1
|
Yang J, Wang Y, El Wakil A, Moussian B. Extra-corporeal detoxification in insects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28392. [PMID: 38560219 PMCID: PMC10981100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Upon uptake of toxins, insects launch a detoxification program. This program is deployed in multiple organs and cells to raise their tolerance against the toxin. The molecular mechanisms of this program inside the insect body have been studied and understood in detail. Here, we report on a yet unexplored extra-corporeal detoxification of insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster. Wild-type D. melanogaster incubated with DDT, a contact insecticide, in a closed environment died as expected. However, incubation of a second cohort in the same environment after removal of the dead flies was not lethal. The effect was significantly lower if the flies of the two cohorts were unrelated. Incubation assays with Chlorpyrifos, another contact insecticide, yielded identical results, while incubation assays with Chlorantraniliprole, again a contact insecticide, was toxic for the second cohort of flies. A cohort of flies incubated in a DDT environment after an initial incubation of a honeybee survived treatment. Together, our data suggest that insects including Apis mellifera and D. melanogaster have the capacity to modify their proximate environment. Consequently, in their ecological niche, following individuals might be saved from intoxication thereby facilitating colonisation of an attractive site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Abeer El Wakil
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salerno G, Rebora M, Gorb E, Gorb S. Mechanoecology: biomechanical aspects of insect-plant interactions. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:249-265. [PMID: 38480551 PMCID: PMC10994878 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Plants and herbivorous insects as well as their natural enemies, such as predatory and parasitoid insects, are united by intricate relationships. During the long period of co-evolution with insects, plants developed a wide diversity of features to defence against herbivores and to attract pollinators and herbivores' natural enemies. The chemical basis of insect-plant interactions is established and many examples are studied, where feeding and oviposition site selection of phytophagous insects are dependent on the plant's secondary chemistry. However, often overlooked mechanical interactions between insects and plants can be rather crucial. In the context of mechanoecology, the evolution of plant surfaces and insect adhesive pads is an interesting example of competition between insect attachment systems and plant anti-attachment surfaces. The present review is focused on mechanical insect-plant interactions of some important pest species, such as the polyphagous Southern Green Stinkbug Nezara viridula and two frugivorous pest species, the polyphagous Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata and the monophagous olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae. Their ability to attach to plant surfaces characterised by different features such as waxes and trichomes is discussed. Some attention is paid also to Coccinellidae, whose interaction with plant leaf surfaces is substantial across all developmental stages in both phytophagous and predatory species that feed on herbivorous insects. Finally, the role of different kinds of anti-adhesive nanomaterials is discussed. They can reduce the attachment ability of insect pests to natural and artificial surfaces, potentially representing environmental friendly alternative methods to reduce insect pest impact in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia, 06121, Italy
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, 06121, Italy.
| | - Elena Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bien T, Alexander BH, White E, Hsieh ST, Kane SA. Sizing up spotted lanternfly nymphs for instar determination and growth allometry. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0265707. [PMID: 36730235 PMCID: PMC9894384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A major ongoing research effort seeks to understand the behavior, ecology and control of the spotted lanternfly (SLF) (Lycorma delicatula), a highly invasive pest in the U.S. and South Korea. These insects undergo four nymphal stages (instars) before reaching adulthood, and appear to shift host plant preferences, feeding, dispersal and survival patterns, anti-predator behaviors, and response to traps and chemical controls with each stage. However, categorizing SLF life stage is challenging for the first three instars, which have the same coloration and shape. Here we present a dataset of body mass and length for SLF nymphs throughout two growing seasons and compare our results with previously-published ranges of instar body lengths. An analysis using two clustering methods revealed that 1st-3rd instar body mass and length fell into distinct clusters consistently between years, supporting using these metrics to stage nymphs during a single growing season. The length ranges for 2nd-4th instars agreed between years in our study, but differed from those reported by earlier studies for diverse locations, indicating that it is important to obtain these metrics relevant to a study's region for most accurate staging. We also used these data to explore the scaling of SLF instar bodies during growth. SLF nymph body mass scaled with body length varied between isometry (constant shape) and growing somewhat faster than predicted by isometry in the two years studied. Using previously published data, we also found that SLF nymph adhesive footpad area varies in direct proportion to weight, suggesting that footpad adhesion is independent of nymphal stage, while their tarsal claws display positive allometry and hence disproportionately increasing grasp (mechanical adhesion). By contrast, mouthpart dimensions are weakly correlated with body length, consistent with predictions that these features should reflect preferred host plant characteristics rather than body size. We recommend future studies use the body mass vs length growth curve as a fitness benchmark to study how SLF instar development depends on factors such as hatch date, host plant, temperature, and geographic location, to further understanding of life history patterns that help prevent further spread of this invasive insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Bien
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin H. Alexander
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eva White
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - S. Tonia Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Amador Kane
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bergmann JB, Moatsou D, Steiner U, Wilts BD. Bio-inspired materials to control and minimise insect attachment. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 17:051001. [PMID: 36099911 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac91b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
