1
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A novel mechanistic approach for the anti-fibrotic potential of rupatadine in rat liver via amendment of PAF/NF-ĸB p65/TGF-β1 and hedgehog/HIF-1α/VEGF trajectories. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:845-858. [PMID: 36811777 PMCID: PMC10140091 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is one of the major worldwide health concerns which requires tremendous research due to the limited outcomes of the current therapies. The present study was designed to assess, for the first time, the potential therapeutic effect of rupatadine (RUP) in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver fibrosis and to explore its possible mechanistic actions. For the induction of hepatic fibrosis, rats were treated with DEN (100 mg/kg, i.p.) once weekly for 6 consecutive weeks, and on the 6th week, RUP (4 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered for 4 weeks. Treatment with RUP ameliorated changes in body weights, liver indices, liver function enzymes, and histopathological alterations induced by DEN. Besides, RUP amended oxidative stress, which led to the inhibition of PAF/NF-κB p65-induced inflammation, and, subsequently, prevention of TGF-β1 elevation and HSCs activation as indicated by reduced α-SMA expression and collagen deposition. Moreover, RUP exerted significant anti-fibrotic and anti-angiogenic effects by suppressing Hh and HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathways. Our results highlight, for the first time, a promising anti-fibrotic potential of RUP in rat liver. The molecular mechanisms underlying this effect involve the attenuation of PAF/NF-κB p65/TGF-β1 and Hh pathways and, subsequently, the pathological angiogenesis (HIF-1α/VEGF).
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2
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Cuevas RA, Wong R, Joolharzadeh P, Moorhead WJ, Chu CC, Callahan J, Crane A, Boufford CK, Parise AM, Parwal A, Behzadi P, St Hilaire C. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (Nt5e/CD73)-mediated adenosine signaling attenuates TGFβ-2 induced elastin and cellular contraction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C327-C338. [PMID: 36503240 PMCID: PMC9902218 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00054.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arterial calcification due to deficiency of CD73 (ACDC) is a rare genetic disease caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the NT5E gene encoding the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (cluster of differentiation 73, CD73) enzyme. Patients with ACDC develop vessel arteriomegaly, tortuosity, and vascular calcification in their lower extremity arteries. Histological analysis shows that patients with ACDC vessels exhibit fragmented elastin fibers similar to that seen in aneurysmal-like pathologies. It is known that alterations in transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway signaling contribute to this elastin phenotype in several connective tissue diseases, as TGFβ regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Our study investigates whether CD73-derived adenosine modifies TGFβ signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We show that Nt5e-/- SMCs have elevated contractile markers and elastin gene expression compared with Nt5e+/+ SMCs. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (Nt5e)-deficient SMCs exhibit increased TGFβ-2 and activation of small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) signaling, elevated elastin transcript and protein, and potentiate SMC contraction. These effects were diminished when the A2b adenosine receptor was activated. Our results identify a novel link between adenosine and TGFβ signaling, where adenosine signaling via the A2b adenosine receptor attenuates TGFβ signaling to regulate SMC homeostasis. We discuss how disruption in adenosine signaling is implicated in ACDC vessel tortuosity and could potentially contribute to other aneurysmal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando A Cuevas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan Wong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pouya Joolharzadeh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William J Moorhead
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Claire C Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jack Callahan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex Crane
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Camille K Boufford
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Angelina M Parise
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aneesha Parwal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Parya Behzadi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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3
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Dehydrated Human Amnion-Chorion Membrane Extracts Can Ameliorate Interstitial Cystitis in Rats by Down-Regulating Inflammatory Cytokines and Protein Coding Genes: A Preclinical Study. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111693. [PMID: 36362848 PMCID: PMC9694506 DOI: 10.3390/life12111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic impact of intravesical instillation of dehydrated human amnion-chorion membrane (HACM) extracts based on the primary pathological feature of interstitial cystitis (IC). We divided 15 female Sprague-Dawley rats into three groups: sham control, IC, and treatment group. IC was induced by 400-µL lipopolysaccharide (1 µg/µL), and it was replaced with normal saline in the sham control group. After IC induction, 300 µL dehydrated HACM extracts (3 mg/kg) were instilled into rats’ urinary bladder weekly for 3 weeks. General histology, inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB, oxidative markers, and western blots results were examined. The urothelial denudation, mast-cell infiltration, and tissues fibrosis were all ameliorated. The elevated TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and NF-κB were all down-regulated by dehydrated HACM extracts (p < 0.05). For reactive oxygen species, increased malondialdehyde, decreased superoxide dismutase, and decreased glutathione peroxidase were all reversed (p < 0.05). In apoptosis of IC, elevated Bax and suppressed Bcl-2 were improved (p < 0.05) after instillation. In fibrosis, dysregulated TGFβ/R-Smads/Snail was corrected by the instillation of dehydrated HACM (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dehydrated HACM extracts could be a powerful remedy in treating IC by reconstructing the damaged urothelium, reducing mast-cell infiltration and inflammatory reactions, and ameliorating fibrotic changes.
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Jia C, Xing T, Shang Z, Cui X, Wang Q, Ou T. Botulinum toxin A improves neurogenic bladder fibrosis by suppressing transforming growth factor β1 expression in rats. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:2000-2007. [PMID: 34159080 PMCID: PMC8185670 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intradetrusor botulinum toxin A injection is recommended for the treatment of refractory detrusor overactivity (DO) in patients with neurogenic bladder, however, whether it could inhibit neurogenic bladder fibrosis is uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the effect of botulinum toxin A on neurogenic bladder fibrosis and the underlying mechanism. Methods Forty eight Female Wistar rats were evenly randomized into 4 groups: Sham, T10 transection, Early and Late groups. The last three groups were subjected to T10 spinal cord transection, while the Sham group was treated with sham surgery. 0.9% saline was injected into the detrusor in the Sham and T10 transection groups simultaneously with the surgery, while 2 U/rat botulinum toxin A was injected into the detrusor simultaneously with the surgery in the Early group and 4 weeks following the surgery in the Late group. Body/bladder weight, cystometric parameters, bladder Hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to evaluate the bladder fibrosis. Western blot and quantitative Real-time PCR were used to evaluate the expression of bladder transforming growth factor β1. Results Compared with the T10 transection group, the bladder/body weight was decreased significantly in the Early and Late groups (P<0.05), along with the significant inhibition of non-voiding contraction (NVC) frequency and amplitude (P<0.05), and the significant increase of bladder volume (P<0.05). The detrusor connective tissue percentage (P<0.05) and the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (P<0.05) also decreased significantly in the Early and Late groups. Those changes were more obviously in the Early group than in the Late group. Conclusions Intradetrusor botulinum toxin A injection reduced bladder fibrosis in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI), which was more obviously in the Early group than in the Late group. The mechanisms might be mediated by suppression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsong Jia
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tianying Xing
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Shang
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tongwen Ou
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
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Hall C, Gehmlich K, Denning C, Pavlovic D. Complex Relationship Between Cardiac Fibroblasts and Cardiomyocytes in Health and Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019338. [PMID: 33586463 PMCID: PMC8174279 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the primary cell type responsible for deposition of extracellular matrix in the heart, providing support to the contracting myocardium and contributing to a myriad of physiological signaling processes. Despite the importance of fibrosis in processes of wound healing, excessive fibroblast proliferation and activation can lead to pathological remodeling, driving heart failure and the onset of arrhythmias. Our understanding of the mechanisms driving the cardiac fibroblast activation and proliferation is expanding, and evidence for their direct and indirect effects on cardiac myocyte function is accumulating. In this review, we focus on the importance of the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and the cross talk of cardiac fibroblasts with cardiac myocytes. We also consider the current use of models used to explore these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Hall
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Katja Gehmlich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford University of Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Chris Denning
- Biodiscovery Institute University of Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom
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MiR-200a inversely correlates with Hedgehog and TGF-β canonical/non-canonical trajectories to orchestrate the anti-fibrotic effect of Tadalafil in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:167-182. [PMID: 32914382 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Few reports have documented the ability of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5-Is) to ameliorate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) mainly by their anti-inflammatory/antioxidant capacities, without unveiling the possible molecular mechanisms involved. Because of the recent role of miR-200 family and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) trajectory in IPF, we have studied their impact on the anti-fibrotic potential of tadalafil against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Animals were allocated into normal-control, bleomycin-fibrotic control, and bleomycin post-treated with tadalafil or dexamethasone, as the reference drug. On the molecular level, tadalafil has reverted the bleomycin effect on all the assessed parameters. Tadalafil upregulated the gene expression of miR-200a, but decreased the smoothened (SMO) and the transcription factors glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli-1, Gli-2), members of SHH pathway. Additionally, tadalafil ebbed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, its canonical (SMAD-3/alpha smooth muscle actin [α-SMA] and Snail), and non-canonical (p-Akt/p-Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) a) pathways. Besides, a strong negative correlation between miR-200a and the analyzed pathways was proved. The effect of tadalafil was further confirmed by the improved lung structure and the reduced Ashcroft score/collagen deposition. The results were comparable to that of dexamethasone. In conclusion, our study has highlighted the involvement of miR-200a in the anti-fibrotic effect of tadalafil with the inhibition of SHH hub and the pro-fibrotic pathways (TGF-β/ SMAD-3/α-SMA, Snail and p-AKT/p-FOXO3a). Potential anti-fibrotic effect of tadalafil. Modulation of miR200a/SHH/canonical and non-canonical TGF-β trajectories. → : stimulatory effect; ┴: inhibitory effect.
