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Shepherd-Gorringe MAM, Pettit MW, Hawkes FM. Lethal and sublethal impacts of membrane-fed ivermectin are concentration dependent in Anopheles coluzzii. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:228. [PMID: 38755640 PMCID: PMC11100210 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin is a well-tolerated anthelminthic drug with wide clinical and veterinary applications. It also has lethal and sublethal effects on mosquitoes. Mass drug administration with ivermectin has therefore been suggested as an innovative vector control tool in efforts to curb emerging insecticide resistance and reduce residual malaria transition. To support assessments of the feasibility and efficacy of current and future formulations of ivermectin for vector control, we sought to establish the relationship between ivermectin concentration and its lethal and sublethal impacts in a primary malaria vector. METHODS The in vitro effects of ivermectin on daily mortality and fecundity, measured by egg production, were assessed up to 14 days post-blood feed in a laboratory colony of Anopheles coluzzii. Mosquitoes were fed ivermectin in blood meals delivered by membrane feeding at one of six concentrations: 0 ng/ml (control), 10 ng/ml, 15 ng/ml, 25 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml, 75 ng/ml, and 100 ng/ml. RESULTS Ivermectin had a significant effect on mosquito survival in a concentration-dependent manner. The LC50 at 7 days was 19.7 ng/ml. The time to median mortality at ≥ 50 ng/ml was ≤ 4 days, compared to 9.6 days for control, and 6.3-7.6 days for ivermectin concentrations between 10 and 25 ng/ml. Fecundity was also affected; no oviposition was observed in surviving females from the two highest concentration treatment groups. While females exposed to 10 to 50 ng/ml of ivermectin did oviposit, significantly fewer did so in the 50 ng/ml treatment group compared to the control, and they also produced significantly fewer eggs. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed ivermectin reduced mosquito survival in a concentration-dependent manner and at ≥ 50 ng/ml significantly reduced fecundity in An. coluzzii. Results indicate that levels of ivermectin found in human blood following ingestion of a single 150-200 μg/kg dose would be sufficient to achieve 50% mortality across 7 days; however, fecundity in survivors is unlikely to be affected. At higher doses, a substantial impact on both survival and fecundity is likely. Treating human populations with ivermectin could be used as a supplementary malaria vector control method to kill mosquito populations and supress their reproduction; however strategies to safely maintain mosquitocidal blood levels of ivermectin against all Anopheles species require development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique A M Shepherd-Gorringe
- Medway Centre for Pharmaceutical Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Marie W Pettit
- Medway Centre for Pharmaceutical Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Frances M Hawkes
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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Zeleke G, Duchateau L, Yewhalaw D, Suleman S, Devreese M. In-vitro susceptibility and ex-vivo evaluation of macrocyclic lactone endectocides sub-lethal concentrations against Plasmodium vivax oocyst development in Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J 2024; 23:26. [PMID: 38238768 PMCID: PMC10797976 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic malaria transmission has become a public health concern across malaria-endemic Africa including Ethiopia. Specifically, Plasmodium vivax is more efficient at transmitting earlier in the infection and at lower densities than Plasmodium falciparum. Consequently, a greater proportion of individuals infected with P. vivax can transmit without detectable gametocytaemia. Mass treatment of livestock with macrocyclic lactones (MLs), e.g., ivermectin and doramectin, was suggested as a complementary malaria vector tool because of their insecticidal effects. However, the effects of MLs on P. vivax in Anopheles arabiensis has not yet been fully explored. Hence, comparative in-vitro susceptibility and ex-vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin sub-lethal concentrations on P. vivax oocyst development in An. arabiensis. METHODS The 7-day sub-lethal concentrations of 25% (LC25) and 5% (LC5) were determined from in-vitro susceptibility tests on female An. arabiensis in Hemotek® membrane feeding assay. Next, an ex-vivo study was conducted using P. vivax gametocytes infected patient's blood spiked with the LC25 and LC5 of the MLs. At 7-days post-feeding, each mosquito was dissected under a dissection stereo microscope, stained with 0.5% (w/v) mercurochrome solution, and examined for the presence of P. vivax oocysts. Statistical analysis was based on a generalized mixed model with binomially distributed error terms. RESULTS A 7-day lethal concentration of 25% (LC25, in ng/mL) of 7.1 (95% CI: [6.3;8.0]), 20.0 (95%CI:[17.8;22.5]) and 794.3 (95%CI:[716.4;1516.3]) were obtained for ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin, respectively. Similarly, a lethal concentration of 5% (LC5, in ng/mL) of 0.6 (95% CI: [0.5;0.7]), 1.8 (95% CI:[1.6;2.0]) and 53.7 (95% CI:[ 48.4;102.5]) were obtained respectively for ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin. The oocyst prevalence in treatment and control groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from each other. Therefore, no direct effect of ML endectocides on P. vivax infection in An. arabiensis mosquitoes was observed at the sub-lethal concentration (LC25 and LC5). CONCLUSIONS The effects of ivermectin and doramectin on malaria parasite is more likely via indirect effects, particularly by reducing the vectors lifespan and causing mortality before completing the parasite's sporogony cycle or reducing their vector capacity as it affects the locomotor activity of the mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Zeleke
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Alcântara JA, de Araújo FSA, da Costa Paz A, Alencar RM, de Albuquerque Caldas BY, Godoy RSM, Lacerda MVG, de Melo GC, Monteiro WM, de Souza Sampaio V, Secundino NFC, Duarte APM, Santana RAG, Pimenta PFP. Effect of fluralaner on the biology, survival, and reproductive fitness of the neotropical malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis. Malar J 2023; 22:337. [PMID: 37936198 PMCID: PMC10631211 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing mosquito abundance or interfering with its ability to support the parasite cycle can help to interrupt malaria in areas of significant risk of malaria transmission. Fluralaner is a safe and effective drug for veterinary use indicated for the treatment against fleas and ticks which acts as an antagonist of chloride ion channels mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), preventing the entry of these ions into the postsynaptic neuron, leading to hyperexcitability of the postsynaptic neuron of the central nervous system of arthropods. Fluralaner demonstrated insecticidal activity against different insect species. METHODS The study aimed to evaluate the effects of fluralaner on the biology, survival, and reproductive fitness of Anopheles aquasalis. The following lethal concentrations (LC) were determined for An. aquasalis: LC5 = 0.511 µM; LC25 = 1.625 µM; LC50 = 3.237 µM. RESULTS A significant decrease (P < 0.001) was evident in the number of eggs, larvae, and pupae in the group exposed to a sublethal dose of fluralaner when compared to a control group (without the drug). Using blood from dogs after administration of fluralaner, it was observed that the drug causes 100% mortality in An. aquasalis in less than 24 h after feeding; this effect remains even after 90 days in all samples. DISCUSSION Fluralaner showed the same result for up to 60 days, and after that, there was a slight reduction in its effect, evidenced by a decrease in the percentage of dead females; however, still significant when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Fluralaner affects the biology and reduction of survival in An. aquasalis in a lasting and prolonged period, and its fecundity with lower dosages, is a strong candidate for controlling disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Arthur Alcântara
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Francys Sayara Andrade de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andréia da Costa Paz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Maciel Alencar
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Soares Maia Godoy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-(IRR-Fiocruz Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Guimarães Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - (ILMD - Fiocruz Amazônia), Manaus, Brazil
- University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, USA
| | - Gisely Cardoso de Melo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson de Souza Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nágila Francinete Costa Secundino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-(IRR-Fiocruz Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Marques Duarte
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-(IRR-Fiocruz Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rosa Amélia Gonçalves Santana
