels, patients were divided into three major groups: Group I consisted of patients in whom peak levels of GH reached more than 4 ng/ml and IGF-I decreased significantly. In this group, estradiol levels were 1863 +/- 149 pg/ml. Group II consisted of patients in whom peak blood GH levels did not exceed 2.5 ng/ml and the IGF-I level remained unchanged. In this group estradiol levels were 630 +/- 57 pg/ml. Group III consisted of patients in whom blood GH levels were low and remained unchanged while estradiol levels were 1600 +/- 420 pg/ml. In this group no significant increase in IGF-levels were observed. There was no significant change in the levels of either IGF-II or IGF BP-3 in any of the groups. We can conclude that (1) there is a negative correlation between GH and IGF-I plasma levels in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH)-IVF, when levels of estradiol and GH are elevated; (2) plasma levels of IGF-I under ovarian hyperstimulation are probably regulated by a multifactorial system; and (3) no correlation was found between the plasma levels of IGF-I and those of IGF-II and IGF BP-3 in all patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yohay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka Medical Center of Kupat Holim, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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15
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Wu HK, Squire JA, Catzavelos CG, Weksberg R. Relaxation of imprinting of human insulin-like growth factor II gene, IGF2, in sporadic breast carcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 235:123-9. [PMID: 9196048 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women and genetically heterogeneous, and a variety of genetic lesions have been identified that tend to accumulate during the disease progress. In breast cancer, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been described in the critical regions of chromosomes 11p15 and 11q22-23. Genomic imprinting is defined as gamete specific modification causing differential expression of the two alleles of a gene, in somatic cells. Human insulin like growth factor II gene (IGF2), located on chromosome 11p15, the same region on which LOH frequently occurred in breast cancer, has been recently identified as a genomic imprinting gene expressing preferentially paternal allele. To determine whether loss of IGF2 imprinting was common in breast cancer we studied 30 patients with sporadic breast carcinoma. A new strategy for detecting intragenic Apa I polymorphism in the exon of IGF2 was used to examine allele-specific expression in the breast cancer specimens by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Forty percent (12/30) of the breast cancer samples were identified as heterozygous for IGF2 and studied further. Nine of the 12 heterozygous patients showed biallelic expression of IGF2 by cDNA-PCR, indicating relaxation of normal imprinting at this chromosomal locus. Conclusively, aberrant imprinting of IGF2 in 30% of the breast cancer patients tested provides strong evidence that pathological loss or relaxation of IGF2 imprinting plays an important role in either tumorigenesis or cytokine dysregulation for breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Wu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Lighten AD, Hardy K, Winston RM, Moore GE. Expression of mRNA for the insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in human preimplantation embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 1997; 47:134-9. [PMID: 9136113 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199706)47:2<134::aid-mrd2>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (Igf-I), and insulin-like growth factor-II (Igf-II) are known to enhance growth in mouse preimplantation embryos. The addition of insulin, Igf-I, and Igf-II to mouse embryos in culture results in an increase in protein synthesis, cell number, and the proportion of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage. To study the role of the insulin-like growth factors in early human development, the timing of gene expression of insulin, IGF1, IGF2, and their receptors was analysed. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to examine the presence of transcripts in preimplantation embryos. Following reverse transcription, strategically designed nested primers were used for amplification from cDNA. Transcripts for all three receptors (insulin receptor, IGF1R, IGF2R) were present in human oocytes and preimplantation embryos. However, of the ligands, only IGF2 transcripts were detected. This is consistent with expressed patterns seen in the mouse. As in the human, mouse Igf2 is the only ligand in the family expressed and has been shown to have an autocrine effect on preimplantation development. It has previously been shown that insulin and Igf-I are produced by the mouse maternal reproductive tract and have a paracrine effect on the preimplantation embryo. We speculate that a similar relationship exists in the human and that preimplantation development may be regulated by IGFs from both embryonic (IGF-II) and maternal (insulin and IGF-I) sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Lighten
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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17
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Wu HK, Squire JA, Song Q, Weksberg R. Promoter-dependent tissue-specific expressive nature of imprinting gene, insulin-like growth factor II, in human tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233:221-6. [PMID: 9144427 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) is a polypeptide with structure homology to insulin which possesses mitogen activity, and imprinted with paternal allele. In order to elucidate the distribution of imprinting pattern and relationship between allele- and tissue-specific expression of IGF2 in growth and maturation of human tissues, we investigated allele-specific expression of IGF2 in a wide spectrum of normal maturated human tissues by a PCR-based assay and found monoallelic expression in all eight-type tissues tested except human adult liver. Moreover, when a RT-PCR based sensitive allele-specific primer extension for an Apa I polymorphism within exon 9 of IGF2 was used, the analysis revealed the gene was normally imprinted in placenta; in contrast to the finding