1
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Ivanov I, Skryshevsky V, Belarouci A. Engineering Porous Silicon-Based Microcavity for Chemical Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21265-21276. [PMID: 37332808 PMCID: PMC10268620 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the authors theoretically and experimentally investigated ways to improve the efficiency of porous silicon (PS)-based optical microcavity sensors as a 1D/2D host matrix for electronic tongue/nose systems. The transfer matrix method was used to compute reflectance spectra of structures with different [nLnH] sets of low nL and high nH bilayer refractive indexes, the cavity position λc, and the number of bilayers Nbi. Sensor structures were prepared by electrochemically etching a silicon wafer. The kinetics of adsorption/desorption processes of ethanol-water-based solution was monitored in real time with a reflectivity probe-based setup. It was theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that the sensitivity of the microcavity sensor is higher for structures with refractive indexes in the lower range (and the corresponding porosity values in the upper range). The sensitivity is also improved for structures with the optical cavity mode (λc) adjusted toward longer wavelengths. The sensitivity of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with cavity increases for a structure with cavity position λc in the long wavelength region. The full width at half maximum (fwhmc) of the microcavity is smaller and the quality factor of microcavity (Qc) is higher for the DBR with a larger number of structure layers Nbi. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated data. We believe that our results can help in developing rapid, sensitive, and reversible electronic tongue/nose sensing devices based on a PS host matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ivanov
- Taras
Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Skryshevsky
- Taras
Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
| | - Ali Belarouci
- Univ
Lyon, ECL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, Ecully 69130, France
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2
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Enhanced photoluminescence of active ions in rugate type multilayer structures. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Reshetnyak VY, Pinkevych IP, Bunning TJ, Evans DR. Influence of Rugate Filters on the Spectral Manifestation of Tamm Plasmon Polaritons. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051282. [PMID: 33800265 PMCID: PMC7962660 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study theoretically investigated light reflection and transmission in a system composed of a thin metal layer (Ag) adjacent to a rugate filter (RF) having a harmonic refractive index profile. Narrow dips in reflectance and peaks in transmittance in the RF band gap were obtained due to the excitation of a Tamm plasmon polariton (TPP) at the Ag–RF interface. It is shown that the spectral position and magnitude of the TPP dips/peaks in the RF band gap depend on the harmonic profile parameters of the RF refractive index, the metal layer thickness, and the external medium refractive index. The obtained dependences for reflectance and transmittance allow selecting parameters of the system which can be optimized for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor P. Pinkevych
- Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
- Correspondence:
| | - Timothy J. Bunning
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Dean R. Evans
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
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4
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Kittle JD, Gofus JS, Abel AN, Evans BD. Additive Combination of Spectra Reflected from Porous Silicon and Carbon/Porous Silicon Rugate Filters to Improve Vapor Selectivity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19820-19826. [PMID: 32803077 PMCID: PMC7424702 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Selectivity remains a challenge for rapid optical vapor sensing via light reflected from porous silicon photonic crystals. This work highlights a method to increase optical vapor selectivity of porous silicon rugate filters by analyzing additive spectra from two rugate filter substrates with different functionalities, an oxidized and carbonized surface. Individually, both porous silicon rugate filters demonstrated sensitivity but not selectivity toward the vapor analytes. However, differences in peak shift trends between the two substrates suggested differences in vapor affinities for the surfaces. By adding the two spectra, improvements to selectivity relative to the individual surfaces were observed even at low vapor pressures and for analytes of similar polarity, refractive index, and concentration. These results are expected to contribute toward optical vapor selectivity improvements in one-dimensional porous silicon photonic crystals.
