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Yang D, Ma L, Yang Z, Yang X, Wang J, Ju H, Lu C, Weng Y, Zhao H, Shen H, Li X, Ge F, Wang X, Wu X, Xiang M, Feng G, Tang C, Huang S, Zhao H. Development of a one-step multiplex RT-qPCR method for rapid detection of bovine diarrhea viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025; 14:1540710. [PMID: 39935536 PMCID: PMC11810931 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1540710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Viral calf diarrhea poses a significant challenge to the cattle industry worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, leading to substantial economic losses. The clinical symptoms associated with various diarrhea pathogens often overlap, complicating accurate diagnosis; thus, there is an urgent need for rapid and precise diagnostic methods to improve prevention and treatment efforts. In this study, we developed a one-step multiplex reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mRT-qPCR) that enables the simultaneous detection of three key viral pathogens responsible for calf diarrhea: bovine kobuvirus (BKoV), bovine astrovirus (BoAstV), and bovine torovirus (BToV). However, development of accurate and rapid methods to distinguish these three viruses is helpful for the early detection, disease surveillance, and control of viral calf diarrhea. Methods Specific primers and minor groove binder (MGB)-based probes were designed targeting the 3D region of BKoV, ORF1 region of BoAstV, and N region of BToV. The sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility ability were evaluated for the mRT-qPCR. Further, 80 bovine fecal samples were subjected to the mRT-qPCR, and the results were verified using conventional reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) or PCR methods and sequencing methods. Results This novel method demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity,achieving a detection limit of 24 copies/mL for each pathogen. Furthermore, the assay exhibited excellent reproducibility, with coefficients of variation below 1.5%, a strong linear correlation (R2 > 0.996), and an amplification efficiency between 90% and 110%. Validation with 80 clinical samples from both diarrheic and non-diarrheic cattle across four farms in Shanghai showed a high degree of concordance with RT-PCR, with positive detection rates for BKoV, BoAstV, and BToV at 28.75%, 8.75%, and 3.75%, respectively, highlighting the predominance of BKoV and BoAstV. Notably, this study represents the first identification of BKoV, BoAstV, and BToV in the Shanghai region. Discussion The mRT-qPCR is a robust, rapid, and simple tool for identifying viral pathogens associated with calf diarrhea, facilitating the development of effective prevention and control measures that are vital for the future sustainability of the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Yang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Technological Research and Development, Hunan Guanmu Biotech Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongping Yang
- Department of Technological Research and Development, Hunan Guanmu Biotech Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Xianchao Yang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Houbin Ju
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunguang Lu
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory, Jinshan District Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonggang Weng
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory, Jinshan District Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Department of Technological Research and Development, Hunan Guanmu Biotech Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Haixiao Shen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Ge
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Xiang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Guidan Feng
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Congsheng Tang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shixin Huang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjin Zhao
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
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Chen J, Meng W, Zeng H, Wang J, Liu S, Jiang Q, Chen Z, Ma Z, Wang Z, Li S, Jia K. Epidemiological survey of calf diarrhea related viruses in several areas of Guangdong Province. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1441419. [PMID: 39351302 PMCID: PMC11439775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1441419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine torovirus (BToV), Bovine enterovirus (BEV), Bovine norovirus (BNoV), Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Bovine rotavirus (BRV), and Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are significant pathogens causing diarrhea in calves, characterized by their high prevalence and challenging prevention and control measures. Methods We analyzed 295 calf diarrhea samples, amplifying the M gene from BToV-positive samples, the 5'UTR gene from BEV-positive samples, the RdRp gene from BNoV-positive samples, the VP7 gene from BRV-positive samples, the S gene from BCoV-positive samples, and the 5'UTR gene from BVDV-positive samples. Subsequent homology analysis and phylogenetic tree construction were performed. Results The overall viral positive rate in Guangdong Province was 21.36%. Specific detection rates were as follows: Foshan City at 50.00% (18/36), Guangzhou City at 43.90% (36/82), Huizhou City at 21.21% (7/33), Yangjiang City at 2.08% (1/48), Meizhou City at 1.39% (1/72), and Heyuan City at 0.00% (0/24). The detection rates for BToV, BEV, BNoV, BCoV, BRV, and BVDV were 0.34% (1/295), 6.10% (18/295), 0.68% (2/295), 1.36% (4/295), 10.85% (32/295), and 2.03% (6/295), respectively. Notably, the highest overall virus detection rate was observed in the Guangzhou-Foshan region, with BRV and BEV showing the highest detection rates among the six viruses. This study marks the first report of BToV and BNoV in Guangdong Province. