Climate change, tropospheric ozone and particulate matter, and health impacts

Combined effects of ambient air pollution and temperature on mortality in Thailand

This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of air pollution and temperature on mortality in 34 provinces of Thailand by modeling temperature as a confounding factor and effect modifier, estimating the effects of air pollution at low, moderate, and high temperature categories defined by the 1st and 99th province-specific temperature percentiles. When the temperature was modeled as a confounding factor, the relative risk (RR) of mortality associated with a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 and PM2.5 (lag 0-2), and a 10-ppb increase in NO2 (lag 0-2) and O3 (lag 0-7) was respectively 1.0096 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.0073, 1.0118), 1.0134 (95% CI: 1.0099, 1.0170), 1.0172 (95% CI: 1.0122, 1.0222), and 1.0164 (95% CI: 1.0093, 1.0236). Regarding temperature as an effect modifier, the combined effects of air pollution and temperature were observed as a U-shaped pattern, where the effects of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and O3 on mortality were greater at low (< 1st percentile) and high (> 99th percentile) temperature days compared to those at moderate temperature days (1st - 99th percentile). The pattern of combined effects of air pollution and temperature remained robust even when different temperature percentiles were employed, except for that of NO2. Furthermore, the estimated effects of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and O3 on mortality at high-temperature days were mitigated by high green density. Findings of this study revealed that extreme temperature (both hot and cold) could exacerbate the effect of air pollution on mortality, and higher green density mitigate the combined effects of air pollution and high temperature.

Beyond the outdoors: indoor air quality guidelines and standards - challenges, inequalities, and the path forward

In the last few decades, indoor air quality (IAQ) has become a major threat to public health. It is the fifth leading cause of premature death globally. It has been estimated that people spend ∼90 % of their time in an indoor environment. Consequently, IAQ has significant health effects. Although IAQ-related standards and guidelines, policies, and monitoring plans have been developed in a few countries, there remain several global inequalities and challenges. This review paper aims to comprehensively synthesize the current status of widely accepted IAQ guidelines and standards. It analyzes their global implementation and effectiveness to offer insights into challenges and disparities in IAQ policies and practices. However, the complexity of domestic environments and the diversity of international standards impede effective implementation. This manuscript evaluates international, national, and regional IAQ guidelines, emphasizing similarities and differences. In addition, it highlights knowledge gaps and challenges, urging the international scientific community, policymakers, and stakeholders to collaborate to advance IAQ standards and guidelines. The analysis evaluates the efficacy of guidelines, identifies deficiencies, and offers recommendations for the future of domestic air quality standards.

A systematic review of air pollution exposure and brain structure and function during development

OBJECTIVES

Air pollutants are known neurotoxicants. In this updated systematic review, we evaluate new evidence since our 2019 systematic review on the effect of outdoor air pollution exposure on childhood and adolescent brain structure and function as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

METHODS

Using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus we conducted an updated literature search and systematic review of articles published through January 2025, using key terms for air pollution and functional and/or structural MRI. Two raters independently screened all articles using Covidence and implemented the risk of bias instrument for systematic reviews used to inform the World Health Organization Global Air Quality Guidelines.

RESULTS

We identified 29 relevant papers, and 20 new studies met our inclusion criteria. Including six studies from our 2019 review, the 26 publications to date include study populations from the United States, Netherlands, Spain, and United Kingdom. Studies investigated exposure periods spanning pregnancy through early adolescence, and estimated air pollutant exposure levels via personal monitoring, geospatial residential estimates, or school courtyard monitors. Brain MRI occurred when children were on average 6-14.7 years old; however, one study assessed newborns. Several MRI modalities were leveraged, including structural morphology, diffusion tensor imaging, restriction spectrum imaging, arterial spin labeling, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as resting-state and task-based functional MRI. Air pollutants were associated with widespread brain differences, although the magnitude and direction of findings are largely inconsistent, making it difficult to draw strong conclusions.

CONCLUSION

Prenatal and childhood exposure to outdoor air pollution is associated with structural and functional brain variations. Compared to our initial 2019 review comprised of only cross-sectional studies, the current literature now includes longitudinal studies and more advanced neuroimaging methods. Further research is needed to clarify the effects of developmental timing, along with the downstream implications of outdoor air pollution exposure on children's cognitive and mental health.

Projections of future heat-related emergency hospitalizations for asthma under climate and demographic change scenarios: A Japanese nationwide time-series analysis

BACKGROUND

There is growing concern about climate impacts on human health. However, empirical evidence is lacking regarding future projections of heat-related asthma hospitalizations. This study aimed to project excess emergency hospitalizations for heat-related asthma exacerbation in Japan.

METHODS

Using Japanese nationwide administrative data from 2011 to 2019, we conducted an ecological time-series quasi-Poisson regression analysis to estimate the heat-related relative risk of emergency hospitalization for asthma over a lag of 0-3 days during the warm season (June to September). Heat exposure was defined as the region-specific daily mean temperature exceeding the locally defined minimum morbidity temperature percentile (MMP). Heat-related excess hospitalizations for asthma were projected under future climate and demographic change scenarios based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs).

RESULTS

We identified 75,829 emergency hospitalizations for asthma. The heat-related relative risk of hospitalization was 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-1.33) at the 99th percentile temperature relative to the MMP, with the highest estimates for cases aged 0-14 years. Heat-related excess hospitalizations were projected to increase by 6.78 (95%CI: 5.84-7.67) times in 2091-2099 versus 2011-2019 along SSP5-8.5 when constant population structure was assumed. The increasing trend persisted even when the future population decline was considered (4.19 (95%CI: 3.53-4.85) times in 2091-2099 versus 2011-2019 under SSP5-8.5).

CONCLUSION

Future heat-related impacts on asthma exacerbation are expected to increase in Japan toward the end of this century, even when the future demographic change is considered. Our projections will contribute to resilient health systems adapting to ongoing climate change.

Climate change, air pollution and chronic respiratory diseases: understanding risk factors and the need for adaptive strategies

Under the background of climate change, the escalating air pollution and extreme weather events have been identified as risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), causing serious public health burden worldwide. This review aims to summarize the effects of changed atmospheric environment caused by climate change on CRD. Results indicated an increased risk of CRD (mainly COPD, asthma) associated with environmental factors, such as air pollutants, adverse meteorological conditions, extreme temperatures, sandstorms, wildfire, and atmospheric allergens. Furthermore, this association can be modified by factors such as socioeconomic status, adaptability, individual behavior, medical services. Potential pathophysiological mechanisms linking climate change and increased risk of CRD involved pulmonary inflammation, immune disorders, oxidative stress. Notably, the elderly, children, impoverished groups and people in regions with limited adaptability are more sensitive to respiratory health risks caused by climate change. This review provides a reference for understanding risk factors of CRD in the context of climate change, and calls for the necessity of adaptive strategies. Further interdisciplinary research and global collaboration are needed in the future to enhance adaptability and address climate health inequality.

An ecological study on the correlation between sanitary vulnerability and air pollution with COVID-19 pandemic burden: What lessons can we learn?

OBJECTIVES

Air quality, socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, genetic predispositions, among other factors impacted the COVID-19 pandemic burden. We explored the relationship between PM2.5 levels and sanitary vulnerability in COVID-19 pandemic health outcomes in Argentina.

STUDY DESIGN

Ecological study.

METHODS

We used the Sanitary Vulnerability Index (SVI) to account for social determinants of health and distance to health centers. PM2.5 air concentration and human emissions were obtained from the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group V5.GL.03 dataset and the inventory of anthropogenic gas-phase and particle emissions for Argentina (GEEA-AEIv3.0M), respectively. Finally, we extracted data from March 1, 2020, to January 1, 2021 from the official Argentinean database of COVID-19 (Argentine Ministry of Health).