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7
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El-Hattab MY, Nagumo Y, Gourronc FA, Klingelhutz AJ, Ankrum JA, Sander EA. Human Adipocyte Conditioned Medium Promotes In Vitro Fibroblast Conversion to Myofibroblasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10286. [PMID: 32581231 PMCID: PMC7314785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes and adipose tissue derived cells have been investigated for their potential to contribute to the wound healing process. However, the details of how these cells interact with other essential cell types, such as myofibroblasts/fibroblasts, remain unclear. Using a novel in-vitro 3D human adipocyte/pre-adipocyte spheroid model, we investigated whether adipocytes and their precursors (pre-adipocytes) secrete factors that affect human dermal fibroblast behavior. We found that both adipocyte and pre-adipocyte conditioned medium induced the migration of fibroblasts, but only adipocyte conditioned medium induced fibroblast differentiation into a highly contractile, collagen producing myofibroblast phenotype. Furthermore, adipocyte mediated myofibroblast induction occurred through a TGF-β independent mechanism. Our findings contribute to a better understanding on the involvement of adipose tissue in wound healing, and may help to uncover and develop fat-related wound healing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Y El-Hattab
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Nagumo
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Francoise A Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Edward A Sander
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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8
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Stauffer WT, Blackwood EA, Azizi K, Kaufman RJ, Glembotski CC. The ER Unfolded Protein Response Effector, ATF6, Reduces Cardiac Fibrosis and Decreases Activation of Cardiac Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041373. [PMID: 32085622 PMCID: PMC7073073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor-6 α (ATF6) is one of the three main sensors and effectors of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and, as such, it is critical for protecting the heart and other tissues from a variety of environmental insults and disease states. In the heart, ATF6 has been shown to protect cardiac myocytes. However, its roles in other cell types in the heart are unknown. Here we show that ATF6 decreases the activation of cardiac fibroblasts in response to the cytokine, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which can induce fibroblast trans-differentiation into a myofibroblast phenotype through signaling via the TGFβ–Smad pathway. ATF6 activation suppressed fibroblast contraction and the induction of α smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Conversely, fibroblasts were hyperactivated when ATF6 was silenced or deleted. ATF6 thus represents a novel inhibitor of the TGFβ–Smad axis of cardiac fibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston T. Stauffer
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (W.T.S.); (E.A.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Erik A. Blackwood
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (W.T.S.); (E.A.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Khalid Azizi
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (W.T.S.); (E.A.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Christopher C. Glembotski
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (W.T.S.); (E.A.B.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-594-2958
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9
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Davidson MD, Song KH, Lee MH, Llewellyn J, Du Y, Baker BM, Wells RG, Burdick JA. Engineered Fibrous Networks To Investigate the Influence of Fiber Mechanics on Myofibroblast Differentiation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3899-3908. [PMID: 33438429 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is a leading cause of mortality and is characterized by excessive protein deposition and altered tissue mechanical properties. In pathological fibrosis, as well as cancer related fibrosis, tissue pericytes and fibroblasts transition from a quiescent to a myofibroblastic phenotype. In vitro models are needed to better understand how these cells are influenced by their local microenvironment. Here, we developed a fibrous network platform to mimic the structure of the extracellular matrix, where fibers consist of cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogels with controlled cross-link density and mechanical properties. As a model myofibroblast precursor, primary hepatic stellate cells were seeded onto fibers with either low (soft) or high (stiff) cross-link density, either directly after isolation (quiescent) or following preculture on tissue culture plates (activated). In general, both quiescent and activated cells showed an increase in spreading, alpha smooth muscle actin expression, and the formation of multicellular clusters on soft fibers when compared to stiff fibers. Further, inhibition of alpha smooth muscle actin decreased activation of cells on soft fibers. This is likely due to fiber recruitment in soft fibers that increased local fiber density, whereas stiff fibers resisted recruitment. This work emphasizes the importance of substrate topography on cell-material interactions and shows that tunable fibrous hydrogels are a relevant culture platform for studying fibrosis and mechanotransduction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kwang Hoon Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mu-Huan Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jessica Llewellyn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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10
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Goh KY, He L, Song J, Jinno M, Rogers AJ, Sethu P, Halade GV, Rajasekaran NS, Liu X, Prabhu SD, Darley-Usmar V, Wende AR, Zhou L. Mitoquinone ameliorates pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction in mice. Redox Biol 2019; 21:101100. [PMID: 30641298 PMCID: PMC6330374 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial-associated redox signaling contributes to the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF). The mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, mitoquinone (MitoQ), is capable of modifying mitochondrial signaling and has shown beneficial effects on HF-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the potential therapeutic impact of MitoQ-based mitochondrial therapies for HF in response to pressure overload is reliant upon demonstration of improved cardiac contractile function and suppression of deleterious cardiac remodeling. Using a new (patho)physiologically relevant model of pressure overload-induced HF we tested the hypothesis that MitoQ is capable of ameliorating cardiac contractile dysfunction and suppressing fibrosis. To test this C57BL/6J mice were subjected to left ventricular (LV) pressure overload by ascending aortic constriction (AAC) followed by MitoQ treatment (2 µmol) for 7 consecutive days. Doppler echocardiography showed that AAC caused severe LV dysfunction and hypertrophic remodeling. MitoQ attenuated pressure overload-induced apoptosis, hypertrophic remodeling, fibrosis and LV dysfunction. Profibrogenic transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4, a major modulator of fibrosis related redox signaling) expression increased markedly after AAC. MitoQ blunted TGF-β1 and NOX4 upregulation and the downstream ACC-dependent fibrotic gene expressions. In addition, MitoQ prevented Nrf2 downregulation and activation of TGF-β1-mediated profibrogenic signaling in cardiac fibroblasts (CF). Finally, MitoQ ameliorated the dysregulation of cardiac remodeling-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in AAC myocardium, phenylephrine-treated cardiomyocytes, and TGF-β1-treated CF. The present study demonstrates for the first time that MitoQ improves cardiac hypertrophic remodeling, fibrosis, LV dysfunction and dysregulation of lncRNAs in pressure overload hearts, by inhibiting the interplay between TGF-β1 and mitochondrial associated redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yong Goh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jiajia Song
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Miki Jinno
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aaron J Rogers
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Palaniappan Sethu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sumanth D Prabhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Adam R Wende
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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11
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Song J, Yang R, Yang J, Zhou L. Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Arrhythmogenic Substrates in Diabetes Mellitus. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1670. [PMID: 30574091 PMCID: PMC6291470 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that diabetic cardiomyopathy increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. While the detailed mechanisms remain incompletely understood, the loss of mitochondrial function, which is often observed in the heart of patients with diabetes, has emerged as a key contributor to the arrhythmogenic substrates. In this mini review, the pathophysiology of mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus is explored in detail, followed by descriptions of several mechanisms potentially linking mitochondria to arrhythmogenesis in the context of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Song
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ruilin Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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12
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BET-inhibition by JQ1 alleviates streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 352:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Chen K, Chen W, Liu SL, Wu TS, Yu KF, Qi J, Wang Y, Yao H, Huang XY, Han Y, Hou P. Epigallocatechingallate attenuates myocardial injury in a mouse model of heart failure through TGF‑β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7652-7660. [PMID: 29620209 PMCID: PMC5983962 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the protective effect of epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) against myocardial injury in a mouse model of heart failure and to determine the mechanism underlying regulation of the transforming growth factor-β1/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (TGF-β1/Smad3) signaling pathway. Mouse models of heart failure were established. Alterations in ejection fraction, left ventricular internal diastolic diameter (LVIDd) and left ventricular internal systolic diameter (LVIDs) were measured by echocardiography. Pathological alterations of myocardial tissue were determined by hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson staining. The levels of serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal-proBNP, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were detected with ELISA. Expression of collagen I, collagen III were detected by western blotting and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Smad3, phosphorylated (p)-Smad3, apoptosis regulator BAX (Bax), caspase-3 and apoptosis regulator Bcl2 in mouse cardiac tissue were measured by western blotting. P-smad3 and TGF-β1 were measured by immunofluorescence staining. EGCG reversed the alterations in LVIDd and LVIDs induced by establishment of the model of heart failure, increased ejection fraction, inhibited myocardial fibrosis, attenuated the oxidative stress, inflammatory and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and lowered the expression levels of collagen I and collagen III. Following treatment with TGF-β1 inhibitor, the protective effect of EGCG against heart failure was attenuated. The results of the present study demonstrated that EGCG can inhibit the progression and development of heart failure in mice through inhibition of myocardial fibrosis and reduction of ventricular collagen remodeling. This protective effect of EGCG is likely mediated through inhibition of TGF-β1/smad3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Shi Li Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Tian Shi Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Kai Feng Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Cardiology, Jinqiu Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Ping Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
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14