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - (ILMD - Fiocruz Amazônia), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Paulo Filemon Paolucci Pimenta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical-Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (PPGM-UEA/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa-Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (DENPE/FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Instituto René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-(IRR-Fiocruz Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Zeleke G, Duchateau L, Yewhalaw D, Suleman S, Devreese M. Pharmacokinetics of macrocyclic lactone endectocides in indigenous Zebu cattle and their insecticidal efficacy on Anopheles arabiensis. Exp Parasitol 2023; 253:108605. [PMID: 37659710 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor biting, outdoor resting, and early evening biting of Anopheles arabiensis is a challenge in current malaria control and elimination efforts in Africa. Zooprophylaxis using livestock treated with macrocyclic lactones is a novel approach to control zoophilic vectors. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and insecticidal efficacy of ivermectin (IVER), doramectin (DORA), and moxidectin (MOXI) subcutaneous (SC) formulations in treated calves. The study was conducted using indigenous (Bos indicus) calves treated with SC formulation at a dosage of 0.5, 0.2 or 0.05 mg/kg body weight (BW) IVER or DORA and 0.2 or 0.05 mg/kg BW MOXI. Direct skin feeding of mosquitoes and animal blood sampling were performed at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h and on days 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 post treatment. The survival of fully fed A. arabiensis mosquitoes was monitored for 10 days. Plasma samples were analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS. A. arabiensis mortality percentages in the 0.5 mg/kg BW DORA and IVER groups were 65.74% (95% CI: [54.98; 76.50]) and 64.53% (95% CI: [53.77; 75.29]), respectively, over 35 days post treatment. At the recommended dose (0.2 mg/kg BW), promising overall A. arabiensis mortality rates of 61.79% (95% CI: [51.55; 72.03]) and 61.78% (95% CI: [51.02; 72.54]) were observed for IVER and DORA, respectively. In contrast, A. arabiensis mortality in the MOXI group was 50.23% (95% CI: [39.87, 60.58]). At 0.2 mg/kg BW dose, area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC0-inf) values for IVER, DORA, and MOXI were 382.53 ± 133.25, 395.41 ± 132.12, and 215.85 ± 63.09 ng day/mL, respectively. An extended elimination half-life (T1/2el) was recorded for DORA (4.28 ± 0.93 d), at 0.2 mg/kg BW dose level, compared to that for IVER (3.16 ± 1.47 d). The T1/2el of MOXI was 2.17 ± 0.44 day. A maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was recorded earlier for MOXI (10 h) than for IVER (1.6 days) and longer for DORA (3.0 days). For DORA and IVER, significant differences were found in T1/2el (P<0.05), Cmax (P<0.01), and AUC0-inf (P<0.01) between the higher 0.5 mg/kg BW and the lower 0.05 mg/kg BW doses. The T1/2el and AUC0-inf of DORA and IVER in the present study were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with the observed insecticidal efficacy against A. arabiensis mosquitoes at 0.2 mg/kg a dose. Therefore, treating cattle with IVER or DORA could complement the malaria vector control interventions, especially in Ethiopia, where the zoophilic malaria vector A. arabiensis majorly contribute for residual malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Zeleke
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sultan Suleman
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Yipsirimetee A, Tipthara P, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Tripura R, Lek D, Kümpornsin K, Lee MCS, Sattabongkot J, Dondorp AM, White NJ, Kobylinski KC, Tarning J, Chotivanich K. Activity of Ivermectin and Its Metabolites against Asexual Blood Stage Plasmodium falciparum and Its Interactions with Antimalarial Drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0173022. [PMID: 37338381 PMCID: PMC10368210 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01730-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is an endectocide used widely to treat a variety of internal and external parasites. Field trials of ivermectin mass drug administration for malaria transmission control have demonstrated a reduction of Anopheles mosquito survival and human malaria incidence. Ivermectin will mostly be deployed together with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT), the first-line treatment of falciparum malaria. It has not been well established if ivermectin has activity against asexual stage Plasmodium falciparum or if it interacts with the parasiticidal activity of other antimalarial drugs. This study evaluated antimalarial activity of ivermectin and its metabolites in artemisinin-sensitive and artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum isolates and assessed in vitro drug-drug interaction with artemisinins and its partner drugs. The concentration of ivermectin causing half of the maximum inhibitory activity (IC50) on parasite survival was 0.81 μM with no significant difference between artemisinin-sensitive and artemisinin-resistant isolates (P = 0.574). The ivermectin metabolites were 2-fold to 4-fold less active than the ivermectin parent compound (P < 0.001). Potential pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of ivermectin with artemisinins, ACT-partner drugs, and atovaquone were studied in vitro using mixture assays providing isobolograms and derived fractional inhibitory concentrations. There were no synergistic or antagonistic pharmacodynamic interactions when combining ivermectin and antimalarial drugs. In conclusion, ivermectin does not have clinically relevant activity against the asexual blood stages of P. falciparum. It also does not affect the in vitro antimalarial activity of artemisinins or ACT-partner drugs against asexual blood stages of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achaporn Yipsirimetee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rupam Tripura
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dysoley Lek
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Krittikorn Kümpornsin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Calibr, Division of the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marcus C. S. Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C. Kobylinski
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kumar G, Pasi S, Yadav CP, Kaur J, Sharma A. Potential of ivermectin as an active ingredient of the attractive toxic sugar baits against the Indian malaria vectors Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:474-480. [PMID: 36176013 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) is a novel vector control tool that exploits the sugar feeding behavior of mosquitoes. The current study aims to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin-based ATSB against insecticide susceptible and resistant strains of major Indian malaria vectors - Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi. ATSB with different concentrations of ivermectin were tested against mosquito vectors under standard laboratory conditions. RESULTS Dose-response analysis of ivermectin-ATSB showed 7.8 and 19.8 ppm as 50% and 90% lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90 ) values for insecticide susceptible An. culicifacies. In the case of insecticide susceptible An. stephensi, the LC90 value was 35 ppm which was significantly higher in comparison to the LC90 for An. culicifacies. The LC50 of insecticide-resistant An. culicifacies and An. stephensi were 10.6 and 15.9 ppm respectively whereas LC90 values were 36.9 and 61.0. Ivermectin-ATSB resulted in 99 ± 0.8% mortality of An. culicifacies and 93 ± 3.8% mortality of An. stephensi at an ivermectin concentration of 25 ppm. In another set of experiments, the ATSB solution containing standardized dose of ivermectin was sprayed on Allysum plant and mortality of both Anopheline vectors was recorded. Here, we observed > 90% mortality in both An. stephensi and An. culicifacies. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the potential of ivermectin-based ATSB in killing Indian malaria vectors irrespective of the method of application. Further field trials with ivermectin containing ATSB may pave the way for its usage in the national vector control program. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Pasi
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jaspreet Kaur
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Saison N, Franetich JF, Pinilla YT, Hoffmann A, Boussougou-Sambe ST, Ngossanga B, Tefit M, Ashraf K, Amanzougaghene N, Tajeri S, Adegnika AA, Mazier D, Borrmann S. Rapid and Specific Action of Methylene Blue against Plasmodium Transmission Stages. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122794. [PMID: 36559287 PMCID: PMC9786052 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is the oldest synthetic anti-infective. Its high potency against asexual and sexual stages of malaria parasites is well documented. This study aimed to investigate possible additional activities of MB in interfering with parasite transmission and determine target stages in Anopheles vectors and humans. MB's transmission-blocking activity was first evaluated by an ex vivo direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA) using Plasmodium falciparum field isolates. To investigate anti-mosquito stage activity, Plasmodium berghei-infected Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were fed a second blood meal on mice that had been treated with methylene blue, 3, 6- and 15-days after the initial infectious blood meal. Anti-sporozoite and liver stage activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo via sporozoite invasion and liver stage development assays, respectively. MB exhibited a robust inhibition of P. falciparum transmission in An. gambiae, even when added shortly before the DMFA but only a moderate effect against P. berghei oocyst development. Exposure of mature P. berghei and P. falciparum sporozoites to MB blocked hepatocyte invasion, yet P. berghei liver stage development was unaffected by MB. Our results indicate previously underappreciated rapid specific activities of methylene blue against Plasmodium transmission stages, preventing the establishment of both mosquito midgut and liver infections as the first essential steps in both hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanaël Saison