with placenta, IGF2 transcripts were biallelically expressed in human adult liver. Our results have clearly demonstrated preferential paternal expression and tissue-specific imprinting pattern of IGF2 in all human tissues tested in this study. Collectively, since IGF2 expression in developing fetal and adult liver is specified by distinct promoters, these extensive observations definitively indicate that transcriptional imprinting of IGF2 is more likely a promoter dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Wu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Thomsen BM, Clausen HV, Larsen LG, Nürnberg L, Ottesen B, Thomsen HK. Patterns in expression of insulin-like growth factor-II and of proliferative activity in the normal human first and third trimester placenta demonstrated by non-isotopic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining for MIB-1. Placenta 1997; 18:145-54. [PMID: 9089775 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) in normal human first and third trimester placental tissue was investigated by non-isotopic in situ hybridization (ISH). This is the first ISH study on IGF-II expression in placenta using an alkaline phosphatase-labelled probe. The expression was correlated with the proliferative activity of the cells using the proliferative marker MIB-1. In first trimester tissue, IGF-II was expressed in the cytotrophoblast, the extravillous trophoblast, the fetal endothelial cells and the mesenchymal fetal cells in the villi. In third trimester tissue, IGF-II expression was found in the amnion, the extravillous trophoblast and the mesenchymal fetal cells especially in the endothelial cells and the outer contractile sheet in the stem villi. In areas with perivillous fibrin deposits, strong expression of IGF-II was found in the cytotrophoblasts invading the fibrin. In first trimester tissue, the proliferative activity of the villous cytotrophoblast correlated well with the degree of IGF-II expression whereas in third trimester tissue, there was a discrepancy between MIB-1 positivity and the IGF-II expression. Expression of IGF-II does not seem to be correlated exclusively to the mitogenic activity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Thomsen
- Department of Pathology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
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Cohran V, Fang J, Milio L, Smith CH, Fant M. Type I insulin-like growth factor receptors in the BeWo choriocarcinoma cell (b30 clone) during cell differentiation. Placenta 1996; 17:313-20. [PMID: 8829214 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(96)90055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors in the differentiating human trophoblast was studied using the b30 clone of the BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line (BeWob30) as a model system. This clonally derived cell line differentiates over 48-72 h, in culture, to form syncytiotrophoblasts when intracellular cAMP levels are elevated by exposure to 100 microM forskolin (FSK). IGF receptors were studied at various times during the differentiation process by measuring the specific binding of [125I]-IGF-I and [125I]-IGF-II to attached cells. First, [125I]-IGF-I bound to a single class of binding sites in the untreated cells (KD approximately 1-2 x 10-10 M) that exhibited binding specificity characteristic of the type I IGF receptor (IGF-I > or = IGF-II > > Insulin). FSK treatment resulted in a two- to threefold increase in the number of these binding sites. Increased receptor expression was observed as early as 24 h after FSK treatment and remained elevated for at least 72 h. Next, [125I]-IGF-II bound to two classes of binding sites in the untreated cells, a high-affinity (KD approximately 2.5 x 10(-10) M), low-capacity site and a low-affinity (KD approximately 6 x 10(-9) M), high-capacity site. The Bmax and KD of the high-affinity site suggested that it represented the type I IGF receptor. Competition studies revealed that 15-20 per cent of total [125I]-IGF-II binding only was sensitive to IGF-I competition in the untreated cells. After FSK treatment, however, unlabelled IGF-I inhibited 60-70 per cent of specific [125I]-IGF-II binding. Scatchard analysis revealed a two- to fourfold increase in the number of both binding sites with no change in their respective binding affinities. Cross-linking analysis demonstrated that [125I]-IGF-II bound to two structurally distinct binding sites in the untreated BeWob30 cell consistent with both the type I and II IGF receptors. After FSK treatment, however, there was an increase in the relative amount of [125I]-IGF-II associated with the higher affinity type I IGF receptor. The BeWob30 cells expressed no insulin receptors at any stage of differentiation. These data demonstrate that the BeWob30 choriocarcinoma cell line expresses both type I and II IGF receptors. Induction of cell differentiation is associated with an increase in type I IGF receptors expressed at the cell surface. These receptors bind IGF-II with high-affinity, providing additional binding capacity for locally available IGF-II. These data are consistent with specific roles for the type I IGF receptor in regulating differentiated trophoblast cell function. Furthermore, the early rise in type I IGF receptor number suggests they may play a regulatory role in the differentiation process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cohran
- Edward G. Mallinkrodt Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO 63110, USA
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20
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Kelley KM, Oh Y, Gargosky SE, Gucev Z, Matsumoto T, Hwa V, Ng L, Simpson DM, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and their regulatory dynamics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1996; 28:619-37. [PMID: 8673727 DOI: 10.1016/1357-2725(96)00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The IGFBPs are a family of homologous proteins that have co-evolved with the IGFs and that confer upon the IGF regulatory system both functional and tissue specificity. IGFBPs are not merely carrier proteins for IGFs, but hold a central position in IGF ligand-receptor interactions through influences on both the bioavailability and distribution of IGFs in the extracellular environment. In addition, IGFBPs appear to have intrinsic biological activity independent of IGFs. The current status of research on IGFBPs is reviewed herein. Following a brief introduction to the entire IGF/IGFBP system, separate sections for each of the six cloned mammalian IGFBPs, the most extensive for IGFBP3, cover selected topics that emphasize the dynamics of IGFBPs--that is, their regulation in cells, their functionally important post-translational modifications, and their interactions in the cellular microenvironment--and how these dynamics influence physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kelley