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5
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Law CS, Lim SY, Liu L, Abell AD, Marsal LF, Santos A. Realization of high-quality optical nanoporous gradient-index filters by optimal combination of anodization conditions. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9404-9415. [PMID: 32124886 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10526c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-quality nanoporous anodic alumina gradient-index filters (NAA-GIFs) are realized by sinusoidal pulse anodisation (SPA) of aluminum. A three-level factorial design of experiments is used to determine the effect of three critical anodization parameters -electrolyte temperature, concentration of the electrolyte and anodization time- on the quality of light control in these photonic crystal (PC) structures. Quantitative analysis of the effect of these anodization parameters on the quality of the characteristic photonic stopband (PSB) of NAA-GIFs reveals that all three anodization parameters and their respective combinations have statistically significant effects. However, anodization time is found to have the highest impact on the quality of light control in NAA-GIFs, followed by the electrolyte concentration and its temperature. Our findings demonstrate that NAA-GIFs fabricated under optimal conditions achieve an outstanding quality factor of ∼86 (i.e.∼18% superior to that of other NAA-based PCs reported in the literature). This study provides new insight into optimal anodization conditions to fabricate high-quality NAA-based PC structures, opening new exciting opportunities to integrate these nanoporous PCs as platform materials for light-based technologies requiring a precise control over photons such as ultra-sensitive optical sensors and biosensors, photocatalysts for green energy generation and environmental remediation, optical encoding and lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Suwen Law
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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6
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Mariani S, Paghi A, La Mattina AA, Debrassi A, Dähne L, Barillaro G. Decoration of Porous Silicon with Gold Nanoparticles via Layer-by-Layer Nanoassembly for Interferometric and Hybrid Photonic/Plasmonic (Bio)sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43731-43740. [PMID: 31644268 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle layers (AuNPLs) enable the coupling of morphological, optical, and electrical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with tailored and specific surface topography, making them exploitable in many bioapplications (e.g., biosensing, drug delivery, and photothermal therapy). Herein, we report the formation of AuNPLs on porous silicon (PSi) interferometers and distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) for (bio)sensing applications via layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoassembling of a positively charged polyelectrolyte, namely, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and negatively charged citrate-capped AuNPs. Decoration of PSi interferometers with AuNPLs enhances the Fabry-Pérot fringe contrast due to increased surface reflectivity, resulting in an augmented sensitivity for both bulk and surface refractive index sensing, namely, about 4.5-fold using NaCl aqueous solutions to infiltrate the pores and 2.6-fold for unspecific bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption on the pore surface, respectively. Sensitivity enhancing, about 2.5-fold, is also confirmed for affinity and selective biosensing of streptavidin using a biotinylated polymer, namely, negatively charged poly(methacrylic acid) (b-PMAA). Further, decoration of PSi DBR with AuNPLs envisages building up a hybrid photonic/plasmonic optical sensing platform. Both photonic (DBR stop-band) and plasmonic (localized surface plasmon resonance, LSPR) peaks of the hybrid structure are sensitive to changes of bulk (using glucose aqueous solutions) and surface (due to BSA unspecific adsorption) refractive index. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the formation of AuNPLs via LbL nanoassembly on PSi for (i) the enhancing of the interferometric performance in (bio)sensing applications and (ii) the building up of hybrid photonic/plasmonic platforms for sensing and perspective biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mariani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università di Pisa , Via G. Caruso 16 , 56122 Pisa , Italy
| | - Alessandro Paghi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università di Pisa , Via G. Caruso 16 , 56122 Pisa , Italy
| | - Antonino A La Mattina
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università di Pisa , Via G. Caruso 16 , 56122 Pisa , Italy
| | - Aline Debrassi
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH , Max-Planck-Straße 3 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Lars Dähne
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH , Max-Planck-Straße 3 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università di Pisa , Via G. Caruso 16 , 56122 Pisa , Italy
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7
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Pellacani P, Fornasari L, Rodriguez C, Torres-Costa V, Marabelli F, Manso Silvàn M. Porous Silicon Bragg Reflector and 2D Gold-Polymer Nanograting: A Route Towards a Hybrid Optoplasmonic Platform. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9071017. [PMID: 31315233 PMCID: PMC6669865 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photonic and plasmonic systems have been intensively studied as an effective means to modify and enhance the electromagnetic field. In recent years hybrid plasmonic–photonic systems have been investigated as a promising solution for enhancing light-matter interaction. In the present work we present a hybrid structure obtained by growing a plasmonic 2D nanograting on top of a porous silicon distributed Bragg reflector. Particular attention has been devoted to the morphological characterization of these systems. Electron microscopy images allowed us to determine the geometrical parameters of the structure. The matching of the optical response of both components has been studied. Results indicate an interaction between the plasmonic and the photonic parts of the system, which results in a localization of the electric field profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pellacani
- Plasmore S.r.l., Via Riviera 12b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Applied Physics and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco. C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Chloé Rodriguez
- Department of Applied Physics and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco. C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Torres-Costa
- Department of Applied Physics and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco. C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Micro Analysis of Materials, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Franco Marabelli
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Miguel Manso Silvàn