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Cho N, Razipour SE, McCain ML. Featured Article: TGF-β1 dominates extracellular matrix rigidity for inducing differentiation of human cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:601-612. [PMID: 29504479 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218761628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts and their activated derivatives, myofibroblasts, play a critical role in wound healing after myocardial injury and often contribute to long-term pathological outcomes, such as excessive fibrosis. Thus, defining the microenvironmental factors that regulate the phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts could lead to new therapeutic strategies. Both chemical and biomechanical cues have previously been shown to induce myofibroblast differentiation in many organs and species. For example, transforming growth factor beta 1, a cytokine secreted by neutrophils, and rigid extracellular matrix environments have both been shown to promote differentiation. However, the relative contributions of transforming growth factor beta 1 and extracellular matrix rigidity, two hallmark cues in many pathological myocardial microenvironments, to the phenotype of human cardiac fibroblasts are unclear. We hypothesized that transforming growth factor beta 1 and rigid extracellular matrix environments would potentially have a synergistic effect on the differentiation of human cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. To test this, we seeded primary human adult cardiac fibroblasts onto coverslips coated with polydimethylsiloxane of various elastic moduli, introduced transforming growth factor beta 1, and longitudinally quantified cell phenotype by measuring expression of α-smooth muscle actin, the most robust indicator of myofibroblasts. Our data indicate that, although extracellular matrix rigidity influenced differentiation after one day of transforming growth factor beta 1 treatment, ultimately transforming growth factor beta 1 superseded extracellular matrix rigidity as the primary regulator of myofibroblast differentiation. We also measured expression of POSTN, FAP, and FSP1, proposed secondary indicators of fibroblast/myofibroblast phenotypes. Although these genes partially trended with α-smooth muscle actin expression, they were relatively inconsistent. Finally, we demonstrated that activated myofibroblasts incompletely revert to a fibroblast phenotype after they are re-plated onto new surfaces without transforming growth factor beta 1, suggesting differentiation is partially reversible. Our results provide new insights into how microenvironmental cues affect human cardiac fibroblast differentiation in the context of myocardial pathology, which is important for identifying effective therapeutic targets and dictating supporting cell phenotypes for engineered human cardiac disease models. Impact statement Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Many forms of heart disease are associated with fibrosis, which increases extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity and compromises cardiac output. Fibrotic tissue is synthesized primarily by myofibroblasts differentiated from fibroblasts. Thus, defining the cues that regulate myofibroblast differentiation is important for understanding the mechanisms of fibrosis. However, previous studies have focused on non-human cardiac fibroblasts and have not tested combinations of chemical and mechanical cues. We tested the effects of TGF-β1, a cytokine secreted by immune cells after injury, and ECM rigidity on the differentiation of human cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Our results indicate that differentiation is initially influenced by ECM rigidity, but is ultimately superseded by TGF-β1. This suggests that targeting TGF-β signaling pathways in cardiac fibroblasts may have therapeutic potential for attenuating fibrosis, even in rigid microenvironments. Additionally, our approach can be leveraged to engineer more precise multi-cellular human cardiac tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Cho
- 1 Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shadi E Razipour
- 1 Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Megan L McCain
- 1 Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,2 Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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15
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Salvarani N, Maguy A, De Simone SA, Miragoli M, Jousset F, Rohr S. TGF-β 1 (Transforming Growth Factor-β 1) Plays a Pivotal Role in Cardiac Myofibroblast Arrhythmogenicity. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017; 10:e004567. [PMID: 28500173 DOI: 10.1161/circep.116.004567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) importantly contributes to cardiac fibrosis by controlling differentiation, migration, and collagen secretion of cardiac myofibroblasts. It is still elusive, however, to which extent TGF-β1 alters the electrophysiological phenotype of myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes and whether it affects proarrhythmic myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte crosstalk observed in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Patch-clamp recordings of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myofibroblasts revealed that TGF-β1, applied for 24 to 48 hours at clinically relevant concentrations (≤2.5 ng/mL), causes substantial membrane depolarization concomitant with a several-fold increase of transmembrane currents. Transcriptome analysis revealed TGF-β1-dependent changes in 29 of 63 ion channel/pump/connexin transcripts, indicating a pleiotropic effect on the electrical phenotype of myofibroblasts. Whereas not affecting cardiomyocyte membrane potentials and cardiomyocyte-cardiomyocyte gap junctional coupling, TGF-β1 depolarized cardiomyocytes coupled to myofibroblasts by ≈20 mV and increased gap junctional coupling between myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes >5-fold as reflected by elevated connexin 43 and consortin transcripts. TGF-β1-dependent cardiomyocyte depolarization resulted from electrotonic crosstalk with myofibroblasts as demonstrated by immediate normalization of cardiomyocyte electrophysiology after targeted disruption of coupled myofibroblasts and by cessation of ectopic activity of cardiomyocytes coupled to myofibroblasts during pharmacological gap junctional uncoupling. In cardiac fibrosis models exhibiting slow conduction and ectopic activity, block of TGF-β1 signaling completely abolished both arrhythmogenic conditions. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 profoundly alters the electrophysiological phenotype of cardiac myofibroblasts. Apart from possibly contributing to the control of cell function in general, the changes proved to be pivotal for proarrhythmic myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte crosstalk in vitro, which suggests that TGF-β1 may play a potentially important role in arrhythmogenesis of the fibrotic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Salvarani
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ange Maguy
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Michele Miragoli
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Jousset
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Rohr
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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16
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Walton KL, Johnson KE, Harrison CA. Targeting TGF-β Mediated SMAD Signaling for the Prevention of Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:461. [PMID: 28769795 PMCID: PMC5509761 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs when there is an imbalance in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and degradation. Excessive ECM deposition results in scarring and thickening of the affected tissue, and interferes with tissue and organ homeostasis – mimicking an exaggerated “wound healing” response. Many transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands are potent drivers of ECM deposition, and additionally, have a natural affinity for the ECM, creating a concentrated pool of pro-fibrotic factors at the site of injury. Consequently, TGF-β ligands are upregulated in many human fibrotic conditions and, as such, are attractive targets for fibrosis therapy. Here, we will discuss the contribution of TGF-β proteins in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, and promising anti-fibrotic approaches that target TGF-β ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Walton
- Growth Factor Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Katharine E Johnson
- Growth Factor Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Growth Factor Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
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17
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Guo Q, Minnier J, Burchard J, Chiotti K, Spellman P, Schedin P. Physiologically activated mammary fibroblasts promote postpartum mammary cancer. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89206. [PMID: 28352652 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Women diagnosed with breast cancer within 5 years of childbirth have poorer prognosis than nulliparous or pregnant women. Weaning-induced breast involution is implicated, as the collagen-rich, immunosuppressive microenvironment of the involuting mammary gland is tumor promotional in mice. To investigate the role of mammary fibroblasts, isolated mammary PDGFRα+ cells from nulliparous and postweaning mice were assessed for activation phenotype and protumorigenic function. Fibroblast activation during involution was evident by increased expression of fibrillar collagens, lysyl oxidase, Tgfb1, and Cxcl12 genes. The ability of mammary tumors to grow in an isogenic, orthotopic transplant model was increased when tumor cells were coinjected with involution-derived compared with nulliparous-derived mammary fibroblasts. Mammary tumors in the involution-fibroblast group had increased Ly6C+ monocytes at the tumor border, and decreased CD8+ T cell infiltration and tumor cell death. Ibuprofen treatment suppressed involution-fibroblast activation and tumor promotional capacity, concurrent with decreases in tumor Ly6C+ monocytes, and increases in intratumoral CD8+ T cell infiltration, granzyme levels, and tumor cell death. In total, our data identify a COX/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-dependent activated mammary fibroblast within the involuting mammary gland that displays protumorigenic, immunosuppressive activity, identifying fibroblasts as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of postpartum breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Guo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology
| | | | | | - Kami Chiotti
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Paul Spellman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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18
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Liang Y, Gao H, Wang J, Wang Q, Zhao S, Zhang J, Qiu J. Alleviative effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on small artery vascular remodeling in spontaneous hypertensive rats via inhibition of collagen hyperplasia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2643-2652. [PMID: 28447711 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is a primary contributor to the initiation and development of hypertension, which has a pathological association with subsequent multi-organ damage. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPE) exhibit protective cardiovascular effects, resulting from their anti‑oxidant and anti‑inflammatory properties. However, the function and mechanism underlying the effect of GSPE on small artery remodeling remain to be elucidated. The present study investigated the effect of GSPE on vascular remodeling in the mesenteric small arteries of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). Parameters associated with hypertension, including systolic blood pressure, oxidative stress, morphological and ultrastructural alteration of vessels, deposition of collagen and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, were analyzed. The results revealed that GSPE alleviated hypertension-induced hypertrophic vascular remodeling in the small arteries of SHR, which was independent of blood pressure. GSPE decreased oxidative stress associated with hypertension in SHR and suppressed the increased expression of TGF‑β1, which blocked the translocation and differentiation of adventitia fibroblasts and eventually inhibited collagen hyperplasia in the blood vessel. The inhibitory effect of GSPE on small artery remodeling was achieved via its suppressive effect on oxidant production and the subsequent intercellular and intracellular cascades. The findings of the present study supported the potential therapeutic value of GSPE for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Haiqing Gao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Quanzhen Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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19
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Yeung KK, Bogunovic N, Keekstra N, Beunders AA, Pals J, van der Kuij K, Overwater E, Wisselink W, Blankensteijn JD, van Hinsbergh VW, Musters RJ, Pals G, Micha D, Zandieh-Doulabi B. Transdifferentiation of Human Dermal Fibroblasts to Smooth Muscle-Like Cells to Study the Effect ofMYH11andACTA2Mutations in Aortic Aneurysms. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:439-450. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kak K. Yeung
- Department of Surgery; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalija Bogunovic
- Department of Surgery; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Keekstra
- Department of Surgery; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A.M. Beunders
- Department of Surgery; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorrit Pals
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim van der Kuij
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Overwater
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Wisselink
- Department of Surgery; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan D. Blankensteijn
- Department of Surgery; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor W.M. van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene J.P. Musters
- Department of Physiology; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pals
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Behrouz Zandieh-Doulabi
- Department of Oral Cell Biology; ACTA University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; MOVE Research Institute; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Yang L, Carrington LJ, Erdogan B, Ao M, Brewer BM, Webb DJ, Li D. Biomechanics of cell reorientation in a three-dimensional matrix under compression. Exp Cell Res 2016; 350:253-266. [PMID: 27919745 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have reported that cells cultured on a stretchable substrate align away from or perpendicular to the stretch direction, how cells sense and respond to compression in a three-dimensional (3D) matrix remains an open question. We analyzed the reorientation of human prostatic normal tissue fibroblasts (NAFs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in response to 3D compression using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. Results show that NAFs align to specific angles upon compression while CAFs exhibit a random distribution. In addition, NAFs with enhanced contractile force induced by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) behave in a similar way as CAFs. Furthermore, a theoretical model based on the minimum energy principle has been developed to provide insights into these observations. The model prediction is in agreement with the observed cell orientation patterns in several different experimental conditions, disclosing the important role of stress fibers and inherent cell contractility in cell reorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Léolène Jean Carrington
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Begum Erdogan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Mingfang Ao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Bryson M Brewer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Donna J Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA.