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, 97201, USA
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21
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Morison IM, Becroft DM, Taniguchi T, Woods CG, Reeve AE. Somatic overgrowth associated with overexpression of insulin-like growth factor II. Nat Med 1996; 2:311-6. [PMID: 8612230 DOI: 10.1038/nm0396-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the normally imprinted fetal insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the cancer-predisposing Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). We have detected constitutional relaxation of imprinting of IGF2 in four children with somatic overgrowth who do not show diagnostic features of BWS. Three children showed constitutional abnormalities of H19 methylation. All four children showed nephromegaly and two developed Wilms' tumors. Gene methylation is known to be associated with gene silencing, and three children showed constitutional abnormalities of H19 gene methylation. Disruption of H19 methylation, and concomitant relaxation of IGF2 imprinting, provides another mechanism that can increase IGF2 expression in children with overgrowth. The accumulated data on normal and pathologic IGF2 expression are now sufficient to define an entity, "IGF2 overgrowth disorder," of which BWS may be one extreme manifestation. These findings have broad implications for the characterization of idiopathic overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Morison
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Desdouets C, Fabre M, Gauthier F, Bréchot C, Sobczak-Thépot J. Proliferation and differentiation of a human hepatoblastoma transplanted in the Nude mouse. J Hepatol 1995; 23:569-77. [PMID: 8583146 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8278(95)80064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A pure epithelial human hepatoblastoma was directly transplanted to athymic Nude mice to provide a model system to study proliferation and differentiation of these tumoral cells. The first transplantation selected the embryonal component of this tumor, while subsequent passages selected in addition neuroendocrine and mesenchymal cells that evolved into osteoid and bony trabeculae. The embryonal character of this hepatoblastoma was further demonstrated by the expression of glutamine synthetase mRNA and a fetal pattern of mRNAs encoding insulin-like growth factor II. However, alphafetoprotein mRNA was detectable in neither the original nor the transplanted tumors. Finally, although p53 mRNA levels were increased, no mutation was detected in the p53 gene.
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23
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Pfuender M, Sauerwein H, Funk B, Kessler U, Barenton B, Schwarz HP, Hoeflich A, Kiess W. The insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor is present in fetal bovine tissues throughout gestation. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1995; 12:317-24. [PMID: 8575164 DOI: 10.1016/0739-7240(95)00028-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and the IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor are thought to play an important role in fetal growth and development. We have studied the expression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in fetal bovine tissues from 5 through 36 weeks' gestation. Tissues from bovine fetuses were extracted in buffer containing 2% Triton-X-100 and 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Aliquots of the protein extracts were analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the protein bands were transferred onto nitrocellulose. Immunoblotting was performed with anti-bovine IGF-II/M6P receptor antiserum. In a subset of experiments, ligand blotting was carried out with radiolabeled IGF-II and subsequent autoradiography. IGF-II/M6P receptors were expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest amount of receptor being present in fetal lung and liver. Low amounts of receptors were measured in fetal brain. The amount of receptor was developmentally regulated throughout fetal life. The developmental regulation of receptor expression varied among the different tissues. In conclusion, the IGF-II/M6P receptor is present in all fetal bovine tissues examined. The presence of the IGF-II/M6P receptor seems to be developmentally regulated during bovine fetal life. We hypothesize that this receptor exerts important biologic effects during fetal growth and tissue and organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pfuender
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Germany
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24
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Schofield PN, Nystrom A, Smith J, Spitz L, Grant D, Zapf J. Expression of a high molecular weight form of insulin-like growth factor II in a Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome associated adrenocortical adenoma. Cancer Lett 1995; 94:71-7. [PMID: 7621447 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03826-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a rare condition (1/13,700 live births) occurring in both inherited and sporadic forms in the population. It is manifest as a fetal overgrowth syndrome, in which hypertrophy dominates the clinical picture. An additional complication is that these children are predisposed to a specific subset of childhood neoplasms, amongst which are Wilms' tumour and adrenocortical carcinoma. We report here the synthesis by an associated adrenal tumour of large quantities of a high molecular weight form of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), associated with profound suppression of circulating IGFs in the patient's serum. As with other tumours of this type, the tumours showed loss of material on chromosome 11p.