RESULTS

SVI correlated with the rate of positive COVID-19 tests per 100,000 people (r = -0.56, p < 0.01), Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions per 100,000 people (r = -0.52, p < 0.01), and deaths per 100,000 people (r = -0.58, p < 0.01). PM2.5 air concentration correlated with the rate of positive tests (r = -0.09, p = 0.03), ICU admissions (r = -0.16, p < 0.01), and mortality (r = -0.11, p = 0.01). PM2.5 human emissions did not show significant correlations with COVID-19 outcomes. There was a significant interaction between SVI and PM2.5 air concentration for the rate of positive COVID-19 tests and mortality. PM2.5 air quality showed a positive and significant association with the outcomes only in areas with high SVI. A machine-learning model including these variables accounted for 46 % of the variability.

CONCLUSIONS

The interplay between health vulnerability and air quality in human health is complex. Addressing the burden of COVID-19 pandemic requires the consideration of a comprehensive range of determinants.

The risk of childhood asthma across diverse climates: growing up in Australia

This study investigates the association between climate and childhood asthma in Australia. Data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) was used to analyse this association in children who were 6-15 years between 2004 and 2018. Asthma prevalence decreased from 16% at 6-7 years to 13% at 14-15 years. Associations between climate zones and childhood asthma were observed in Zone 4 (hot dry Summer, cold Winter; Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.31; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.07-1.62), Zone 5 (mild/warm Summer, cold Winter; OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04-1.45), and Zone 6 (hot dry Summer, mild Winter; OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.02-1.58), although these associations were attenuated in the adjusted model. Key predictors of asthma included parental asthma history (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 3.00; 95% CI: 2.48-3.64), breastfeeding for under six months (AOR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.10-1.64), maternal depression during pregnancy (AOR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04-1.66) and male sex (AOR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.08-1.58). The findings highlight the influence of climate, along with other risk factors including parental asthma history and maternal depression during pregnancy, on the onset and exacerbation of childhood asthma.

Meteorological factors and climate change impact on asthma: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aimed to investigate the epidemiological data about meteorological factors and climate change (CC) impact on asthma.

DATA SOURCES

A search was performed using three databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, and MEDLINE) for all relevant studies published from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022.

STUDY SELECTIONS

This systematic review complied with the PRISMA document's requirements, including studies related to meteorological factors and CC impact on asthma. The search included studies published in English or French language, and was based on title, abstract, and complete text. Documents not meeting inclusion requirements were excluded.

RESULTS

We identified 18 studies published in the last five years that were eligible for inclusion in this review. We found that these studies concerned European, Asian, American, and Oceanic cities. Extreme variations in temperature, humidity, wind speed, exceptional incidents like hurricanes, cold and heat waves, and seasonal shifts were strongly correlated with the worsening of asthmatic symptoms, particularly in childhood. In addition, excessive concentrations of air pollutants and aeroallergens were linked to pediatric asthma emergency hospital admissions.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant association between the consequences of CC and asthma in adults particularly in children has been demonstrated. Future research should quantify the impact of global change in climate regarding the aeroallergens' distribution in terms of geography and time. It is also necessary to research the impact of air pollution on asthmatic health, like sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particles having an aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 µm (PM2.5).

Exposure to acute ambient temperature extremes and neonatal intensive care unit admissions: A case-crossover study

BACKGROUND

Extreme in utero temperatures have been associated with adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth and low birthweight. However, there is limited evidence on associations with neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions, which reflect a range of poor neonatal health outcomes.

METHODS

This case-crossover study assesses the associations between ambient temperature changes during the week of delivery and risk of NICU admission. Data from the Consortium on Safe Labor (2002-2008) were linked to ambient temperature at hospital referral regions. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) estimated NICU admission risk with a 1 °C increase on each day of the week of delivery and of the average weekly temperature, adjusted for particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and relative humidity. We also estimated associations with 1 °C increases and 1 °C decreases in temperatures during weeks of site-specific extreme heat (>90th and 95th percentiles) and cold (<5th and 10th percentiles), respectively.

RESULTS

There were 27,188 NICU admissions with median (25th, 75th) temperature of 16.4 °C (5.8, 23.0) during the week before delivery. A 1 °C increase in temperature during the week of delivery was not associated with risk of NICU admission. However, analyses of extreme temperatures found that a 1 °C decrease in weekly average temperatures below the 10th and 5th percentiles was associated with 30 % (aHR = 1.30, 95 % CI 1.28, 1.31) and 47 % (aHR = 1.47, 95 % CI 1.45, 1.50) increased risk of NICU admissions, while a 1 °C increase in weekly average temperatures above the 90th and 95th percentiles was associated with more than two- (aHR = 2.29, 95 % CI 2.17, 2.42) and four-fold (aHR = 4.30, 95 % CI 3.68, 5.03) higher risk of NICU admission, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study found temperature extremes in the week before delivery increased NICU admission risk, particularly during extreme heat, which may translate to more adverse neonatal outcomes as extreme temperatures persist.

A Systematic Review of Air Pollution Exposure and Brain Structure and Function during Development

Objectives

Air pollutants are known neurotoxicants. In this updated systematic review, we evaluate new evidence since our 2019 systematic review on the effect of outdoor air pollution exposure on childhood and adolescent brain structure and function as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

Using PubMed and Web of Science, we conducted an updated literature search and systematic review of articles published through March 2024, using key terms for air pollution and functional and/or structural MRI. Two raters independently screened all articles using Covidence and implemented the risk of bias instrument for systematic reviews informing the World Health Organization Global Air Quality Guidelines.

Results

We identified 222 relevant papers, and 14 new studies met our inclusion criteria. Including six studies from our 2019 review, the 20 publications to date include study populations from the United States, Netherlands, Spain, and United Kingdom. Studies investigated exposure periods spanning pregnancy through early adolescence, and estimated air pollutant exposure levels via personal monitoring, geospatial residential estimates, or school courtyard monitors. Brain MRI occurred when children were on average 6-14.7 years old; however, one study assessed newborns. Several MRI modalities were leveraged, including structural morphology, diffusion tensor imaging, restriction spectrum imaging, arterial spin labeling, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as resting-state and task-based functional MRI. Air pollutants were associated with widespread brain differences, although the magnitude and direction of findings are largely inconsistent, making it difficult to draw strong conclusions.

Conclusion

Prenatal and childhood exposure to outdoor air pollution is associated with structural and functional brain variations. Compared to our initial 2019 review, publications doubled-an increase that testifies to the importance of this public health issue. Further research is needed to clarify the effects of developmental timing, along with the downstream implications of outdoor air pollution exposure on children's cognitive and mental health.

Heatwave 1987: the Piraeus versus Athens case

Background

Heatwaves represent the main indices of climate change, while mortality is one of the established markers of their human effects. For unknown reasons populations adapt to temperature variations/challenges differently. Thus, to allow better precision and prediction, heatwave evaluations should be enriched by historical context and local data.

Methods

The mortality data for 1987 were collected from the Piraeus municipality registry, whereas data for Athens were obtained from literature retrieved from PUBMED. Ambient characteristics were extracted from the Geronikolou's 1991 BSc thesis and the reports of national organizations. From the death events, the odds ratio and relative risk in Piraeus compared to the Athens were calculated. Finally, a simple neural network proposed the dominant ambient parameter of the heatwave effects in the city residents of each location.

Results

The 1987 heatwave was more lethal (seven-fold) in Athens than in Piraeus and dependent on atmospheric nitric oxide (NO) concentration (with probability 0.999). In the case of Piraeus in 1987, ozone characterized the phenomenon (with probability 0.993).