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA.
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21
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Mewhort HEM, Lipon BD, Svystonyuk DA, Teng G, Guzzardi DG, Silva C, Yong VW, Fedak PWM. Monocytes increase human cardiac myofibroblast-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling through TGF-β1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H716-24. [PMID: 26801303 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00309.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac myofibroblasts remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM), preventing mechanical complications. However, prolonged myofibroblast activity leads to dysregulation of the ECM, maladaptive remodeling, fibrosis, and heart failure (HF). Chronic inflammation is believed to drive persistent myofibroblast activity; however, the mechanisms are unclear. We assessed the influence of peripheral blood monocytes on human cardiac myofibroblast activity in a three-dimensional (3D) ECM microenvironment. Human cardiac myofibroblasts isolated from surgical biopsies of the right atrium and left ventricle were seeded into 3D collagen matrices. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from healthy human donors and cocultured with myofibroblasts. Monocytes increased myofibroblast activity measured by collagen gel contraction (baseline: 57.6 ± 5.9% vs. coculture: 65.2 ± 7.1% contraction; P < 0.01) and increased local ECM remodeling quantified by confocal microscopy. Under coculture conditions that allow indirect cellular interaction via paracrine factors but prevent direct cell-cell contact, monocytes had minimal effects on myofibroblast activity (17.9 ± 11.1% vs. 6.4 ± 7.0% increase, respectively; P < 0.01). When cells were cultured under direct contact conditions, multiplex analysis of the coculture media revealed an increase in the paracrine factors TGF-β1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 compared with baseline (122.9 ± 10.1 pg/ml and 3,496.0 ± 190.4 pg/ml, respectively, vs. 21.5 ± 16.3 pg/ml and 183.3 ± 43.9 pg/ml; P < 0.001). TGF-β blockade abolished the monocyte-induced increase in cardiac myofibroblast activity. These data suggest that direct cell-cell interaction between monocytes and cardiac myofibroblasts stimulates TGF-β-mediated myofibroblast activity and increases remodeling of local matrix. Peripheral blood monocyte interaction with human cardiac myofibroblasts stimulates myofibroblast activity through release of TGF-β1. These data implicate inflammation as a potential driver of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E M Mewhort
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
| | - Brodie D Lipon
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
| | - Daniyil A Svystonyuk
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
| | - Guoqi Teng
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
| | - David G Guzzardi
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
| | - Claudia Silva
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Paul W M Fedak
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
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22
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Manipulating Cx43 expression triggers gene reprogramming events in dermal fibroblasts from oculodentodigital dysplasia patients. Biochem J 2015; 472:55-69. [PMID: 26349540 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is primarily an autosomal dominant disorder linked to over 70 GJA1 gene [connexin43 (Cx43)] mutations. For nearly a decade, our laboratory has been investigating the relationship between Cx43 and ODDD by expressing disease-linked mutants in reference cells, tissue-relevant cell lines, 3D organ cultures and by using genetically modified mouse models of human disease. Although salient features of Cx43 mutants have been revealed, these models do not necessarily reflect the complexity of the human context. To further overcome these limitations, we have acquired dermal fibroblasts from two ODDD-affected individuals harbouring D3N and V216L mutations in Cx43, along with familial controls. Using these ODDD patient dermal fibroblasts, which naturally produce less GJA1 gene product, along with RNAi and RNA activation (RNAa) approaches, we show that manipulating Cx43 expression triggers cellular gene reprogramming. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescent analysis of ODDD patient fibroblasts show unusually high levels of extracellular matrix (ECM)-interacting proteins, including integrin α5β1, matrix metalloproteinases as well as secreted ECM proteins collagen-I and laminin. Cx43 knockdown in familial control cells produces similar effects on ECM expression, whereas Cx43 transcriptional up-regulation using RNAa decreases production of collagen-I. Interestingly, the enhanced levels of ECM-associated proteins in ODDD V216L fibroblasts is not only a consequence of increased ECM gene expression, but also due to an apparent deficit in collagen-I secretion which may further contribute to impaired collagen gel contraction in ODDD fibroblasts. These findings further illuminate the altered function of Cx43 in ODDD-affected individuals and highlight the impact of manipulating Cx43 expression in human cells.
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23
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Svystonyuk DA, Ngu JMC, Mewhort HEM, Lipon BD, Teng G, Guzzardi DG, Malik G, Belke DD, Fedak PWM. Fibroblast growth factor-2 regulates human cardiac myofibroblast-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling. J Transl Med 2015; 13:147. [PMID: 25948488 PMCID: PMC4438633 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue fibrosis and chamber remodeling is a hallmark of the failing heart and the final common pathway for heart failure of diverse etiologies. Sustained elevation of pro-fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFβ1) induces cardiac myofibroblast-mediated fibrosis and progressive structural tissue remodeling. OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of low molecular weight fibroblast growth factor (LMW-FGF-2) on human cardiac myofibroblast-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) dysregulation and remodeling. METHODS Human cardiac biopsies were obtained during open-heart surgery and myofibroblasts were isolated, passaged, and seeded within type I collagen matrices. To induce myofibroblast activation and ECM remodeling, myofibroblast-seeded collagen gels were exposed to TGFβ1. The extent of ECM contraction, myofibroblast activation, ECM dysregulation, and cell apoptosis was determined in the presence of LMW-FGF-2 and compared to its absence. Using a novel floating nylon-grid supported thin collagen gel culture platform system, myofibroblast activation and local ECM remodeling around isolated single cells was imaged using confocal microscopy and quantified by image analysis. RESULTS TGFβ1 induced significant myofibroblast activation and ECM dysregulation as evidenced by collagen gel contraction, structural ECM remodeling, collagen synthesis, ECM degradation, and altered TIMP expression. LMW-FGF-2 significantly attenuated TGFβ1 induced myofibroblast-mediated ECM remodeling. These observations were similar using either ventricular or atrial-derived cardiac myofibroblasts. In addition, for the first time using individual cells, LMW-FGF-2 was observed to attenuate cardiac myofibroblast activation and prevent local cell-mediated ECM perturbations. CONCLUSIONS LMW-FGF-2 attenuates human cardiac myofibroblast-mediated ECM remodeling and may prevent progressive maladaptive chamber remodeling and tissue fibrosis for patients with diverse structural heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyil A Svystonyuk
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, C880, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Janet M C Ngu
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, C880, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Holly E M Mewhort
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, C880, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Brodie D Lipon
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, C880, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Guoqi Teng
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, C880, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - David G Guzzardi
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, C880, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Getanshu Malik
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, C880, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Darrell D Belke
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, C880, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Paul W M Fedak
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, C880, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
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Teng G, Svystonyuk D, Mewhort HEM, Turnbull JD, Belke DD, Duff HJ, Fedak PWM. Tetrandrine reverses human cardiac myofibroblast activation and myocardial fibrosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1564-74. [PMID: 25862829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00126.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tetrandrine (TTD) is a calcium channel blocker with documented antifibrotic actions. In this study, for the first time, we identified that TTD can directly prevent in vitro human cardiac myofibroblast activation and limit in vivo myocardial fibrosis. In vitro, cardiac myofibroblasts from human atrial biopsies (N = 10) were seeded in three-dimensional collagen matrices. Cell-collagen constructs were exposed to transforming growth factor-β1 (10 ng/ml), with or without TTD (1 and 5 μM) for 48 h. Collagen gel contraction, myofibroblast activation (α-smooth muscle actin expression), expression of profibrotic mRNAs, and rate of collagen protein synthesis were compared. TTD decreased collagen gel contraction (79.7 ± 1.3 vs 60.1 ± 8.9%, P < 0.01), α-smooth muscle actin expression (flow cytometry), collagen synthesis ([(3)H]proline incorporation), and collagen mRNA expression. Cell viability was similar between groups (annexin positive cells: 1.7 vs. 1.4%). TTD inhibited collagen gel contraction in the presence of T-type and L-type calcium channel blockers, and the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM (15 μM), suggesting that the observed effects are not mediated by calcium homeostasis. In vivo, Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats were treated with variable doses of TTD (by intraperitoneal injection over 4 wk) and compared with untreated controls (N = 12). Systemic blood pressure was monitored by tail cuff. Myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular compliance were assessed by histology and passive pressure-volume analysis. Myocardial fibrosis was attenuated compared with untreated controls (%collagen area: 9.4 ± 7.3 vs 2.1 ± 1.0%, P < 0.01). Left ventricular compliance was preserved. In conclusion, TTD reverses human cardiac myofibroblast activation and myocardial fibrosis, independent of calcium channel blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Teng
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniyil Svystonyuk
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holly E M Mewhort
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeannine D Turnbull
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darrell D Belke
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henry J Duff
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul W M Fedak
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Behzad H, Sharma A, Mousavizadeh R, Lu A, Scott A. Mast cells exert pro-inflammatory effects of relevance to the pathophyisology of tendinopathy. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R184. [PMID: 24517261 PMCID: PMC3978883 DOI: 10.1186/ar4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have previously found an increased mast cell density in tendon biopsies from patients with patellar tendinopathy compared to controls. This study examined the influence of mast cells on basic tenocyte functions, including production of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), extracellular matrix remodeling and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene transcription, and collagen synthesis. Methods Primary human tenocytes were stimulated with an established human mast cell line (HMC-1). Extracellular matrix remodeling was studied by culturing tenocytes in a three-dimensional collagen lattice. Survival/proliferation was assessed with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt (MTS) assay. Levels of mRNA for COX-2, COL1A1, MMP1, and MMP7 were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Cox-2 protein level was assessed by Western blot analysis and type I procollagen was detected by immunofluorescent staining. PGE2 levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Mast cells stimulated tenocytes to produce increased levels of COX-2 and the pro-inflammatory mediator PGE2, which in turn decreased COL1A1 mRNA expression. Additionally, mast cells reduced the type I procollagen protein levels produced by tenocytes. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) was responsible for the induction of Cox-2 and PGE2 by tenocytes. Mast cells increased MMP1 and MMP7 transcription and increased the contraction of a three-dimensional collagen lattice by tenocytes, a phenomenon which was blocked by a pan-MMP inhibitor (Batimastat). Conclusion Our data demonstrate that mast cell-derived PGE2 reduces collagen synthesis and enhances expression and activities of MMPs in human tenocytes.