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BToV strain belonged to type II, sharing genetic similarities with epidemic strains from various provinces in China. The BEV strains were categorized into E and F types, with the F type being the predominant strain in Guangdong Province and exhibiting the closest genetic relationship to strains from Heilongjiang and Guangxi. The BNoV strains, along with Hebei strains, were identified as GIII.2 subgenotype. BCoV strains showed the highest genetic similarity to strains from Sichuan. All BRV strains were classified under the G6 subtype and had the closest genetic relationship with human rotavirus strains. BVDV strains were identified as subtype 1b, closely related to the Beijing strain. In conclusion, this study investigated the prevalence and evolutionary characteristics of diarrhea-associated viruses in calves in specific areas of Guangdong Province, providing a valuable reference for establishing effective prevention and control measures in cattle farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhe Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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Castells M, Benítez-Galeano MJ, Marandino A, Caffarena RD, Casaux ML, Pérez R, Giannitti F, Colina R. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Bovine Torovirus in Uruguay. Viruses 2024; 16:835. [PMID: 38932127 PMCID: PMC11209243 DOI: 10.3390/v16060835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BToV) is an enteric pathogen that may cause diarrhea in calves and adult cattle, which could result in economic losses due to weight loss and decreased milk production. This study aimed to report the presence, the genetic characterization and the evolution of BToV in calves in Uruguay. BToV was detected in 7.9% (22/278) of fecal samples, being identified in dairy (9.2%, 22/239) but not beef (0.0%, 0/39) calves. BToV was detected in both diarrheic (14%, 6/43) and non-diarrheic (13.2%, 5/38) dairy calves. In addition, BToV was detected in the intestinal contents of 14.9% (7/47) of naturally deceased dairy calves. A complete genome (28,446 nucleotides) was obtained, which was the second outside Asia and the first in Latin America. In addition, partial S gene sequences were obtained to perform evolutionary analyses. Nucleotide and amino acid substitutions within and between outbreaks/farms were observed, alerting the continuous evolution of the virus. Through Bayesian analysis using BEAST, a recent origin (mid-60s) of BToV, possibly in Asia, was estimated, with two introductions into Uruguay from Asia and Europe in 2004 and 2013, respectively. The estimated evolutionary rate was 1.80 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and genetic characterization for the effective management and understanding of BToV's global epidemiology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Castells
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - María José Benítez-Galeano
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Rubén Darío Caffarena
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia 70006, Uruguay
- Unidad Académica Salud de Rumiantes, Departamento de Producción y Salud de los Sistemas Productivos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - María Laura Casaux
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia 70006, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia 70006, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto 50000, Uruguay
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Capozza P, Martella V, Lanave G, Catella C, Diakoudi G, Beikpour F, Camero M, Di Martino B, Fusco G, Balestrieri A, Campanile G, Banyai K, Buonavoglia C. An outbreak of neonatal enteritis in buffalo calves associated with astrovirus. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e84. [PMID: 34854267 PMCID: PMC8636656 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteritis of an infectious origin is a major cause of productivity and economic losses to cattle producers worldwide. Several pathogens are believed to cause or contribute to the development of calf diarrhea. Astroviruses (AstVs) are neglected enteric pathogens in ruminants, but they have recently gained attention because of their possible association with encephalitis in humans and various animal species, including cattle. Objectives This paper describes a large outbreak of neonatal diarrhea in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis), characterized by high mortality, which was associated with an AstV infection. Methods Following an enteritis outbreak characterized by high morbidity (100%) and mortality (46.2%) in a herd of Mediterranean buffaloes (B. bubalis) in Italy, 16 samples from buffalo calves were tested with the molecular tools for