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Obrador E, Salvador R, Villaescusa JI, Soriano JM, Estrela JM, Montoro A. Radioprotection and Radiomitigation: From the Bench to Clinical Practice. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E461. [PMID: 33142986 PMCID: PMC7692399 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of protective agents against harmful radiations has been a subject of investigation for decades. However, effective (ideal) radioprotectors and radiomitigators remain an unsolved problem. Because ionizing radiation-induced cellular damage is primarily attributed to free radicals, radical scavengers are promising as potential radioprotectors. Early development of such agents focused on thiol synthetic compounds, e.g., amifostine (2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethylsulfanylphosphonic acid), approved as a radioprotector by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) but for limited clinical indications and not for nonclinical uses. To date, no new chemical entity has been approved by the FDA as a radiation countermeasure for acute radiation syndrome (ARS). All FDA-approved radiation countermeasures (filgrastim, a recombinant DNA form of the naturally occurring granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, G-CSF; pegfilgrastim, a PEGylated form of the recombinant human G-CSF; sargramostim, a recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF) are classified as radiomitigators. No radioprotector that can be administered prior to exposure has been approved for ARS. This differentiates radioprotectors (reduce direct damage caused by radiation) and radiomitigators (minimize toxicity even after radiation has been delivered). Molecules under development with the aim of reaching clinical practice and other nonclinical applications are discussed. Assays to evaluate the biological effects of ionizing radiations are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.O.); (R.S.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Rosario Salvador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.O.); (R.S.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Juan I. Villaescusa
- Service of Radiological Protection, Clinical Area of Medical Image, La Fe University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group GIBI230, Health Research Institute (IISLaFe), La Fe University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
- Joint Research Unit in Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute IISLaFe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Estrela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.O.); (R.S.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Alegría Montoro
- Service of Radiological Protection, Clinical Area of Medical Image, La Fe University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group GIBI230, Health Research Institute (IISLaFe), La Fe University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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2
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Shirbhate E, Patel P, Patel VK, Veerasamy R, Sharma PC, Rajak H. The combination of histone deacetylase inhibitors and radiotherapy: a promising novel approach for cancer treatment. Future Oncol 2020; 16:2457-2469. [PMID: 32815411 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) play an essential role in various cellular processes, such as differentiation and transcriptional regulation of key genes and cytostatic factors, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis that facilitates the targeting of epigenome of eukaryotic cells. In the majority of cancers, only a handful of patients receive optimal benefit from chemotherapeutics. Additionally, there is emerging interest in the use of HDACi to modulate the effects of ionizing radiations. The use of HDACi with radiotherapy, with the goal of reaching dissimilar, often distinct pathways or multiple biological targets, with the expectation of synergistic effects, reduced toxicity and diminished intrinsic and acquired resistance, conveys an approach of increasing interest. In this review, the clinical potential of HDACi in combination with radiotherapy is described as an efficient synergy for cancer treatment will be overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Shirbhate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vijay K Patel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ravichandran Veerasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
| | - Prabodh C Sharma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136 119, Haryana, India
| | - Harish Rajak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
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3
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A. Zamulaeva I, A. Churyukina K, N. Matchuk O, A. Ivanov A, O. Saburov V, L. Zhuze A. Dimeric bisbenzimidazoles DB(n) in combination with ionizing radiation decrease number and clonogenic activity of MCF-7 breast cancer stem cells. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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4
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Rodríguez-Barbeito P, Díaz-Botana P, Gago-Arias A, Feijoo M, Neira S, Guiu-Souto J, López-Pouso Ó, Gómez-Caamaño A, Pardo-Montero J. A Model of Indirect Cell Death Caused by Tumor Vascular Damage after High-Dose Radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:6044-6053. [PMID: 31641030 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that high doses of radiotherapy, like those delivered in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), trigger indirect mechanisms of cell death. Such effect seems to be two-fold. High doses may trigger an immune response and may cause vascular damage, leading to cell starvation and death. Development of mathematical response models, including indirect death, may help clinicians to design SBRT optimal schedules. Despite increasing experimental literature on indirect tumor cell death caused by vascular damage, efforts on modeling this effect have been limited. In this work, we present a biomathematical model of this effect. In our model, tumor oxygenation is obtained by solving the reaction-diffusion equation; radiotherapy kills tumor cells according to the linear-quadratic model, and also endothelial cells (EC), which can trigger loss of functionality of capillaries. Capillary death will affect tumor oxygenation, driving nearby tumor cells into severe hypoxia. Capillaries can recover functionality due to EC proliferation. Tumor cells entering a predetermined severe hypoxia status die according to a hypoxia-death model. This model fits recently published experimental data showing the effect of vascular damage on surviving fractions. It fits surviving fraction curves and qualitatively reproduces experimental values of percentages of functional capillaries 48 hours postirradiation, and hypoxic cells pre- and 48 hours postirradiation. This model is useful for exploring aspects of tumor and EC response to radiotherapy and constitutes a stepping stone toward modeling indirect tumor cell death caused by vascular damage and accounting for this effect during SBRT planning. SIGNIFICANCE: A novel biomathematical model of indirect tumor cell death caused by vascular radiation damage could potentially help clinicians interpret experimental data and design better radiotherapy schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodríguez-Barbeito