Conclusions

The odds of dying due to a heatwave are highly dependent on lifestyle, population sensitivity to preventive measures and public health policy, while the phenomenon was mainly moderated by ozone in Piraeus in 1987, and NO in Athens irrespective of year.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous atmospheric ozonolysis of chlorobenzene:Mechanism, kinetics and ecotoxicity assessment

The reactions between chlorobenzene(CB) and ozone have been studied comprehensively in this paper. Chlorobenzene is a commonly found chlorinated aromatic volatile organic compound(VOC), and its emission into the atmosphere can cause harm to the ecosystem and human health. The frequent occurrence of mineral particles from sandstorms exerts a significant influence on the atmospheric chemistry of the troposphere. Mineral particles are abundant in SiO2 and Al2O3 content. Therefore, we investigated the homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction processes of CB and ozone in the atmosphere by using density functional theory (DFT) method at the M06-2X/6-311++g(3df,2p)//M06-2X/6-31+g(d,p) level. The atmospheric fate, reaction rate and toxicity evaluation of CB ozonation were studied in the gas-phase section. Toxicity evaluation results showed that ozonation of CB could effectively reduce its toxicity. For the heterogeneous process, we simulated three types of SiO2 clusters and nine types of (Al2O3)n clusters, and studied the configurations of CB adsorbed on the cluster surfaces. We found that adsorption of CB on the SiO2 clusters was achieved through hydrogen bonding, while adsorption of CB on the Al2O3 clusters was achieved through both hydrogen bonding and metal bonding. The energy for CB adsorption on the (Al2O3)n cluster surface was higher than that for the SixOy(OH)z cluster surface, and both types of clusters exhibited efficient adsorption of CB. As the SixOy(OH)z clusters grew larger, the rates for the reactions between O3 and CB increased. CB travelled long distances along the Al2O3 clusters, leading to an extended influence range.

The impact on passenger car emissions associated with the promotion and demise of diesel fuel

The promotion and growth in the use of diesel fuel in passenger cars in the UK and Europe over the past two decades led to considerable adverse air quality impacts in urban areas and more widely. In this work, we construct a multi-decade analysis of passenger car emissions in the UK based on real driving emissions data. An important part of the study is the use of extensive vehicle emission remote sensing data covering multiple measurement locations, time periods, environmental conditions and consisting of over 600,000 measurements. These data are used to consider two scenarios: first, that diesel fuel use was not promoted in the early 2000s for climate mitigation reasons, and second, that there was not a dramatic decline in diesel fuel use following the Dieselgate scandal. The strong growth of diesel fuel use coincided with a time when diesel NOx emissions were high and, conversely, the strong decrease of diesel fuel use coincided with a time when diesel vehicle after-treatment systems for NOx control were effective. We estimate that the growth in diesel car use in the UK results in excess NOx emissions of 721 kt over a three decade period; equivalent to over 7 times total annual passenger car NOx emissions and greater than total UK NOx emissions of 681.8 kt in 2021 and with an associated damage cost of £5.875 billion. However, the sharp move away from diesel fuel post-Dieselgate only reduced NOx emissions by 41 kt owing to the effectiveness of modern diesel aftertreatment systems.

Climate change, air quality, and respiratory health: a focus on particle deposition in the lungs

This review article delves into the multifaceted relationship between climate change, air quality, and respiratory health, placing a special focus on the process of particle deposition in the lungs. We discuss the capability of climate change to intensify air pollution and alter particulate matter physicochemical properties such as size, dispersion, and chemical composition. These alterations play a significant role in influencing the deposition of particles in the lungs, leading to consequential respiratory health effects. The review paper provides a broad exploration of climate change's direct and indirect role in modifying particulate air pollution features and its interaction with other air pollutants, which may change the ability of particle deposition in the lungs. In conclusion, climate change may play an important role in regulating particle deposition in the lungs by changing physicochemistry of particulate air pollution, therefore, increasing the risk of respiratory disease development.

Environmental impacts of air pollution and its abatement by plant species: A comprehensive review

Air pollution is one of the major global environmental issues urgently needed attention for its control through sustainable approaches. The release of air pollutants from various anthropogenic and natural processes imposes serious threats to the environment and human health. The green belt development using air pollution-tolerant plant species has become popular approach for air pollution remediation. Plants' biochemical and physiological attributes, especially relative water content, pH, ascorbic acid, and total chlorophyll content, are taken into account for assessing air pollution tolerance index (APTI). In contrast, anticipated performance index (API) is assessed based on socio-economic characteristics including "canopy structure, type, habit, laminar structure, economic value and APTI score" of plant species. Based on previous work, plants with high dust-capturing capacity are identified in Ficus benghalensis L. (0.95 to 7.58 mg/cm2), and highest overall PM accumulation capacity was observed in Ulmus pumila L. (PM10 = 72 µg/cm2 and PM2.5 = 70 µg/cm2) in the study from different regions. According to APTI, the plant species such as M. indica (11 to 29), Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (6 to 24), and F. benghalensis (17 to 26) have been widely reported as high air pollution-tolerant species and good to best performer in terms of API at different study sites. Statistically, previous studies show that ascorbic acid (R2 = 0.90) has good correlation with APTI among all the parameters. The plant species with high pollution tolerance capacity can be recommended for future plantation and green belt development.

Effects of Oscillation Amplitude Variations on QCM Response to Microspheres of Different Sizes

Suspended particulate matter (PMx) is one of the most important environmental pollutants. Miniaturized sensors capable of measuring and analyzing PMx are crucial in environmental research fields. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is one of the most well-known sensors that could be used to monitor PMx. In general, in environmental pollution science, PMx is divided into two main categories correlated to particle diameter (e.g., PM < 2.5 µm and PM < 10 µm). QCM-based systems are capable of measuring this range of particles, but there is an important issue that limits the application. In fact, if particles with different diameters are collected on QCM electrodes, the response will be a result of the total mass of particles; there are no simple methods to discriminate the mass of the two categories without the use of a filter or manipulation during sampling. The QCM response depends on particle dimensions, fundamental resonant frequency, the amplitude of oscillation, and system dissipation properties. In this paper, we study the effects of oscillation amplitude variations and fundamental frequency (10, 5, and 2.5 MHz) values on the response, when particle matter with different sizes (2 µm and 10 µm) is deposited on the electrodes. The results showed that the 10 MHz QCM was not capable of detecting the 10 µm particles, and its response was not influenced by oscillation amplitude. On the other hand, the 2.5 MHz QCM detected the diameters of both particles, but only if a low amplitude value was used.

Interplay of gestational parent exposure to ambient air pollution and diet characteristics on preterm birth

BACKGROUND

Despite many efforts, preterm birth (PTB) is poorly understood and remains a major public health problem in the United States. Toxicological work suggests gestational parent (GP) diet may modify the effect of ambient pollutants on birth outcomes. We assessed risk of PTB in humans in relation to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and variation by diet.

METHODS

684 GP-singleton infant pairs in the Newborn Epigenetics Study prospective birth cohort were attributed ambient air pollutant exposures for each trimester based on residence. Total energy intake, percent of energy intake from saturated fat, and percent of energy intake from total fat were dichotomized at the 75th percentile. >We used log binomial regressions to estimate risk ratios (RR (95%CI)) for PTB by pollutant interquartile ranges, adjusting for GP age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, GP race/ethnicity, GP education, season of conception, household income, and each diet factor. We assessed departure from additivity using interaction contrast ratios (ICRs). We addressed missing covariate data with multiple imputation.

RESULTS

Point estimates suggest that O3 may be inversely associated with PTB when exposure occurs in trimester 2 (min RR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.39, 1.49), but may be harmful when exposure occurs in trimester 3 (max RR: 1.51, 95% CI: 0.62, 3.64). Additionally, PM2.5 may be inversely associated with PTB when considered with total fat and saturated fat in trimester 2. Imprecise ICRs suggest departure from additivity (evidence of modification) with some pollutant-diet combinations.

CONCLUSIONS

While confidence intervals are wide, we observed potential modification of pollutant associations by dietary factors. It is imperative that large cohorts collect the required data to examine this topic, as more power is necessary to investigate the nuances suggested by this work.