common and uncommon enteric pathogens, including AstV, kobuvirus, and torovirus. Results The samples tested negative for common enteric viral agents, including Rotavirus A, coronavirus, calicivirus, pestivirus, kobuvirus, and torovirus, while they tested positive for AstV. Overall, 62.5% (10/16) of the samples were positive in a single round reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for AstV, and 100% (16/16) were positive when nested PCR was performed. The strains identified in the outbreak showed a clonal origin and shared the closest genetic relationship with bovine AstVs (up to 85% amino acid identity in the capsid). Conclusions This report indicates that AstVs should be included in a differential diagnosis of infectious diarrhea in buffalo calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Georgia Diakoudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Farzad Beikpour
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Anna Balestrieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Naples 80137, Italy
| | - Krisztian Banyai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
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Wu Q, Li J, Wang W, Zhou J, Wang D, Fan B, Zhang X, Sun D, Gong G, Suolang S, Li B. Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Four Novel Viruses Associated with Calf Diarrhea. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101907. [PMID: 34696337 PMCID: PMC8537473 DOI: 10.3390/v13101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is one of the common diseases involved in the process of calf feeding. In this study, a sample of calf diarrhea that tested positive for bovine coronavirus and bovine astrovirus was subjected to high-throughput sequencing. The reassembly revealed the complete genomes of bovine norovirus, bovine astrovirus, bovine kobuvirus, and the S gene of bovine coronavirus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the ORF2 region of bovine astrovirus had the lowest similarity with other strains and gathered in the Mamastrovirus unclassified genogroup, suggesting a new serotype/genotype could appear. Compared with the most closely related strain, there are six amino acid mutation sites in the S gene of bovine coronavirus, most of which are located in the S1 subunit region. The bovine norovirus identified in our study was BNoV-GIII 2, based on the VP1 sequences. The bovine kobuvirus is distributed in the Aichi virus B genus; the P1 gene shows as highly variable, while the 3D gene is highly conserved. These findings enriched our knowledge of the viruses in the role of calf diarrhea, and help to develop an effective strategy for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.W.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (B.F.); (X.Z.)
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.W.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (B.F.); (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.W.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (B.F.); (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.W.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (B.F.); (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.W.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (B.F.); (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.W.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (B.F.); (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.W.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (B.F.); (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China;
| | - Ga Gong
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (S.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Sizhu Suolang
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (S.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.W.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (B.F.); (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (S.S.); (B.L.)
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Chae JB, Kim HC, Kang JG, Choi KS, Chae JS, Yu DH, Park BK, Oh YS, Choi HJ, Park J. The prevalence of causative agents of calf diarrhea in Korean native calves. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:864-871. [PMID: 34447962 PMCID: PMC8367409 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Infectious calf diarrhea is one of the most significant diseases of neonatal
calves. This study is conducted to identify the prevalence of pathogens in calf
diarrhea for 2 years. A total of 544 feces samples from Korean native beef
calves were obtained to investigate selected seven pathogens causing calf
diarrhea: bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, Cryptosporidium
parvum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Eimeria
species, Escherichia coli K99, and Salmonella
species. The presence of diarrhea, the number and species of detected pathogens,
and the calves’ ages were analyzed using various statistical methods
depending on the case. Of the 544 calves, 340 calves (62.5%) had normal feces
and 204 calves (37.5%) had diarrhea. The presence of pathogens was significantly
associated with diarrhea (p < 0.01) and fecal scores and
the number of detected pathogens showed a significant linear trend
(p < 0.001). Of the 7 target pathogens, 6 were
detected in samples, but only C. parvum (p =
0.001) and bovine rotavirus (p < 0.001) were found at
significantly higher rates in diarrheic calves than in non-diarrheic calves.