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz-Botana
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Galician Supercomputation Center (CESGA), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Araceli Gago-Arias
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Manuel Feijoo
- Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Neira
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jacobo Guiu-Souto
- Department of Medical Physics, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Medical Physics, Fundación Centro Oncolóxico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Pouso
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez-Caamaño
- Department of Radiotherapy, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Pardo-Montero
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Department of Medical Physics, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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5
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Deng XY, Xu WT, Liu M, Yang MX, Zhu QJ, Lü B, Tao Z. Cucurbit[8]uril-improved recognition using a fluorescent sensor for different metal cations. Supramol Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2019.1632455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Xiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Jiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
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Klimova RR, Momotyuk ED, Demidova NA, Chernoryzh YY, Koval VS, Ivanov AA, Zhuze AL, Kushch AA. [Dimeric bisbenzimidazoles suppress the herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus infections in cell сultures]. Vopr Virusol 2018; 62:162-168. [PMID: 29733165 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-4-162-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral activity of new AТ-specific fluorescent symmetric dimeric bisbenzimidazoles of DBА(n) series was assessed in the cell models of infections caused by type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV1) and human cytomegalovirus (CMV). In DBA(n) molecules bisbenzimidazole fragments are bound to an oligomethylene liner with varied number of methylene groups in the linker (n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11). In contrast to DB(n) dimeric bisbenzimidazoles, in DBA(n) series terminal fragments of macromolecules contain N-dimethylaminopropylcarboxamide groups instead of N-methylpiperazine groups. DBА(n) compounds better dissolve in water, pass across plasma and nuclear membrane, and stain DNA in living cells. DBA(1) and DBA(7) produced therapeutic effects in HSV1 infection; DBA(7) completely suppressed the infection. DBA(11) displayed in vitro therapeutic activity in HSV1 and CMV infections. In addition, DBA(7) and DBA(1) showed microbicidal activity. Thus, DBA(11), which is active against two viruses causing severe diseases with serious health consequences for immunodeficient individuals, should be further investigated. High antiviral activity of DBA(7) in all test models indicates that this compound is a promising active agent for innovative antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Klimova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - E D Momotyuk
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation.,Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, 109473, Russian Federation
| | - N A Demidova
- Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, 109473, Russian Federation
| | - Ya Yu Chernoryzh
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - V S Koval
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - A A Ivanov
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, 115478, Russian Federation
| | - A L Zhuze
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - A A Kushch
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
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7
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Issar U, Kumari T, Arora R, Kakkar R. Conformational properties of DNA minor groove binder Hoechst 33258 in gas phase and in aqueous solution. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Merrem A, Bartzsch S, Laissue J, Oelfke U. Computational modelling of the cerebral cortical microvasculature: effect of x-ray microbeams versus broad beam irradiation. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:3902-3922. [PMID: 28333689 PMCID: PMC6050522 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa68d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microbeam Radiation Therapy is an innovative pre-clinical strategy which uses arrays of parallel, tens of micrometres wide kilo-voltage photon beams to treat tumours. These x-ray beams are typically generated on a synchrotron source. It was shown that these beam geometries allow exceptional normal tissue sparing from radiation damage while still being effective in tumour ablation. A final biological explanation for this enhanced therapeutic ratio has still not been found, some experimental data support an important role of the vasculature. In this work, the effect of microbeams on a normal microvascular network of the cerebral cortex was assessed in computer simulations and compared to the effect of homogeneous, seamless exposures at equal energy absorption. The anatomy of a cerebral microvascular network and the inflicted radiation damage were simulated to closely mimic experimental data using a novel probabilistic model of radiation damage to blood vessels. It was found that the spatial dose fractionation by microbeam arrays significantly decreased the vascular damage. The higher the peak-to-valley dose ratio, the more pronounced the sparing effect. Simulations of the radiation damage as a function of morphological parameters of the vascular network demonstrated that the distribution of blood vessel radii is a key parameter determining both the overall radiation damage of the vasculature and the dose-dependent differential effect of microbeam irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merrem
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- This work was carried out at the German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Bartzsch
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 2, 81675 München, Germany
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Rd, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
- This work was carried out at the German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Laissue
- University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - U Oelfke