More than three quarters of all animal species on Earth are insects, successfully inhabiting most ecosystems on the planet. Due to their opulence, insects provide the backbone of many biological processes, but also inflict adverse impacts on agricultural and stored products, buildings and human health. To countermeasure insect pests, the interactions of these animals with their surroundings have to be fully understood. This review focuses on the various forms of insect attachment, natural surfaces that have evolved to counter insect adhesion, and particularly features recently developed synthetic bio-inspired solutions. These bio-inspired solutions often enhance the variety of applicable mechanisms observed in nature and open paths for improved technological solutions that are needed in a changing global society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B Bergmann
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dafni Moatsou
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pfingstl T, Kerschbaumer M. Like parent, like child - Ontogenetic development of claws of intertidal arthropods (Acari, Oribatida) from different ecological niches. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 67:101143. [PMID: 35182950 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The shape of claws of adult air-breathing intertidal oribatid mites shows a strong correlation with ecology. As nothing is known about juvenile characteristics of this trait, the ontogenetic development of these attachment devices was studied for the first time with comprehensive geometric morphometric methods. In nine investigated species, claws of immature stages can be classified into the same ecological categories as adults, i.e. juveniles of several rock-dwelling species already show higher and stronger curved claw shapes with smaller claw angles, while juvenile instars of the single investigated mangrove-dwelling species possess lower and less curved claws with wider claw angles. For each species, claw curvature is almost static during the complete development and claw length grows directly proportional with increasing body size. Developmental changes in body size and weight are thus mainly compensated by a simple relative growth in size. Despite the finding that claw shapes of early developmental stages are already classifiable into ecological categories, their shapes also change slightly during development to become more 'rock', 'mix' or 'mangrove'-like, respectively. The present results demonstrate that ecology is also the most important factor in shaping the claws of immatures and that attachment in the intertidal environment is vital for the survival of each mobile stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pfingstl
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michaela Kerschbaumer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria. https://twitter.com/@MichaelaKersch2
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Büscher TH, Gorb SN. Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:725-743. [PMID: 34354900 PMCID: PMC8290099 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Adhesive pads are functional systems with specific micro- and nanostructures which evolved as a response to specific environmental conditions and therefore exhibit convergent traits. The functional constraints that shape systems for the attachment to a surface are general requirements. Different strategies to solve similar problems often follow similar physical principles, hence, the morphology of attachment devices is affected by physical constraints. This resulted in two main types of attachment devices in animals: hairy and smooth. They differ in morphology and ultrastructure but achieve mechanical adaptation to substrates with different roughness and maximise the actual contact area with them. Species-specific environmental surface conditions resulted in different solutions for the specific ecological surroundings of different animals. As the conditions are similar in discrete environments unrelated to the group of animals, the micro- and nanostructural adaptations of the attachment systems of different animal groups reveal similar mechanisms. Consequently, similar attachment organs evolved in a convergent manner and different attachment solutions can occur within closely related lineages. In this review, we present a summary of the literature on structural and functional principles of attachment pads with a special focus on insects, describe micro- and nanostructures, surface patterns, origin of different pads and their evolution, discuss the material properties (elasticity, viscoelasticity, adhesion, friction) and basic physical forces contributing to adhesion, show the influence of different factors, such as substrate roughness and pad stiffness, on contact forces, and review the chemical composition of pad fluids, which is an important component of an adhesive function. Attachment systems are omnipresent in animals. We show parallel evolution of attachment structures on micro- and nanoscales at different phylogenetic levels, focus on insects as the largest animal group on earth, and subsequently zoom into the attachment pads of the stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) to explore convergent evolution of attachment pads at even smaller scales. Since convergent events might be potentially interesting for engineers as a kind of optimal solution by nature, the biomimetic implications of the discussed results are briefly presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thies H Büscher
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
AbstractThe present ultrastructural investigation using scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as light and fluorescence microscopy describes in detail the attachment devices and tarsal gland of the bug Coreus marginatus (L.) (Hemiptera: Coreidae). In particular, the fine structure of pulvilli reveals a ventral surface rich with pore channels, consistent with fluid emission, and a folded dorsal surface, which could be useful to enhance the pulvillus contact area during attachment to the substrate. The detailed description of the tarsal gland cells, whose structure is coherent with an active secretory function, allows us to consider the tarsal gland as the plausible candidate for the adhesive fluid production. Scolopidia strictly adhering to the gland cells are also described. On the basis of the fine structure of the tarsal gland, we hypothesise a fluid emission mechanism based on changes of the hydraulic pressure inside the gland, due to the unguitractor tendon movements. This mechanism could provide the fluid release based on compression of the pad and capillary suction, as demonstrated in other insects. The data here reported can contribute to understanding of insect adhesive fluid production, emission and control of its transport.