Effect modification by temperature on the association between O3 and emergency ambulance dispatches in Japan: A multi-city study

Numerous epidemiological studies have reported that ozone (O₃) and temperature are independently associated with health outcomes, but modification of the effects of O₃ on health outcomes by temperature, and vice versa, has not been fully described. This study aimed to investigate effect modification by temperature on the association between O₃ and emergency ambulance dispatches (EADs) in Japan. Data on daily air pollutants, ambient temperature, and EADs were obtained from eight Japanese cities from 2007 to 2015. A distributed lag non-linear model combined with Poisson regression was performed with temperature as a confounding factor and effect modifier to estimate the effects of O₃ on EADs at low (<25th percentile), moderate (25th-75th percentile), and high (>75th percentile) temperature for each city. The estimates obtained from each city were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. When temperature was entered as a confounder, the estimated effects of O₃ on EADs for all acute, cardiovascular, and respiratory illnesses were largest at lag 0 (current-day lag). Therefore, this lag was used to further estimate the effects of O₃ on EADs in each temperature category. The estimated effects of O₃ on EADs for all acute, cardiovascular, and respiratory illnesses in all eight Japanese cities increased with increasing temperature. Specifically, a 10 ppb increase in O₃ was associated with 0.80 % (95 % CI: 0.25 to 1.35), 0.19 % (95 % CI: -0.85 to 1.25), and 1.14 % (95 % CI: -0.01 to 2.31) increases in the risk of EADs for all acute, cardiovascular, and respiratory illnesses, respectively, when city-specific daily temperature exceeded the 75th percentile. Our findings suggest that the association between O₃ and EADs for all acute, cardiovascular, and respiratory illnesses is the highest during high temperature. Finding of this study can be used to develop potential mitigation measures against O₃ exposure in high temperature environment to reduce its associated adverse health effects.

The impact of climate change on the risk factors for tuberculosis: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a major public health risk in many countries. The current incidence of disease exceeds guidelines proposed by the World Health Organisation and United Nations. Whilst the relationship between climate change and TB has surfaced in recent literature, it remains neglected in global agendas. There is a need to acknowledge TB as a climate-sensitive disease to facilitate its eradication.

OBJECTIVE

To review epidemiological and prediction model studies that explore how climate change may affect the risk factors for TB, as outlined in the Global Tuberculosis Report 2021: HIV infection, diabetes mellitus, undernutrition, overcrowding, poverty, and indoor air pollution.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases to identify studies examining the association between climate variables and the risk factors for TB. Each study that satisfied the inclusion criteria was assessed for quality and ethics. Studies then underwent vote-counting and were categorised based on whether an association was found.

RESULTS

53 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in our review. Vote-counting revealed that two out of two studies found a positive association between the examined climate change proxy and HIV, nine out of twelve studies for diabetes, eight out of seventeen studies for undernutrition, four out of five studies for overcrowding, twelve out of fifteen studies for poverty and one out of three studies for indoor air pollution.

DISCUSSION

We found evidence supporting a positive association between climate change and each of the discussed risk factors for TB, excluding indoor air pollution. Our findings suggest that climate change is likely to affect the susceptibility of individuals to TB by increasing the prevalence of its underlying risk factors, particularly in developing countries. This is an evolving field of research that requires further attention in the scientific community.

On the techniques and standards of particulate matter sampling

Air pollution and its limits are regulated by the environmental protection agency of an individual country according to their National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Particulate matter (e.g., TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5) is one of the important criteria pollutants of NAAQS. Their measurement methods are specified in NAAQS, and detailed technical descriptions are given in standards. This review focuses on the sampling and analysis techniques and methods in the context of PM samplers' design mentioned in countries specific PM measuring standards (e.g., EPA Part 50, CEN 12341, IS 5182(23), etc.) and their comparison wherever is necessary. It discusses, different designs of PM samplers mentioned in standards and its important components, e.g., size fractionators cutoff efficiency, PM sampler head design, flow measurement, and calibration, and also addresses the important issues that are the limitation of present standards. Our review reveals that most of the country-specific standards show common practice in measuring PM_2.5 using WINS impactor and VSCC cyclone as mentioned in EPA Part 50, except European Union (EU) standards, which has different design and parameters. For PM₁₀ measurement, sampler design is different in EU and Indian standards than that of U.S. EPA and other countries' standards, which is discussed in length here. All standards lack in pointing some inherent problems like change in D₅₀ cutoff of size fractionator of sampler under a high particle mass loading condition, which is common in countries like China and India. Other important issues where most of the standards lack include PM head design and specification, a key component of PM sampler on which the mass measurement results are largely dependent.Implications: The review paper discusses the air quality standards compliances of different countries and their comparisons. It focuses on the sampling and analysis techniques in context of PM samplers' design mentioned in countries specific PM measuring standards, and also addresses the important issues that are not mentioned in standards. Therefore, the discussions and findings of the review may be very useful while revising the existing air quality standards of different countries and to fill the research gap in this domain. Further, we have discussed several technical issues described in standards related to PM sampling which may be very helpful for PM sampler designing or modification in current designs as per the prevailing ambient conditions of a country.

Urban Air Pollution, Urban Heat Island and Human Health: A Review of the Literature

Many cities of the world suffer from air pollution because of poor planning and design and heavy traffic in rapidly expanding urban environments. These conditions are exacerbated due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. While there have been studies linking the built environment and air pollution with health, they have ignored the aggravating role of UHI. The past urban planning literature in this field has also ignored the science of materials, vehicles and air pollution, and technological solutions for reducing cumulative health impacts of air pollution and UHI. Air Pollution, built environment and human health are complex discussion factors that involve several different fields. The built environment is linked with human health through opportunities of physical activity and air quality. Recent planning literature focuses on creating compact and walkable urban areas dotted with green infrastructure to promote physical activity and to reduce vehicle emission-related air pollution. Reduced car use leading to reduced air pollution and UHI is implied in the literature. The literature from technology fields speaks to the issue of air pollution directly. Zero emission cars, green infrastructure and building materials that absorb air pollutants and reduce UHI fall within this category. This paper identifies main themes in the two streams of urban air pollution and UHI that impact human health and presents a systematic review of the academic papers, policy documents, reports and features in print media published in the last 10–20 years.

Environmental performance and shell formation-related carbon flows for mussel farming systems

This study examined the environmental performance of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) farming in the view of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The LCA has been integrated with the evaluation of the carbon sequestration potential of the biocalcification process. Three case studies of mussel farming sited along the coastal area in the north Adriatic Sea, Italy, were analyzed. Two of them concerned mussels that do not require a depuration process (area Class A), and one inspected mussel production in the rearing area of Class B, which imposes a depuration phase after harvesting. This study examined all the relevant flows of materials and energy across the systems and explored the potential role of mussel biocalcification in stocking seawater carbon into the shells. Global Warming (GW) -related emissions amounted to 0.07-0.12 kg CO2 eq for Class_A case studies and to 0.53 kg CO2 eq for Class_B case study. Through biogenic calcification, 0.19-0.20 kg CO2 kg-1 mussel is fixed in the shells, and 0.12 kg CO2 kg-1 mussel is released. These flows resulted in a net sequestration of about 0.08 kg CO2 kg-1 mussel. This study confirmed the good environmental performance of the mussel production in the farming systems analyzed. When considering greenhouse gasses emissions, the extent to which the seawater carbon fixed in the shell as calcium carbonate can be considered a carbon sink was discussed and substantiated by locally collected environmental data.

Characteristics and Impact of VOCs on Ozone Formation Potential in a Petrochemical Industrial Area, Thailand

In this study, the ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were intensively measured from January 2012 to December 2016 using an evacuated canister and were analyzed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS) based on the US EPA TO-15 in the community and industrial areas of the largest petroleum refinery and petrochemical industrial complex in Map Ta Phut Thailand. The ternary diagram was used to identify the source of VOCs. Reactivity of VOCs on their ozone formation potential (OFP) were quantified by the maximum incremental reactivity coefficient method (MIR) and propylene-equivalent concentration methods. Results from the study revealed that aromatic hydrocarbon was the dominant group of VOCs greatly contributing to the total concentration of measured VOCs. Among the measured VOCs species, toluene had the highest concentration and contributed as the major precursor to ozone formation. The ternary analysis of benzene:toluene:ethybenzene ratios indicated that VOCs mainly originated from mobile sources and industrial processes. Within the industrial area, measured VOC concentration was dominated by halogenated hydrocarbons, and alkene was the highest contributor to ozone formation. The propylene-equivalent concentration method was also used to evaluate the reactivity of VOCs and their role in ozone formation, and secondly to support findings from the MIR method.