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Rd, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
- This work was carried out at the German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Koval VS, Ivanov AA, Salyanov VI, Stomakhin AA, Oleinikov VA, Zhuze AL. DNA sequence-specific ligands: XVI. Series of the DBP(n) fluorescent dimeric bisbenzimidazoles with 1,4-piperazine-containing linkers. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201702008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Bouchet A, Bräuer-Krisch E, Prezado Y, El Atifi M, Rogalev L, Le Clec'h C, Laissue JA, Pelletier L, Le Duc G. Better Efficacy of Synchrotron Spatially Microfractionated Radiation Therapy Than Uniform Radiation Therapy on Glioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 95:1485-1494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Ivanov AA, Koval VS, Susova OY, Salyanov VI, Oleinikov VA, Stomakhin AA, Shalginskikh NA, Kvasha MA, Kirsanova OV, Gromova ES, Zhuze AL. DNA specific fluorescent symmetric dimeric bisbenzimidazoles DBP(n): the synthesis, spectral properties, and biological activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2634-8. [PMID: 25987376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of new fluorescent symmetric dimeric bisbenzimidazoles DBP(n) bearing bisbenzimidazole fragments joined by oligomethylene linkers with a central 1,4-piperazine residue were synthesized. The complex formation of DBP(n) in the DNA minor groove was demonstrated. The DBP(n) at micromolar concentrations inhibit in vitro eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I and prokaryotic DNA methyltransferase (MTase) M.SssI. The DBP(n) were soluble well in aqueous solutions and could penetrate cell and nuclear membranes and stain DNA in live cells. The DBP(n) displayed a moderate effect on the reactivation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Ivanov
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Kashirskoye Shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Vasiliy S Koval
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Susova
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Kashirskoye Shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Victor I Salyanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Oleinikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrey A Stomakhin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalya A Shalginskikh
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Kashirskoye Shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | | | - Olga V Kirsanova
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Alexei L Zhuze
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Barooah N, Mohanty J, Pal H, Bhasikuttan AC. Cucurbituril-Induced Supramolecular pK a Shift in Fluorescent Dyes and Its Prospective Applications. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INDIA SECTION A-PHYSICAL SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40010-013-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Barooah N, Mohanty J, Bhasikuttan AC. pH-Mediated Stoichiometric Switching of Cucurbit[8]uril–Hoechst-33258 Complexes. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:13595-603. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405553g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Barooah
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Abdullah H, Brankin B, Brady C, Cosby SL. Wild-type measles virus infection upregulates poliovirus receptor-related 4 and causes apoptosis in brain endothelial cells by induction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013; 72:681-96. [PMID: 23771216 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31829a26b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small numbers of brain endothelial cells (BECs) are infected in children with neurologic complications of measles virus (MV) infection. This may provide a mechanism for virus entry into the central nervous system, but the mechanisms are unclear. Both in vitro culture systems and animal models are required to elucidate events in the endothelium. We compared the ability of wild-type (WT), vaccine, and rodent-adapted MV strains to infect, replicate, and induce apoptosis in human and murine brain endothelial cells (HBECs and MBECs, respectively). Mice also were infected intracerebrally. All MV stains productively infected HBECs and induced the MV receptor PVRL4. Efficient WT MV production also occurred in MBECs. Extensive monolayer destruction associated with activated caspase 3 staining was observed in HBECs and MBECs, most markedly with WT MV. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), but not Fas ligand, was induced by MV infection. Treatment of MBECs with supernatants from MV-infected MBEC cultures with an anti-TRAIL antibody blocked caspase 3 expression and monolayer destruction. TRAIL was also expressed in the endothelium and other cell types in infected murine brains. This is the first demonstration that infection of low numbers of BECs with WT MV allows efficient virus production, induction of TRAIL, and subsequent widespread apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani'ah Abdullah
- From the Centre for Infection and Immunity (HA, CB, SLC), School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK; and School of Biological Sciences (BB), Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Bouchet A, Lemasson B, Christen T, Potez M, Rome C, Coquery N, Le Clec'h C, Moisan A, Bräuer-Krisch E, Leduc G, Rémy C, Laissue JA, Barbier EL, Brun E, Serduc R. Synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy induces hypoxia in intracerebral gliosarcoma but not in the normal brain. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:143-8. [PMID: 23731617 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is an innovative irradiation modality based on spatial fractionation of a high-dose X-ray beam into lattices of microbeams. The increase in lifespan of brain tumor-bearing rats is associated with vascular damage but the physiological consequences of MRT on blood vessels have not been described. In this manuscript, we evaluate the oxygenation changes induced by MRT in an intracerebral 9L gliosarcoma model. METHODS Tissue responses to MRT (two orthogonal arrays (2 × 400Gy)) were studied using magnetic resonance-based measurements of local blood oxygen saturation (MR_SO2) and quantitative immunohistology of RECA-1, Type-IV collagen and GLUT-1, marker of hypoxia. RESULTS In tumors, MR_SO2 decreased by a factor of 2 in tumor between day 8 and day 45 after MRT. This correlated with tumor vascular remodeling, i.e. decrease in vessel density, increases in half-vessel distances (×5) and GLUT-1 immunoreactivity. Conversely, MRT did not change normal brain MR_SO2, although vessel inter-distances increased slightly. CONCLUSION We provide new evidence for the differential effect of MRT on tumor vasculature, an effect that leads to tumor hypoxia. As hypothesized formerly, the vasculature of the normal brain exposed to MRT remains sufficiently perfused to prevent any hypoxia.