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné 1437, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Yudi T. Pinilla
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anton Hoffmann
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné 1437, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stravensky T. Boussougou-Sambe
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné 1437, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Maurel Tefit
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Kutub Ashraf
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ayola A. Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné 1437, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné 1437, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-707129-85428
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8
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Amazonian Anopheles with low numbers of oocysts transmit Plasmodium vivax sporozoites during a blood meal. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19442. [PMID: 36376491 PMCID: PMC9663451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is the main malarial vector in the Brazilian Amazon region. An. nuneztovari s.l., An. triannulatus s.l., An. evansae, and An. benarrochi s.l. do not have a defined role as malarial vectors, although they have been found to be naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax, and some develop oocysts. In this study, we evaluated the importance of low numbers of oocysts in sporozoite salivary gland invasion and transmission. Field-collected mosquitoes were experimentally infected with P. vivax. The infection rates and oocyst and sporozoite infection intensities were evaluated and compared with those of An. aquasalis. We found the highest number of oocysts in An. darlingi (mean = 39.47) and the lowest in An. nuneztovari s.l. (mean = 2). The highest number of sporozoites was observed in An. darlingi (mean = 610) and lowest in An. benarrochi s.l. (mean = 30). Plasmodium vivax DNA was detected in the saliva of all mosquito species after a blood meal. Regardless of the number of oocysts, all species transmitted sporozoites during blood meals. Considering the abundance of these mosquitoes and transmission of sporozoites, it is logical to assume that An. nuneztovari s.l. and An. triannulatus s.l. are involved in the transmission of P. vivax.
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9
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Jiang L, Sun YJ, Song XH, Sun YY, Yang WY, Li J, Wu YJ. Ivermectin inhibits tumor metastasis by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin/integrin β1/FAK signaling pathway. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:4502-4519. [PMID: 36381328 PMCID: PMC9641399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the major cause of cancer mortality; therefore, it is imperative to discover effective therapeutic drugs for anti-metastasis therapy. In the current study, we investigated whether ivermectin (IVM), an FDA-approved antiparasitic drug, could prevent cancer metastasis. Colorectal and breast cancer cell lines and a cancer cell-derived xenograft tumor metastasis model were used to investigate the anti-metastasis effect of IVM. Our results showed that IVM significantly inhibited the motility of cancer cells in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, IVM suppressed the expressions of the migration-related proteins via inhibiting the activation of Wnt/β-catenin/integrin β1/FAK and the downstream signaling cascades. Our findings indicated that IVM was capable of suppressing tumor metastasis, which provided the rationale on exploring the potential clinical application of IVM in the prevention and treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
- Henan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Yan-Yan Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Yao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
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10
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Muema JM, Bargul JL, Obonyo MA, Njeru SN, Matoke-Muhia D, Mutunga JM. Contemporary exploitation of natural products for arthropod-borne pathogen transmission-blocking interventions. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:298. [PMID: 36002857 PMCID: PMC9404607 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated approach to innovatively counter the transmission of various arthropod-borne diseases to humans would benefit from strategies that sustainably limit onward passage of infective life cycle stages of pathogens and parasites to the insect vectors and vice versa. Aiming to accelerate the impetus towards a disease-free world amid the challenges posed by climate change, discovery, mindful exploitation and integration of active natural products in design of pathogen transmission-blocking interventions is of high priority. Herein, we provide a review of natural compounds endowed with blockade potential against transmissible forms of human pathogens reported in the last 2 decades from 2000 to 2021. Finally, we propose various translational strategies that can exploit these pathogen transmission-blocking natural products into design of novel and sustainable disease control interventions. In summary, tapping these compounds will potentially aid in integrated combat mission to reduce disease transmission trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M Muema
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
| | - Joel L Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Meshack A Obonyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Sospeter N Njeru
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research (CTMDR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - James M Mutunga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Kenya University (MKU), P.O. Box 54, Thika, 01000, Kenya.,School of Engineering Design, Technology and Professional Programs, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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11
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Gupta S, Vohra S, Sethi K, Gupta S, Bera BC, Kumar S, Kumar R. In vitro anti-trypanosomal effect of ivermectin on Trypanosoma evansi by targeting multiple metabolic pathways. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:240. [PMID: 35869164 PMCID: PMC9307293 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High cytotoxicity and increasing resistance reports of existing chemotherapeutic agents against T. evansi have raised the demand for novel, potent, and high therapeutic index molecules for the treatment of surra in animals. In this regard, repurposing approach of drug discovery has provided an opportunity to explore the therapeutic potential of existing drugs against new organism. With this objective, the macrocyclic lactone representative, ivermectin, has been investigated for the efficacy against T. evansi in the axenic culture medium. To elucidate the potential target of ivermectin in T. evansi, mRNA expression profile of 13 important drug target genes has been studied at 12, 24, and 48 h interval. In the in vitro growth inhibition assay, ivermectin inhibited T. evansi growth and multiplication significantly (p < 0.001) with IC50 values of 13.82 μM, indicating potent trypanocidal activity. Cytotoxicity assays on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Vero cell line showed that ivermectin affected the viability of cells with a half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) at 17.48 and 22.05 μM, respectively. Data generated showed there was significant down-regulation of hexokinase (p < 0.001), ESAG8 (p < 0.001), aurora kinase (p < 0.001), casein kinase 1 (p < 0.001), topoisomerase II (p < 0.001), calcium ATPase 1 (p < 0.001), ribonucleotide reductase I (p < 0.05), and ornithine decarboxylase (p < 0.01). The mRNA expression of oligopeptidase B remains refractory to the exposure of the ivermectin. The arginine kinase 1 and ribonucleotide reductase II showed up-regulation on treatment with ivermectin. The ivermectin was found to affect glycolytic pathways, ATP-dependent calcium ATPase, cellular kinases, and other pathway involved in proliferation and maintenance of internal homeostasis of T. evansi. These data imply that intervention with alternate strategies like nano-formulation, nano-carriers, and nano-delivery or identification of ivermectin homologs with low cytotoxicity and high bioavailability can be explored in the future as an alternate treatment for surra in animals.