Only Eimeria spp. showed a significant linear trend between the
detection rate of the pathogen and the age groups (p <
0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Yu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Bae-Keun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
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Ujike M, Taguchi F. Recent Progress in Torovirus Molecular Biology. Viruses 2021; 13:435. [PMID: 33800523 PMCID: PMC7998386 DOI: 10.3390/v13030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Torovirus (ToV) has recently been classified into the new family Tobaniviridae, although it belonged to the Coronavirus (CoV) family historically. ToVs are associated with enteric diseases in animals and humans. In contrast to CoVs, which are recognised as pathogens of veterinary and medical importance, little attention has been paid to ToVs because their infections are usually asymptomatic or not severe; for a long time, only one equine ToV could be propagated in cultured cells. However, bovine ToVs, which predominantly cause diarrhoea in calves, have been detected worldwide, leading to economic losses. Porcine ToVs have also spread globally; although they have not caused serious economic losses, coinfections with other pathogens can exacerbate their symptoms. In addition, frequent inter- or intra-recombination among ToVs can increase pathogenesis or unpredicted host adaptation. These findings have highlighted the importance of ToVs as pathogens and the need for basic ToV research. Here, we review recent progress in the study of ToV molecular biology including reverse genetics, focusing on the similarities and differences between ToVs and CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
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Lotfollahzadeh S, Madadgar O, Reza Mohebbi M, Reza Mokhber Dezfouli M, George Watson D. Bovine coronavirus in neonatal calf diarrhoea in Iran. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:686-694. [PMID: 32349194 PMCID: PMC7267123 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial gene sequencing for the bovine coronavirus at the World Genebank is available for many countries, which are distributed unevenly in five continents, but so far, no sequencing of strains has been recorded in Iran. One hundred ninety-four stool samples from calves with diarrhoea less than one-month old were collected from five different geographical regions of country in order to detect coronavirus and characterize it if coronavirus was found. Samples were screened for the presence of BCoV by using a commercially available ELISA kit. Furthermore, RT-PCR was carried out on positive samples for confirmation of the presence of N and S specific genes. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was carried out following RT-PCR tests. 7.2% of samples, were positive for BCoV and all stool samples from the South-West, Northeast and West regions of Iran were negative. The results showed that all the strains of coronavirus identified in Iran were completely in independent clusters and that they did not stand in the same cluster as any of the strains identified in other parts of the world. The strains from Iran were quite different from strains in other parts of the world but from the point of similarity these viruses showed some similarities to the European strains, such as those found in France, Croatia, Denmark and Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Lotfollahzadeh
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Omid Madadgar
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohebbi
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | | | - David George Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
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Shi Z, Wang W, Chen C, Zhang X, Wang J, Xu Z, Lan Y. First report and genetic characterization of bovine torovirus in diarrhoeic calves in China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:272. [PMID: 32758221 PMCID: PMC7404080 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses are notorious pathogens that cause diarrheic and respiratory diseases in humans and animals. Although the epidemiology and pathogenicity of coronaviruses have gained substantial attention, little is known about bovine coronavirus in cattle, which possesses a close relationship with human coronavirus. Bovine torovirus (BToV) is a newly identified relevant pathogen associated with cattle diarrhoea and respiratory diseases, and its epidemiology in the Chinese cattle industry remains unknown. Results In this study, a total of 461 diarrhoeic faecal samples were collected from 38 different farms in three intensive cattle farming regions and analysed. Our results demonstrated that BToV is present in China, with a low prevalence rate of 1.74% (8/461). The full-length spike genes were further cloned from eight clinical samples (five farms in Henan Province). Phylogenetic analysis showed that two different subclades of BToV strains are circulating in China. Meanwhile, the three BToV strains identified from dairy calves, 18,307, 2YY and 5YY, all contained the amino acid variants R614Q, I801T, N841S and Q885E. Conclusions This is the first report to confirm the presence of BToV in beef and dairy calves in China with diarrhea, which extend our understanding of the epidemiology of BToVs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Chaoxi Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Zhaoxue Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yali Lan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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10