- Department of Applied Physics and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco. C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Škrabić M, Kosović M, Gotić M, Mikac L, Ivanda M, Gamulin O. Near-Infrared Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on Silver-Coated Porous Silicon Photonic Crystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E421. [PMID: 30871049 PMCID: PMC6473976 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with near-infrared (NIR) excitation offers a safe way for the detection and study of fragile biomolecules. In this work, we present the possibility of using silver-coated porous silicon photonic crystals as SERS substrates for near-infrared (1064 nm) excitation. Due to the deep penetration of NIR light inside silicon, the fabrication of photonic crystals was necessary to quench the band gap photoluminescence of silicon crystal, which acts as mechanical support for the porous layer. Optimal parameters of the immersion plating process that gave maximum enhancement were found and the activity of SERS substrates was tested using rhodamine 6G and crystal violet dye molecules, yielding significant SERS enhancement for off-resonant conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the 1064 nm NIR laser excitation is used for obtaining the SERS effect on porous silicon as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Škrabić
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3b, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marin Kosović
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Marijan Gotić
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Laboratory for Molecular Physics, Division of Materials Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lara Mikac
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Laboratory for Molecular Physics, Division of Materials Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mile Ivanda
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Laboratory for Molecular Physics, Division of Materials Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ozren Gamulin
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3b, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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9
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Acosta LK, Bertó-Roselló F, Xifre-Perez E, Santos A, Ferré-Borrull J, Marsal LF. Stacked Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Gradient-Index Filters with Tunable Multispectral Photonic Stopbands as Sensing Platforms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:3360-3371. [PMID: 30590008 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development and optical engineering of stacked nanoporous anodic alumina gradient-index (NAA-GIFs) filters with tunable multispectral photonic stopbands for sensing applications. The structure of these photonic crystals (PC) is formed by stacked layers of NAA produced with sinusoidally modified effective medium. The progressive modification of the sinusoidal period during the anodization process enables the generation and precise tuning of the characteristic photonic stopbands (PSB) (i.e., one per sinusoidal period in the anodization profile) of these PC structures. Four types of NAA-GIFs featuring three distinctive PSBs positioned within the visible spectral region are developed. The sensitivity of the effective medium of these NAA-GIFs is systematically assessed by measuring spectral shifts in the characteristic PSBs upon infiltration of their nanoporous structure with analytical solutions of d-glucose with several concentrations (0.025-1 M). This study provides new insights into the intrinsic relationship between the nanoporous architecture of these PCs and their optical properties, generating opportunities to fabricate advanced optical sensing systems for high-throughput and multiplexed detection of analytes in a single sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Acosta
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Francesc Bertó-Roselló
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Elisabet Xifre-Perez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Abel Santos
- School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Josep Ferré-Borrull
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Lluis F Marsal
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
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10
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Massad-Ivanir N, Segal E, Weiss S. Porous Silicon-Based Photonic Biosensors: Current Status and Emerging Applications. Anal Chem 2018; 91:441-467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Naama Massad-Ivanir
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Sharon Weiss
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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11
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Law CS, Lim SY, Abell AD, Voelcker NH, Santos A. Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Photonic Crystals for Optical Chemo- and Biosensing: Fundamentals, Advances, and Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E788. [PMID: 30287772 PMCID: PMC6215225 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical sensors are a class of devices that enable the identification and/or quantification of analyte molecules across multiple fields and disciplines such as environmental protection, medical diagnosis, security, food technology, biotechnology, and animal welfare. Nanoporous photonic crystal (PC) structures provide excellent platforms to develop such systems for a plethora of applications since these engineered materials enable precise and versatile control of light⁻matter interactions at the nanoscale. Nanoporous PCs provide both high sensitivity to monitor in real-time molecular binding events and a nanoporous matrix for selective immobilization of molecules of interest over increased surface areas. Nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA), a nanomaterial long envisaged as a PC, is an outstanding platform material to develop optical sensing systems in combination with multiple photonic technologies. Nanoporous anodic alumina photonic crystals (NAA-PCs) provide a versatile nanoporous structure that can be engineered in a multidimensional fashion to create unique PC sensing platforms such as Fabry⁻Pérot interferometers, distributed Bragg reflectors, gradient-index filters, optical microcavities, and others. The effective medium of NAA-PCs undergoes changes upon interactions with analyte molecules. These changes modify the NAA-PCs' spectral fingerprints, which can be readily quantified to develop different sensing systems. This review introduces the fundamental development of NAA-PCs, compiling the most significant advances in the use of these optical materials for chemo- and biosensing applications, with a final prospective outlook about this exciting and dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Suwen Law
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Siew Yee Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Andrew D Abell
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Melbourne 3168, Australia.
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia.
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Melbourne 3168, Australia.
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Abel Santos
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
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12
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Alagappan G, Png CE. Flat bands of optical dielectric beats. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:794-797. [PMID: 29726485 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When we combine two periodic dielectric functions of slightly different spatial frequencies, we have spatial dielectric beats, which are periodic supercells in the longer spatial scale. This paper investigates these dielectric beats by solving the one-dimensional Maxwell's equation using a slowly varying envelope approximation. We show that the Maxwell's equation reduces to a three-term recurrence relation, leading to a tridiagonal eigenvalue problem with a dense number of eigenmodes with ultrasmall dispersions. These eigenmodes have vanishing group velocities and exist despite an optical structure with a low refractive index contrast. Optical dielectric beats have enormous potential for use in nonlinear optical and slow light applications.