Observational Study of Ground-Level Ozone in the Desert Atmosphere

Arid lands such as deserts cover more than 35% of the Earth's land surface. Concerns regarding ground-level O₃ pollution have been widely addressed in many regions in China, but the behavior of the O₃ cycles in the desert atmosphere remains poorly understood. An 8-year observation was conducted to investigate the long-term temporal O₃ variations in the atmosphere of the Taklimakan Desert, western China. The results showed that the diurnal and seasonal variations of O₃ were mainly influenced by natural processes such as temperature, leading to a different temporal pattern compared with other Chinese regions under the intensive influence of anthropogenic activities. Moreover, the long-term pattern indicates that there exists decoupling trends of O₃ variations between our study site (i.e., decreasing trend) and the developed regions in China (i.e., increasing trend). Knowledge of the temporal O₃ patterns could therefore provide crucial insights for future effective O₃ control strategies in China.

Effects of Air Pollution on Assaults: Findings from South Korea

This study investigates the effects of concentration of air pollution on assault rates for 204 police districts of South Korea from 2001 to 2018. A series of panel spatial Durbin models for the concentration of ozone, fine dust, and nitrogen dioxide—three key air pollutants of the country—identify the significant impacts of air pollution on assault rates that vary from each other. Ozone is expected to induce more assaults both locally and regionally. Fine dust decreases assault rates of an area and also in neighboring areas. Nitrogen dioxide yields positive effects on the surrounding areas’ assault rates but not in area of pollution itself. Findings of this study suggest the need to incorporate active measures on air pollution and violent crime at both city and inter-city levels. They also propose the active sharing of information on air pollution and crime between cities and regions as a collaborative response.

Observed Relationship between Ozone and Temperature for Urban Nonattainment Areas in the United States

This study examined the observed relationship between ozone (O3) and temperature using data from 1995 to 2020 at 20 cities across the United States (U.S.) that exceed the O3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). The median slope of the O3 versus temperature relationship decreased from 2.8 to 1.5 parts per billion per degrees Celsius (ppb °C−1) in the eastern U.S., 2.2 to 1.3 ppb °C−1 in the midwestern U.S., and 1.7 to 1.1 ppb °C−1 in the western U.S. O3 in the eastern and midwestern U.S. has become less correlated with temperature due to emission controls. In the western U.S., O3 concentrations have declined more slowly and the correlation between O3 and temperature has changed negligibly due to the effects of high background O3 and wildfire smoke. This implies that meeting the O3 NAAQS in the western U.S. will be more challenging compared with other parts of the country.

Mapping supply of and demand for ecosystem services to assess environmental justice in New York City

Livability, resilience, and justice in cities are challenged by climate change and the historical legacies that together create disproportionate impacts on human communities. Urban green infrastructure has emerged as an important tool for climate change adaptation and resilience given their capacity to provide ecosystem services such as local temperature regulation, stormwater mitigation, and air purification. However, realizing the benefits of ecosystem services for climate adaptation depend on where they are locally supplied. Few studies have examined the potential spatial mismatches in supply and demand of urban ecosystem services, and even fewer have examined supply-demand mismatches as a potential environmental justice issue, such as when supply-demand mismatches disproportionately overlap with certain socio-demographic groups. We spatially analyzed demand for ecosystem services relevant for climate change adaptation and combined results with recent analysis of the supply of ecosystem services in New York City (NYC). By quantifying the relative mismatch between supply and demand of ecosystem services across the city we were able to identify spatial hot- and coldspots of supply-demand mismatch. Hotspots are spatial clusters of census blocks with a higher mismatch and coldspots are clusters with lower mismatch values than their surrounding blocks. The distribution of mismatch hot- and coldspots was then compared to the spatial distribution of socio-demographic groups. Results reveal distributional environmental injustice of access to the climate-regulating benefits of ecosystem services provided by urban green infrastructure in NYC. Analyses show that areas with lower supply-demand mismatch tend to be populated by a larger proportion of white residents with higher median incomes, and areas with high mismatch values have lower incomes and a higher proportion of people of color. We suggest that urban policy and planning should ensure that investments in "nature-based" solutions such as through urban green infrastructure for climate change adaptation do not reinforce or exacerbate potentially existing environmental injustices.

Air pollution and multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to progressive functional impairments, and many intrinsic and acquired factors are believed to be associated with its development and relapse. In terms of environmental factors, air pollution has gained much attention during recent decades, as chronic exposure to ambient air pollution seems to increase the level of some pro-inflammatory markers in the human brain, which can lead to neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. These events may also be associated with the risk of MS development and relapse. In this review, we aimed to summarize recent findings around the impact of air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and ultra-fine particles), gaseous pollutants (carbon monoxide [CO], nitrogen oxides [NO_x], sulfur dioxide [SO₂], and ozone [O₃]), and heavy metals, on MS development and relapse.

Air pollution and multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to progressive functional impairments, and many intrinsic and acquired factors are believed to be associated with its development and relapse. In terms of environmental factors, air pollution has gained much attention during recent decades, as chronic exposure to ambient air pollution seems to increase the level of some pro-inflammatory markers in the human brain, which can lead to neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. These events may also be associated with the risk of MS development and relapse. In this review, we aimed to summarize recent findings around the impact of air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and ultra-fine particles), gaseous pollutants (carbon monoxide [CO], nitrogen oxides [NO_x], sulfur dioxide [SO₂], and ozone [O₃]), and heavy metals, on MS development and relapse.

The mortality cost of carbon

Many studies project that climate change can cause a significant number of excess deaths. Yet, in integrated assessment models (IAMs) that determine the social cost of carbon (SCC) and prescribe optimal climate policy, human mortality impacts are limited and not updated to the latest scientific understanding. This study extends the DICE-2016 IAM to explicitly include temperature-related mortality impacts by estimating a climate-mortality damage function. We introduce a metric, the mortality cost of carbon (MCC), that estimates the number of deaths caused by the emissions of one additional metric ton of CO2. In the baseline emissions scenario, the 2020 MCC is 2.26 × 10‒4 [low to high estimate -1.71× 10‒4 to 6.78 × 10‒4] excess deaths per metric ton of 2020 emissions. This implies that adding 4,434 metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2020-equivalent to the lifetime emissions of 3.5 average Americans-causes one excess death globally in expectation between 2020-2100. Incorporating mortality costs increases the 2020 SCC from $37 to $258 [-$69 to $545] per metric ton in the baseline emissions scenario. Optimal climate policy changes from gradual emissions reductions starting in 2050 to full decarbonization by 2050 when mortality is considered.

Combined Effect of Hot Weather and Outdoor Air Pollution on Respiratory Health: Literature Review

Association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and respiratory health is well documented. At the same time, it is widely known that extreme weather events intrinsically exacerbate air pollution impact. Particularly, hot weather and extreme temperatures during heat waves (HW) significantly affect human health, increasing risks of respiratory mortality and morbidity. Concurrently, a synergistic effect of air pollution and high temperatures can be combined with weather–air pollution interaction during wildfires. The purpose of the current review is to summarize literature on interplay of hot weather, air pollution, and respiratory health consequences worldwide, with the ultimate goal of identifying the most dangerous pollution agents and vulnerable population groups. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases Web of Science, Pubmed, Science Direct, and Scopus, focusing only on peer-reviewed journal articles published in English from 2000 to 2021. The main findings demonstrate that the increased level of PM10 and O3 results in significantly higher rates of respiratory and cardiopulmonary mortality. Increments in PM2.5 and PM10, O3, CO, and NO2 concentrations during high temperature episodes are dramatically associated with higher admissions to hospital in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, daily hospital emergency transports for asthma, acute and chronic bronchitis, and premature mortality caused by respiratory disease. Excessive respiratory health risk is more pronounced in elderly cohorts and small children. Both heat waves and outdoor air pollution are synergistically linked and are expected to be more serious in the future due to greater climate instability, being a crucial threat to global public health that requires the responsible involvement of researchers at all levels. Sustainable urban planning and smart city design could significantly reduce both urban heat islands effect and air pollution.