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Li H, Zhang B, Yue H, Tang C. First detection and genomic characteristics of bovine torovirus in dairy calves in China. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1577-1583. [PMID: 32388597 PMCID: PMC7210800 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BToV) is a diarrhea-causing pathogen. In this study, 92 diarrheic fecal samples from five farms in four provinces in China were collected and tested for BToV using a RT-PCR assay, and 21.73% samples were found to be BToV positive. Moreover, two complete BToV genome sequences (MN073058 and MN073059) were obtained from the clinical samples, which were 28,297 and 28,301 nucleotides in length, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the two isolates shared 10 identical amino acid mutations in the S protein compared to the complete S sequences of BToV available in the GenBank database. In addition, seven consecutive amino acid mutations were found from aa 1,486 to 1,492 in the S protein of isolate MN073058. Moreover, the two isolates shared one identical amino acid mutation in the receptor binding sites of the HE protein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the epidemic and genomic characterization of BToV in China, which is helpful for further understanding the genetic evolution of BToV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Innovation Team of Beef Cattle, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Innovation Team of Beef Cattle, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Goto Y, Yaegashi G, Fukunari K, Suzuki T. Design of a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-PCR system to simultaneously detect 16 pathogens associated with bovine respiratory and enteric diseases. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:832-847. [PMID: 32357286 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and bovine enteric disease (BED) are two major diseases in cattle, resulting in severe economic losses in the dairy and beef industries. The two major diseases are associated with several factors such as viruses, bacteria, the health condition of the host and environmental factors. We aimed to design a new efficient diagnostic method, which rapidly detect causative pathogens, minimizing economic loss due to BRD and BED. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) system for the simultaneous diagnosis of 16 pathogens, including 12 viruses and 4 bacteria related to BRD and BED, based on single qRT-PCR assays in previous studies. The designed multiplex qRT-PCR was highly sensitive and has minimal detection levels which will be no different from those of single qRT-PCR. Moreover, the multiplex qRT-PCR could more efficiently detect the causative pathogens than conventional RT-PCR in test using a part of BRD and BED clinical samples. Furthermore, our data revealed that the multiplex qRT-PCR had high performance in its specificity and reproducibility tests. CONCLUSIONS Our system can effectively detect multiple BRD or BED related pathogens from each animal while testing several clinical samples via the multiplex qRT-PCR. It is more time-, cost- and labour-efficient than other diagnostic methods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Rapid detection of infected animals from the herd using our system will greatly contribute to infection control and prompt treatment in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Goto
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Centre, Takizawa, Iwate, Japan
| | - G Yaegashi
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Centre, Takizawa, Iwate, Japan
| | - K Fukunari
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Centre, Takizawa, Iwate, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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12
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Lee SH, Kim HY, Choi EW, Kim D. Causative agents and epidemiology of diarrhea in Korean native calves. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e64. [PMID: 31775191 PMCID: PMC6883198 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea caused by infectious agents is associated with economic losses in the cattle industry. The purpose of this study was to identify the causative agents and epidemiological characteristics of diarrhea in Korean native calves (KNC). In total, 207 diarrheal KNC aged less than 7 months were investigated. Fecal samples collected from the rectum were examined for causative agents using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR and the number of oocysts were counted. Fourteen causative agents were detected from 164 of the 207 diarrheal KNC. Rotavirus was the most common agent (34.8%), followed by Eimeria spp. (31.7%), Escherichia coli (22.0%), Giardia