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13
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Kumeria T, Wang J, Chan N, Harris TJ, Sailor MJ. Visual Sensor for Sterilization of Polymer Fixtures Using Embedded Mesoporous Silicon Photonic Crystals. ACS Sens 2018; 3:143-150. [PMID: 29262674 PMCID: PMC5951688 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A porous photonic crystal is integrated with a plastic medical fixture (IV connector hub) to provide a visual colorimetric sensor to indicate the presence or absence of alcohol used to sterilize the fixture. The photonic crystal is prepared in porous silicon (pSi) by electrochemical anodization of single crystal silicon, and the porosity and the stop band of the material is engineered such that the integrated device visibly changes color (green to red or blue to green) when infiltrated with alcohol. Two types of self-reporting devices are prepared and their performance compared: the first type involves heat-assisted fusion of a freestanding pSi photonic crystal to the connector end of a preformed polycarbonate hub, forming a composite where the unfilled portion of the pSi film acts as the sensor; the second involves generation of an all-polymer replica of the pSi photonic crystal by complete thermal infiltration of the pSi film and subsequent chemical dissolution of the pSi portion. Both types of sensors visibly change color when wetted with alcohol, and the color reverts to the original upon evaporation of the liquid. The sensor performance is verified using E. coli-infected samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Kumeria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland-4102, Australia
| | - Joanna Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Todd J. Harris
- Sienna Biopharmaceuticals Inc., 30699 Russell Ranch Road, Suite 140, Westlake Village, California 91362, United States
| | - Michael J Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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14
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Santos A, Law CS, Chin Lei DW, Pereira T, Losic D. Fine tuning of optical signals in nanoporous anodic alumina photonic crystals by apodized sinusoidal pulse anodisation. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18360-18375. [PMID: 27766342 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06796d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present an advanced nanofabrication approach to produce gradient-index photonic crystal structures based on nanoporous anodic alumina. An apodization strategy is for the first time applied to a sinusoidal pulse anodisation process in order to engineer the photonic stop band of nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) in depth. Four apodization functions are explored, including linear positive, linear negative, logarithmic positive and logarithmic negative, with the aim of finely tuning the characteristic photonic stop band of these photonic crystal structures. We systematically analyse the effect of the amplitude difference (from 0.105 to 0.840 mA cm-2), the pore widening time (from 0 to 6 min), the anodisation period (from 650 to 950 s) and the anodisation time (from 15 to 30 h) on the quality and the position of the characteristic photonic stop band and the interferometric colour of these photonic crystal structures using the aforementioned apodization functions. Our results reveal that a logarithmic negative apodisation function is the most optimal approach to obtain unprecedented well-resolved and narrow photonic stop bands across the UV-visible-NIR spectrum of NAA-based gradient-index photonic crystals. Our study establishes a fully comprehensive rationale towards the development of unique NAA-based photonic crystal structures with finely engineered optical properties for advanced photonic devices such as ultra-sensitive optical sensors, selective optical filters and all-optical platforms for quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Santos
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Engineering North Building, 5005 Adelaide, Australia. and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), The University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), The University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cheryl Suwen Law
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Engineering North Building, 5005 Adelaide, Australia. and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), The University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dominique Wong Chin Lei
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Engineering North Building, 5005 Adelaide, Australia. and Temasek Polytechnic, 21 Tampines Avenue 1, 529757 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Taj Pereira
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Engineering North Building, 5005 Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Engineering North Building, 5005 Adelaide, Australia.
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15
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Abstract
Periodic structures are well known in various branches of physics for their ability to provide a stopband. In this article, using optical periodic structures we showed that, when a second periodicity – very closed to the original periodicity is introduced, large number of states appears in the stopband corresponding to the first periodicity. In the limit where the two periods matches, we have a continuum of states, and the original stopband completely disappears. This intriguing phenomena is uncovered by noticing that, regardless of the proximities of the two periodicities, there is an array of spatial points where the dielectric functions corresponding to the two periodicities interfere destructively. These spatial points mimic photonic atoms by satisfying the standards equations of quantum harmonic oscillators, and exhibit lossless, atom-like dispersions.