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25
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Stratakis CA, Garnica A. Premature infant with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome: postnatal changes in facial appearance and somatic phenotype. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 57:635-6. [PMID: 7573144 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320570424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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26
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Irving JA, Lysiak JJ, Graham CH, Hearn S, Han VK, Lala PK. Characteristics of trophoblast cells migrating from first trimester chorionic villus explants and propagated in culture. Placenta 1995; 16:413-33. [PMID: 7479613 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4004(95)90100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method of propagating pure first trimester human trophoblast cells growing out of primary explants of mechanically derived chorionic villus fragments (Yagel et al, 1989; Graham et al, 1992). We have now extensively characterized these cells during their initial outgrowth and in long-term culture, employing a variety of markers and techniques as outlined below. By double label immunofluorescence using epithelial (cytokeratin) and mesenchymal (vimentin) cell markers, we identified the chorionic villus migrant cell populations as pure trophoblast (39 per cent of outgrowths) or a mixture of trophoblast and fibroblast (61 per cent). Further phenotyping of the pure trophoblast outgrowths by double label immunostaining using anti-cytokeratin antibody and a panel of other primary antisera revealed that these cells exhibit a variety of markers characteristic of extravillous invasive trophoblast cells in situ: insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II, NDOG-5, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), human leucocyte antigen framework antigen (W6/32) and a distinct set of integrins including alpha 1, alpha 3, alpha 5, alpha v and beta 1 subunits and alpha v beta 3/beta 5 vitonectin receptor. They were negative for alpha 6 and beta 4 integrin subunits. Immunogold electron microscopy of explants grown on type IV collagen gel revealed the production of conventional and oncofetal types of fibronectin by mononucleate trophoblast cells and human placental lactogen by multinucleate cells. Immunolabelling, flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation revealed that this phenotypic profile was retained with complete fidelity in the long-term culture; thus, trophoblasts migrating out of first trimester chorionic villus explants and their propagated progeny belong to the invasive extravillous trophoblast of the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Irving
- Department of Anatomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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27
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Lopata A, Berka J, Simula A, Norman R, Otani T. Differential distribution of mRNA for the alpha- and beta-subunits of chorionic gonadotrophin in the implantation stage blastocyst of the marmoset monkey. Placenta 1995; 16:335-46. [PMID: 7567796 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4004(95)90091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied the expression of mRNA encoding the alpha- and beta-subunits of marmoset chorionic gonadotrophin (mCG) in implantation stage blastocysts and in a trophoblastic cell line derived from such blastocysts. In this investigation in situ hybridization was carried out using digoxygenin-labelled riboprobes to localize the subunit transcripts. The trophoblastic cell line, known to secrete bioactive mCG, was used as a positive control. Marmoset uterine embryos were cultured to hatched blastocysts and following growth on Matrigel or plastic were processed for in situ hybridization at developmental stages ranging from 13-15 days post-conception. In serial sections mCG-beta mRNA was detected mainly in polar trophoblast. The mRNA for mCG-alpha was expressed more uniformly in polar and mural trophoblast. Transcripts for the beta-subunit were not expressed, or present as weak signals, in the inner cell mass (ICM) and endoderm. However, low levels of mRNA for mCG-alpha were detected in the ICM and visceral endoderm. We have concluded that mRNA for mCG-beta was primarily localized to patches of syncytiotrophoblast at the embryonic pole and sparsely distributed in mural trophoblast, while the transcripts for mCG-alpha were distributed more uniformly in differentiating cytotrophoblast and syncytium, and at much lower levels in ICM and early endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lopata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Carlton, Victoria
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28
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Erickson RP. Recent advances in developmental genetics: growth factors and morphogens. Mol Reprod Dev 1995; 41:109-25. [PMID: 7619500 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080410116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R P Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson 85724, USA
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29
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Abstract
The changes that occur in the female reproductive tract during the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy, in preparation for embryo implantation and subsequent placental and fetal development, have long attracted the interest of reproductive biologists. The early embryo expresses growth factors and growth factor receptors that are, in general, temporally expressed. In addition, the oviduct and uterine endometrium also synthesize growth factors and cytokines, and the developing embryo finds itself in a growth-factor-rich milieu during early development. The autocrine, juxtracrine, and paracrine actions of these factors in the development of the early embryo and of the maternal reproductive tract are just beginning to be appreciated, as are their potential roles in cellular proliferation and cell-cell communication within the developing embryo, in the reproductive tract, and at the maternal-trophoblast interface. When detailed mechanisms underlying these interactions are fully understood, it is anticipated that therapies will be rationally designed to treat reproductive disorders associated with abnormal embryonic development and poor placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Giudice