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Ranjan A, Kaur N, Tiwari V, Singh Y, Chaturvedi MM, Tandon V. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl Bis-benzimidazole Derivative, Mitigates Radiation-Induced DNA Damage. Radiat Res 2013; 179:647-62. [DOI: 10.1667/rr3246.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Navrinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Vibha Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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QIU J, LI J, HE TC. Endothelial cell damage induces a blood-alveolus barrier breakdown in the development of radiation-induced lung injury. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2011; 7:392-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2011.01461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Minimally invasive molecular delivery into the brain using optical modulation of vascular permeability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9256-61. [PMID: 21576460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018790108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic delivery of bioactive molecules in the CNS is hampered by the blood-brain barrier, which has bottlenecked noninvasive physiological study of the brain and the development of CNS drugs. Here we report that irradiation with an ultrashort pulsed laser to the blood vessel wall induces transient leakage of blood plasma without compromising vascular integrity. By combining this method with a systemic injection, we delivered target molecules in various tissues, including the brain cortex. This tool allows minimally invasive local delivery of chemical probes, nanoparticles, and viral vectors into the brain cortex. Furthermore, we demonstrated astrocyte-mediated vasodilation in vivo without opening the skull, using this method to load a calcium indicator in conjunction with label-free photoactivation of astrocytes.
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Mah LJ, Orlowski C, Ververis K, Vasireddy RS, El-Osta A, Karagiannis TC. Evaluation of the efficacy of radiation-modifying compounds using γH2AX as a molecular marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Genome Integr 2011; 2:3. [PMID: 21261999 PMCID: PMC3037297 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a widely used therapeutic approach for cancer. To improve the efficacy of radiotherapy there is an intense interest in combining this modality with two broad classes of compounds, radiosensitizers and radioprotectors. These either enhance tumour-killing efficacy or mitigate damage to surrounding non-malignant tissue, respectively. Radiation exposure often results in the formation of DNA double-strand breaks, which are marked by the induction of H2AX phosphorylation to generate γH2AX. In addition to its essential role in DDR signalling and coordination of double-strand break repair, the ability to visualize and quantitate γH2AX foci using immunofluorescence microscopy techniques enables it to be exploited as an indicator of therapeutic efficacy in a range of cell types and tissues. This review will explore the emerging applicability of γH2AX as a marker for monitoring the effectiveness of radiation-modifying compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jeen Mah
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Orlowski
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Ververis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raja S Vasireddy
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Epigenomic Profiling Facility, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom C Karagiannis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Barooah N, Mohanty J, Pal H, Bhasikuttan AC. Supramolecular assembly of hoechst-33258 with cucurbit[7]uril macrocycle. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13117-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Barooah N, Mohanty J, Pal H, Sarkar SK, Mukherjee T, Bhasikuttan AC. pH and temperature dependent relaxation dynamics of Hoechst-33258: a time resolved fluorescence study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:35-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Lobachevsky PN, Vasireddy RS, Broadhurst S, Sprung CN, Karagiannis TC, Smith AJ, Radford IR, McKay MJ, Martin RF. Protection by methylproamine of irradiated human keratinocytes correlates with reduction of DNA damage. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 87:274-83. [PMID: 21087168 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.530333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The therapeutic ratio for ionising radiation treatment of tumour is a trade-off between normal tissue side-effects and tumour control. Application of a radioprotector to normal tissue can reduce side-effects. Here we study the effects of a new radioprotector on the cellular response to radiation. Methylproamine is a DNA-binding radioprotector which, on the basis of published pulse radiolysis studies, acts by repair of transient radiation-induced oxidative species on DNA. To substantiate this hypothesis, we studied protection by methylproamine at both clonogenic survival and radiation-induced DNA damage, assessed by γH2AX (histone 2AX phosphorylation at serine 139) focus formation endpoints. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human keratinocyte cell line FEP1811 was used to study clonogenic survival and yield of γH2AX foci following irradiation (¹³⁷Cs γ-rays) of cells exposed to various concentrations of methylproamine. Uptake of methylproamine into cell nuclei was measured in parallel. RESULTS The extent of radioprotection at the clonogenic survival endpoint increased with methylproamine concentration up to a maximum dose modification factor (DMF) of 2.0 at 10 μM. At least 0.1 fmole/nucleus of methylproamine is required to achieve a substantial level of radioprotection (DMF of 1.3) with maximum protection (DMF of 2.0) achieved at 0.23 fmole/nucleus. The γH2AX focus yield per cell nucleus 45 min after irradiation decreased with drug concentration with a DMF of 2.5 at 10 μM. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the hypothesis that radioprotection by methylproamine is mediated by attenuation of the extent of initial DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