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Hildebrand KA, Zhang M, Befus AD, Salo PT, Hart DA. A myofibroblast-mast cell-neuropeptide axis of fibrosis in post-traumatic joint contractures: an in vitro analysis of mechanistic components. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1290-6. [PMID: 24985721 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated a myofibroblast-mast cell-neuropeptide axis of fibrosis in pathologic joint capsules from post-traumatic contractures. The hypothesis to be tested is that joint capsule cells (JC) from human elbows with post-traumatic contractures and their interactions with mast cells (MC) and neuropeptides in the microenvironment underlie the pathogenesis of contractures. The hypothesis was tested using an in vitro collagen gel contraction model. The JC were isolated from human elbow capsules and mixed with neutralized PureCol collagen I. The gels were treated in various ways, including addition of MC (HMC-1), the neuropeptide substance P (SP), an NK1 receptor (SP receptor) antagonist RP67580 and the mast cell stabilizer ketotifen fumarate (KF). The collagen gels were released from the wells and gel size (contraction) was measured optically at multiple time points. The JC contracted collagen gels in a dose-dependent manner. This was enhanced in the presence of MC and increased further with SP. Increasing concentrations of the SP receptor antagonist, RP67580 or the mast cell stabilizer, KF decreased the magnitude of contraction. These observations identify putative mechanistic components of a myofibroblast-mast cell-neuropeptide axis of fibrosis in the joint capsules in post-traumatic contractures and potential prophylactic or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Hildebrand
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4Z6
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San Martin R, Barron DA, Tuxhorn JA, Ressler SJ, Hayward SW, Shen X, Laucirica R, Wheeler TM, Gutierrez C, Ayala GE, Ittmann M, Rowley DR. Recruitment of CD34(+) fibroblasts in tumor-associated reactive stroma: the reactive microvasculature hypothesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1860-70. [PMID: 24713391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Reactive stroma co-evolves with cancer, exhibiting tumor-promoting properties. It is also evident at sites of wound repair and fibrosis, playing a key role in tissue homeostasis. The specific cell types of origin and the spatial/temporal patterns of reactive stroma initiation are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated human tumor tissue arrays by using multiple labeled, quantitative, spectral deconvolution microscopy. We report here a novel CD34/vimentin dual-positive reactive fibroblast that is observed in the cancer microenvironment of human breast, colon, lung, pancreas, thyroid, prostate, and astrocytoma. Recruitment of these cells occurred in xenograft tumors and Matrigel plugs in vivo and was also observed in stromal nodules associated with human benign prostatic hyperplasia. Because spatial and temporal data suggested the microvasculature as a common site of origin for these cells, we analyzed microvasculature fragments in organ culture. Interestingly, fibroblasts with identical phenotypic properties and markers expanded radially from microvasculature explants. We propose the concept of reactive microvasculature for the evolution of reactive stroma at sites of epithelial disruption common in both benign and malignant disorders. Data suggest that the reactive stroma response is conserved among tissues, in normal repair, and in different human cancers. A more clear understanding of the nature and origin of reactive stroma is needed to identify novel therapeutic targets in cancer and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca San Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David A Barron
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer A Tuxhorn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven J Ressler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaoyun Shen
- Department of Pathology and Immunolog, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rodolfo Laucirica
- Department of Pathology and Immunolog, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas M Wheeler
- Department of Pathology and Immunolog, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carolina Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology and Immunolog, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Gustavo E Ayala
- Department of Pathology and Immunolog, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David R Rowley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Wang WK, Wang B, Lu QH, Zhang W, Qin WD, Liu XJ, Liu XQ, An FS, Zhang Y, Zhang MX. Inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 improves myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:202-12. [PMID: 24485636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an important mediator of the inflammatory response. Its expression is increased in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), but its role is unclear. We investigated the potential role and mechanism of HMGB1 in diabetes-induced myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction in mice. METHODS In vivo, type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in mice. HMGB1 expression was knocked down by lentivirus-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA). Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. Total collagen deposition was assessed by Masson's trichrome and Picrosirius red staining. HMGB1, collagen I and III, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) expression was quantified by immunostaining and western bolt analysis. In vitro, isolated neonatal cardiac fibroblasts were treated with high glucose (HG) or recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1). Pharmacologic (neutralizing anti-HMGB1 antibody) or genetic (shRNA-HMGB1) inhibition of HMGB1 was used to investigate the role of HMGB1 in HG-induced functional changes of cardiac fibroblasts. RESULTS In vivo, HMGB1 was diffusely expressed in the myocardium of diabetic mice. HMGB1 silencing ameliorated left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling and decreased collagen deposition in diabetic mice. In vitro, HG induced HMGB1 translocation and secretion in both viable cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. Administration of rHMGB1 dose-dependently increased the expression of collagens I and III and TGF-β1 in cardiac fibroblasts. HMGB1 inhibition reduced HG-induced collagen production, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities, proliferation, and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 inhibition could alleviate cardiac fibrosis and remodeling in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Inhibition of HMGB1 might have therapeutic potential in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Hua Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei-Dong Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang-Juan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Feng-Shuang An
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Brønnum H, Eskildsen T, Andersen DC, Schneider M, Sheikh SP. IL-1β suppresses TGF-β-mediated myofibroblast differentiation in cardiac fibroblasts. Growth Factors 2013; 31:81-9. [PMID: 23734837 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2013.787994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a maladaptive response of the injured myocardium and is mediated through a complex interplay between molecular triggers and cellular responses. Interleukin (IL)-1β is a key inflammatory inducer in cardiac disease and promotes cell invasion and cardiomyocyte injury, but little is known of its impact on fibrosis. A major cornerstone of fibrosis is the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts (myoFbs), which is highly promoted by Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β. Therefore, we asked how IL-1β functionally modulated CF-to-myoFb differentiation. Using a differentiation model of ventricular fibroblasts, we found that IL-1β instigated substantial anti-fibrogenic effects. In specific, IL-1β reduced proliferation, matrix activity, cell motility and α-smooth muscle actin expression, which are all hallmarks of myoFb differentiation. These findings suggest that IL-1β, besides from its acknowledged adverse role in the inflammatory response, can also exert beneficial effects in cardiac fibrosis by actively suppressing differentiation of CFs into fibrogenic myoFbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasse Brønnum
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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Fowlkes V, Clark J, Fix C, Law BA, Morales MO, Qiao X, Ako-Asare K, Goldsmith JG, Carver W, Murray DB, Goldsmith EC. Type II diabetes promotes a myofibroblast phenotype in cardiac fibroblasts. Life Sci 2013; 92:669-76. [PMID: 23333820 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for individuals diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Changes in cardiac function, left ventricular wall thickness and fibrosis have all been described in patients and animal models of diabetes; however, the factors mediating increased matrix deposition remain unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether cardiac fibroblast function is altered in a rat model of type II DM. MAIN METHODS Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from 14 week old Zucker diabetic and lean control (LC) adult male rat hearts. Fibroblasts were examined for their ability to remodel 3-dimensional collagen matrices, their adhesion, migration and proliferation on collagen and changes in gene expression associated with collagen remodeling. KEY FINDINGS Cardiac fibroblasts from diabetic animals demonstrated significantly greater ability to contract 3-dimensional collagen matrices compared to cardiac fibroblasts from LC animals. The enhanced contractile behavior was associated with an increase in diabetic fibroblast proliferation and elevated expression of α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen, suggesting the transformation of diabetic fibroblasts into a myofibroblast phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE Cardiac fibrosis is a common complication in diabetic cardiomyopathy which may contribute to the observed cardiac dysfunction associated with this disease. Identifying and understanding the changes in fibroblast behavior which contribute to the increased deposition of collagen and other matrix proteins may provide novel therapeutic targets for reducing the devastating effects of diabetes on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vennece Fowlkes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States
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Goldsmith EC, Bradshaw AD, Spinale FG. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 2. Contributory pathways leading to myocardial fibrosis: moving beyond collagen expression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C393-402. [PMID: 23174564 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00347.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
While the term "fibrosis" can be misleading in terms of the complex patterns and processes of myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, fibrillar collagen accumulation is a common consequence of relevant pathophysiological stimuli, such as pressure overload (PO) and myocardial infarction (MI). Fibrillar collagen accumulation in both PO and MI is predicated on a number of diverse cellular and extracellular events, which include changes in fibroblast phenotype (transdifferentiation), posttranslational processing and assembly, and finally, degradation. The expansion of a population of transformed fibroblasts/myofibroblasts is a significant cellular event with respect to ECM remodeling in both PO and MI. The concept that this cellular expansion within the myocardial ECM may be due, at least in part, to endothelial-mesenchymal transformation and thereby not dissimilar to events observed in cancer progression holds intriguing future possibilities. Studies regarding determinants of procollagen processing, such as procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer (PCOLCE), and collagen assembly, such as the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), have identified potential new targets for modifying the fibrotic response in both PO and MI. Finally, the transmembrane matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-14, underscore the diversity and complexity of this ECM proteolytic family as this protease can degrade the ECM as well as induce a profibrotic response. The growing recognition that the myocardial ECM is a dynamic entity containing a diversity of matricellular and nonstructural proteins as well as proteases and that the fibrillar collagens can change in structure and content in a rapid temporal fashion has opened up new avenues for modulating what was once considered an irreversible event--myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edie C Goldsmith
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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Fedak PW, Bai L, Turnbull J, Ngu J, Narine K, Duff HJ. Cell Therapy Limits Myofibroblast Differentiation and Structural Cardiac Remodeling. Circ Heart Fail 2012; 5:349-56. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.111.965889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Experimental cell therapy attenuates maladaptive cardiac remodeling and improves heart function. Paracrine mechanisms have been proposed. The effect of cell therapy on post infarction cardiac fibroblast and extracellular matrix (ECM) regulation was examined.