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5317, USA
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30
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Wallach EE, Goshen R, Ben-Rafael Z, Gonik B, Lustig O, Tannos V, de-Groot N, Hochberg AA. The role of genomic imprinting in implantation**Supported by the U.S. Binational Science Foundation and by the Joint Research Fund of the Hebrew University and Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel. Fertil Steril 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Matsell DG, Delhanty PJ, Stepaniuk O, Goodyear C, Han VK. Expression of insulin-like growth factor and binding protein genes during nephrogenesis. Kidney Int 1994; 46:1031-42. [PMID: 7532247 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1994.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To study the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) in human nephrogenesis, we examined the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of these genes using in situ hybridization. The uninduced metanephric blastema (MB) expressed abundant IGF-II mRNA. With induction by the ureteric duct (UD), the aggregated MB additionally expressed IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 mRNAs. The mature UD expressed IGFBP-3 mRNA while the ampulla in contact with the MB lacked IGFBP-3 mRNA and expressed IGFBP-2 exclusively. Upon formation of the S-shape nephron, IGFBP-2 mRNA was expressed in the committed glomerular and epithelial cells which also expressed IGF-II and IGFBP-4, and the mesenchyme of the vascular cleft expressed IGFBP-5 mRNA. In the maturing glomerulus, the glomerular epithelial cells expressed IGF-II mRNA together with IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 mRNAs, while IGFBP-5 mRNA was localized to the mesangium and supporting mesenchyme. As the proximal tubule was formed the epithelium expressed less of IGFBP-2 mRNA and more of IGFBP-4 mRNA. The renal mesenchyme in the cortex and medulla expressed abundant IGF-II mRNA, and lower levels of IGFBP-4 and -5 mRNAs. The epithelium of the collecting ducts and pelvicalyceal system expressed abundant IGFBP-3. In contrast, IGF-I, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-6 mRNAs were expressed at low levels. The specific temporal and spatial pattern of expression of IGFBP genes on the background of abundant IGF-II gene expression suggests that the IGFBP peptides, as modulators of IGF action, are expressed locally at specific points of nephrogenesis to interact with IGF-II to regulate mesenchymal induction, renal epithelial cell commitment, differentiation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Matsell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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32
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Lustig O, Ariel I, Ilan J, Lev-Lehman E, De-Groot N, Hochberg A. Expression of the imprinted gene H19 in the human fetus. Mol Reprod Dev 1994; 38:239-46. [PMID: 7917273 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080380302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The H19 gene is a parenterally imprinted maternally expressed gene which has a pivotal role in embryogenesis and fetal development. It is tightly linked to the IGF-II gene on chromosome 11p15.5 which is reciprocally imprinted. We studied the expression of the human H19 by in situ hybridization in an embryo 35 days post coitus (dpc) and in a fetus from the second trimester of pregnancy. The expression pattern of H19 in the human fetal tissues was similar to its expression in the mouse, and paralleled, with some exceptions, the expression of IGF-II in human fetuses. Abundant expression was found in organs comprising the fetoplacental unit: the placenta, the fetal adrenal, and liver. The expression in the fetal adrenal cortex was most prominent in the definitive cortex and somewhat weaker in the fetal zone. Considerable expression of H19 was found in the fetal liver as early as 35 dpc and in the second trimester. Hematopoietic cells in fetal liver did not express the gene. Moderate expression of H19 was detected in the epithelium of the small intestines, in endometrial stroma and Fallopian tube. In the kidney conspicuous labeling of the metanephric blastema was noted, which was markedly reduced with differentiation to tubules. This pattern of expression is identical to that of IGF-II in the fetal kidney and is relevant to the evolution of Wilms' tumor. No expression of H19 was found in the neural tube of the first trimester embryo or in the developing fetal brain in the second trimester, nor were transcripts detected in the choroid plexus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lustig
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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33
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Callahan LM, Selski DJ, Martzen MR, Cheetham JE, Coleman PD. Preliminary evidence: decreased GAP-43 message in tangle-bearing neurons relative to adjacent tangle-free neurons in Alzheimer's disease parahippocampal gyrus. Neurobiol Aging 1994; 15:381-6. [PMID: 7936069 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(94)90041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Loss of synapses has been shown to correlate with the severity of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) have also been shown to correlate to the severity of AD dementia. We have been investigating the influence of NFTs on mRNAs related to neuronal plasticity and synaptic function. We recently reported a decrease in message for the plasticity marker, GAP-43, in AD cases with high tangle densities. The study did not permit us to determine if: a) the decrease in GAP-43 message was specific to the NFT-bearing neurons, b) a general decrease in GAP-43 message was occurring in all surviving neurons, or c) the decrease in GAP-43 message was due to a loss of neurons. It is unlikely a loss of neurons could explain the sixfold GAP-43 message loss we reported, because only a 19% excess decrease in density of hippocampal neurons occurs in AD cases with high tangle densities. Consequently, the study reported here was undertaken to determine if a general decrease in GAP-43 message was occurring in all surviving AD neurons or if the decrease in GAP-43 message was specific to NFT-bearing neurons. We combined immunocytochemistry for neurofibrillary tangles with in situ hybridization for GAP-43 message. We report here preliminary evidence indicating a decrease in GAP-43 message in NFT-bearing neurons compared to adjacent nontangle bearing neurons in parahippocampal cortex of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Callahan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642