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Abstract
Radiation leaves a fairly characteristic footprint in biological materials, but this is rapidly all but obliterated by the canonical biological responses to the radiation damage. The innate immune recognition systems that sense "danger" through direct radiation damage and through associated collateral damage set in motion a chain of events that, in a tissue compromised by radiation, often unwittingly result in oscillating waves of molecular and cellular responses as tissues attempt to heal. Understanding "nature's whispers" that inform on these processes will lead to novel forms of intervention targeted more precisely towards modifying them in an appropriate and timely fashion so as to improve the healing process and prevent or mitigate the development of acute and late effects of normal tissue radiation damage, whether it be accidental, as a result of a terrorist incident, or of therapeutic treatment of cancer. Here we attempt to discuss some of the non-free radical scavenging mechanisms that modify radiation responses and comment on where we see them within a conceptual framework of an evolving radiation-induced lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanghee Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Sprung CN, Vasireddy RS, Karagiannis TC, Loveridge SJ, Martin RF, McKay MJ. Methylproamine protects against ionizing radiation by preventing DNA double-strand breaks. Mutat Res 2010; 692:49-52. [PMID: 20732333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of cancer patients will receive radiotherapy (RT), therefore, investigations into advances of this modality are important. Conventional RT dose intensities are limited by adverse responses in normal tissues and a primary goal is to ameliorate adverse normal tissue effects. The aim of these experiments is to further our understanding regarding the mechanism of radioprotection by the DNA minor groove binder, methylproamine, in a cellular context at the DNA level. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used immunocytochemical methods to measure the accumulation of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) foci following ionizing radiation (IR) in patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells exposed to methylproamine. Furthermore, we performed pulsed field gel electrophoresis DNA damage and repair assays to directly interrogate the action of methylproamine on DNA in irradiated cells. RESULTS We found that methylproamine-treated cells had fewer γH2AX foci after IR compared to untreated cells. Also, the presence of methylproamine decreased the amount of lower molecular weight DNA entering the gel as shown by the pulsed field gel electrophoresis assay. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that methylproamine acts by preventing the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (dsbs) and support the hypothesis that radioprotection by methylproamine is mediated, at least in part, by decreasing initial DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl N Sprung
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrews Pl. Melbourne, 8006 Victoria, Australia.
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Mishra K, Bhardwaj R, Chaudhury NK. Netropsin, a Minor Groove Binding Ligand: A Potential Radioprotective Agent. Radiat Res 2009; 172:698-705. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1815.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Ojha H, Murari BM, Anand S, Hassan MI, Ahmad F, Chaudhury NK. Interaction of DNA Minor Groove Binder Hoechst 33258 with Bovine Serum Albumin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:481-6. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Ojha
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
| | | | - Sneh Anand
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
| | | | - Faizan Ahmad
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia
| | - Nabo Kumar Chaudhury
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
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27
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Yoshii Y. Pathological review of late cerebral radionecrosis. Brain Tumor Pathol 2008; 25:51-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-008-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Adult neurogenesis and systemic adaptation: animal experiments and clinical perspectives for PTSD. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2008. [PMID: 18037009 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(07)67007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The life-long persistence of neuron production in the adult mammalian central nervous system was established at the end of the 20th century and since then, intensive studies have been carried out to determine the biological role of neuronal turnover in the mature brain. To date, evidence has been found of involvement in learning/memory function and stress-related mental disorders. With a discussion of speculative link between impaired amygdala-relevant neurogenesis and PTSD in an animal model, we here review across species the functional significance of adult neurogenesis from the point of view of systemic adaptation.