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12
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Dicks LMT, Deane SM, Grobbelaar MJ. Could the COVID-19-Driven Increased Use of Ivermectin Lead to Incidents of Imbalanced Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis? Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:217-223. [PMID: 35218001 PMCID: PMC8881049 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The microfilaricidal anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM) has been used since 1988 for treatment of parasitic infections in animals and humans. The discovery of IVM’s ability to inactivate the eukaryotic importin α/β1 heterodimer (IMPα/β1), used by some viruses to enter the nucleus of susceptible hosts, led to the suggestion of using the drug to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since IVM has antibacterial properties, prolonged use may affect commensal gut microbiota. In this review, we investigate the antimicrobial properties of IVM, possible mode of activity, and the concern that treatment of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 may lead to dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Shelly M Deane
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Matthew J Grobbelaar
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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13
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Phenotypic traits of individuals in a long-term colony of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae) show variable susceptibility to Plasmodium and suggest cryptic speciation. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106129. [PMID: 34509458 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles aquasalis is an important malaria vector in coastal regions of South America and islands of the Caribbean. In its original description, the species was divided into two varieties, based on the scaling patterns of their hind-tarsomere 2. Specimens from our 25-year established colony, used for Plasmodium experimental infections, still exhibit both scaling tarsomere patterns. This study examined the DNA sequence of the nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) and susceptibility to Plasmodium, looking for differences among the phenotypes 30BS and 50BS. One hundred mosquitoes, 25 males and 25 females of each sex, and phenotype were analyzed. Twenty-seven novel haplotypes were identified. Three were found in both phenotypes (30BS and 50BS) regardless of gender. Among the other 27 genotypes, we observed a male-oriented bias in both phenotypic categories. Evaluation of Plasmodium yoelii N67 infections, based on oocyst counts, showed a higher susceptibility of 30BS compared with 50BS. Future studies need to be conducted to evaluate if these genotype assortments among the phenotypic groups reflect differences in fitness, mating, and their susceptibility to infection by Plasmodium parasites.
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14
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Singh L, Singh K. Ivermectin: A Promising Therapeutic for Fighting Malaria. Current Status and Perspective. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9711-9731. [PMID: 34242031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Finding new chemotherapeutic interventions to treat malaria through repurposing of time-tested drugs and rigorous design of new drugs using tools of rational drug design remains one of the most sought strategies at the disposal of medicinal chemists. Ivermectin, a semisynthetic derivative of avermectin B1, is among the efficacious drugs used in mass drug administration drives employed against onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and several other parasitic diseases in humans. In this review, we present the prowess of ivermectin, a potent endectocide, in the control of malaria through vector control to reduce parasite transmission combined with efficacious chemoprevention to reduce malaria-related fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovepreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, India
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, India
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15
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de Souza DK, Thomas R, Bradley J, Leyrat C, Boakye DA, Okebe J. Ivermectin treatment in humans for reducing malaria transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 6:CD013117. [PMID: 34184757 PMCID: PMC8240090 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013117.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is transmitted through the bite of Plasmodium-infected adult female Anopheles mosquitoes. Ivermectin, an anti-parasitic drug, acts by killing mosquitoes that are exposed to the drug while feeding on the blood of people (known as blood feeds) who have ingested the drug. This effect on mosquitoes has been demonstrated by individual randomized trials. This effect has generated interest in using ivermectin as a tool for malaria control. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of community administration of ivermectin on malaria transmission. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group (CIDG) Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, Science Citation index - expanded, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) RePORTER database to 14 January 2021. We checked the reference lists of included studies for other potentially relevant studies, and contacted researchers working in the field for unpublished and ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We included cluster-randomized controlled trials (cRCTs) that compared ivermectin, as single or multiple doses, with a control treatment or placebo given to populations living in malaria-endemic areas, in the context of mass drug administration. Primary outcomes were prevalence of malaria parasite infection and incidence of clinical malaria in the community. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data on the number of events and the number of participants in each trial arm at the time of assessment. For rate data, we noted the total time at risk in each trial arm. To assess risk of bias, we used Cochrane's RoB 2 tool for cRCTs. We documented the method of data analysis, any adjustments for clustering or other covariates, and recorded the estimate of the intra-cluster correlation (ICC) coefficient. We re-analysed the trial data provided by the trial authors to adjust for cluster effects. We used a Poisson mixed-effect model with small sample size correction, and a cluster-level analysis using the linear weighted model to adequately adjust for clustering. MAIN RESULTS: We included one cRCT and identified six ongoing trials. The included cRCT examined the incidence of malaria in eight villages in Burkina Faso, randomized to two arms. Both trial arms received a single dose of ivermectin 150 µg/kg to 200 µg/kg, together with a dose of albendazole. The villages in the intervention arm received an additional five doses of ivermectin, once every three weeks. Children were enrolled into an active cohort, in which they were repeatedly screened for malaria infection. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of uncomplicated malaria in a cohort of children aged five years and younger, over the 18-week study. We judged the study to be at high risk of bias, as the analysis did not account for clustering or correlation between participants in the same village. The study did not demonstrate an effect of Ivermectin on the cumulative incidence of uncomplicated malaria in the cohort of children over the 18-week study (risk ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62 to 1.17; P = 0.2607; very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are uncertain whether community administration of ivermectin has an effect on malaria transmission, based on one trial published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dziedzom K de Souza
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rebecca Thomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Bradley
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Clemence Leyrat
- Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniel A Boakye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Okebe