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34
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Ohlsson R, Hedborg F, Holmgren L, Walsh C, Ekström TJ. Overlapping patterns of IGF2 and H19 expression during human development: biallelic IGF2 expression correlates with a lack of H19 expression. Development 1994; 120:361-8. [PMID: 8149914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120.2.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The spatial patterns of IGF2 and H19 gene expression are strikingly similar during parts of human embryonic/fetal and early postnatal development. Notable exceptions were found with the ciliary anlage of the embryonic retina and the choroid plexus/leptomeninges, where transcripts from the IGF2 but not the H19 locus could be detected. Moreover, in contrast to the other tissue samples examined, the choroid plexus/leptomeninges expressed both parental IGF2 alleles. Whilst RNase protection analysis revealed a weak activity of the P1 promoter in the choroid plexus/leptomeninges, the P2, P3 and P4 promoters were all active wherever IGF2 was expressed. We discuss these observations with respect to a hypothesized coordinated control of the reciprocally imprinted and closely linked IGF2 and H19 loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ohlsson
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Schuller AG, van Neck JW, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Groffen C, de Jong I, Zwarthoff EC, Drop SL. Gene expression of the IGF binding proteins during post-implantation embryogenesis of the mouse; comparison with the expression of IGF-I and -II and their receptors in rodent and human. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 343:267-77. [PMID: 7514340 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2988-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) comprise at least six distinct species which may modulate the action of IGFs. IGFs are important regulators of fetal growth and differentiation. We have studied the mRNA expression of the six IGFBPs during post-implantation embryogenesis (day 11-18) by in situ hybridization techniques. Expression of IGFBP-1 was detected in mouse conceptuses after day 12 of gestation and seemed restricted to the liver. Transcripts for IGFBP-2, -4 and -5 were detected in various tissues and were found in all stages tested. In contrast, expression of IGFBP-3 and -6 could be detected only weakly in late gestational embryos. Comparison of the expression pattern of IGFBP-2, -4 and -5, which were found widely distributed in mouse conceptuses, revealed that IGFBP-2 was expressed mainly in the ectodermal layer and also in the mesoderm derived part of the tongue (day 13.5). Transcripts for IGFBP-4 however, only were detected in the mesoderm derived tissues, whereas expression of IGFBP-5 was restricted to the ectodermal layer. A similar distribution pattern was observed in the lung. In general, expression of IGFBP-2 and -5 was detected in the same cells, whereas IGFBP-4 and -5 were expressed mainly in different cell types. In rodents as in the human there is widespread expression of the genes coding IGFs, the IGFBPs and the receptors during pre- and postimplantation embryogenesis. These data support the assumption that the IGFs play an important role during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Schuller
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- N De-Groot
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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37
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Ekström TJ, Hedborg F, Ohlsson R. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION AND PARENTAL IMPRINTING OF lGF2 DURING HUMAN EMBRYONIC DEVELOMENT. Reprod Domest Anim 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.1993.tb00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Ohlsson R, Nyström A, Pfeifer-Ohlsson S, Töhönen V, Hedborg F, Schofield P, Flam F, Ekström TJ. IGF2 is parentally imprinted during human embryogenesis and in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Nat Genet 1993; 4:94-7. [PMID: 8513333 DOI: 10.1038/ng0593-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of parental imprinting involves the preferential expression of one parental allele of a subset of chromosomal genes and has so far only been documented in the mouse. We show here, by exploiting sequence polymorphisms in exon nine of the human insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene, that only the paternally-inherited allele is active in embryonic and extra-embryonic cells from first trimester pregnancies. In addition, only the paternal allele is expressed in tissues from a patient who suffered from Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Thus the parental imprinting of IGF2 appears to be evolutionarily conserved from mouse to man and has implications for the generation of the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ohlsson
- Department of Experimental Drug Research, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Gressner AM, Brenzel A, Vossmeyer T. Hepatocyte-conditioned medium potentiates insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 and 2 stimulated DNA synthesis of cultured fat storing cells. LIVER 1993; 13:86-94. [PMID: 8510491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1993.tb00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