Update on Climate Change: Its Impact on Respiratory Health at Work, Home, and at Play

Climate change is a crisis of vast proportions that has serious implications for pulmonary health. Increasing global temperatures influence respiratory health through extreme weather events, wildfires, prolonged allergy seasons, and worsening air pollution. Children, elderly patients, and patients with underlying lung disease are at elevated risk of complications from these effects of climate change. This paper summarizes the myriad ways in which climate change affects the respiratory health of patients at home and in outdoor environments and outlines measures for patients to protect themselves.

Extreme weather events in europe and their health consequences - A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Due to climate change, the frequency, intensity and severity of extreme weather events, such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, heavy precipitation causing wildfires, floods, and droughts are increasing, which could adversely affect human health. The purpose of this systematic review is therefore to assess the current literature about the association between these extreme weather events and their impact on the health of the European population.

METHODS

Observational studies published from January 1, 2007 to May 17, 2020 on health effects of extreme weather events in Europe were searched systematically in Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The exposures of interest included extreme temperature, heat waves, cold waves, droughts, floods, storms and wildfires. The health impacts included total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, respiratory mortality and morbidity, and mental health. We conducted the systematic review following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis). The quality of the included studies was assessed using the NICE quality appraisal checklist (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence).

RESULTS

The search yielded 1472 articles, of which 35 met the inclusion criteria and were included in our review. Studies regarding five extreme weather events (extreme heat events, extreme cold events, wildfires, floods, droughts) were found. A positive association between extreme heat/cold events and overall, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality was reported from most studies. Wildfires are likely to increase the overall and cardiovascular mortality. Floods might be associated with the deterioration of mental health instead of mortality. Depending on their length, droughts could have an influence on both respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Contradictory evidence was found in heat-associated morbidity and wildfire-associated respiratory mortality. The associations are inconclusive due to the heterogeneous study designs, study quality, exposure and outcome assessment.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence from most of the included studies showed that extreme heat and cold events, droughts, wildfires and floods in Europe have negative impacts on human health including mental health, although some of the associations are not conclusive. Additional high-quality studies are needed to confirm our results and further studies regarding the effects of other extreme weather events in Europe are to be expected.

Assessing the immediate impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the air quality of Kolkata and Howrah, West Bengal, India

The worldwide spread of COVID-19 caused a nationwide lockdown in India from 24 March 2020 and was further extended up to 3 May 2020 to break off the transmission of novel Coronavirus. The study is designed to assess the changes in air quality from the pre-lockdown period to the during lockdown period in Kolkata and Howrah municipal corporation, West Bengal, India. GIS-based techniques include the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants using interpolation method, and on the other hand, statistical methods like analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the mean differences two phases and correlation matrix helps to understand the changing association of the pollutants in pre- and during lockdown phases. Significant correlations have been found among the pollutants, ANOVA (Two-Way) has shown the significant mean difference of NAQI between the two phases, F(1,611) = 465.723, p < 0.0001; pairwise comparison for Ballygunge has shown the highest mean difference 108.194 at p < 0.0001 significant level between lockdown and pre-lockdown phase. Significant positive correlation has been found between PM_2.5, PM₁₀ (0.99*); PM_2.5, NO₂ (0.81*); PM₁₀, NO₂ (0.81*); CO, NO₂ (0.77*) and some negative correlations have also been found between O₃, NO (- 0.15); O₃ and NH₃ (- 0.36) in the pre-lockdown phase. The reduction amount of mean concentration from the pre-lockdown phase to during lockdown of the main pollutants like PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and NO₂ are ~ 58.71%, ~ 57.92% and ~ 55.23%. Near Rabindra Bharati University constant emission of PM_2.5, 10 and NO₂ have been recorded due to the nearby Cossipore thermal power station.

Association between ambient temperature and heat waves with mortality in South Asia: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

South Asia is highly vulnerable to climate change and is projected to experience some of the highest increases in average annual temperatures throughout the century. Although the adverse impacts of ambient temperature on human health have been extensively documented in the literature, only a limited number of studies have focused on populations in this region.

OBJECTIVES

Our aim was to systematically review the current state and quality of available evidence on the direct relationship between ambient temperature and heat waves and all-cause mortality in South Asia.

METHODS

The databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase were searched from 1990 to 2020 for relevant observational quantitative studies. We applied the Navigation Guide methodology to assess the strength of the evidence and performed a meta-analysis based on a novel approach that allows for combining nonlinear exposure-response associations without access to data from individual studies.

RESULTS

From the 6,759 screened papers, 27 were included in the qualitative synthesis and five in a meta-analysis. Studies reported an association of all-cause mortality with heat wave episodes and both high and low daily temperatures. The meta-analysis showed a U-shaped pattern, with increasing mortality for both high and low temperatures, but a statistically significant association was found only at higher temperatures - above 31° C for lag 0-1 days and above 34° C for lag 0-13 days. Effects were found to vary with cause of death, age, sex, location (urban vs. rural), level of education and socio-economic status, but the profile of vulnerabilities was somewhat inconsistent and based on a limited number of studies. Overall, the strength of the evidence for ambient temperature as a risk factor for all-cause mortality was judged as limited and for heat wave episodes as inadequate.

CONCLUSIONS

The evidence base on temperature impacts on mortality in South Asia is limited due to the small number of studies, their skewed geographical distribution and methodological weaknesses. Understanding the main determinants of the temperature-mortality association as well as how these may evolve in the future in a dynamic region such as South Asia will be an important area for future research. Studies on viable adaptation options to high temperatures for a region that is a hotspot for climate vulnerability, urbanisation and population growth are also needed.

Effect of growth temperature on monoterpene emission rates of Acer palmatum

To understand the effect of increasing atmospheric temperatures on monoterpene emissions from mature trees, we measured the monoterpene emission rate, monoterpene precursor content, and the SPAD value of Acer palmatum, a mature tree grown at three different field sites. The annual mean temperature differed by intervals of 3 °C among the three sites from 10.6 °C to 17.7 °C, depending on the site elevation. The short-term monoterpene emission rate of A. palmatum depended on both the leaf temperature and the light intensity. The growth temperature did not affect the monoterpene emissions in response to short-term variations in temperature and light intensity. The highest standard monoterpene emission rate, M_s, was observed from July to August, but this rate did not differ among the three sites. The M_s showed clear seasonal variation, whereas the monoterpene precursor content did not show them. The trend of the M_s was similar to that of the SPAD, as both values depend on leaf phenology. In A. palmatum, a warming of approximately 3 °C caused the start date of the monoterpene emissions to commence two to three weeks earlier, and end date of the monoterpene emissions to be delayed by two to three weeks. The cumulative temperature method could be used to predict the start and end dates of the monoterpene emissions. To estimate the annual monoterpene emissions, a temperature and light intensity dependent emission model was modified to incorporate the effect of growth temperature on seasonal patterns of M_s. Annual monoterpene emissions were found to increase linearly with annual mean temperature. For each 1 °C of warming, the annual monoterpene emissions from A. palmatum increased by approximately 15%. Our results suggest that the effect of growth temperature on monoterpene emissions should be considered when predicting monoterpene emissions in response to global warming in the foreseeable future.