Collapse
|
8
|
Salerno G, Rebora M, Piersanti S, Matsumura Y, Gorb E, Gorb S. Variation of attachment ability of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) during nymphal development and adult aging. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 127:104117. [PMID: 33002513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation reports data on the attachment ability of the Southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a relevant pest in the world, along its whole life cycle. Using a centrifugal force tester, we evaluated a) the differences in the attachment ability among the four active nymphal developmental instars (N2-N5 nymphs) and adult to hydrophilic glass, showing an increased attachment ability during ontogenesis, owing to increased pulvilli size and efficiency; b) the possible role of growth and body shape on insect attachment ability on hydrophilic glass during the intermoult period, revealing that N. viridula nymphs attach stronger (higher safety factor) in the first part of the intermoult period; c) the age-specific differences in the attachment ability of adults of both sexes on hydrophilic glass, showing the best performance at an intermediate age, in agreement with a higher proportion of resilin in comparison with younger or older insects; d) the difference in attachment ability on hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic glass along the insect development, revealing a strong effect of surface hydrophobicity on reducing the attachment of N. viridula nymphs and adults. The results on the attachment ability of a hemimetabolous insect along its life cycle are relevant because they 1) shed light on different adaptations of attachment pads in relation to insect size, shape and age; 2) deepen the knowledge on the functional morphological adaptations, thus potentially contributing to the development of suitable control systems for this important pest insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvana Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elena Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Büscher TH, Becker M, Gorb SN. Attachment performance of stick insects (Phasmatodea) on convex substrates. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb226514. [PMID: 32723763 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects) are herbivorous insects well camouflaged on plant substrates as a result of cryptic masquerade. Also, their close association with plants has allowed them to adapt to different substrate geometries and surface topographies of the plants they imitate. Stick insects are gaining increasing attention in attachment- and locomotion-focused research. However, most studies experimentally investigating stick insect attachment have been performed either on single attachment pads or on flat surfaces. In contrast, curved surfaces, especially twigs or stems of plants, are dominant substrates for phytophagous insects, but not much is known about the influence of curvature on their attachment. In this study, by combining analysis of tarsal usage with mechanical traction and pull-off force measurements, we investigated the attachment performance on curved substrates with different diameters in two species of stick insects with different tarsal lengths. We provide the first quantitative data for forces generated by stick insects on convex curved substrates and show that the curvature significantly influences attachment ability in both species. Within the studied range of substrate curvatures, traction force decreases and pull-off force increases with increasing curvature. Shorter tarsi demonstrate reduced forces; however, tarsus length only has an influence for diameters thinner than the tarsal length. The attachment force generally depends on the number of tarsi/tarsomeres in contact, tarsus/leg orientation and body posture on the surface. Pull-off force is also influenced by the tibiotarsal angle, with higher pull-off force for lower angles, while traction force is mainly influenced by load, i.e. adduction force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thies H Büscher
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Becker
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Salerno G, Rebora M, Piersanti S, Gorb E, Gorb S. Mechanical ecology of fruit-insect interaction in the adult Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). ZOOLOGY 2020; 139:125748. [PMID: 32078916 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fruit features represent a trade-off between dispersal and protection against frugivore insects. To prevent insect attack, plants evolved chemical and physical barriers, mainly studied in leaves, while limited knowledge is available for fruits, especially concerning mechanical barriers. We used the Mediterranean fruit fly to shed light on the mechanical ecology of insect-fruit attachment in a pest species. We tested the following hypotheses: is there any sexual dimorphism in attachment devices and attachment ability? Can the attachment ability of females of Ceratitis capitata to fruits of various host plants vary according to fruit surfaces with different morphology (smooth, hairy, waxy) or physico-chemical properties? The tarsal attachment devices were studied using Cryo-SEM and TEM. The maximum friction forces of C. capitata females on fruit surfaces of typical host plants were evaluated using a load cell force transducer. The attachment ability of both sexes on artificial surfaces was evaluated using a centrifugal force tester. Our data revealed sexual dimorphism in the size of pulvilli, which are wider in females. A higher friction force is exerted by females in comparison with males, in agreement with the need to firmly adhere to the host plant fruit during oviposition. Among the tested fruits, the stronger friction force was recorded on hairy or rough surfaces while a force reduction was recorded on waxy fruits. To unravel the mechanical ecology of insect-plant interaction between plants and species of Tephritidae can be useful to develop non-chemical methods to control these important crop pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, 06121, Italy
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvana Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Büsse S, Büscher TH, Heepe L, Gorb SN. Adaptations of dragonfly larvae and their exuviae (Insecta: Odonata), attachment devices and their crucial role during emergence. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103914. [PMID: 31323235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Moulting, especially in 'hemimetabolous' insects that emerge upside down, is a crucial moment in their live. Losing their attachment during this situation can be fatal for survival. We here studied the emergence of dragonfly adults, describe structures involved in larval attachment to the substrate, and biomechanically test the pull-off forces of exuviae to natural substrates. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to describe both morphology and material composition of the leg cuticle of Anax imperator larvae. The results show that the combination of morphological and behavioral adaptations provides reliable anchorage of exuviae to the substrates. We determined a safety factor of 14, and demonstrated that this staggered safety system experiencing several unlocking and relocking events withstand multiple disturbances before the entire exuvia is completely detaches. This furthers our understanding of interlocking and anchorage of insects in general and may allow for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Büsse