IGF-1 and IGF-2 stimulate dose-dependently DNA synthesis of nonconfluent cultures of rat fat storing cells, a nonparenchymal type of liver cells pathogenetically involved in the generation of liver fibrosis. Maximum stimulation of [3H] thymidine incorporation of about 2.6-fold above control was reached with 100 ng/ml IGF-1 and 500 ng/ml IGF-2, respectively. The DNA synthesis promoting action of both IGF-1 and IGF-2 was most efficiently potentiated by hepatocyte-conditioned medium raising the stimulatory effect up to 21-fold above control cultures. Lysate of hepatocytes (up to 15 micrograms protein/ml) was not effective in potentiating the effect of IGF-1. IGF-1 is bound to free carrier protein(s) present in the medium of hepatocytes, but obviously absent in cell lysate. Three molecular weight fractions in the ranges of 67 kd, 35 kd, and 25 kd could be identified in the medium, which potentiate the growth-promoting effect of IGF-1. Applying Western ligand blot analysis, three molecular size classes of IGF-1 binding proteins in the conditioned media of rat hepatocytes were determined. The major binding protein had a M(r) of 28-34 kd, a minor portion was localized at M(r) 24 kd, whereas trace binding affinities were found at M(r) of about 95 kd. It is suggested that IGF-1, IGF-2 and the complex array of IGF-binding proteins secreted by hepatocytes might be involved in the paracrine regulation of growth of fat storing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gressner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Zumkeller W, Schwander J, Mitchell CD, Morrell DJ, Schofield PN, Preece MA. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, -II and IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) in the plasma of children with Wilms' tumour. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:1973-7. [PMID: 7506560 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90455-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I, -II and IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) have been measured in plasma of children with Wilms' tumour. The mean levels for total serum IGF-I and -II were not significantly altered in Wilms' tumour as compared with normal control plasma. However, the chromatographic profiles for IGF-I and -II in these groups were different with regard to the presence of IGF binding proteins and high molecular weight forms of IGFs; the high molecular weight form (9-15 kD) of IGF-II was significantly reduced in Wilms' tumour. Levels of IGFBP-2 were substantially elevated in serum from Wilms' tumour patients (1025 +/- 112 ng/ml compared with 416 +/- 44 ng/ml in controls), and inversely correlated with the levels of high molecular weight forms of IGF-II. We suggest that IGFBP-2 measurements might be of value as a marker for monitoring this type of tumour, either as an adjunct to diagnosis or surveillance of tumour growth during therapy.
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Hill DJ, Clemmons DR, Riley SC, Bassett N, Challis JR. Immunohistochemical localization of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins -1, -2 and -3 in human placenta and fetal membranes. Placenta 1993; 14:1-12. [PMID: 7681208 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and II are synthesized within the placenta and are believed to play an important role in the regulation of placental growth and endocrine function. IGF bioavailability is determined at a cellular level by several specific binding proteins (IGF BPs), which are widely but selectively distributed in all developing tissues. We have used immunohistochemistry to localize IGF I and II peptides, and IGF BP-1, -2, and -3 in human placentae, fetal membranes and umbilical cord at 6-8 weeks after therapeutic termination and at term after spontaneous delivery. Primary antisera were directed against human IGF I, human IGF BP-1, bovine IGF BP-2, and human IGF BP-3 respectively. Immunoreactive IGF BP-2 was found in association with the syncytiotrophoblast, intermediate trophoblasts of the fetal villi and chorion, amnion and decidua; while weaker staining was seen in some but not all cytotrophoblasts. A similar but less intense staining pattern was observed for IGF BP-1 and IGF peptides in placenta and amnio-chorion. Strong immuno-staining for IGF BP-1 was seen in decidual cells. No immunoreactive IGF BP-3 was found in placenta or membranes. A co-distribution of IGF BP-2, BP-1 and IGF peptides in placenta suggests a role for these IGF BPs in determining the localization of the IGFs for actions on target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hill
- Lawson Research Institute, St Joseph's Health Centre, London, Ontario
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Genomic Imprinting in the Regulation of Mammalian Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3116(08)60027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Zumkeller W, Schofield PN. The role of insulin-like growth factors and IGF-binding proteins in the physiological and pathological processes of the kidney. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1992; 62:207-20. [PMID: 1279887 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins are implicated in the growth regulation of the kidney during embryogenesis and differentiation. Recent evidence also suggests that IGFs play a role in kidney physiology (glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow) and pathology (diabetic renal hypertrophy, nephritis, glomerulosclerosis, kidney tumours, chronic renal failure). This review focuses on the biology of IGFs at the molecular, protein and receptor levels and considers their importance in renal physiology and pathology. The current data demonstrate a central role for the IGFs in the mediation of a wide variety of effects on renal growth, function and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zumkeller
- Institute of Child Health, University of London, UK
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Nyström A, Engström W, Cheetham J, Schofield PN. Molecular analysis of patients with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. I. Gene dosage on the short arm of chromosome 11. Eur J Pediatr 1992; 151:504-10. [PMID: 1356784 DOI: 10.1007/bf01957755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS) is characterised by a specific group of congenital malformations associated with an increased concurrent risk for development of a defined group of childhood neoplasms. The mode of inheritance is complex, but recently compiled family data suggest that it is an autosomal dominant trait of varying expression. It has previously been suggested that major rearrangements on the short arm of chromosome 11 may be involved in the aetiology of the disease, particularly in the region of the insulin like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene (11p15.5). This gene is thought to be parentally imprinted in the mouse and it has been suggested that in the human, duplication of the non-imprinted locus in WBS patient might lead to diploid expression of the gene and consequent general hyperplasia. This model predicts that there should be both frequent and parental origin specific duplication of the IGF-II gene in the patients. It was the aim of this study to examine the IGF-II locus and its surrounding chromosomal environment for such lesions in a large number of WBS patients. Using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for four linked markers on 11p and genomic clones internal to the IGF-II locus we could find no evidence of alteration or amplification of this area in any of the 11 patients investigated. In one patient who developed a Wilms tumour we could find no evidence for loss of any material on the short arm of chromosome 11 as reported previously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nyström