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16
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Hou H, Nieto A, Belghith A, Nan K, Li Y, Freeman WR, Sailor MJ, Cheng L. A sustained intravitreal drug delivery system with remote real time monitoring capability. Acta Biomater 2015; 24:309-21. [PMID: 26087110 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Many chorioretinal diseases are chronic and need sustained drug delivery systems to keep therapeutic drug level at the disease site. Many intravitreal drug delivery systems under developing do not have mechanism incorporated for a non-invasive monitoring of drug release. The current study prepared rugate porous silicon (pSi) particles by electrochemical etching with the current frequency (K value) of 2.17 and 2.45. Two model drugs (rapamycin and dexamethasone) and two drug-loading strategies were tested for the feasibility to monitor drug release from the pSi particles through a color fundus camera. The pSi particles (k=2.45) with infiltration loading of rapamycin demonstrated progressively more violet color reflection which was negatively associated with the rapamycin released into the vitreous (r=-0.4, p<0.001, pairwise). In contrast, pSi with K value of 2.17 demonstrated progressive color change toward green and a weak association between rapamycin released into vitreous and green color abundance was identified (r=-0.23, p=0.002, pairwise). Dexamethasone was covalently loaded on to the fully oxidized pSi particles that appeared in vitreous as yellow color and fading over time. The yellow color decrease over time was strongly associated with the dexamethasone detected from the vitreous samples (r=0.7, p<0.0001, pairwise). These results suggest that engineered porous silicon particles may be used as a self-reporting drug delivery system for a non-invasive real time remote monitoring. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The current study, for the first time, demonstrated proof of concept that engineered porous silicon photonic crystal may deliver therapeutics in a controlled fashion while at the same time might offer a noninvasive remote monitoring of its payload release in a living eye. Porous silicon photonic crystal changes color which is in association with its payload release into vitreous. With further optimization, the color change may be harnessed to inform eye care professionals of real time drug concentration in the eye and allow them to make informed decision to re-dose the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Hou
- Jacobs Retina Center/Shiley Eye Center at University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Alejandra Nieto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Akram Belghith
- Jacobs Retina Center/Shiley Eye Center at University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Kaihui Nan
- Jacobs Retina Center/Shiley Eye Center at University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - William R Freeman
- Jacobs Retina Center/Shiley Eye Center at University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Michael J Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Jacobs Retina Center/Shiley Eye Center at University of California, San Diego, United States.
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17
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Jalkanen T, Torres-Costa V, Mäkilä E, Kaasalainen M, Koda R, Sakka T, Ogata YH, Salonen J. Selective optical response of hydrolytically stable stratified Si rugate mirrors to liquid infiltration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:2884-92. [PMID: 24450851 DOI: 10.1021/am405436d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stratified optical filters with distinct spectral features and layered surface chemistry were prepared on silicon substrates with stepwise anodic porosification and thermal carbonization. The use of differing parameters for successive carbonization treatments enabled the production of hydrolytically stable porous silicon-based layered optical structures where the adsorption of water to the lower layer is inhibited. This enables selective shifting of reflectance bands by means of liquid infiltration. The merit of using thermal carbonization for creating layered functionality was demonstrated by comparing the hydrolytic stability resulting from this approach to other surface chemistries available for Si. The functionality of the stratified optical structures was demonstrated under water and ethanol infiltration, and changes in the adsorption properties after 9 months of storage were evaluated. The changes observed in the structure were explained using simulations based on the transfer matrix method and the Bruggeman effective medium approximation. Scanning electron microscopy was used for imaging the morphology of the porous structure. Finally, the adaptability of the method for preparing complex structures was demonstrated by stacking superimposed rugate structures with several reflective bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Jalkanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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18
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Macias G, Ferré-Borrull J, Pallarès J, Marsal LF. 1-D nanoporous anodic alumina rugate filters by means of small current variations for real-time sensing applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:315. [PMID: 25024680 PMCID: PMC4082282 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A rugate filter based on nanoporous anodic alumina was fabricated using an innovative sinusoidal current profile with small current variation. The resulting structure consisted of highly parallel pores with modulations of the pore diameter along the pore axis and with no branching. The effect of the period time and the pore widening post-treatment was studied. From reflectance measurements, it was seen that the position of the reflection band can be tuned by adjusting the period time and the width by pore-widening post-treatments. We tested one of the rugate filters by infiltrating the structure with EtOH and water in order to evaluate its sensing capabilities. This method allows the fabrication of complex in-depth modulated nanoporous anodic alumina structures that open up the possibility of new kinds of alumina-based optical sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Macias
- Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda, Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Josep Ferré-Borrull
- Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda, Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Josep Pallarès
- Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda, Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Lluís F Marsal
- Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda, Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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19
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Krismastuti FSH, Brooks WLA, Sweetman MJ, Sumerlin BS, Voelcker NH. A photonic glucose biosensor for chronic wound prognostics. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3972-3983. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00231h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An optical biosensor based on the switching of poly(4-vinylphenylboronic acid) (PVPBA) grafted to the pores of porous silicon (pSi) films in response to pH and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William L. A. Brooks
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | | | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
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20
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Abstract
Porous silicon (pSi) is a nanomaterial with salient properties for optical biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Kuchel
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute
- Gilles Plains, Australia
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21