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Thies H Büscher
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Heepe
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reinhardt K, Voigt D, Gorb SN. Evidence for a sexually selected function of the attachment system in bedbugs Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera, Cimicidae). J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.206136. [PMID: 31053647 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.206136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Attachment to surfaces is a major aspect of an animal's interaction with the environment. Consequently, shaping of the attachment system in relation to weight load and substrate is considered to have occurred mainly by natural selection. However, sexual selection may also be important because many animals attach to their partner during mating. The two hypotheses generate opposing predictions in species where males are smaller than females. Natural selection predicts that attachment ability will scale positively with load, and hence body size, and so will be larger in females than males. Sexual selection predicts attachment forces in males will be larger than those in females, despite the males' smaller size because males benefit from uninterrupted copulation by stronger attachment to the female. We tested these predictions in the common bedbug Cimex lectularius, a species in which both sexes, as well as nymphs, regularly carry large loads: blood meals of up to 3 times their body weight. By measuring attachment forces to smooth surfaces and analysing in situ fixed copulating pairs and the morphology of attachment devices, we show that: (i) males generate twice the attachment force of females, despite weighing 15% less; (ii) males adhere to females during copulation using hairy tibial adhesive pads; (iii) there are more setae, and more setae per unit area, in the pads of males than in those of females but there is no difference in the shape of the tarsal setae; and (iv) there is an absence of hairy tibial attachment pads and a low attachment force in nymphs. These results are consistent with a sexually selected function of attachment in bedbugs. Controlling sperm transfer and mate guarding by attaching to females during copulation may also shape the evolution of male attachment structures in other species. More generally, we hypothesise the existence of an arms race in terms of male attachment structures and female counterparts to impede attachment, which may result in a similar evolutionary diversification to male genitalia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Reinhardt
- Applied Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany .,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Dagmar Voigt
- Institute for Botany, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu P, Ma B, Ouyang H, Xu J, Zhang R. Potential investment tradeoff between offspring production and functional recovery promoted by larval cannibalism in Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: coccinellidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:484-491. [PMID: 30022594 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since larval cannibalism is frequently observed in intensive rearing systems, the regeneration of lost legs is common for the beneficial species Coccinella septempunctata (Coccinella: Coccinellidae) to adapt to the competitive environment, but whether functional recovery occurs in the leg-regenerated coccinellids remains unknown. To evaluate the functional recovery of regenerated right foreleg after being damaged, the behaviors of leg-regenerated ladybugs containing predation, attachment, intraspecific competition, prey preference and fecundity were studied in the laboratory. RESULTS The prey consumption and searching rate of leg-regenerated ladybugs decreased, and their handling time extended. A significantly reduced attachment coefficient was detected in leg-regenerated coccinellids. Because of the competitive inferiority, leg-regenerated ladybugs were greatly hampered in competition with normal opponents, and this inferiority led to a switch of prey preference from big-sized adults to small-sized first-second instar nymphs of Paratrioza sinica. However, although reduced functional abilities were examined, the leg-regenerated paternity had a higher reproductive output compared to the normal paternity. CONCLUSION Leg-regenerated ladybugs caused by cannibalism may make an investment tradeoff between egg fecundity and functional recovery. Thus, larval cannibalism potentially improves the offspring production of the biological control agent in complex environments. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyong Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Salerno G, Rebora M, Gorb E, Gorb S. Attachment ability of the polyphagous bug Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) to different host plant surfaces. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10975. [PMID: 30030448 PMCID: PMC6054675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation tests through friction experiments the attachment ability of adults of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), a polyphagous insect representing a cosmopolitan pest, on different host plant species characterized by smooth, hairy and waxy surfaces. Surfaces of different tested plants have been studied in Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscope (Cryo-SEM). The load cell force transducer was used to evaluate the potential damage to the insect attachment devices induced by walking on the different leaf surfaces. In case of the plant Phaseolus vulgaris, where insects showed a strong reduction in their adhesion ability during and after walking on the leaf, the damage to the insect by two cultivars with different morphological features and the insect ability to recover after 24 h has been evaluated. The ability to recover notwithstanding the damage to attachment devices, shown by Cryo-SEM investigations, together with the strong attachment forces produced on various plant leaves, characterized by different morphological features, is in agreement with the great adaptability and ecological plasticity of this widely-spread bug species. The present study, increasing our knowledge on the mechanical interaction of this species with different host plant species, can help to develop new strategies to control this insect pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elena Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Voigt D, Gorb S. Functional morphology of tarsal adhesive pads and attachment ability in ticks