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, St. Görans Childrens Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nyström A, Cheetham JE, Engström W, Schofield PN. Molecular analysis of patients with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. II. Paternally derived disomies of chromosome 11. Eur J Pediatr 1992; 151:511-4. [PMID: 1356785 DOI: 10.1007/bf01957756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS) a putative disease gene resides at the tip of the short arm of chromosome 11 in the region of the insulin growth like factor II (IGF-II) gene. Whilst changes in gene dosage in this area do not appear to be common in the syndrome, in familial cases the lesion appears to be dominant only when inherited through the female line. We undertook to examine the parental origin of the copies of chromosome 11 in a large group of WBS patients using a series of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) on 11p, and report here that in one sporadic case of WBS out of 14 both copies of chromosome 11 are derived from the father and are present in a normal dosage. This suggests that at least one mode of expression of the lesion is modified by genomic imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nyström
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, St. Görans Childrens Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rappolee DA, Sturm KS, Behrendtsen O, Schultz GA, Pedersen RA, Werb Z. Insulin-like growth factor II acts through an endogenous growth pathway regulated by imprinting in early mouse embryos. Genes Dev 1992; 6:939-52. [PMID: 1317321 DOI: 10.1101/gad.6.6.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present evidence that insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mediates growth in early mouse embryos and forms a pathway in which imprinted genes influence development during preimplantation stages. mRNA and protein for IGF-II were expressed in preimplantation mouse embryos, but the related factors IGF-I and insulin were not. IGF-I and insulin receptors and the IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor were expressed. Exogenous IGF-II or IGF-I increased the cell number in cultured blastocysts, but a mutant form of IGF-II that strongly binds only the IGF-II receptor did not. Reduction of IGF-II expression by antisense IGF-II oligonucleotides decreased the rate of progression to the blastocyst stage and decreased the cell number in blastocysts. Preimplantation parthenogenetic mouse embryos expressed mRNA for the IGF-II receptor but not for either IGF-II ligand or the IGF-I receptor, indicating that the latter genes are not expressed when inherited maternally. These data imply that some growth factors and receptors, regulated by genomic imprinting, may control cell proliferation from the earliest stages of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rappolee
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0750
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Zindy F, Lamas E, Schmidt S, Kirn A, Brechot C. Expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-II, IGF-I and insulin receptors mRNAs in isolated non-parenchymal rat liver cells. J Hepatol 1992; 14:30-4. [PMID: 1310705 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8278(92)90127-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is involved in embryonic growth. Modifications of its expression might play a role in the development of primary liver cancer in humans and woodchucks. In the liver, little information is available on the cell types involved in its synthesis. We have investigated the expression of IGF-II as well as IGF-II, IGF-I and insulin receptor mRNAs in non parenchymal liver cell preparations in rats of various ages. The results indicate that Kupffer cells, endothelial cells and fat-storing cells express both IGF-II and the three different receptor mRNAs. Furthermore, a switch from a fetal to an adult IGF-II mRNA profile was obtained in the different cell preparations. Therefore, our results indicate that regulation of IGF-II gene expression can be analyzed through these isolated liver cell preparations. These results might also be important in investigating the potential role of IGF-II in liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zindy
- INSERM U.75, CHU Necker, Paris, France
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Hill DJ, Logan A. Peptide growth factors and their interactions during chondrogenesis. PROGRESS IN GROWTH FACTOR RESEARCH 1992; 4:45-68. [PMID: 1515614 DOI: 10.1016/0955-2235(92)90004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptide growth factors have been implicated in three aspects of cartilage growth and metabolism; the induction of mesoderm and differentiation of a cartilaginous skeleton in the early embryo, the growth and differentiation of chondrocytes within the epiphyseal growth plates leading to endochondral calcification, and the processes of articular cartilage damage and repair. Three peptide growth factor classes have been strongly implicated in these processes, the fibroblast growth factor family (FGF), the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) including insulin, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and related molecules. Each of these peptide groups are expressed in the early embryo. Basic FGF, TGF-beta and the related activin have been shown to induce the appearance of mesoderm from primitive neuroectoderm. TGF-beta and related bone morphometric proteins can induce the differentiation of cartilage from primitive mesenchyme, and together with basic FGF and IGFs promote cartilage growth. Each class of growth factor is expressed within the epiphyseal growth plate where their autocrine/paracrine interactions regulate the rate of chondrocyte proliferation, matrix protein synthesis and terminal differentiation and mineralization. Basic FGF may prove useful in articular cartilage repair, while basic FGF, IGFs and TGF-beta are among a number of growth factors and cytokines that have been implicated in cartilage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hill
- MRC Group in Fetal and Neonatal Health and Development, Lawson Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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