Methods and Results—
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were injected into the border zone of subacute infarcted syngeneic Fischer rat hearts and compared with medium-injected controls. Twelve weeks post injection, cell-treated hearts showed preserved ECM content and attenuated structural chamber remodeling. Myofibroblast activation (α-smooth muscle actin expression) was decreased significantly, while basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression, a known inhibitor of transforming growth factor β-1–induced fibroblast differentiation, was increased. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and activation by gelatin zymography was unchanged between groups, while its endogenous inhibitor, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, showed both increased expression and enhanced inhibitory capacity in cell-treated hearts. To define paracrine mechanisms, in vitro effects of VSMC conditioned media on myofibroblast activation were assessed by 3-D collagen gel contraction assay. VSMC conditioned media significantly inhibited collagen contraction, while a specific bFGF inhibitor abolished this paracrine response. TIMP-2 induced collagen contraction, but the effect was suppressed in the presence of bFGF.
Conclusions—
Extracellular matrix dysregulation post myocardial infarction is improved by cell therapy. These data suggest that cell transplantation attenuates myofibroblast activation and subsequent maladaptive structural chamber remodeling through paracrine mechanisms involving bFGF and TIMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W.M. Fedak
- From the Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta, Canada. Liping Bai was affiliated with Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta at the time that this work was completed
| | - Liping Bai
- From the Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta, Canada. Liping Bai was affiliated with Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta at the time that this work was completed
| | - Jeannine Turnbull
- From the Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta, Canada. Liping Bai was affiliated with Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta at the time that this work was completed
| | - Janet Ngu
- From the Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta, Canada. Liping Bai was affiliated with Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta at the time that this work was completed
| | - Kishan Narine
- From the Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta, Canada. Liping Bai was affiliated with Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta at the time that this work was completed
| | - Henry J. Duff
- From the Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta, Canada. Liping Bai was affiliated with Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta at the time that this work was completed
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 overexpression improves left ventricular remodeling and function in a rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:739-47. [PMID: 22340266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) overexpression may inhibit myocardial collagen accumulation and improve left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function in diabetic cardiomyopathy. BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia activates the renin-Ang system, which promotes the accumulation of extracellular matrix and progression of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. METHODS Ninety male Wistar rats were divided randomly into treatment (n = 80) and control (n = 10) groups. Diabetes was induced in the treatment group by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Twelve weeks after streptozotocin injection, rats in the treatment group were further divided into adenovirus-ACE2, adenovirus-enhanced green fluorescent protein, losartan, and mock groups (n = 20 each). LV volume; LV systolic and diastolic function; extent of myocardial fibrosis; protein expression levels of ACE2, Ang-converting enzyme, and Ang-(1-7); and matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity were evaluated. Cardiac myocyte and fibroblast culture was performed to assess Ang-II and collagen protein expression before and after ACE2 gene transfection. RESULTS Four weeks after ACE2 gene transfer, the adenovirus-ACE2 group showed increased ACE2 expression, matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity, and LV ejection fractions and decreased LV volumes, myocardial fibrosis, and ACE, Ang-II, and collagen expression in comparison with the adenovirus-enhanced green fluorescent protein and control groups. ACE2 was superior to losartan in improving LV remodeling and function and reducing collagen expression. The putative mechanisms may involve a shift in balance toward an inhibited fibroblast-myocyte cross-talk for collagen and transforming growth factor-beta production and enhanced collagen degradation by matrix metalloproteinase-2. CONCLUSIONS ACE2 inhibits myocardial collagen accumulation and improves LV remodeling and function in a rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Thus, ACE2 provides a promising approach to the treatment of patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Platelet TGF-β1 contributions to plasma TGF-β1, cardiac fibrosis, and systolic dysfunction in a mouse model of pressure overload. Blood 2011; 119:1064-74. [PMID: 22134166 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-377648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating platelets contain high concentrations of TGF-β1 in their α-granules and release it on platelet adhesion/activation. We hypothesized that uncontrolled in vitro release of platelet TGF-β1 may confound measurement of plasma TGF-β1 in mice and that in vivo release and activation may contribute to cardiac pathology in response to constriction of the transverse aorta, which produces both high shear and cardiac pressure overload. Plasma TGF-β1 levels in blood collected from C57Bl/6 mice by the standard retro-bulbar technique were much higher than those obtained when prostaglandin E₁ was added to inhibit release or when blood was collected percutaneously from the left ventricle under ultrasound guidance. Even with optimal blood drawing, plasma TGF-β1 was lower in mice rendered profoundly thrombocytopenic or mice with selectively low levels of platelet TGF-β1 because of megakaryocyte-specific disruption of their TGF-β1 gene (Tgfb1(flox)). Tgfb1(flox) mice were also partially protected from developing cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and systolic dysfunction in response to transverse aortic constriction. These studies demonstrate that plasma TGF-β1 levels can be assessed accurately, but it requires special precautions; that platelet TGF-β1 contributes to plasma levels of TGF-β1; and that platelet TGF-β1 contributes to the pathologic cardiac changes that occur in response to aortic constriction.
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Shi Q, Liu X, Bai Y, Cui C, Li J, Li Y, Hu S, Wei Y. In vitro effects of pirfenidone on cardiac fibroblasts: proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, migration and cytokine secretion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28134. [PMID: 22132230 PMCID: PMC3223242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are the primary cell type responsible for cardiac fibrosis during pathological myocardial remodeling. Several studies have illustrated that pirfenidone (5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-[1H]-pyridone) attenuates cardiac fibrosis in different animal models. However, the effects of pirfenidone on cardiac fibroblast behavior have not been examined. In this study, we investigated whether pirfenidone directly modulates cardiac fibroblast behavior that is important in myocardial remodeling such as proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, migration and cytokine secretion. Fibroblasts were isolated from neonatal rat hearts and bioassays were performed to determine the effects of pirfenidone on fibroblast function. We demonstrated that treatment of CFs with pirfenidone resulted in decreased proliferation, and attenuated fibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression and collagen contractility. Boyden chamber assay illustrated that pirfenidone inhibited fibroblast migration ability, probably by decreasing the ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Furthermore, pirfenidone attenuated the synthesis and secretion of transforming growth factor-β1 but elevated that of interleukin-10. These direct and pleiotropic effects of pirfenidone on cardiac fibroblasts point to its potential use in the treatment of adverse myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Chuanjue Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Yishi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Shengshou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
- * E-mail: (YW); (SH)
| | - Yingjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
- * E-mail: (YW); (SH)
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Melchior-Becker A, Dai G, Ding Z, Schäfer L, Schrader J, Young MF, Fischer JW. Deficiency of biglycan causes cardiac fibroblasts to differentiate into a myofibroblast phenotype. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17365-75. [PMID: 21454527 PMCID: PMC3089578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.192682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is followed by extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, which is on the one hand required for the healing response and the formation of stable scar tissue. However, on the other hand, ECM remodeling can lead to fibrosis and decreased ventricular compliance. The small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP), biglycan (bgn), has been shown to be critically involved in these processes. During post-infarct remodeling cardiac fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts which are the main cell type mediating ECM remodeling. The aim of the present study was to characterize the role of bgn in modulating the phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from hearts of wild-type (WT) versus bgn(-/0) mice. Phenotypic characterization of the bgn(-/0) fibroblasts revealed increased proliferation. Importantly, this phenotype of bgn(-/0) fibroblasts was abolished to the WT level by reconstitution of biglycan in the ECM. TGF-β receptor II expression and phosphorylation of SMAD2 were increased. Furthermore, indicative of a myofibroblast phenotype bgn(-/0) fibroblasts were characterized by increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) incorporated into stress fibers, increased formation of focal adhesions, and increased contraction of collagen gels. Administration of neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β reversed the pro-proliferative, myofibroblastic phenotype. In vivo post-MI α-SMA, TGF-β receptor II expression, and SMAD2 phosphorylation were markedly increased in bgn(-/0) mice. Collectively, the data suggest that bgn deficiency promotes myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo likely due to increased responses to TGF-β and SMAD2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Melchior-Becker
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Guang Dai
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Zhaoping Ding
- the Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Liliana Schäfer
- the Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie/ZAFES, Klinikum der JW Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany, and
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- the Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Marian F. Young
- the Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jens W. Fischer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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Galie PA, Westfall MV, Stegemann JP. Reduced serum content and increased matrix stiffness promote the cardiac myofibroblast transition in 3D collagen matrices. Cardiovasc Pathol 2011; 20:325-33. [PMID: 21306921 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fibroblast-myofibroblast transition is an important event in the development of cardiac fibrosis and scar formation initiated after myocardial ischemia. The goals of the present study were to better understand the contribution of environmental factors to this transition and determine whether myofibroblasts provide equally important feedback to the surrounding environment. METHODS The influence of matrix stiffness and serum concentration on the myofibroblast transition was assessed by measuring message levels of a panel of cardiac fibroblast phenotype markers using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Cell-mediated gel compaction measured the influence of environmental factors on cardiac fibroblast contractility. Immunohistochemistry characterized alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and cell morphology, while static and dynamic compression testing evaluated the effect of the cell response on the mechanical properties of the cell-seeded collagen hydrogels. RESULTS Both reduced serum content and increased matrix stiffness contributed to the myofibroblast transition, as indicated by contractile compaction of the gels, increased message levels of col3α1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin, and a less stellate morphology. However, the effects of serum and matrix stiffness were not additive. Mechanical testing indicated that reduced serum content increased the initial elastic modulus of cell-seeded gels and that gels lost their viscous character with time. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that reduced serum and increased matrix stiffness promote the myofibroblast phenotype in the myocardium. This transition both enhances and is promoted by matrix stiffness, indicating the presence of positive feedback that may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Galie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts is a critical event in the initiation of myocardial fibrosis (MF). Previous studies have shown that arginine vasopressin (AVP) facilitates MF. However, the effects of AVP on CFs-myofibroblasts transformation, and its possible mechanisms are still unknown. METHODS CFs obtained from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated with AVP in the absence or presence of AVP V1a receptor specific antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP. CFs-myofibroblast transformation was detected by expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and collagen synthesis. Western bolt and immunofluorescent staining were used to detect expression of alpha-SMA, [H]Proline incorporation was used to detect collagen synthesis. AVP-induced transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) secretion was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CFs was also stimulated with exogenous TGF-beta1 to find out the required dose to induce CFs-myofibroblast transformation. RESULTS 10 mol/L AVP increased alpha-SMA expression and collagen synthesis significantly, and this effect was blocked by [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP at the concentration of 10 mol/L. Meanwhile, AVP significantly increased TGF-beta1 secretion of CFs in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was also blocked by 10 mol/L [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP. However, the maximum production of biologic active TGF-beta1 induced by AVP is far less than the dose of exogenous TGF-beta1 needed to induce CFs-myofibroblast transformation. CONCLUSIONS AVP can induce CFs-myofibroblast transformation via its V1a receptor, AVP-induced increase of TGF-beta1 synthesis, which also is mediated by V1a receptor, may play a minor role in the transformation. Inducing differentiation of CFs into myofibroblasts may be a mechanism of AVP contributing to MF.