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Ramos GQ, Baia-da-Silva DC, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Lopes SCP. Viability and Infectivity of Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes in Short-Term Culture. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:676276. [PMID: 34141630 PMCID: PMC8204544 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.676276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The control and elimination of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax both represent a great challenge due to the biological aspects of the species. Gametocytes are the forms responsible for the transmission of the parasite to the vector and the search for new strategies for blocking transmission are essential in a scenario of control and elimination The challenges in this search in regard to P. vivax mainly stem from the lack of a long-term culture and the limitation of studies of gametocytes. This study evaluated the viability and infectivity of P. vivax gametocytes in short-term culture. The samples enriched in gametocytes using Percoll (i), using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS®) (ii), and using non-enriched samples (iii) were evaluated. After the procedures, gametocytes were cultured in IMDM medium for up to 48 h. Cultured P. vivax gametocytes were viable and infectious for up to 48 h, however differences in viability and infectivity were observed in the samples after 12 h of culture in relation to 0 h. Percoll-enriched samples were shown to be viable in culture for longer intervals than those purified using MACS®. Gametocyte viability after enrichment procedures and short-term culture may provide new avenues in the development of methods for evaluating P. vivax TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Quaresma Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Djane Clarys Baia-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
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17
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Ta-Tang TH, Luz SLB, Crainey JL, Rubio JM. An Overview of the Management of Mansonellosis. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:93-105. [PMID: 34079424 PMCID: PMC8163967 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s274684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mansonellosis is caused by three filarial parasite species from the genus Mansonella that commonly produce chronic human microfilaraemias: M. ozzardi, M. perstans and M. streptocerca. The disease is widespread in Africa, the Caribbean and South and Central America, and although it is typically asymptomatic it has been associated with mild pathologies including leg-chills, joint-pains, headaches, fevers, and corneal lesions. No robust mansonellosis disease burden estimates have yet been made and the impact the disease has on blood bank stocks and the monitoring of other filarial diseases is not thought to be of sufficient public health importance to justify dedicated disease management interventions. Mansonellosis´s Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae vectors are not targeted by other control programmes and because of their small size and out-door biting habits are unlikely to be affected by interventions targeting other disease vectors like mosquitoes. The ivermectin and mebendazole-based mass drug administration (iMDA and mMDA) treatment regimens deployed by the WHO´s Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN) programme and its forerunners have, however, likely impacted significantly on the mansonellosis disease burden, principally by reducing the transmission of M. streptocerca in Africa. The increasingly popular plan of using iMDA to control malaria could also affect M. ozzardi parasite prevalence and transmission in Latin America in the future. However, a potentially far greater mansonellosis disease burden impact is likely to come from short-course curative anti-Wolbachia therapeutics, which are presently being developed for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis treatment. Even if the WHO´s ESPEN programme does not choose to deploy these drugs in MDA interventions, they have the potential to dramatically increase the financial and logistical feasibility of effective mansonellosis management. There is, thus, now a fresh and urgent need to better characterise the disease burden and eco-epidemiology of mansonellosis so that effective management programmes can be designed, advocated for and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Huong Ta-Tang
- Malaria and NTDs Laboratory, National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio L B Luz
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil
| | - James L Crainey
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil
| | - José M Rubio
- Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Pessanha de Carvalho L, Kreidenweiss A, Held J. Drug Repurposing: A Review of Old and New Antibiotics for the Treatment of Malaria: Identifying Antibiotics with a Fast Onset of Antiplasmodial Action. Molecules 2021; 26:2304. [PMID: 33921170 PMCID: PMC8071546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most life-threatening infectious diseases and constitutes a major health problem, especially in Africa. Although artemisinin combination therapies remain efficacious to treat malaria, the emergence of resistant parasites emphasizes the urgent need of new alternative chemotherapies. One strategy is the repurposing of existing drugs. Herein, we reviewed the antimalarial effects of marketed antibiotics, and described in detail the fast-acting antibiotics that showed activity in nanomolar concentrations. Antibiotics have been used for prophylaxis and treatment of malaria for many years and are of particular interest because they might exert a different mode of action than current antimalarials, and can be used simultaneously to treat concomitant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Pessanha de Carvalho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (L.P.d.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (L.P.d.C.); (A.K.)
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné BP 242, Gabon
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (L.P.d.C.); (A.K.)
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné BP 242, Gabon
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19
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Metabolism and interactions of Ivermectin with human cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters, possible adverse and toxic effects. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1535-1546. [PMID: 33719007 PMCID: PMC7956433 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The review presents metabolic properties of Ivermectin (IVM) as substrate and inhibitor of human P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes and drug transporters. IVM is metabolized, both in vivo and in vitro, by C-hydroxylation and O-demethylation reactions catalyzed by P450 3A4 as the major enzyme, with a contribution of P450 3A5 and 2C9. In samples from both in vitro and in vivo metabolism, a number of metabolites were detected and as major identified metabolites were 3″-O-demethylated, C4-methyl hydroxylated, C25 isobutyl-/isopropyl-hydroxylated, and products of oxidation reactions. Ivermectin inhibited P450 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and CYP3A4 with IC50 values ranging from 5.3 μM to no inhibition suggesting that it is no or weak inhibitor of the enzymes. It is suggested that P-gp (MDR1) transporter participate in IVM efflux at low drug concentration with a slow transport rate. At the higher, micromolar concentration range, which saturates MDR1 (P-gp), MRP1, and to a lesser extent, MRP2 and MRP3 participate in IVM transport across physiological barriers. IVM exerts a potent inhibition of P-gp (ABCB1), MRP1 (ABCC1), MRP2 (ABCC2), and BCRP1 (ABCG2), and medium to weak inhibition of OATP1B1 (SLC21A6) and OATP1B3 (SLCOB3) transport activity. The metabolic and transport properties of IVM indicate that when IVM is co-administered with other drugs/chemicals that are potent inhibitors/inducers P4503A4 enzyme and of MDR1 (P-gp), BCRP or MRP transporters, or when polymorphisms of the drug transporters and P450 3A4 exist, drug–drug or drug–toxic chemical interactions might result in suboptimal response to the therapy or to toxic effects.