spp. (14.0%), Clostridium difficile (9.8%), bovine viral diarrhea virus (8.5%), coronavirus (7.9%), Cryptosporidium spp. (7.3%), torovirus (6.7%), parvovirus (5.5%), norovirus (4.9%), kobuvirus (1.8%), adenovirus (1.2%), and Salmonella spp. (0.6%). About 95 (57.9%) of 164 calves were infected with a single causative agent and 42.1% were infected by multiple agents. No significant difference was observed in mortality between calves infected with a single agent and multiple agents. The occurrence of diarrhea caused by rotavirus, Eimeria spp., kobuvirus, and Giardia spp. was significantly different based on onset age, and the prevalence of diarrhea caused by rotavirus or C. difficile was significantly different between seasons. This study help the understanding of KNC diarrhea for the development of an effective strategy for disease prevention and control, especially in Eastern provinces of South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwan Lee
- Laboratory of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ha Young Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun Wha Choi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
| | - Doo Kim
- Laboratory of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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13
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Ryu JH, Shin SU, Choi KS. Molecular surveillance of viral pathogens associated with diarrhea in pre-weaned Korean native calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:1811-1820. [PMID: 31927690 PMCID: PMC7089501 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Ito M, Tsuchiaka S, Naoi Y, Otomaru K, Sato M, Masuda T, Haga K, Oka T, Yamasato H, Omatsu T, Sugimura S, Aoki H, Furuya T, Katayama Y, Oba M, Shirai J, Katayama K, Mizutani T, Nagai M. Whole genome analysis of Japanese bovine toroviruses reveals natural recombination between porcine and bovine toroviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:90-95. [PMID: 26708248 PMCID: PMC7185535 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine toroviruses (BToVs), belong to the subfamily Toroviridae within the family Coronaviridae, and are pathogens, causing enteric disease in cattle. In Japan, BToVs are distributed throughout the country and cause gastrointestinal infection of calves and cows. In the present study, complete genome sequences of two Japanese BToVs and partial genome sequences of two Japanese BToVs and one porcine torovirus (PToV) from distant regions in Japan were determined and genetic analyses were performed. Pairwise nucleotide comparison and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Japanese BToVs shared high identity with each other and showed high similarities with BToV Breda1 strain in S, M, and HE coding regions. Japanese BToVs showed high similarities with porcine toroviruses in ORF1a, ORF1b, and N coding regions and the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, suggestive of a natural recombination event. Recombination analyses mapped the putative recombinant breakpoints to the 3′ ends of the ORF1b and HE regions. These findings suggest that the interspecies recombinant nature of Japanese BToVs resulted in a closer relationship between BToV Breda1 and PToVs. Recombination events between porcine and bovine torovirus were identified. Recombinant breakpoints were mapped at ORF1b and HE coding regions. These recombinant viruses are prevalent throughout Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ito
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Saida, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuki Naoi
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Tochigi Prefectural Central District Animal Hygiene Service Center, Hiraidekougyoudanchi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kiyotani, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamasato
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kiyotani, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugimura
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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15
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Meganck V, Hoflack G, Opsomer G. Advances in prevention and therapy of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea: a systematical review with emphasis on colostrum management and fluid therapy. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:75. [PMID: 25431305 PMCID: PMC4246539 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhoea remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy calves worldwide. This complex disease can be triggered by both infectious and non-infectious causes. The four most important enteropathogens leading to neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea are Escherichia coli, rota- and coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Besides treating diarrhoeic neonatal dairy calves, the veterinarian is the most obvious person to advise the dairy farmer on prevention and treatment of this disease. This review deals with prevention and treatment of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea focusing on the importance of a good colostrum management and a correct fluid therapy.