Ixodes ricinus (Arachnida, Acari, Ixodidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:1984-1996. [PMID: 28566356 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.152942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of well-developed, elastic claws on ticks and widely pilose hosts led us to hypothesise that ticks are mostly adapted to attachment and locomotion on rough, strongly corrugated and hairy, felt-like substrates. However, by using a combination of morphological and experimental approaches, we visualised the ultrastructure of attachment devices of Ixodes ricinus and showed that this species adheres more strongly to smooth surfaces than to rough ones. Between paired, elongated, curved, elastic claws, I. ricinus bears a large, flexible, foldable adhesive pad, which represents an adaptation to adhesion on smooth surfaces. Accordingly, ticks attached strongest to glass and to surface profiles similar to those of the human skin, generating safety factors (attachment force relative to body weight) up to 534 (females). Considerably lower attachment force was found on silicone substrates and as a result of thanatosis after jolting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Voigt
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rebora M, Michels J, Salerno G, Heepe L, Gorb E, Gorb S. Tarsal attachment devices of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula
(Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). J Morphol 2018; 279:660-672. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; University of Perugia; Perugia 06121 Italy
| | - Jan Michels
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics; Zoological Institute, Kiel University; 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Lars Heepe
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics; Zoological Institute, Kiel University; 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Elena Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics; Zoological Institute, Kiel University; 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics; Zoological Institute, Kiel University; 24118 Kiel Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Attachment ability of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:601-611. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Zurek DB, Gorb SN, Voigt D. Changes in tarsal morphology and attachment ability to rough surfaces during ontogenesis in the beetle Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:130-137. [PMID: 27664782 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Insects live in a three-dimensional space, and need to be able to attach to different types of surfaces in a variety of environmental and behavioral contexts. Adult leaf beetles possess great attachment ability due to their hairy attachment pads. In contrast, their larvae depend on smooth pads to attach to the same host plant. We tested friction forces generated by larvae and adults of dock leaf beetles Gastrophysa viridula on different rough surfaces, and found that adults generate much higher attachment to various substrates than larvae, but are more susceptible to completely losing attachment ability on surfaces with "critical" roughness. Furthermore, sex-specific setal morphology has the effect that attachment forces of male adults are generally higher than those of females when adjusted for body weight. The results are discussed in the context of development, ecology, and changing behavioral strategies of successive life stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Zurek
- Evolutionary Biomaterials Group, Department of Thin Films and Biological Systems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 03, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Evolutionary Biomaterials Group, Department of Thin Films and Biological Systems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 03, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Voigt
- Evolutionary Biomaterials Group, Department of Thin Films and Biological Systems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 03, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Labonte D, Federle W. Scaling and biomechanics of surface attachment in climbing animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140027. [PMID: 25533088 PMCID: PMC4275900 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment devices are essential adaptations for climbing animals and valuable models for synthetic adhesives. A major unresolved question for both natural and bioinspired attachment systems is how attachment performance depends on size. Here, we discuss how contact geometry and mode of detachment influence the scaling of attachment forces for claws and adhesive pads, and how allometric data on biological systems can yield insights into their mechanism of attachment. Larger animals are expected to attach less well to surfaces, due to their smaller surface-to-volume ratio, and because it becomes increasingly difficult to distribute load uniformly across large contact areas. In order to compensate for this decrease of weight-specific adhesion, large animals could evolve overproportionally large pads, or adaptations that increase attachment efficiency (adhesion or friction per unit contact area). Available data suggest that attachment pad area scales close to isometry within clades, but pad efficiency in some animals increases with size so that attachment performance is approximately size-independent. The mechanisms underlying this biologically important variation in pad efficiency are still unclear. We suggest that switching between stress concentration (easy detachment) and uniform load distribution (strong attachment) via shear forces is one of the key mechanisms enabling the dynamic control of adhesion during locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Labonte
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Walter Federle
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gottardo M, Vallotto D, Beutel RG. Giant stick insects reveal unique ontogenetic changes in biological attachment devices. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:195-199. [PMID: 25601633 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A strong modification of tarsal and pretarsal attachment pads during the postembryonic development is described for the first time. In the exceptionally large thorny devil stick insect Eurycantha calcarata a functional arolium is only present in the immature instars, enabling them to climb on smooth surfaces, especially leaves. Nymphs are also characterized by greyish and hairy euplantulae on tarsomeres 1-4. The gradual modifications of the arolium and the euplantula of tarsomere 5 in the nymphal development are probably mainly related to increased weight. The distinct switch in the life style between the leaf-dwelling nymphal stages and the ground-dwelling adults results in the final abrupt change of the adhesive devices, resulting in a far-reaching reduction of the arolium, the presence of a fully-developed, elongated euplantula on tarsomere 5, and white and smooth euplantulae on tarsomeres 1-4. The developmental remodelling of attachment pads also reflects a phylogenetic pattern. The attachment devices of the earlier instars are similar to those found in the basalmost lineage of extant stick insects, Timema, which is characterized by a very large pan-shaped arolium and a hairy surface of the tarsal and pretarsal attachment pads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Ebertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yi X, Liu J, Wang P, Hu M, Zhong G. Contacting is essential for oviposition deterrence of Rhodojaponin-III in Spodoptera litura. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 86:122-136. [PMID: 24782249 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In Lepidoptera, choosing the right site for egg laying is particularly important, because the small larvae cannot forage for alternate host plants easily. Some secondary compounds of plants have the ability to deter oviposition behaviors of insects. Rhodojaponin-III, a botanical compound, has been reported to have intense deterring-oviposition activity against many insects, which have important implications for agricultural pest management. This study provided evidence for elucidating the perception mechanism underlying Rhodojaponin-III as oviposition deterrent. In this study, the antennas of moths could not elicit notable electroantennogram responses to Rhodojaponin-III, which suggested the Rhodojaponin-III could not exert effects like those volatile compounds. The results of physiological experiments confirmed the Rhodojaponin-III could produce the oviposition deterrence effect against moths without depending on antennas, while the physical contact was essential for perceiving the compound, which suggested that the sensilla on tarsus and ovipositor could be chemoreceptor for Rhodojaponin-III. Therefore, these sensilla were investigated by scanning electron microscopy to explore their potential functions in detecting Rhodojaponin-III. This study highlighted the contacting mechanism in deterring oviposition behaviors of moths by Rhodojaponin-III and provided new insight for development of contact-based pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang QK, Yang YZ, Liu MQ, Zhang D. Fine structure of Delia platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:619-30. [PMID: 24854679 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Delia platura (Meigen) is a phytophagous fly that can cause significant crop losses. To obtain a better understanding of the external morphology of this species, adult D. platura is studied using scanning electron microscopy. Organs or structures that are important for taxonomy, such as the compound eyes, spiracles, pulvilli, wings, and genitalia are highlighted to complement previous description based on light microscope. Mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracles of D. platura that provide efficiency in preventing entrance of fine materials or dust into the tracheal system are morphologically different. In addition, the elongate-oval pulvillus is densely covered with tenent setae with spoon-like tip, which can increase the number of contact points for attachment to a surface. Four types of sensilla are observed on the male genitalia of D. platura including: trichoid sensilla, chaetic sensilla, three subtypes of campaniform sensilla, and basiconic sensilla. Long bristles and microtrichiae are observed on the female genitalia of D. platura. The possible function of sensilla located in the genitalia of D. platura is discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:619-630, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ke Wang
- Department of Zoology, College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Grohmann C, Blankenstein A, Koops S, Gorb SN. Attachment of Galerucella nymphaeae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)to surfaces with different surface energy. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:4213-20. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.108902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Numerous studies deal with insect attachment on surfaces with different roughness, however, little is known about insect attachment on surfaces with different chemistry. In the present study, we describe attachment structures of the water-lily leaf beetle Galerucella nymphaeae (Linnaeus, 1758) and test the hypothesis that larval and adult stages can generate strongest attachment on surfaces with contact angles that are similar to those of leaves of their host plants. The larvae bear a smooth attachment system with arolium-like structures at their legs and a pygopodium at the abdomen tip. Adults have pointed setae on the ventral side of the two proximal tarsomeres and densely arranged spatula-shaped ones on their third tarsomere. In a centrifugal force tester, larvae and adults attained highest friction forces and safety factors on surfaces with a water contact angle of 83° compared to those of 6, 26 and 109°. This comes close to the contact angle of their host plant Nuphar lutea (86°). The similarity of larval and adult performances might be a result of a similar chemical composition of their attachment fluid. We compare our findings with previous studies on the forces insects generate on surfaces with different surface energies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Moon MJ, Kim HJ, Kim H, Park JG. Microstructure of the biological attachment devices in the ladybugHarmonia axyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2012.699003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
25
|
Vailati A, Zinnato L, Cerbino R. How archer fish achieve a powerful impact: hydrodynamic instability of a pulsed jet in Toxotes jaculatrix. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47867. [PMID: 23112861 PMCID: PMC3480456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Archer fish knock down insects anchored to vegetation by hitting them with a precisely aimed jet of water. The striking force of the jet at the impact is such to overcome the strong anchoring forces of insects. The origin of the effectiveness of such hunting mechanism has been long searched for inside of the fish, in the unsuccessful attempt to identify internal structures dedicated to the amplification of muscular power. Here we perform a kinematic analysis of the jet emitted by two specimens of Toxotes jaculatrix. We estimate that at the impact the jet conveys a typical specific power of about 3000 W/kg, which is well above the maximum specific power of the order of 500 W/kg deliverable by a vertebrate muscle. Unexpectedly, we find that the amplification of muscular power occurs outside of the fish, and is due to a hydrodynamic instability of the jet akin to those occurring in Drop-on-Demand inkjet printing. The investigated fish are found to modulate the velocity of the jet at the orifice to favor the formation of a single, large, water drop that hits the prey abruptly with a large momentum. The observed mechanism represents a remarkable example of use of an external hydrodynamic lever that does possibly not entail the high evolutionary cost needed for the development of highly specialized internal structures dedicated to the storing of mechanical energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vailati