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20
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Fabbri C, Trindade AO, Andrade FS, Souza MFD, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Lacerda MVGD, Monteiro WM, Costa FTM, Amino R, Lopes SCP. Transmission-blocking compound candidates against Plasmodium vivax using P. berghei as an initial screening. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200513. [PMID: 33566952 PMCID: PMC7874845 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different strategies for improvement of malaria control and elimination are based on the blockage of malaria parasite transmission to the mosquito vector. These strategies include the drugs that target the plasmodial sexual stages in humans and the early developmental stages inside mosquitoes. OBJECTIVES Here we tested Malaria Box compounds in order to evaluate their activity against male and female gametocytes in Plasmodium berghei, mosquito infection in P. vivax and ookinete formation in both species. METHODS/FINDINGS The membrane feeding assay and the development of ookinetes by a 24 h ex vivo culture and the ookinete yield per 1000 erythrocytes were used to test transmission-blocking potential of the Malaria Box compounds in P. vivax. For P. berghei we used flow cytometry to evaluate male and female gametocyte time course and fluorescence microscopy to check the ookinete development. The two species used in this study showed similar results concerning the compounds’ activity against gametocytes and ookinetes, which were different from those in P. falciparum. In addition, from the eight Malaria Box compounds tested in both species, compounds MMV665830, MMV665878 and MMV665941 were selected as a hit compounds due the high inhibition observed. CONCLUSION Our results showed that P. berghei is suitable as an initial screening system to test compounds against P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fabbri
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Centro Universitário Fametro, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Oliveira Trindade
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Francy's Sayara Andrade
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Macejane Ferreira de Souza
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Marcus Vinicius Guimarães de Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Malaria Infection and Immunity, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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21
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Tipthara P, Kobylinski KC, Godejohann M, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Roth A, Adams JH, White NJ, Jittamala P, Day NPJ, Tarning J. Identification of the metabolites of ivermectin in humans. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00712. [PMID: 33497030 PMCID: PMC7836931 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass drug administration of ivermectin has been proposed as a possible malaria elimination tool. Ivermectin exhibits a mosquito-lethal effect well beyond its biological half-life, suggesting the presence of active slowly eliminated metabolites. Human liver microsomes, primary human hepatocytes, and whole blood from healthy volunteers given oral ivermectin were used to identify ivermectin metabolites by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of metabolites were determined by mass spectrometry and verified by nuclear magnetic resonance. Pure cytochrome P450 enzyme isoforms were used to elucidate the metabolic pathways. Thirteen different metabolites (M1-M13) were identified after incubation of ivermectin with human liver microsomes. Three (M1, M3, and M6) were the major metabolites found in microsomes, hepatocytes, and blood from volunteers after oral ivermectin administration. The chemical structure, defined by LC-MS/MS and NMR, indicated that M1 is 3″-O-demethyl ivermectin, M3 is 4-hydroxymethyl ivermectin, and M6 is 3″-O-demethyl, 4-hydroxymethyl ivermectin. Metabolic pathway evaluations with characterized cytochrome P450 enzymes showed that M1, M3, and M6 were produced primarily by CYP3A4, and that M1 was also produced to a small extent by CYP3A5. Demethylated (M1) and hydroxylated (M3) ivermectin were the main human in vivo metabolites. Further studies are needed to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties and mosquito-lethal activity of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kevin C. Kobylinski
- Department of EntomologyArmed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesBangkokThailand
| | | | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical MedicineFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Alison Roth
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases ResearchCollege of Public HealthUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- Department of Drug DiscoveryExperimental Therapeutics BranchWalter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMDUSA
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases ResearchCollege of Public HealthUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Podjanee Jittamala
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Tropical HygieneFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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22
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Khaligh FG, Jafari A, Silivanova E, Levchenko M, Rahimi B, Gholizadeh S. Endectocides as a complementary intervention in the malaria control program: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 33455581 PMCID: PMC7812718 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is the most common vector-borne disease transmitted to humans by Anopheles mosquitoes. Endectocides and especially ivermectin will be available as a vector control tool soon. The current review could be valuable for trial design and clinical studies to control malaria transmission. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct were searched for original English published papers on ("Malaria chemical control" OR "Malaria elimination" OR "Anopheles vector control" OR "Malaria zooprophylaxis") AND ("Systemic insecticides" OR "Endectocides" OR "Ivermectin"). The last search was from 19 June 2019 to 31 December 2019. It was updated on 17 November 2020. Two reviewers (SG and FGK) independently reviewed abstracts and full-text articles. Data were extracted by one person and checked by another. As meta-analyses were not possible, a qualitative summary of results was performed. RESULTS Thirty-six published papers have used systemic insecticides/endectocides for mosquito control. Most of the studies (56.75%) were done on Anopheles gambiae complex species on doses from 150 μg/kg to 400 μg/kg in several studies. Target hosts for employing systemic insecticides/drugs were animals (44.2%, including rabbit, cattle, pig, and livestock) and humans (32.35%). CONCLUSIONS Laboratory and field studies have highlighted the potential of endectocides in malaria control. Ivermectin and other endectocides could soon serve as novel malaria transmission control tools by reducing the longevity of Anopheles mosquitoes that feed on treated hosts, potentially decreasing Plasmodium parasite transmission when used as mass drug administration (MDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghahvechi Khaligh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elena Silivanova
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology, Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA - Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS), Institutskaya st. 2, Tyumen, Russian Federation, 625041
| | - Mikhail Levchenko
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology, Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA - Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS), Institutskaya st. 2, Tyumen, Russian Federation, 625041
| | - Bahlol Rahimi
- Department of Health Information Technology, School of Applied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Saber Gholizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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23
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High concentrations of membrane-fed ivermectin are required for substantial lethal and sublethal impacts on Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:9. [PMID: 33407825 PMCID: PMC7789309 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With widespread insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors, there is a pressing need to evaluate alternatives with different modes of action. Blood containing the antihelminthic drug ivermectin has been shown to have lethal and sub-lethal effects on mosquitoes. Almost all work to date has been on Anopheles spp., but impacts on other anthropophagic vectors could provide new options for their control, or additional value to anti-malarial ivermectin programmes. Methods Using dose-response assays, we evaluated the effects of ivermectin delivered by membrane feeding on daily mortality (up to 14 days post-blood feed) and fecundity of an Indian strain of Aedes aegypti. Results The 7-day lethal concentration of ivermectin required to kill 50% of adult mosquitoes was calculated to be 178.6 ng/ml (95% confidence intervals 142.3–218.4) for Ae. aegypti, which is much higher than that recorded for Anopheles spp. in any previous study. In addition, significant effects on fecundity and egg hatch rates were only recorded at high ivermectin concentrations (≥ 250 ng/ul). Conclusion Our results suggest that levels of ivermectin present in human blood at current dosing regimes in mass drug administration campaigns, or even those in a recent higher-dose anti-malaria trial, are unlikely to have a substantial impact on Ae. aegypti. Moreover, owing to the strong anthropophagy of Ae. aegypti, delivery of higher levels of ivermectin in livestock blood is also unlikely to be an effective option for its control. However, other potential toxic impacts of ivermectin metabolites, accumulation in tissues, sublethal effects on behaviour, or antiviral action might increase the efficacy of ivermectin against Ae. aegypti and the arboviral diseases it transmits, and require further investigation.![]()
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Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Activity of High-Dose Ivermectin and Chloroquine against the Liver Stage of Plasmodium cynomolgi Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00741-20. [PMID: 32660993 PMCID: PMC7449176 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00741-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, ivermectin (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) was shown to inhibit the liver-stage development of Plasmodium berghei in orally dosed mice. Here, ivermectin showed inhibition of the in vitro development of Plasmodium cynomolgi schizonts (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 10.42 μM) and hypnozoites (IC50, 29.24 μM) in primary macaque hepatocytes when administered as a high dose prophylactically but not when administered in radical cure mode. Previously, ivermectin (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) was shown to inhibit the liver-stage development of Plasmodium berghei in orally dosed mice. Here, ivermectin showed inhibition of the in vitro development of Plasmodium cynomolgi schizonts (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 10.42 μM) and hypnozoites (IC50, 29.24 μM) in primary macaque hepatocytes when administered as a high dose prophylactically but not when administered in radical cure mode. The safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of oral ivermectin (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg) with and without chloroquine (10 mg/kg) administered for 7 consecutive days were evaluated for prophylaxis or radical cure of P. cynomolgi liver stages in rhesus macaques. No inhibition or delay to blood-stage P. cynomolgi parasitemia was observed at any ivermectin dose (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg). Ivermectin (0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg) and chloroquine (10 mg/kg) in combination were well-tolerated with no adverse events and no significant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions observed. Repeated daily ivermectin administration for 7 days did not inhibit ivermectin bioavailability. It was recently demonstrated that both ivermectin and chloroquine inhibit replication of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro. Further ivermectin and chloroquine trials in humans are warranted to evaluate their role in Plasmodium vivax control and as adjunctive therapies against COVID-19 infections.