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Hasar UC, Ozbek IY, Oral EA, Karacali T, Efeoglu H. The effect of silicon loss and fabrication tolerance on spectral properties of porous silicon Fabry-Perot cavities in sensing applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:22208-22223. [PMID: 23037369 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.022208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effect of non-uniformities (enlargement of current passage, non-equal surface current densities, etc.) in axial as well as transverse directions of a porous silicon Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity as well as loss nature of bulk silicon on spectral properties of this cavity, even that cavity is created with an anisotropic etching process. Without correct and comprehensive characterization of such cavities by incorporating these non-uniformities and inherent lossy nature of a cavity, detection and identification of biological and chemical molecules by that cavity may yield unpredictable and misleading results. From our simulations, we note the following two key points. First, effects of the refractive index and the thickness of microcavity region of a lossless or lossy FP cavity on resonance wavelength is more prevailing than those of first and last layers. Second, the effect of some small loss inside the FP cavity is not detectable by the measurement of resonance wavelength whereas the same influence is noticeable by the measurement of reflectivity. We carried out some measurements from two different regions on the fabricated cavities to validate our simulation results. From a practical point of view in correct detection and/or identification of lossy biological or chemical vapor by FP cavities, we conclude that not only the measurement of resonance wavelength as well as its shift but also the reflectivity value at the resonance wavelength or some specific wavelengths should be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C Hasar
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
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22
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Aliev GN, Goller B, Snow PA, Heinrich H, Yuan B, Aigner R. Porous silicon bulk acoustic wave resonator with integrated transducer. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:378. [PMID: 22776697 PMCID: PMC3508590 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
: We report that porous silicon acoustic Bragg reflectors and AlN-based transducers can be successfully combined and processed in a commercial solidly mounted resonator production line. The resulting device takes advantage of the unique acoustic properties of porous silicon in order to form a monolithically integrated bulk acoustic wave resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Goller
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, UK
- Infineon Technologies AG, 9500, Siemensstrasse 2, Austria
| | - Paul A Snow
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, UK
| | - Helge Heinrich
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center (AMPAC), University of Central Florida, 32816-2455, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., FL, USA
| | - Biao Yuan
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center (AMPAC), University of Central Florida, 32816-2455, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., FL, USA
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23
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Kelly TL, Garcia Sega A, Sailor MJ. Identification and quantification of organic vapors by time-resolved diffusion in stacked mesoporous photonic crystals. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:3169-3173. [PMID: 21749119 DOI: 10.1021/nl201385p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microsensors for gas-phase analytes are fundamentally limited by their inability to discriminate between analytes. While cross-reactive arrays consisting of multiple different sensor elements provide one means to identify individual analytes, these "artificial nose" devices rely on complicated data processing algorithms and they generally suffer from significant zero-point drift. Herein, we present a single component optical sensor that is capable of identifying chemical compounds at parts-per-million concentrations. The device consists of a stack of three mesoporous silicon-based photonic crystals; a porous "drift tube" is sandwiched between two optically responsive layers. The drift layer temporally separates the optical responses of the other layers, and this difference is shown to be characteristic of the analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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24
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Thompson CM, Ruminski AM, Sega AG, Sailor MJ, Miskelly GM. Preparation and characterization of pore-wall modification gradients generated on porous silicon photonic crystals using diazonium salts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8967-8973. [PMID: 21699156 DOI: 10.1021/la201272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional photonic crystals (rugate filters) constructed from porous silicon were modified by the chemical hydrosilylation of terminal alkenes (decyl, 10-carboxydecyl, and 10-hydroxydecyl) in the presence of a concentration gradient of diazonium salt initiators. The concentration gradient was generated by vertically orienting the Si wafer containing the porous Si layer in an alkene solution and then introducing the diazonium salt at the bottom edge of the wafer. Slow diffusion of the salt led to a varying density of grafted alkene across the surface of the porous layer. The modified surfaces were end-capped with methyl groups by electrochemical grafting to impart improved stability and greater hydrophobicity. The surface modified with 10-carboxydecyl species was ionized by deprotonation of the carboxy groups to increase the hydrophilicity of this porous silicon surface. The pore-wall modification gradients were characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The more hydrophilic portion of the gradient changes color when water infiltrates the porous nanostructure because of a shift in the stop band of the photonic crystal. The more hydrophobic portion of the gradient excludes water, although mixtures of water and ethanol will infiltrate this region, depending on the concentration of ethanol in the mixture. A simple visual sensor for small quantities of ethanol in water, capable of detecting ethanol concentrations of between 0 and 8% with a resolution of 1% is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrina M Thompson
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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King BH, Wong T, Sailor MJ. Detection of pure chemical vapors in a thermally cycled porous silica photonic crystal. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8576-8585. [PMID: 21634412 DOI: 10.1021/la201095x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The condensation and evaporation of vapors of isopropanol, heptane, and cyclohexane in mesoporous silica photonic crystals are monitored by optical reflection spectroscopy as a function of sensor temperature. The spectral position of the stop band shifts to the red upon analyte adsorption, and it shifts to the blue as the sensor is heated and analyte evaporates from the porous nanostructure. The hysteresis of the optical response as the temperature of the sensor is cycled between 25 and 80 °C is characteristic of each analyte for partial pressures between 0 and 7.5 Torr. These characteristic hysteresis loops allow identification of the three analytes. The temporal response of the sensor is studied as a function of heating rate and analyte concentration in a flowing stream of analyte vapor, and it is compared with the equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the sensor. The ability of the temporal data to identify the analytes is attributed to differences in diffusion and adsorption properties of each analyte within the mesoporous silica sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H King
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
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26
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Jalkanen T, Salonen J, Torres-Costa V, Fukami K, Sakka T, Ogata YH. Structural considerations on multistopband mesoporous silicon rugate filters prepared for gas sensing purposes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:13291-13305. [PMID: 21747484 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.013291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Different designs for producing multiple stopband mesoporous silicon rugate filters via electrochemical anodization are compared. The effects of light absorption and dispersion to visible range filter design are investigated. Thermal oxidation is applied for passivating the chemically reactive porous silicon surface, and the response of the passivated structures to ethanol vapor is examined. Differences in gas sensing properties for the various designs are evaluated and possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed. Methods for sidelobe suppression in multipeak filters are discussed and demonstrated, and their effects in gas sensing applications are estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Jalkanen
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.