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Voigt D, Gorb SN. Attachment ability of sawfly larvae to smooth surfaces. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:145-53. [PMID: 22289716 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of the sawfly Rhadinoceraea micans adhere properly to the anti-adhesive surface of their host plant Iris pseudacorus by using three pairs of thoracic legs, seven pairs of abdominal prolegs, and pygopodia, all provided with various smooth adhesive pads. Their attachment performance to smooth flat hydrophilic and hydrophobic glass and Plexiglas surfaces was studied in centrifugal force experiments. Obtained safety factors on Plexiglas were up to 25 in friction, and 8 in adhesion. Although larvae attached significantly stronger to the hydrophilic glass, they attached well also to the hydrophobic one. Pygopodia are suggested to dominate attachment force generation in the centrifugal force experiment. Transverse body position on the centrifuge drum was significantly advantageous for friction force generation than was longitudinal body position. Results are discussed in the context of the sawfly biology and provide a profound base for further detailed studies on biomechanics of sawfly larvae-plant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Voigt
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Al Bitar L, Voigt D, Zebitz CPW, Gorb SN. Tarsal morphology and attachment ability of the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) to smooth surfaces. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:1029-1038. [PMID: 19643108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite several studies on the attachment ability of different insect taxa, little is known about this phenomenon in adult Lepidoptera. In this study we combined morphological and experimental analyses of tarsal adhesive devices and the attachment ability of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) to smooth surfaces. Pretarsi of C. pomonella attach to smooth substrates by means of their smooth, flexible and well developed arolia. Using the centrifugal force measurement technique, friction forces of males and females were assessed on hydrophobic and hydrophilic glass surfaces. Adults of both sexes generated similar forces in spite of the noticeable difference in their body masses. That is why males showed significantly higher safety factors (attachment force divided by body weight) compared to those of females. Hydrophobicity of the substrate had no considerable effect on friction forces. For females, friction forces (sliding parallel to the substrate plane) were compared with adhesive forces (pulling off perpendicularly from the substrate plane) measured on Plexiglas surfaces. It can be concluded that the attachment system of C. pomonella is rather robust against physico-chemical properties of the substrate and is able to achieve a very good attachment on vertical and horizontal substrata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loris Al Bitar
- Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Eimüller T, Guttmann P, Gorb SN. Terminal contact elements of insect attachment devices studied by transmission X-ray microscopy. J Exp Biol 2008; 211:1958-63. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.014308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
For the first time, the terminal elements (spatulae) of setal (hairy)attachment devices of the beetle Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae) and the fly Lucilia caesar (Diptera, Calliphoridae)were studied using transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) with a lateral resolution of about 30 nm. Since images are taken under ambient conditions, we demonstrate here that this method can be applied to study the contact behaviour of biological systems, including animal tenent setae, in a fresh state. We observed that the attached spatulae show a viscoelastic behavior increasing the contact area and providing improved adaptability to the local topography of the surface. The technique can be extended to TXM tomography,which would provide three-dimensional information and a deeper insight into the details of insect attachment structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Eimüller
- Junior Research Group Magnetic Microscopy, Experimental Physics, University of Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- Evolutionary Biomaterials Group, Department for Thin Films and Biological Systems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P. Guttmann
- University of Göttingen c/o BESSY GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. N. Gorb
- Evolutionary Biomaterials Group, Department for Thin Films and Biological Systems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Frantsevich L, Ji A, Dai Z, Wang J, Frantsevich L, Gorb SN. Adhesive properties of the arolium of a lantern-fly, Lycorma delicatula (Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:818-827. [PMID: 18479702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The arolium in Lycorma delicatula is shaped as a truncated pyramid, tapering proximally. The base or the terminal area is corrugated, forming parasagittal wrinkles (period 1.5-5.0 microm), which are supported from inside by cuticular dendrites. Side faces of the arolium are made up of sclerotized dorsolateral plates. When claws slip on a smooth substrate and pronate, the dorsolateral plates diverge and expand the sticky terminal area. The real contact area with the glass plate was recognized by light reflection on its periphery. This area was measured and shown to be smaller when the leg was pressed perpendicularly to the substrate (0.02 mm(2)) than when it was sheared in a direction parallel to the substrate (0.05 mm(2)). Attachment forces were measured with the aid of dynamometric platforms during pulling of active insects from horizontal or vertical glass surfaces. Normal adhesive force (about 9-12 mN) was much less than friction force during sliding with velocity of 6-17 mm/s (50-100 mN); however, when expressed in tenacity per unit contact area the difference was less pronounced: 170 and 375-625 mN/mm(2), respectively. Sliding of the arolium during shear displacement was shown to be oscillatory in frame-by-frame video analysis. Relaxative oscillations consisted of periodical sticks-slips of the arolium along the glass surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Frantsevich