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25
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Repurposing Drugs to Fight Hepatic Malaria Parasites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153409. [PMID: 32731386 PMCID: PMC7435416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, primarily affecting some of the most vulnerable populations around the globe. Despite achievements in the treatment of this devastating disease, there is still an urgent need for the discovery of new drugs that tackle infection by Plasmodium parasites. However, de novo drug development is a costly and time-consuming process. An alternative strategy is to evaluate the anti-plasmodial activity of compounds that are already approved for other purposes, an approach known as drug repurposing. Here, we will review efforts to assess the anti-plasmodial activity of existing drugs, with an emphasis on the obligatory and clinically silent liver stage of infection. We will also review the current knowledge on the classes of compounds that might be therapeutically relevant against Plasmodium in the context of other communicable diseases that are prevalent in regions where malaria is endemic. Repositioning existing compounds may constitute a faster solution to the current gap of prophylactic and therapeutic drugs that act on Plasmodium parasites, overall contributing to the global effort of malaria eradication.
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Melo J, Padilha M, Barbosa R, Alonso W, Vittor A, Laporta G. Evaluation of the malaria elimination policy in Brazil: a systematic review and epidemiological analysis study. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:513-535. [PMID: 33235398 PMCID: PMC7682744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
After a centenary fight against malaria, Brazil has seen an opportunity for change with the proposal of the malaria elimination policy set by the Brazilian government, in line with malaria elimination policies in other Latin American countries. Brazilian malaria experts regard eliminating malaria by 2030 to be within reach. Herein we evaluated the likelihood that malaria elimination can be accomplished in Brazil through systematic review of the literature on malaria elimination in Brazil and epidemiological analysis. Fifty-two articles referring to malaria eradication/elimination in Brazil were analyzed to identify challenges and technological breakthroughs for controlling malaria. Monthly deaths (1979-2016) and monthly severe malaria cases (1998-2018) were analyzed according to age groups, geographic region and parasite species. As a result, we observed that the declining malaria burden was mostly attributable to a decline in Plasmodium falciparum-malaria. At the same time, the proportional increase of Plasmodium vivax-malaria in comparison with P. falciparum-malaria was notable. This niche replacement mechanism was discussed in the reviewed literature. In addition, the challenges to P. vivax-malaria elimination outnumbered the available technological breakthroughs. Although accumulated and basic information exists on mosquito vector biology, the lack of specific knowledge about mosquito vector taxonomy and ecology may hamper current attempts at stopping malaria in the country. An impressive reduction in malaria hospitalizations and mortality was seen in Brazil in the past 3 decades. Eliminating malaria deaths in children less than 5 years and P. falciparum severe cases may be achievable goals under the current malaria policy until 2030. However, eliminating P. vivax malaria transmission and morbidity seems unattainable with the available tools. Therefore, complete malaria elimination in Brazil in the near future is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.O. Melo
- Setor de Pos-graduaçao, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitârio Saûde ABC, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - M.A.O. Padilha
- Setor de Pos-graduaçao, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitârio Saûde ABC, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - R.T.A. Barbosa
- Setor de Pos-graduaçao, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitârio Saûde ABC, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - A.Y. Vittor
- Department of Medicine and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - G.Z. Laporta
- Setor de Pos-graduaçao, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitârio Saûde ABC, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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Perez-Garcia LA, Mejias-Carpio IE, Delgado-Noguera LA, Manzanarez-Motezuma JP, Escalona-Rodriguez MA, Sordillo EM, Mogollon-Rodriguez EA, Hernandez-Pereira CE, Marquez-Colmenarez MC, Paniz-Mondolfi AE. Ivermectin: repurposing a multipurpose drug for Venezuela's humanitarian crisis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106037. [PMID: 32479893 PMCID: PMC7258829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Venezuelan crisis is a regional public health threat that requires immediate action. Ivermectin could ease the burden of neglected tropical diseases in Venezuela. Ivermectin targets parasites, viruses, and disease-transmitting vectors.