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16
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Cho YI, Yoon KJ. An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:1-17. [PMID: 24378583 PMCID: PMC3973752 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is a commonly reported disease in young animals, and still a major cause of productivity and economic loss to cattle producers worldwide. In the report of the 2007 National Animal Health Monitoring System for U.S. dairy, half of the deaths among unweaned calves was attributed to diarrhea. Multiple pathogens are known or postulated to cause or contribute to calf diarrhea development. Other factors including both the environment and management practices influence disease severity or outcomes. The multifactorial nature of calf diarrhea makes this disease hard to control effectively in modern cow-calf operations. The purpose of this review is to provide a better understanding of a) the ecology and pathogenesis of well-known and potential bovine enteric pathogens implicated in calf diarrhea, b) describe diagnostic tests used to detect various enteric pathogens along with their pros and cons, and c) propose improved intervention strategies for treating calf diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Il Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Korea
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17
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Case-control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:375-85. [PMID: 23886509 PMCID: PMC7117237 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is a major economic burden for the US cattle industry. A variety of infectious agents are implicated in calf diarrhea and co-infection of multiple pathogens is not uncommon in diarrheic calves. A case–control study was conducted to assess infectious etiologies associated with calf diarrhea in Midwest cattle farms. A total of 199 and 245 fecal samples were obtained from diarrheic and healthy calves, respectively, from 165 cattle farms. Samples were tested by a panel of multiplex PCR assays for 11 enteric pathogens: bovine rotavirus group A (BRV-A), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine enterovirus (BEV), bovine norovirus (BNoV), Nebovirus, bovine torovirus (BToV) Salmonella spp. (Salmonella), Escherichia coli (E. coli) K99+, Clostridium perfringens with β toxin gene and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). The association between diarrhea and detection of each pathogen was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model. More than a half of the fecal samples from the diarrheic calves had multiple pathogens. Statistically, BRV-A, BCoV, BNoV, Nebovirus, Salmonella, E. coli K99+, and C. parvum were significantly associated with calf diarrhea (p < 0.05). Among them, C. parvum and BRV-A were considered to be the most common enteric pathogens for calf diarrhea with high detection frequency (33.7% and 27.1%) and strong odds ratio (173 and 79.9). Unexpectedly BNoV (OR = 2.0) and Nebovirus (OR = 16.7) were identified with high frequency in diarrheic calves, suggesting these viruses may have a significant contribution to calf diarrhea.
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Aita T, Kuwabara M, Murayama K, Sasagawa Y, Yabe S, Higuchi R, Tamura T, Miyazaki A, Tsunemitsu H. Characterization of epidemic diarrhea outbreaks associated with bovine torovirus in adult cows. Arch Virol 2011; 157:423-31. [PMID: 22167249 PMCID: PMC7087103 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BToV) is recognized as an enteric pathogen of calves, but its etiological role in diarrhea and epidemiological characterization in adult cows remain unclear. In 2007-2008, three outbreaks of epidemic diarrhea occurred in adult cows at three dairy farms in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. BToV was the only enteric pathogen detected in these outbreaks, as determined by electron microscopy, reverse transcription-PCR, bacteria and parasite tests of fecal samples, and antibody tests with paired sera. The epidemiological features of the three outbreaks were similar to those of bovine coronavirus infection, except for the absence of bloody diarrhea, with diarrhea spreading among most adult cows, but not in calves, within several days and diarrhea lasting for 3-5 days with anorexia. Decreased milk production and mild respiratory symptoms were also observed in two of the outbreaks. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the BToV nucleocapsid, spike, and hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) genes revealed a close relatedness among the detected BToV strains from each outbreak and those of Japanese BToV strain Aichi/2004. Furthermore, we isolated a BToV strain, designated Niigata (TC), from a fecal sample using a human rectal tumor cell line. Sequence analysis of this isolate and Aichi/2004 indicated that both strains have truncated HE genes with deletions in the 3′ region that occurred through cell culture-adaptation. The short projections that are believed to be formed by the HE protein on virus particles were not observed in these cultured strains by electron microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest that BToV causes epidemic diarrhea in adult cows and should be included in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea in adult cows. In addition, our findings indicate that the HE protein of BToV may not be necessary for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehiko Aita
- Niigata Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hataya 686, Nishikan, Niigata, Niigata 9590423, Japan
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19