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gorb SN, Sinha M, Peressadko A, Daltorio KA, Quinn RD. Insects did it first: a micropatterned adhesive tape for robotic applications. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2007; 2:S117-25. [PMID: 18037721 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3182/2/4/s01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on the structural and experimental studies of more than 300 insect species from different lineages, we have developed and characterized a bioinspired polymer material with the ability of multiple glue-free bonding and debonding. The material surface is covered with a pattern of microstructures, which resembles the geometry of tenent hairs previously described from the feet of flies, beetles, earwigs and other insects. The tape with such a microstructure pattern demonstrates at least two times higher pull-off force per unit apparent contact area compared to the flat polymer. Additionally, the tape is less sensitive to contamination by dust particles than a commercially available pressure-sensitive adhesive tape. Even if the 'insect tape' is contaminated, it can be washed with a soap solution in water, in order to completely recover its adhesive properties. We have successfully applied the tape to the 120 g wall-climbing robot Mini-Whegs. Furthermore, the tape can be used for multiple adhering of objects to glass surfaces or as a protective tape for sensitive glass surfaces of optical quality. Another area of potential applications is gripping and manipulation of objects with smooth surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav N Gorb
- Evolutionary Biomaterials Group, Department of Thin Films and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ngern-klun R, Sukontason K, Methanitikorn R, Vogtsberger RC, Sukontason KL. Fine structure of Chrysomya nigripes (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a fly species of medical importance. Parasitol Res 2007; 100:993-1002. [PMID: 17216239 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of Chrysomya nigripes Aubertin, a blow fly species of medical importance, is presented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to contribute information on the morphology of the adult of this fly species. The surface of the dome-shaped ommatidia exhibits a microscopic granulose appearance. The palpus is equipped with small sensilla basiconica and sensilla chaetica, which provide sensory reception for detecting environmental information. At the apex of the mouthparts, the labellum is endowed with large numbers of sensilla trichodea and basiconic-like sensilla of variable length. The anterior (mesothoracic) spiracle is elliptical in shape and covered with extensively ramified setae except for a small dorsal aperture. The posterior (metathoracic) spiracle is shaped like a rounded isosceles triangle and covered by two valves of unequal size. The larger valve covers the upper approximately 2/3 of the spiracular opening, whereas the smaller valve covers the lower approximately 1/3 of the opening. Extensively ramified setae line and cover the valves over the entire spiracle. SEM analyses of the haltere knob and the prosternal organs, located adjacent to the cervical sclerites, revealed a striking resemblance of the morphological features of their sensilla. Each sensillum emanates from a cuticular ring, is approximately 12-15 mum in length, has a smooth surface, and terminates in a sharp tip. Various types of sensilla were associated with the ovipositor including sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla placodea and probably sensilla styloconica. The possible function of sensilla distributed in particular regions of the fly integument is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radchadawan Ngern-klun
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schlegel T, Schmid CJ, Schuster S. Archerfish shots are evolutionarily matched to prey adhesion. Curr Biol 2006; 16:R836-7. [PMID: 17027476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
33
|
Drechsler P, Federle W. Biomechanics of smooth adhesive pads in insects: influence of tarsal secretion on attachment performance. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2006; 192:1213-22. [PMID: 16835787 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-006-0150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many insects possess smooth adhesive pads on their legs, which adhere by thin films of a two-phasic secretion. To understand the function of such fluid-based adhesive systems, we simultaneously measured adhesion, friction and contact area in single pads of stick insects (Carausius morosus). Shear stress was largely independent of normal force and increased with velocity, seemingly consistent with the viscosity-effect of a continuous fluid film. However, measurements of the remaining force 2 min after a sliding movement show that adhesive pads can sustain considerable static friction. Repeated sliding movements and multiple consecutive pull-offs to deplete adhesive secretion showed that on a smooth surface, friction and adhesion strongly increased with decreasing amount of fluid. In contrast, pull-off forces significantly decreased on a rough substrate. Thus, the secretion does not generally increase attachment but does so only on rough substrates, where it helps to maximize contact area. When slides were repeated at one position so that secretion could accumulate, sliding shear stress decreased but static friction remained clearly present. This suggests that static friction which is biologically important to prevent sliding is based on non-Newtonian properties of the adhesive emulsion rather than on a direct contact between the cuticle and the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Drechsler
- Zoology II, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Smith JM, Barnes WJP, Downie JR, Ruxton GD. Adhesion and allometry from metamorphosis to maturation in hylid tree frogs: a sticky problem. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Sukontason KL, Bunchu N, Methanitikorn R, Chaiwong T, Kuntalue B, Sukontason K. Ultrastructure of adhesive device in fly in families calliphoridae, muscidae and sarcophagidae, and their implication as mechanical carriers of pathogens. Parasitol Res 2006; 98:477-81. [PMID: 16416126 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of adhesive device or the pulvilli, pad-like structure between the tarsal claws of the legs, is presented in the blowfly (Calliphoridae), housefly and relatives (Muscidae), and flesh fly (Sarcophagidae) through scanning electron microscopy. The blowfly species were Chrysomya chani, Chrysomya nigripes, Chrysomya pinguis, and Chrysomya villeneuvi; while those of the housefly and relatives were Musca domestica and Hydrotaea chalcogaster, respectively. Fresh fly species included Boettcherisca peregrina and Liosarcophaga dux. Numerous tenent setae were observed on the ventral side of the pulvilli. Two features of the tip of the tenent setae were found as a spatula-like (in C. chani, C. pinguis, C. nigripes, M. domestica, H. chalcogaster, B. peregrina, and L. dux) and spoon-like tip (in C. villeneuvi). Transmission electron microscopy of the tenent setae in M. domestica revealed the electron-lucent centrally located, suggesting an adhesive substance. These results provided anatomical information that allow us to not only understand the successful attachment of flies to smooth surfaces but also clarify their role as a mechanical carrier of microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Sukontason
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|