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27
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Lahoz F, Oton CJ, Capuj N, Ferrer-González M, Cheylan S, Navarro-Urrios D. Reduction of the amplified spontaneous emission threshold in semiconducting polymer waveguides on porous silica. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:16766-16775. [PMID: 19770893 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.016766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic monomode waveguides of conjugated polymers on porous silicon (PS) substrates have been fabricated. Different low refractive index PS substrates, varying from 1.46 down to 1.18 have been studied. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) has been observed for all the samples and the ASE threshold has been monitored as a function of the PS refractive index. A decrease in the ASE threshold is detected when the PS refractive index decreases. These results have been analysed in the frame of a four level waveguide amplifier model and the theoretical predictions are in agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lahoz
- Departamento Física Fundamental y Experimental, Electrónica y Sistemas-Instituto Universitario de Estudios Avanzados en Física Molecular, Atómica y Fotónica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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28
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Kilian KA, Böcking T, Gooding JJ. The importance of surface chemistry in mesoporous materials: lessons from porous silicon biosensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:630-40. [DOI: 10.1039/b815449j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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30
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Ishikura N, Fujii M, Nishida K, Hayashi S, Diener J. Dichroic rugate filters based on birefringent porous silicon. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:15531-15539. [PMID: 18825191 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.015531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rugate filters made of anisotropically nanostructured birefringent silicon have been fabricated and studied by polarization-resolved transmission measurements. Electrochemical etching of a (110) oriented Si wafer results in porous silicon layers which exhibit a strong in-plane birefringence. We demonstrate that a sinusoidal refractive index variation of birefringent porous silicon combined with index-matching layers and apodization results in a dichroic rugate filter having a stop-band dependent on the polarization direction of the incident light without higher-order harmonics and sidelobes. We also demonstrate that the combination of different dichroic rugate filters allow us to realize filters with more complex properties in a single preparation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ishikura
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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31
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De Stefano L, Rea I, Arcangela Nigro M, Della Corte FG, Rendina I. A parametric study of laser induced ablation-oxidation on porous silicon surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2008; 20:265009. [PMID: 21694358 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/20/26/265009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the laser induced ablation-oxidation process on porous silicon layers having different porosities and thicknesses by non-destructive optical techniques. In particular, the interaction between a low power blue light laser and the porous silicon surfaces has been characterized by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The oxidation profiles etched on the porous samples can be tuned as functions of the layer porosity and laser fluence. Oxide stripes of width less than 2 µm and with thicknesses between 100 nm and 5 µm have been produced, depending on the porosity of the porous silicon, by using a 40 × focusing objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Stefano
- National Council of Research-Institute for Microelectronic and Microsystems-Department of Naples, Via P Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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32
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Fahr S, Ulbrich C, Kirchartz T, Rau U, Rockstuhl C, Lederer F. Rugate filter for light-trapping in solar cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:9332-9343. [PMID: 18575496 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.009332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We suggest a design for a coating that could be applied on top of any solar cell having at least one diffusing surface. This coating acts as an angle and wavelength selective filter, which increases the average path length and absorptance at long wavelengths without altering the solar cell performance at short wavelengths. The filter design is based on a continuous variation of the refractive index in order to minimize undesired reflection losses. Numerical procedures are used to optimize the filter for a 10 microm thick monocrystalline silicon solar cell, which lifts the efficiency above the Auger limit for unconcentrated illumination. The feasibility to fabricate such filters is also discussed, considering a finite available refractive index range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Fahr
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie und -optik, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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33