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Roy S, Khanna S, Azad A, Schnitt R, He G, Weigert C, Ichijo H, Sen CK. Fra-2 mediates oxygen-sensitive induction of transforming growth factor beta in cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:647-55. [PMID: 20427335 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In the ischaemia-reperfused heart, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) proteins trigger the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) contributing to fibrosis. Reoxygenation of the heart, in addition to being a trigger for reperfusion injury, induces tissue remodelling by hyperoxia-sensitive signalling processes involving TGFbeta. Here, we sought to characterize the molecular mechanisms responsible for the O(2)-sensitive transcriptional induction of TGFbeta in murine CF and to test the significance of such findings in the infarcted myocardium in vivo using laser capture microdissection. METHODS AND RESULTS All three isoforms of TGFbeta were induced in the CF-rich peri-infarct tissue as well as in CF exposed to hyperoxic challenge. Reporter studies demonstrated that TGFbeta transcription is hyperoxia inducible. Deletion of any one or both of the activating protein-1 (AP-1) binding sites in the TGFbeta reporter construct resulted in loss of O(2) sensitivity, demonstrating that AP-1 confers O(2) sensitivity to TGFbeta transcription. Fos-related AP-1 transcription factor (Fra-2) and Ask-1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1) were identified as key mediators of AP-1-dependent O(2)-sensitive TGFbeta transcription. Knockdown of Fra-2 significantly blunted O(2)-induced expression of TGFbeta1 as well as TGFbeta3 in CF. Knockdown of Ask-1 blunted hyperoxia-induced Fra-2 gene expression and nuclear localization in CF. Collectively, these observations point towards a central role of Ask-1 and Fra-2 in O(2)-inducible AP-1 activation and induction of TGFbeta. CONCLUSION Taken together with the observation that Fra-2-regulated genes are implicated in fibrosis, identification of Fra-2 as an O(2)-sensitive transcriptional regulator of inducible TGFbeta expression positions Fra-2 as an important player in reoxygenation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 513 Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Brenmoehl J, Miller SN, Hofmann C, Vogl D, Falk W, Schölmerich J, Rogler G. Transforming growth factor-β1 induces intestinal myofibroblast differentiation and modulates their migration. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1431-42. [PMID: 19322915 PMCID: PMC2665137 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) on the differentiation of colonic lamina propria fibroblasts (CLPF) into myofibroblasts in vitro.
METHODS: Primary CLPF cultures were incubated with TGF-β1 and analyzed for production of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN) and FN isoforms. Migration assays were performed in a modified 48-well Boyden chamber. Levels of total and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in CLPF were analyzed after induction of migration.
RESULTS: Incubation of CLPF with TGF-β1 for 2 d did not change α-SMA levels, while TGF-β1 treatment for 6 d significantly increased α-SMA production. Short term incubation (6 h) with TGF-β1 enhanced CLPF migration, while long term treatment (6 d) of CLPF with TGF-β1 reduced migration to 15%-37% compared to untreated cells. FN and FN isoform mRNA expression were increased after short term incubation with TGF-β1 (2 d) in contrast to long term incubation with TGF-β1 for 6 d. After induction of migration, TGF-β1-preincubated CLPF showed higher amounts of FN and its isoforms and lower levels of total and phosphorylated FAK than untreated cells.
CONCLUSION: Long term incubation of CLPF with TGF-β1 induced differentiation into myofibroblasts with enhanced α-SMA, reduced migratory potential and FAK phosphorylation, and increased FN production. In contrast, short term contact (6 h) of fibroblasts with TGF-β1 induced a dose-dependent increase of cell migration and FAK phosphorylation without induction of α-SMA production.
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Jones ES, Vinh A, McCarthy CA, Gaspari TA, Widdop RE. AT2 receptors: functional relevance in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:292-316. [PMID: 18804122 PMCID: PMC7112668 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is intricately involved in normal cardiovascular homeostasis. Excessive stimulation by the octapeptide angiotensin II contributes to a range of cardiovascular pathologies and diseases via angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) activation. On the other hand, tElsevier Inc.he angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) is thought to counter-regulate AT1R function. In this review, we describe the enhanced expression and function of AT2R in various cardiovascular disease settings. In addition, we illustrate that the RAS consists of a family of angiotensin peptides that exert cardiovascular effects that are often distinct from those of Ang II. During cardiovascular disease, there is likely to be an increased functional importance of AT2R, stimulated by Ang II, or even shorter angiotensin peptide fragments, to limit AT1R-mediated overactivity and cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Osteoblastic MG-63 cell differentiation, contraction, and mRNA expression in stress-relaxed 3D collagen I gels. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 317:21-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lygoe KA, Wall I, Stephens P, Lewis MP. Role of vitronectin and fibronectin receptors in oral mucosal and dermal myofibroblast differentiation. Biol Cell 2008; 99:601-14. [PMID: 17516912 DOI: 10.1042/bc20070008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The activation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts is a crucial event in healing that is linked to remodelling and scar formation, therefore we determined whether regulation of myofibroblast differentiation via integrins might affect wound healing responses in populations of patient-matched HOFs (human oral fibroblasts) compared with HDFs (human dermal fibroblasts). RESULTS Both the HOF and HDF cell types underwent TGF-beta1 (transforming growth factor-beta1)-induced myofibroblastic differentiation [upregulation of the expression of alpha-sma (alpha-smooth muscle actin)], although analysis of unstimulated cells indicated that HOFs contained higher basal levels of alpha-sma than HDFs (P<0.05). Functional blocking antibodies against the integrin subunits alpha 5 (fibronectin) or alpha v (vitronectin) were used to determine whether the effects of TGF-beta1 were regulated via integrin signalling pathways. alpha-sma expression in both HOFs and HDFs was down-regulated by antibodies against both alpha 5 and alpha v. Functionally, TGF-beta1 inhibited cell migration in an in vitro wound model and increased the contraction of collagen gels. Greater contraction was evident for HOFs compared with HDFs, both with and without stimulation by TGF-beta1 (P<0.05). When TGF-beta1-stimulated cells were incubated with blocking antibodies against alpha 5 and alpha v, gel contraction was decreased to that of non-stimulated cells; however, blocking alpha v or alpha 5 could not restore cellular migration in both HOFs and HDFs. CONCLUSIONS Despite intrinsic differences in their basal state, the cellular events associated with TGF-beta1-induced myofibroblastic differentiation are common to both HOFs and HDFs, and appear to require differential integrin usage; up-regulation of alpha-sma expression and increases in collagen gel contraction are vitronectin- and fibronectin-receptor-dependent processes, whereas wound re-population is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Lygoe
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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Raizman JE, Komljenovic J, Chang R, Deng C, Bedosky KM, Rattan SG, Cunnington RH, Freed DH, Dixon IMC. The participation of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger in primary cardiac myofibroblast migration, contraction, and proliferation. J Cell Physiol 2008; 213:540-51. [PMID: 17541957 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac ventricular myofibroblast motility, proliferation, and contraction contribute to post-myocardial infarct wound healing, infarct scar formation, and remodeling of the ventricle remote to the site of infarction. The Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) is involved in altered calcium handling in cardiac myocytes during cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure, however, its role in cardiac myofibroblast cell function is unexplored. In this study we investigated the involvement of NCX1 as well as the role of non-selective-cation channels (NSCC) in cardiac myofibroblast cell function in vitro. Immunofluorescence and Western blots revealed that P1 cells upregulate alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and embryonic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMemb) expression. NCX1 mRNA and proteins as well as Ca(v)1.2a protein are also expressed in P1 myofibroblasts. Myofibroblast motility in the presence of 50 ng/ml PDGF-BB was blocked with AG1296. Myofibroblast motility, contraction, and proliferation were sensitive to KB-R7943, a specific NCX1 reverse-mode inhibitor. In contrast, only proliferation and contraction, but not motility were sensitive to nifedipine, while gadolinium (NSCC blocker) was only associated with decreased motility. ML-7 treatment was associated with inhibition of the chemotactic response and contraction. Thus cardiac myofibroblast chemotaxis, contraction, and proliferation were sensitive to different pharmacologic treatments suggesting that regulation of transplasmalemmal calcium movements may be important in growth factor receptor-mediated processes. NCX1 may represent an important moiety in suppression of myofibroblast functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Raizman