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Tawar U, Bansal S, Shrimal S, Singh M, Tandon V. Nuclear condensation and free radical scavenging: a dual mechanism of bisbenzimidazoles to modulate radiation damage to DNA. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 305:221-33. [PMID: 17619948 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The complexing of histones with DNA and the resulting condensation of chromatin protects mammalian cell, from radiation-induced strand breakage. In the present study, benzimidazoles DMA and TBZ showed marked radioprotection through drug-induced compaction of chromatin and direct quenching of free radicals generated by radiation. The mammalian cells were incubated with 100 microM concentration of DMA and TBZ and irradiated at 5 Gy; both the ligands showed nuclei condensation suggesting a probable mechanism to protect DNA from radiation damage. The bisubstituted analogs of Hoechst 33342 are found to be better free radical scavengers and protect DNA against radiation-induced damage at a lower concentration than the parent molecule. Both the ligands also quenched free radicals in isolated free radical system suggesting their dual mode of action against radiation-induced damage to DNA. Molecules binding to the chromatin alter gene expression, whereas in this study both the ligands have not shown any profound effect on the nucleosome assembly and gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Both ligands afford a 2-fold protection by altering DNA structure as well as through direct free radical quenching in bulk solution in comparison to the parent ligand, which acts only through quenching of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Tawar
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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Guan Y, Shi R, Li X, Zhao M, Li Y. Multiple Binding Modes for Dicationic Hoechst 33258 to DNA. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:7336-44. [PMID: 17530793 DOI: 10.1021/jp066344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The binding of dicationic Hoechst 33258 (ligand) to DNA was characterized by means of the fluorescence spectra, fluorescence intensity titration, time-resolved fluorescence decay, light scattering, circular dichroism, and fluorescence thermal denaturation measurements, and two binding modes were distinguished by the experimental results. Type 1 binding has the stoichiometry of one ligand to more than 12 base pairs, and it is defined as quasi-minor groove binding which has the typical prolonged fluorescence lifetime of about 4.4 ns. In type 1 binding, planar conformation of the ligand is favorable. Type 2 binding with phosphate to ligand ratio (P/L) < 2.5 has the stoichiometry of one ligand to two phosphates. It is defined as a highly dense and orderly stacked binding with DNA backbone as the template. Electrostatic interactions between doubly protonated ligands and negatively charged DNA backbone play a predominant role in the type 2 binding mode. The characteristics of this type of binding result in a twisted conformation of the ligand that has a fluorescence lifetime of less than 1 ns. The results also indicate that the binding is in a cooperative manner primarily by stacking of the aromatic rings of the neighboring ligands. Type 1 binding is only observed for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with affinity constant of 1.83 x 10(7) M-1. In the type 2 binding mode, the binding affinity constants are 4.9 x 10(6) and 4.3 x 10(6) M-1 for dsDNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), respectively. The type 2 binding is base pair independent while the type 1 binding is base pair related. The experiments described in this paper revealed that the dication bindings are different from the monocation bindings reported by previous study. The dication binding leads to stronger aggregation at low ligand concentration and results in orderly arrangements of the ligands along DNA chains. Furthermore the dication binding is demonstrated to be beneficial for enhancing the DNA's stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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31
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Oh BC, Liu CY, Wang MY, Pagnini PG, Yu C, Apuzzo MLJ. Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Adjacent Tissue Injury and Response after High-Dose Single Fraction Radiation—Part II: Strategies for Therapeutic Enhancement, Brain Injury Mitigation, and Brain Injury Repair. Neurosurgery 2007; 60:799-814; discussion 799-814. [PMID: 17460515 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000255454.28225.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
IN THE FIRST part of this series, we reviewed the histological, radiographic, and molecular data gathered regarding the brain parenchymal response to radiosurgery and suggested future studies that could enhance our understanding of the topic. With this article, we begin by addressing methods of potentiating the effect of radiosurgery on target lesions of the central nervous system. Much of the work on potentiating the effects of cranial radiation has been performed in the field of whole-brain radiotherapy. Data from Phase III trials evaluating the efficacy of various agents as radiosensitizers or radioenhancers in whole-brain radiotherapy are reviewed, and trials for investigating certain agents as enhancers of radiosurgery are suggested. The roles of gene therapy and nanotechnology in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of radiosurgery are then addressed. Focus is then shifted to a discussion of strategies of protecting healthy tissue from the potentially deleterious aspects of the brain's response to radiosurgery that were presented in the first article of this series. Finally, comments are made regarding the role of neural progenitor or stem cells in the repair of radiation-induced brain injury after radiosurgery. The importance of both the role of the extracellular matrix and properly directed axonal regrowth leading to appropriate target reinnervation is highlighted.