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Kilian KA, Böcking T, Gaus K, Gal M, Gooding JJ. Peptide-modified optical filters for detecting protease activity. ACS NANO 2007; 1:355-361. [PMID: 19206687 DOI: 10.1021/nn700141n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The organic derivatization of silicon-based nanoporous photonic crystals is presented as a method to immobilize peptides for the detection of protease enzymes in solution. A narrow-line-width rugate filter, a one-dimensional photonic crystal, is fabricated that exhibits a high-reflectivity optical resonance that is sensitive to small changes in the refractive index at the pore walls. To immobilize peptide in the pore of the photonic crystal, the hydrogen-terminated silicon surface was first modified with the alkene 10-succinimidyl undecenoate via hydrosilylation. The monolayer with the succinimide ester moiety at the distal end served the dual function of protecting the underlying silicon from oxidation as well as providing a surface suitable for subsequent derivatization with amines. The surface was further modified with 1-aminohexa(ethylene glycol) (EG(6)) to resist nonspecific adsorption of proteins common in complex biological samples. The distal hydroxyl of the EG(6) is activated using the solid-phase coupling reagent disuccinimidyl carbonate for selective immobilization of peptides as protease recognition elements. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals high activation and coupling efficiency at each stage of the functionalization. Exposure of the peptide-modified crystals to the protease subtilisin in solution causes a change in the refractive index, resulting in a shift of the resonance to shorter wavelengths, indicating cleavage of organic material within the pores. The lowest detected concentration of enzyme was 37 nM (7.4 pmol in 200 microL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher A Kilian
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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34
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Dandin M, Abshire P, Smela E. Optical filtering technologies for integrated fluorescence sensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:955-77. [PMID: 17653336 DOI: 10.1039/b704008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerous approaches have been taken to miniaturizing fluorescence sensing, which is a key capability for micro-total-analysis systems. This critical, comprehensive review focuses on the optical hardware required to attenuate excitation light while transmitting fluorescence. It summarizes, evaluates, and compares the various technologies, including filtering approaches such as interference filters and absorption filters and filterless approaches such as multicolor sensors and light-guiding elements. It presents the physical principles behind the different architectures, the state-of-the-art micro-fluorometers and how they were microfabricated, and their performance metrics. Promising technologies that have not yet been integrated are also described. This information will permit the identification of methods that meet particular design requirements, from both performance and integration perspectives, and the recognition of the remaining technological challenges. Finally, a set of performance metrics are proposed for evaluating and reporting spectral discrimination characteristics of integrated devices in order to promote side-by-side comparisons among diverse technologies and, ultimately, to facilitate optimized designs of micro-fluorometers for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dandin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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DNA Optical Detection Based on Porous Silicon Technology: from Biosensors to Biochips. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lezec HJ, McMahon JJ, Nalamasu O, Ajayan PM. Submicrometer dimple array based interference color field displays and sensors. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:329-33. [PMID: 17297996 DOI: 10.1021/nl062425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a technique for producing bright color fields over extended surfaces, via optical interference, with the capability of producing arbitrary visible colors in areas as small as 100 microm2. Periodic arrays of submicrometer dimples are fabricated on reflective silicon surfaces, and diffraction-induced mutual interference of light reflected from the upper and lower levels of the dimpled surfaces generates color depending on wavelength scaled dimple depth and periodicity. Colors of the entire visible spectrum can be generated by dimple arrays with different dimple depths. The topological permeability of such an open surface readily allows infusion of liquids, with different refractive indices, for color switching and detection. These easy to fabricate, scalable, robust devices, on solid as well as flexible supports, could find a wide range of applications such as cheap high-resolution printable dye/pigment-free displays, reliable index-of-refraction sensors with color readout for liquids, and lab-on-chip liquid flow monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lezec
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Janicki V, Gäbler D, Wilbrandt S, Leitel R, Stenzel O, Kaiser N, Lappschies M, Görtz B, Ristau D, Rickers C, Vergöhl M. Deposition and spectral performance of an inhomogeneous broadband wide-angular antireflective coating. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:7851-7. [PMID: 17068519 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.007851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gradient index coatings and optical filters are a challenge for fabrication. In a round-robin experiment, basically the same hybrid antireflection coating for the visible spectral region, combining homogeneous refractive index layers of pure materials and linear gradient refractive index layers of material mixtures, has been deposited. The experiment involved three different deposition techniques: electron-beam evaporation, ion-beam sputtering, and radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The material combinations used by these techniques were Nb(2)O(5)/SiO(2), TiO(2)/SiO(2), and Ta(2)O(5)/SiO(2), respectively. The spectral performances of samples coated on one side and on both sides have been compared to the corresponding theoretical spectra of the designed profile. Also, the reproducibility of results for each process is verified. Finally, it is shown that ion-beam sputtering gave the best results in terms of deviation from the theoretical performance and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Janicki
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Optik und Feinmechanik, Jena, Germany.
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