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre and Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Landeen LK, Aroonsakool N, Haga JH, Hu BS, Giles WR. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor expression in cardiac fibroblasts is modulated by in vitro culture conditions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2698-711. [PMID: 17337593 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01065.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binds with high affinity to five recognized receptors (S1P(1-5)) to affect various tissues, including cellular responses of cardiac fibroblasts (CFbs) and myocytes. CFbs are essential components of myocardium, and detailed study of their cell signaling and physiology is required for a number of emerging disciplines. Meaningful studies on CFbs, however, necessitate methods for selective, reproducible cell isolations. Macrophages reside within normal cardiac tissues and often are isolated with CFbs. A protocol was therefore developed that significantly reduces macrophage levels and utilizes more CFb-specific markers (discoidin domain receptor-2) instead of, or in addition to, more commonly used cytoskeletal markers. Our results demonstrate that primary isolated, purified CFbs express predominantly S1P(1-3); however, the relative levels of these receptor subtypes are modulated with time and by culture conditions. In coculture experiments, macrophages altered CFb S1P receptor levels relative to controls. Further investigations using known macrophage-secreted factors showed that S1P and H(2)O(2) had minimal effects on CFb S1P(1-3) expression, whereas transforming growth factor-beta1, TNF-alpha, and PDGF-BB significantly altered all S1P receptor subtypes. Lowering FBS concentrations from 10% to 0.1% increased S1P(2), whereas supplementation with either PDGF-BB or Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor Y-27632 significantly elevated S1P(3) levels. S1P(2) and S1P(3) receptor levels are known to regulate cell migration. Using cells isolated from either normal or S1P(3)-null mice, we demonstrate that S1P(3) is important and necessary for CFb migration. These results highlight the importance of demonstrating CFb culture purity in functional studies of S1P and also identify conditions that modulate S1P receptor expression in CFbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee K Landeen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Narine KK, Kramm K, Dumont K, Jalali H, Sparks L, Segers P, Verdonck P, Van Nooten GJ. Hydrodynamic evaluation of kangaroo aortic valve matrices for tissue valve engineering. Artif Organs 2006; 30:432-9. [PMID: 16734594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the hydrodynamic performance of kangaroo aortic valve matrices (KMs) (19, 21, and 23 mm), as potential scaffolds in tissue valve engineering using a pulsatile left heart model at low and high cardiac outputs (COs) and heart rates (HRs) of 60 and 90 beats/min. Data were measured in two samples of each type, pooled in two CO levels (2.1 +/- 0.7 and 4.2 +/- 0.6 L/min; mean +/- standard errors on the mean), and analyzed using analysis of variance with CO level, HR, and valve type as fixed factors and compared to similar porcine matrices (PMs). Transvalvular pressure gradient (DeltaP) was a function of HR (P < 0.001) and CO (P < 0.001) but not of valve type (P = 0.39). DeltaP was consistently lower in KMs but not significantly different from PMs. The effective orifice area and performance index of kangaroo matrices was statistically larger for all sizes at both COs and HRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan K Narine
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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Cat B, Stuhlmann D, Steinbrenner H, Alili L, Holtkötter O, Sies H, Brenneisen P. Enhancement of tumor invasion depends on transdifferentiation of skin fibroblasts mediated by reactive oxygen species. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:2727-38. [PMID: 16757516 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts, pivotal for tumor progression, populate the microecosystem of reactive stroma. Using an in vitro tumor-stroma model of skin carcinogenesis, we report here that tumor-cell-derived transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) initiates reactive oxygen species-dependent expression of α-smooth muscle actin, a biomarker for myofibroblastic cells belonging to a group of late-responsive genes. Moreover, protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in lipid hydroperoxide-triggered molecular events underlying transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts (mesenchymal-mesenchymal transition, MMT). In contrast to fibroblasts, myofibroblasts secrete large amounts of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), resulting in a significant increase in the invasive capacity of tumor cells. The thiol N-acetyl-L-cysteine, the micronutrient selenite as well as selenoprotein P and the lipid peroxidation inhibitors α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene significantly lower both the number of TGFβ1-initiated myofibroblasts and the secretion of HGF, VEGF and IL-6, correlating with a diminished invasive capacity of tumor cells. This novel concept of stromal therapy, namely the protection of stromal cells against the dominating influence of tumor cells in tumor-stroma interaction by antioxidants and micronutrients, may form the basis for prevention of MMT in strategies for chemoprevention of tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Cat
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Kapoun AM, Gaspar NJ, Wang Y, Damm D, Liu YW, O'young G, Quon D, Lam A, Munson K, Tran TT, Ma JY, Murphy A, Dugar S, Chakravarty S, Protter AA, Wen FQ, Liu X, Rennard SI, Higgins LS. Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Type 1 (TGFβRI) Kinase Activity but Not p38 Activation Is Required for TGFβRI-Induced Myofibroblast Differentiation and Profibrotic Gene Expression. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:518-31. [PMID: 16707625 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.021600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) is a major mediator of normal wound healing and of pathological conditions involving fibrosis, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. TGFbeta also stimulates the differentiation of myofibroblasts, a hallmark of fibrotic diseases. In this study, we examined the underlying processes of TGFbetaRI kinase activity in myofibroblast conversion of human lung fibroblasts using specific inhibitors of TGFbetaRI (SD-208) and p38 mitogen-activated kinase (SD-282). We demonstrated that SD-208, but not SD-282, inhibited TGFbeta-induced SMAD signaling, myofibroblast transformation, and collagen gel contraction. Furthermore, we extended our findings to a rat bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model, demonstrating a significant decrease in the number of myofibroblasts at fibroblastic foci in animals treated with SD-208 but not those treated with SD-282. SD-208 also reduced collagen deposition in this in vivo model. Microarray analysis of human lung fibroblasts identified molecular fingerprints of these processes and showed that SD-208 had global effects on reversing TGFbeta-induced genes involved in fibrosis, inflammation, cell proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, and apoptosis. These studies also revealed that although the p38 pathway may not be needed for appearance or disappearance of the myofibroblast, it can mediate a subset of inflammatory and fibrogenic events of the myofibroblast during the process of tissue repair and fibrosis. Our findings suggest that inhibitors such as SD-208 may be therapeutically useful in human interstitial lung diseases and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Chen K, Mehta JL, Li D, Joseph L, Joseph J. Transforming growth factor beta receptor endoglin is expressed in cardiac fibroblasts and modulates profibrogenic actions of angiotensin II. Circ Res 2004; 95:1167-73. [PMID: 15539634 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000150369.68826.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a powerful mediator of adverse cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. However, the mechanisms of Ang II-induced myocardial fibrosis remain to be clarified. We postulated that Ang II alters transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor expression, specifically that of endoglin, and thereby modulates cardiac fibroblast (CF) collagen metabolism. Experiments were conducted using CF from adult Sprague Dawley rats to determine the expression of TGF-beta1 receptors including endoglin, and the role of Ang II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors, and MAPK p42/44 in this process. The functional role of endoglin in modulating Ang II effects on matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and type I collagen expression was also analyzed. Endoglin gene and protein expression were consistently identified in quiescent CFs. Ang II increased the expression of endoglin mRNA and protein in a concentration and time-dependent manner, with no effect on TGF-beta receptors I and II expression. This effect was AT1 receptor mediated, because AT1 receptor antagonists valsartan, candesartan, and losartan inhibited Ang II-induced endoglin expression, whereas the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 had no effect. MAPKp42/44 inhibition attenuated Ang II-induced endoglin expression. Ang II-induced decrease in MMP-1 protein expression and increase in type I collagen protein expression were both blocked by a specific endoglin antibody. Hence, our results indicate that endoglin is upregulated in CFs by Ang II via the AT1 receptor and modulates profibrotic effects of Ang II. These findings provide novel insights into Ang II-induced cardiac remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II/physiology
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Collagen Type I/biosynthesis
- Collagen Type I/genetics
- Endoglin
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Losartan/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- Valine/analogs & derivatives
- Valine/pharmacology
- Valsartan
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, USA
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50
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Olson ER, Naugle JE, Zhang X, Bomser JA, Meszaros JG. Inhibition of cardiac fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation by resveratrol. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 288:H1131-8. [PMID: 15498824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00763.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) regulate myocardial remodeling by proliferating, differentiating, and secreting extracellular matrix proteins. Prolonged activation of CFs leads to cardiac fibrosis and reduced myocardial contractile function. Resveratrol (RES) exhibits a number of cardioprotective properties; however, the possibility that this compound affects CF function has not been considered. The current study tests whether RES directly influences the growth and proliferation of CFs and differentiation to the hypersecretory myofibroblast phenotype. Pretreatment of CFs with RES (5-25 microM) inhibited basal and ANG II-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and ERK kinase activation. This inhibition by RES reduced basal proliferation and blocked ANG II-induced growth and proliferation of CFs in a concentration-dependent manner, as measured by [(3)H]leucine and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, respectively. RES pretreatment attenuated ERK phosphorylation when CFs were stimulated with 0.2 nM epidermal growth factor (EGF), a concentration at which EGF-induced ERK activation over basal was similar to the phosphorylation induced by 100 nM ANG II. Akt phosphorylation in CFs was unaffected by treatment with either 100 nM ANG II or 25 microM RES. Pretreatment of CFs with RES also reduced both ANG II- and transforming growth factor-beta-induced CF differentiation to the myofibroblast phenotype, indicated by a reduction in alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and stress fiber organization in CFs. This study identifies RES as an anti-fibrotic agent in the myocardium by limiting CF proliferation and differentiation, two critical steps in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Olson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown 44272-0095, USA
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