Criteria pollutant impacts of volatile chemical products informed by near-field modeling

Consumer, industrial, and commercial product usage is a source of exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals. In addition, cleaning agents, personal care products, coatings, and other volatile chemical products (VCPs), evaporate and react in the atmosphere producing secondary pollutants. Here, we show high air emissions from VCP usage (≥ 14 kg person^-1 yr^-1, at least 1.7× higher than current operational estimates) are supported by multiple estimation methods and constraints imposed by ambient levels of ozone, hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity, and the organic component of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in Pasadena, California. A near-field model, which estimates human chemical exposure during or in the vicinity of product use, indicates these high air emissions are consistent with organic product usage up to ~75 kg person^-1 yr^-1, and inhalation of consumer products could be a non-negligible exposure pathway. After constraining the PM_2.5 yield to 5% by mass, VCPs produce ~41% of the photochemical organic PM_2.5 (1.1 ± 0.3 μg m^-3) and ~17% of maximum daily 8-hr average ozone (9 ± 2 ppb) in summer Los Angeles. Therefore, both toxicity and ambient criteria pollutant formation should be considered when organic substituents are developed for VCPs in pursuit of safer and sustainable products and cleaner air.

Examining the joint effects of heatwaves, air pollution, and green space on the risk of preterm birth in California

BACKGROUND

Exposure to high air temperature in late pregnancy is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB). However, the combined effects of heatwaves with air pollution and green space are still unexplored. In the context of climate change, investigating the interaction between environmental factors and identifying communities at higher risk is important to better understand the etiological mechanisms and design targeted interventions towards certain women during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the combined effects of heatwaves, air pollution and green space exposure on the risk of PTB.

METHODS

California birth certificate records for singleton births (2005-2013) were obtained. Residential zip code-specific daily temperature during the last week of gestation was used to create 12 definitions of heatwave with varying temperature thresholds and durations. We fit multi-level Cox proportional hazard models with time to PTB as the outcome and gestational week as the temporal unit. Relative risk due to interaction (RERI) was applied to estimate the additive interactive effect of air pollution and green space on the effect of heatwaves on PTB.

RESULTS

In total, 1,967,300 births were included in this study. For PM2.5, PM10 and O3, we found positive additive interactions (RERIs >0) between heatwaves and higher air pollution levels. Combined effects of heatwaves and green space indicated negative interactions (RERIs <0) for less intense heatwaves (i.e., shorter duration or relatively low temperature), whereas there were potential positive interactions (RERIs >0) for more intense heatwaves.

CONCLUSION

This study found synergistic harmful effects for heatwaves with air pollution, and potential positive interactions with lack of green space on PTB. Implementing interventions, such as heat warning systems and behavioral changes, targeted toward pregnant women at risk for high air pollution and low green space exposures may optimize the benefits of reducing acute exposure to extreme heat before delivery.

Short-Term Responses of Air Quality to Changes in Emissions under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 Scenario over Brazil

Brazil, one of the world's fastest-growing economies, is the fifth most populous country and is experiencing accelerated urbanization. This combination of factors causes an increase in urban population that is exposed to poor air quality, leading to public health burdens. In this work, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry is applied to simulate air quality over Brazil for a short time period under three future emission scenarios, including current legislation (CLE), mitigation scenario (MIT), and maximum feasible reduction (MFR) under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5), which is a climate change scenario under which radiative forcing of greenhouse gases (GHGs) reach 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. The main objective of this study is to determine the sensitivity of the concentrations of ozone (O3) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5) to changes in emissions under these emission scenarios and to determine the signal and spatial patterns of these changes for Brazil. The model is evaluated with observations and shows reasonably good agreement. The MFR scenario leads to a reduction of 3% and 75% for O3 and PM2.5 respectively, considering the average of grid cells within Brazil, whereas the CLE scenario leads to an increase of 1% and 11% for O3 and PM2.5 respectively, concentrated near urban centers. These results indicate that of the three emission control scenarios, the CLE leads to poor air quality, while the MFR scenario leads to the maximum improvement in air quality. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to investigate the responses of air quality to changes in emissions under these emission scenarios for Brazil. The results shed light on the linkage between changes of emissions and air quality.

[Combined effects of different environmental factors on health: air pollution, temperature, green spaces, pollen, and noise]

Environmental factors affect the health and wellbeing of urban residents. However, they do not act individually on humans, but instead show potential synergistic or antagonistic effects. Questions that arise from this are: How does a combination of air pollutants with other environmental factors impact health? How well are these associations evidenced? What methods can we use to look at them? In this article, methodical approaches regarding the effects of a combination of various environmental factors are first described. Environmental factors are then examined, which together with different air pollutants, have an impact on human health such as ambient temperature, noise, and pollen as well as the effect of green spaces. Physical activity and nutrition are addressed regarding the attenuation of health effects from air pollution.While there is often clear evidence of health effects of single environmental stressors, there are still open questions in terms of their interaction. The research methods required for this still need to be further developed. The interrelationship between the different environmental factors make it clear that (intervention) measures for reducing single indicators are also interlinked. Regarding traffic, switching from passive to active transport (e.g., due to safe cycle paths and other measures) leads to less air pollutants, smaller increases in temperature in the long term, and at the same time improved health of the individual. As a result, sensible planning of the built environment has great potential to reduce environmental stressors and improve people's health and wellbeing.

Outdoor Particulate Matter Correlation Analysis and Prediction Based Deep Learning in the Korea

Particulate matter (PM) has become a problem worldwide, with many deleterious health effects such as worsened asthma, affected lungs, and various toxin-induced cancers. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) under the World Health Organization (WHO) has designated PM as a group 1 carcinogen. Although Korea Environment Corporation forecasts the status of outdoor PM four times a day, whichever is higher among PM10 and PM2.5. Korea Environment Corporation forecasts for the stages of PM. It remains difficult to predict the value of PM when going out. We correlate air quality and solar terms, address format, and weather data, and PM in the Korea. We analyzed the correlation between address format, air quality data, and weather data, and PM. We evaluated performance according to the sequence length and batch size and found the best outcome with a sequence length of 7 days, and a batch size of 96. We performed PM prediction using the Long Short-Term Recurrent Unit (LSTM), the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) models. The CNN model suffered the limitation of only predicting from the training data, not from the test data. The LSTM and GRU models generated similar prediction results. We confirmed that the LSTM model has higher accuracy than the other two models.

Application of cell-based biological bioassays for health risk assessment of PM2.5 exposure in three megacities, China

The determination of PM_2.5-induced biological response is essential for understanding the adverse health risk associated with PM_2.5 exposure. In this study, we conducted cell-based bioassays to measure the toxic effects of PM_2.5 exposure, including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity and inflammatory response. The concentration-response relationship was analyzed by benchmark dose (BMD) modeling and the BMDL₁₀ was used to estimate the biological potency of PM_2.5 exposure. PM_2.5 samples were collected from three typical megacities of China (Beijing, BJ; Wuhan, WH; Guangzhou, GZ) in typical seasons (winter and summer). The total PM, water-soluble fractions (WSF), and organic extracts (OE) were prepared and subjected to examination of toxic effects. The biological potencies for cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity were generally higher in winter samples, while the inflammatory potency of PM_2.5 was higher in summer samples. The relative health risk (RHR) was determined by integration of the biological potencies and the cumulative exposure level, and the ranks of RHR were BJ-W > WH-W > BJ-S > WH-S > GZ-W > GZ-S. Notably, we note that different PM_2.5 compositions were associated with distinct biological effects, and the health effects distribution of PM_2.5 varied in regions and seasons. These findings demonstrate that the approach of integrated cell-based bioassays could be used for the evaluation of health effects of PM_2.5 exposure.

Association of Air Pollution and Heat Exposure With Preterm Birth, Low Birth Weight, and Stillbirth in the US: A Systematic Review

IMPORTANCE

Knowledge of whether serious adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with increasingly widespread effects of climate change in the US would be crucial for the obstetrical medical community and for women and families across the country.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone, and heat, and the association of these factors with preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth.