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Stanley M, Mayr J, Huber W, Vlasak R, Streicher H. Synthesis and inhibitory activity of sialic acid derivatives targeted at viral sialate-O-acetylesterases. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2852-60. [PMID: 21524502 PMCID: PMC7111470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of sialosides modified at the 4- and 9-hydroxy group were synthesised and tested for inhibition of the viral haemagglutinin-esterase activity from various Orthomyxoviruses and Coronaviruses. While no inhibition of the sialate-4-O-acetylesterases from mouse hepatitis virus strain S or sialodacryoadenitis virus was found, a 9-O-methyl derivative displayed inhibitory activity against recombinant sialate-9-O-acetylesterase from influenza C virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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20
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Hosmillo MDT, Jeong YJ, Kim HJ, Collantes TM, Alfajaro MM, Park JG, Kim HH, Kwon HJ, Park SJ, Kang MI, Park SI, Cho KO. Development of universal SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR for the rapid detection and quantitation of bovine and porcine toroviruses. J Virol Methods 2010; 168:212-7. [PMID: 20558206 PMCID: PMC7112831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toroviruses (ToVs) are a group of emerging viruses that cause gastroenteritis in domestic animals and humans. Currently, methods such as real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) have not yet been developed for the rapid detection and quantitation of bovine (BToV) and porcine (PToV) toroviruses. Using BToV and PToV RNA standards generated by in vitro transcription, the detection limit of the SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assay was 2.54 x 10(2) BToV and 2.17 x 10(3) PToV copies/reaction (correlation coefficiency=0.99 and 0.97, respectively), whereas those of RT-PCR and nested PCR were 2.54 x 10(5) and 2.54 x 10(4) (BToV) and 2.17 x 10(7) and 2.17 x 10(5) (PToV) cRNA viral copies/reaction, respectively. Archived diarrhea specimens of calves (n=121) and piglets (n=86) were subjected to RT-PCR, nested PCR and SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR. By conventional RT-PCR, 1 (0.8%) bovine and 7 (8.1%) porcine samples tested positive to BToV and PToV, respectively. With nested PCR, 13 (10.7%) bovine and 17 (19.8%) porcine samples tested positive. SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assay detected BToV and PToV in 22 of 121 (18.2%) bovine and 31 of 86 (36.0%) porcine samples. These results indicate that SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR (P<0.05) is a more sensitive assay, which can be reproduced as a reliable, sensitive, and rapid tool for the detection and quantitation of toroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra D T Hosmillo
- Bio-therapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Genetic and antigenic characterization of newly isolated bovine toroviruses from Japanese cattle. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1795-800. [PMID: 20220164 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02339-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Torovirus, a member of the Coronaviridae family, is a gastrointestinal infectious agent that has been identified in humans, cattle, pigs, and equines. Toroviruses, except equine torovirus, are difficult to propagate in cell culture; indeed, to date, only the Aichi/2004 strain of bovine torovirus (BToV) has been isolated among the human, bovine, and porcine toroviruses. In the present study, four cytopathogenic BToVs were isolated from diarrheal feces of the cattle using the HRT-18 cell line, and their genetic and antigenic properties were compared. The cytopathogenic features of BToV isolates in HRT-18 cells were similar to those of the Aichi/2004 strain. However, none of the isolates showed cytopathogenic effects in the HRT-18 cells of different origin, suggesting that one significant factor contributing to the cytopathogenicity of BToV depends on properties of the HRT-18 cells themselves. All BToVs isolated were able to agglutinate mouse, but not chicken, erythrocytes, while they lacked receptor-destroying enzyme activity. Analysis of the N terminus of the spike gene showed that three isolates, but not the Gifu-2007TI/E strain, were phylogenetically located in cluster 1 and its analogs and revealed high cross-reactivity with each other, as demonstrated by neutralization (NT) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. The Gifu-2007TI/E strain was classified close to cluster 2 and exhibited relatively low cross-reactivity with these viruses; however, the difference was not sufficient to classify BToVs into serotypes, suggesting that at least two subtypes distinguishable by the structure of the N terminus of the spike gene and that both NT and HI tests may be exist.
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Abstract
Infectious diarrhea in calves is most commonly associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, or some combination of these pathogens. Each of these agents leads to diarrhea through either secretion or malabsorption/maldigestion, though the specific mechanisms and pathways may differ. Specific pharmacologic control and treatment are dependent on gaining a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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The first detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in cattle in Japan. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:745-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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