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Gromyko AV, Popov KV, Mozoleva AP, Strel'tsov SA, Grokhovskiĭ SL, Oleĭnikov VA, Zhuze AL. DNA Sequence-Specific Ligands: XII. Synthesis and Cytological Studies of Dimeric Hoechst 33258 Molecules. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005; 31:385-93. [PMID: 16119457 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized dimeric Hoechst dye molecules composed of two moieties of the Hoechst 33258 fluorescent dye phenolic hydroxy groups of which were tethered via pentamethylene, heptamethylene, or triethylene oxide linkers. A characteristic pattern of differential staining of chromosome preparations from human premonocytic leukemia HL60 cells was observed for all the three fluorescent dyes. The most contrast pattern was obtained for the bis-Hoechst analogue with the heptamethylene linker; its quality was comparable with the picture obtained in the case of chromosome staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. The ability to penetrate into the live human fibroblasts was studied for the three bis-Hoechst compounds. The fluorescence intensity of nuclei of live and fixed cells stained with the penta- and heptamethylene-linked bis-Hoechst analogues was found to differ only slightly, whereas the fluorescence of the nuclei of live cells stained with triethylene oxide-linked bis-Hoechst was considerably weaker than that of the fixed cells. The bis-Hoechst molecules are new promising fluorescent dyes that can both differentially stain chromosome preparations and penetrate through cell and nuclear membranes and effectively stain cell nuclei.
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Lyubimova N, Hopewell JW. Experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that damage to vascular endothelium plays the primary role in the development of late radiation-induced CNS injury. Br J Radiol 2004; 77:488-92. [PMID: 15151969 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/15169876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence has been obtained to support the view that late necrosis in the brain, after irradiation, is a consequence of damage to the vascular system. Rats were locally irradiated to the brain with a single dose of 25 Gy of X-rays and their response was compared with rats given the same treatment after administration of the radioprotector, Gammaphos. Time-dependent changes in endothelial cell number were determined for up to 65 weeks after irradiation. The complex pattern of changes in endothelial cell number, seen after irradiation alone, was not found in animals receiving Gammaphos prior to irradiation. The initial marked loss of endothelial cells, seen after 24 h in unprotected animals, was effectively prevented by the pre-administration of Gammaphos. The subsequent slow decline in endothelial cell density in Gammaphos treated animals was insufficient to induce an abortive attempt at endothelial cell re-population. This occurred between 26 and 52 weeks after irradiation in unprotected animals. By 65 weeks after irradiation <10% of animals receiving Gammaphos showed necrosis on histological evaluation. This compared with approximately 50% of the animals showing necrosis that had not received the radioprotector. Since the radioprotector is restricted to the vasculature of the brain these data indicate that endothelium is the primary target cell population, damage to which leads to the development of late radiation-induced necrosis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lyubimova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142292, Russia
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Zhang X, Kiechle FL. Hoechst 33342 alters luciferase gene expression in transfected BC3H-1 myocytes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:1124-32. [PMID: 12946233 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-1124-halgei] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hoechst 33342 and Hoechst 33258 bind to the minor groove of DNA. Hoechst 33342 induces apoptosis in a variety of cell types by a mechanism that is associated with disruption of the formation of the TATA box-binding protein/DNA complex. OBJECTIVE To further investigate the role of Hoechst 33342 in gene regulation using BC3H-1 myocytes transfected with 4 different pGL3 luciferase reporter vectors constructed with or without the SV40 promoter and/or enhancer regions or with 2 synthetic Renilla luciferase vectors (phRL-null and phRL-TK). METHODS Luciferase messenger RNA content was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and luciferase activity was measured by luminometry. The ability of transcription factors in nuclei prepared from BC3H-1 myocytes to bind to a [32P]-labeled 24-base pair oligonucleotide containing the TATA box-binding element was determined by a gel mobility shift assay. RESULTS In vivo, 4.4 and 8.9 microM of Hoechst 33342 (sublethal doses) increased luciferase enzyme activity in cells transfected with each of the 4 pGL3 luciferase reporter vectors and both of the Renilla luciferase vectors. Hoechst 33258 had no effect on luciferase enzyme activity. In vitro, Hoechst 33342 increased transcription factor binding to the 24-mer oligonucleotide containing the TATA box-binding element, which would be favorable to increased RNA polymerase II efficiency. CONCLUSION Hoechst 33342 stimulates luciferase activity by a pathway that is independent of the integrity of the promoters in the luciferase gene expression vectors used (pGL3 basic, pGL3 control, pGL3 enhancer, and pGL3 promoter vectors, phRL-null, or phRL-TK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Mich 48073-6769, USA.