EVIDENCE REVIEW

This systematic review involved a comprehensive search for primary literature in Cochrane Library, Cochrane Collaboration Registry of Controlled Trials, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov website, and MEDLINE. Qualifying primary research studies included human participants in US populations that were published in English between January 1, 2007, and April 30, 2019. Included articles analyzed the associations between air pollutants or heat and obstetrical outcomes. Comparative observational cohort studies and cross-sectional studies with comparators were included, without minimum sample size. Additional articles found through reference review were also considered. Articles analyzing other obstetrical outcomes, non-US populations, and reviews were excluded. Two reviewers independently determined study eligibility. The Arskey and O'Malley scoping review framework was used. Data extraction was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline.

FINDINGS

Of the 1851 articles identified, 68 met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 32 798 152 births were analyzed, with a mean (SD) of 565 485 (783 278) births per study. A total of 57 studies (48 of 58 [84%] on air pollutants; 9 of 10 [90%] on heat) showed a significant association of air pollutant and heat exposure with birth outcomes. Positive associations were found across all US geographic regions. Exposure to PM2.5 or ozone was associated with increased risk of preterm birth in 19 of 24 studies (79%) and low birth weight in 25 of 29 studies (86%). The subpopulations at highest risk were persons with asthma and minority groups, especially black mothers. Accurate comparisons of risk were limited by differences in study design, exposure measurement, population demographics, and seasonality.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

This review suggests that increasingly common environmental exposures exacerbated by climate change are significantly associated with serious adverse pregnancy outcomes across the US.

Ozone Trends in the United Kingdom over the Last 30 Years

Previous work regarding the behaviour of ozone surface concentrations over many years in the United Kingdom had predicted that the frequency and severity of ozone episodes would become less marked in the future as a response to environmental regulations. The aim of this study is to extend these studies and compare the results with their predictions. The ozone data of 13 rural and six urban sites in the UK collected from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs over a period from 1992 to mid-2019 were used to investigate this behaviour. The yearly ozone exceedances (the number of hours that the ozone concentration exceeded the 50 ppbv limit) in the United Kingdom were found to have decreased over the last 30 years regardless of the type of site (rural or urban), showing that the adopted emission controls have so far been successful in the abatement of pollutant emissions. In the past three decades, the highest numbers of exceedances were reached in May regardless of the type of site. Furthermore, these episodes have become less frequent and less severe in recent years. In fact, the number of hours of exceedance is lower than that in previous decades, and it is almost constant throughout the week.

Combining Chemometrics and Sensors: Toward New Applications in Monitoring and Environmental Analysis

For many years, an extensive array of chemometric methods have provided a platform upon which a quantitative description of environmental conditions can be obtained. Applying chemometric methods to environmental data allows us to identify and describe the interrelations between certain environmental drivers. They also provide an insight into the interrelationships between these drivers and afford us a greater understanding of the potential impact that these drivers can place upon the environment. However, an effective marriage of these two systems has not been performed. Therefore, it is the aim of this review to highlight the advantages of using chemometrics and sensors to identify hidden trends in environmental parameters, which allow the state of the environment to be effectively monitored. Despite the combination of chemometrics and sensors, to capture new developments and applications in the field of environmental sciences, these methods have not been extensively used. Importantly, although different parameters and monitoring procedures are required for different environments (e.g., air, water, soil), they are not distinct, separate entities. Contemporary developments in the use of chemometrics afford us the ability to predict changes in different aspects of the environment using instrumental methods. This review also provides an insight into the prevailing trends and the future of environmental sensing, highlighting that chemometrics can be used to enhance our ability to monitor the environment. This enhanced ability to monitor environmental conditions and to predict trends would be beneficial to government and research agencies in their ability to develop environmental policies and analysis procedures.

Dust Events and Indoor Air Quality in Residential Homes in Kuwait

Kuwait is a developed Middle Eastern country that is impacted by frequent dust storms from regional and/or remote deserts. The effectiveness of keeping homes tightly closed during these events to reduce dust exposures was assessed using indoor and outdoor particle samples at 10 residences within the metropolitan Kuwait City area. Specifically, this study compared indoor and outdoor levels of black carbon and 19 trace elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, and Zr) during dust and non-dust events and found that particle penetration efficiencies were lower during dust storm events (less than 20–30%) than during non-dust storm events (40–60%). Coarse particles had lower penetration efficiency compared to fine particles, which is due to differences in infiltration rates and settling velocities between these two size fractions. Our findings suggest that increasing home insulation could be an effective strategy to reduce indoor exposure to crustal particles from dust storm events in residential houses of Kuwait City.

Climate change and the projected burden of future health impacts – The Project EXHAUSTION

Climate change, foreseen to cause adverse effects on human health, is an emerging global public health threat. Several studies have projected an increasing burden of health effects in the future as a result of global warming. Nevertheless, research in this field is comparatively young and so far there are no concrete answers about the future climate change related health impacts. This article discusses existing research gaps and introduces the EU project EXHAUSTION which aims to fill at least some of them.

Cardio-respiratory health effects of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants while exercising outdoors: A systematic review

Despite physical exercise provides numerous health benefits, outdoor exercisers are frequently exposed to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) known to be associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of TRAP exposure, specifically particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), during outdoor exercise on cardio-respiratory health effects. Systematic database searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Medline were performed by two researchers to identify peer-reviewed studies from 2000 to 2018. Combinations of keywords related to cardio-respiratory health effects, physical exercise and ambient air pollution were used. Thirteen studies were included, originating predominantly from European countries but also the American. They suggested that exercising in an environment with high TRAP exposure increases markers of respiratory and systemic inflammation, as well as, impairs the vascular function and increases artery pressure, when compared with an environment with low-TRAP exposure. In addition, the smaller particles appear to have the most severe health consequences compared with the larger coarse particles and NO₂. This study also provides evidence that specific groups of the population have enhanced susceptibility to adverse effects from particulate matter exposure while exercising. There is a need for more studies focused on the relationship between air pollution, physical exercise and health, as large societal benefits can be obtained from healthy environments that can promote outdoor physical exercise.

A comprehensive review of otorhinolaryngological global health concerns

Background

ENT disease prevalence, risk factors and treatment vary between developed and developing countries. Health provision, particularly disease prevention strategies and surgery, in developing countries is poor, manifesting as a high frequency of common and preventable diseases. Healthcare systems in developing countries are unsustainable, and the technological advances that provide ENT surgery with novel diagnostic and treatment opportunities are inaccessible.

Conclusion

A multifaceted approach is essential to improve the care of patients with ENT diseases in developing countries. Public health efforts must focus on educating the local community, reducing high-risk behaviours and decreasing the frequency of preventable diseases. Governments must be pressured to prioritise the funding of long-term, sustainable efforts with effective disease prevention strategies. Providing local healthcare professionals with high-quality ENT training so that self-sustaining and low-cost care can be delivered, mainly in a primary care setting, is key.

Modeling the effect of VOCs from biomass burning emissions on ozone pollution in upper Southeast Asia

We used a Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-CHEM) model that includes anthropogenic emissions from EDGAR-HTAP, biomass burning from FINN, and biogenic emissions from MEGAN to investigate the main volatile organic compound (VOC) ozone precursors during high levels of biomass burning emissions in March 2014 over upper Southeast Asia. A comparison between the model and ground-based measurement data shows that the WRF-CHEM model simulates the precipitation and 2 m temperature reasonably well, with index of agreement (IOA) values ranging from 0.76 to 0.78. Further, the model predicts O3, NO2, and CO fairly well, with IOA values ranging from 0.50 to 0.57. However, the magnitude of the simulated NO2 concentration was generally underestimated compared to OMI satellite observations. The model result shows that CO and VOCs such as BIGENE play an important role in atmospheric oxidation to surface O3. In addition, biomass burning emissions are responsible for increasing surface O3 by ∼1 ppmv and increasing the reaction rate of CO and BIGENE by approximately 0.5 × 106 and 1 × 106 molecules/cm3/s, respectively, in upper Southeast Asia.