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Tawar U, Jain AK, Dwarakanath BS, Chandra R, Singh Y, Chaudhury NK, Khaitan D, Tandon V. Influence of phenyl ring disubstitution on bisbenzimidazole and terbenzimidazole cytotoxicity: synthesis and biological evaluation as radioprotectors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3785-92. [PMID: 12930141 DOI: 10.1021/jm030114w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA minor groove binders, Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342, have been reported to protect against radiation-induced DNA-strand breakage, but their mutagenicity and cytotoxicity limit their use as protectors of normal tissue during radiotherapy and as biological radioprotectors during accidental radiation exposure. On the basis of these observations, two new nontoxic disubstituted benzimidazoles were synthesized, one having two methoxy groups (5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-[2'-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5'-benzimidazolyl]benzimidazole, 5) and another having a methoxy and a hydroxyl group (5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-[2'[2''-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5' '-benzimidazolyl]-5'-benzimidazolyl]benzimidazole, 6) ortho to each other on the phenyl ring. The radiomodifying effects of these nontoxic ligands were investigated with a human glioma cell line exposed to low linear energy transfer radiation by determining cell survival and cell proliferation compared with effects of the parent compound, Hoechst 33342. Cytotoxicity assayed by analyzing clonogenicity, cell growth, and metabolic viability showed that both 5 and 6 were nontoxic at 100 microM after 72 h of exposure, whereas Hoechst 33342 resulted in lysis of 77% of these cells in 24 h. Macrocolony assay (clonogenicity) showed that 73%, 92%, and 10% of the cells survived when treated with 100 microM 5, 6, and Hoechst 33342, respectively. Both 5 and 6 did not affect the growth of BMG-1 cells. At 10 microM, 5 and 6 showed 82% and 37% protection against radiation-induced cell death (macrocolony assay) while 100% protection was observed against growth inhibition. Disubstitution of the phenyl ring has not only reduced cytotoxicity but also enhanced DNA-ligand stability, conferring high degree of radioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Tawar
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Adhikary A, Buschmann V, Müller C, Sauer M. Ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopic study of the binding modes of the bis-benzimidazole derivative Hoechst 33258 with DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:2178-86. [PMID: 12682368 PMCID: PMC153736 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence measurements of 2'-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-[5-(4-methylpiperazine-1-yl) benzimidazo-2-yl]-benzimidazole (H-258)- calf thymus (CT) DNA complexes at various [H-258]/[DNA bp] ratios were performed to elucidate the binding of H-258 with DNA. Upon binding to double-stranded CT DNA (CT ds DNA) at a [H-258]/[DNA bp] ratio of 0.05 the relative fluorescence quantum yield, Phi(f), of H-258 increases from 0.02 to 0.58. The fluorescence decay can be fitted almost by a mono-exponential model with a lifetime of approximately 3.6 ns. This indicates that H-258 binds almost quantitatively in the minor groove of DNA at low [H-258]/[DNA bp] ratios. With increasing [H-258]/[DNA bp] ratios, e.g. 0.15 and 0.20, the fluorescence quantum yield of H-258 decreases to 0.28 and 0.19, respectively. Fitting of the fluorescence decays measured for higher [H-258]/[DNA bp] ratios reveals the presence of additional shorter fluorescence lifetime components in the range of 0.5-2.0 ns. Our results suggest that H-258 partially intercalates in G:C sequences at higher [H-258]/[DNA bp] ratios reflected by a lifetime component of 1.5-2 ns. In addition, stacking or adsorption of H-258 molecules on DNA occurs at higher [H-258]/[DNA bp] ratios. These molecules exhibit a short fluorescence lifetime of approximately 500 ps and are more exposed to the aqueous environment. Fluorescence transients of the intensity and lifetime of single H-258 CT ds DNA demonstrate that weakly (unspecific) bound H-258 molecules exhibit a shorter fluorescence lifetime and a strongly reduced photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Adhikary
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Alemán C, Adhikary A, Zanuy D, Casanovas J. On the protonation equilibrium for the benzimidazole derivative Hoechst 33258: an electronic molecular orbital study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2002; 20:301-10. [PMID: 12354081 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2002.10506845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hoechst 33258 and its deprotonated forms have been examined in the gas-phase and in solution using quantum mechanical methods. Ab initio calculations at the HF level have been used to investigate the more relevant geometrical trends of such species, while proton affinities and gas-phase basicities were derived from B3LYP and MP2 electronic energies. Solvation energies were calculated using a dielectric continuum model: MST. The Delta(p)K(a) values were estimated by combining the gas-phase basicities and the free energies of solvation. Comparison of these Delta(p)K(a) values with experimentally reported data have been used to highlight the advantages and limitations of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, E.T.S. d'Enginyers Industrials de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge with regard to neurotoxicity of conventional radiation, including recent understanding of the pathophysiology, molecular biology, diagnostic evaluation and clinical presentations, as well as proposed treatment modalities and possible protective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P New
- Dept. of Medicine/Neurology, University of Texas Health Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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