Ivermectin (IVM) is a robust antiparasitic drug with an excellent tolerance and safety profile. Historically it has been the drug of choice for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis global elimination programs. IVM is an oral insecticide and is a standard treatment against intestinal helminths and ectoparasites. The current humanitarian crisis in Venezuela is a regional public health threat that requires immediate action. The public health system in Venezuela has crumbled because of a 70% shortage of medicines in public hospitals, low vaccination campaigns, and the mass exodus of medical personnel. Herein we discuss the repurposing of IVM to attenuate the burden imposed by the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Venezuela, including soil-transmitted helminths, ectoparasites and, possibly, vector-borne diseases, such as malaria. In addition, novel experimental evidence has shown that IVM is active and efficacious in vitro against Chagas disease, Leishmaniases, arboviruses, and SARS-CoV-2. In crisis-hit Venezuela, all these infectious diseases are public health emergencies that have long been ignored and require immediate attention. The versatility of IVM could serve as a powerful tool to tackle the multiple overlapping endemic and emergent diseases that currently affect Venezuela. The repurposing of this multipurpose drug would be a timely therapeutic approach to help mitigate the tremendous burden of NTDs nationwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Perez-Garcia
- Infectious Diseases Division, Venezuelan Science Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB. Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela
| | | | - Lourdes A Delgado-Noguera
- Infectious Diseases Division, Venezuelan Science Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB. Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Jean P Manzanarez-Motezuma
- Infectious Diseases Division, Venezuelan Science Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB. Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Maria A Escalona-Rodriguez
- Infectious Diseases Division, Venezuelan Science Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB. Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Emilia M Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Euler A Mogollon-Rodriguez
- Infectious Diseases Division, Venezuelan Science Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB. Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Carlos E Hernandez-Pereira
- Infectious Diseases Division, Venezuelan Science Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB. Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Marilianna C Marquez-Colmenarez
- Infectious Diseases Division, Venezuelan Science Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB. Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Alberto E Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Billingsley P, Binka F, Chaccour C, Foy B, Gold S, Gonzalez-Silva M, Jacobson J, Jagoe G, Jones C, Kachur P, Kobylinski K, Last A, Lavery JV, Mabey D, Mboera D, Mbogo C, Mendez-Lopez A, Rabinovich NR, Rees S, Richards F, Rist C, Rockwood J, Ruiz-Castillo P, Sattabongkot J, Saute F, Slater H, Steer A, Xia K, Zullinger R. A Roadmap for the Development of Ivermectin as a Complementary Malaria Vector Control Tool. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:3-24. [PMID: 31971144 PMCID: PMC7008306 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of stalling progress against malaria, resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides, and residual transmission, mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin, an endectocide used for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), has emerged as a promising complementary vector control method. Ivermectin reduces the life span of Anopheles mosquitoes that feed on treated humans and/or livestock, potentially decreasing malaria parasite transmission when administered at the community level. Following the publication by WHO of the preferred product characteristics for endectocides as vector control tools, this roadmap provides a comprehensive view of processes needed to make ivermectin available as a vector control tool by 2024 with a completely novel mechanism of action. The roadmap covers various aspects, which include 1) the definition of optimal dosage/regimens for ivermectin MDA in both humans and livestock, 2) the risk of resistance to the drug and environmental impact, 3) ethical issues, 4) political and community engagement, 5) translation of evidence into policy, and 6) operational aspects of large-scale deployment of the drug, all in the context of a drug given as a prevention tool acting at the community level. The roadmap reflects the insights of a multidisciplinary group of global health experts who worked together to elucidate the path to inclusion of ivermectin in the toolbox against malaria, to address residual transmission, counteract insecticide resistance, and contribute to the end of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fred Binka
- University of Health and Allied Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Last
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | | | - David Mabey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cassidy Rist
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kang Xia
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech
| | - Rose Zullinger
- US President’s Malaria Initiative/US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Azevedo R, Mendes AM, Prudêncio M. Inhibition of Plasmodium sporogonic stages by ivermectin and other avermectins. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:549. [PMID: 31752986 PMCID: PMC6873674 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transmissible forms of Plasmodium parasites result from a process of sporogony that takes place inside their obligatory mosquito vector and culminates in the formation of mammalian-infective parasite forms. Ivermectin is a member of the avermectin family of endectocides, which has been proposed to inhibit malaria transmission due its insecticidal effect. However, it remains unclear whether ivermectin also exerts a direct action on the parasite’s blood and transmission stages. Methods We employed a rodent model of infection to assess the impact of ivermectin treatment on P. berghei asexual and sexual blood forms in vivo. We then made use of a newly established luminescence-based methodology to evaluate the activity of ivermectin and other avermectins against the sporogonic stages of P. berghei parasites in vitro independent of their role on mosquito physiology. Results Our results show that whereas ivermectin does not affect the parasite’s parasitemia, gametocytemia or exflagellation in the mammalian host, several members of the avermectin family of compounds exert a strong inhibitory effect on the generation and development of P. berghei oocysts. Conclusions Our results shed light on the action of avermectins against Plasmodium transmission stages and highlight the potential of these compounds to help prevent the spread of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Azevedo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António M Mendes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Baia-da-Silva DC, Orfanó AS, Nacif-Pimenta R, de Melo FF, Guerra MGVB, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Pimenta PFP. Microanatomy of the American Malaria Vector Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) Midgut: Ultrastructural and Histochemical Observations. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1636-1649. [PMID: 31321415 PMCID: PMC6821279 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito gut is divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The midgut functions in storage and digestion of the bloodmeal. This study used light, scanning (SEM), and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy to analyze in detail the microanatomy and morphology of the midgut of nonblood-fed Anopheles aquasalis females. The midgut epithelium is a monolayer of columnar epithelial cells that is composed of two populations: microvillar epithelial cells and basal cells. The microvillar epithelial cells can be further subdivided into light and dark cells, based on their affinities to toluidine blue and their electron density. FITC-labeling of the anterior midgut and posterior midgut with lectins resulted in different fluorescence intensities, indicating differences in carbohydrate residues. SEM revealed a complex muscle network composed of circular and longitudinal fibers that surround the entire midgut. In summary, the use of a diverse set of morphological methods revealed the general microanatomy of the midgut and associated tissues of An. aquasalis, which is a major vector of Plasmodium spp. (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) in America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djane C Baia-da-Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Orfanó
- Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Manaus, Rua Terezina, Adrianópolis, CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Manaus, Rua Terezina, Adrianópolis, CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Fabricio F de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, Candeias, CEP, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria G V B Guerra
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas Gerais, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, CEP, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Manaus, Rua Terezina, Adrianópolis, CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Siewe Fodjo JN, Kugler M, Hotterbeekx A, Hendy A, Van Geertruyden JP, Colebunders R. Would ivermectin for malaria control be beneficial in onchocerciasis-endemic regions? Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:77. [PMID: 31439040 PMCID: PMC6706915 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating evidence supporting the use of ivermectin as a malaria control tool. Recent findings from the repeat ivermectin mass drug administrations for control of malaria trial demonstrated a reduced incidence of malaria in villages which received repeated ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA; six doses) compared to those who had only one round of ivermectin. Several other studies investigating the benefits of ivermectin for malaria purposes are ongoing/planned. MAIN TEXT While ivermectin MDA offers promising perspectives in the fight against malaria, we highlight the added benefits and anticipated challenges of conducting future studies in onchocerciasis-endemic regions, which are confronted with a substantial disease burden including onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy. Increasing the frequency of ivermectin MDA in such places may reduce the burden of both malaria and onchocerciasis, and allow for more entomological investigations on both the Anopheles mosquitoes and the blackflies. Upfront, acceptability and feasibility studies are needed to assess the endorsement by the local populations, as well as the programmatic feasibility of implementing ivermectin MDA several times a year. CONCLUSIONS Onchocerciasis-endemic sites would doubly benefit from ivermectin MDA interventions, as these will alleviate onchocerciasis-associated morbidity and mortality, while potentially curbing malaria transmission. Involving onchocerciasis programs and other relevant stakeholders in the malaria/ivermectin research agenda would foster the implementation of pluri-annual MDA in target communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Kinsbergen centrum, Doornstraat 331, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marina Kugler
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Kinsbergen centrum, Doornstraat 331, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Hotterbeekx
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Kinsbergen centrum, Doornstraat 331, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adam Hendy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | | | - Robert Colebunders
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Kinsbergen centrum, Doornstraat 331, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Ivermectin Impairs the Development of Sexual and Asexual Stages of Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00085-19. [PMID: 31109978 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00085-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is the drug of choice for many parasitic infections, with more than one billion doses being distributed in onchocerciasis programs. The drug has been put into focus recently by the malaria community because of its potential to kill blood-sucking mosquitoes, thereby reducing malaria transmission. However, the activity of ivermectin against the malaria parasite itself has been only partly investigated. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of ivermectin against asexual and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum Both asexual and late-stage gametocytes were incubated with ivermectin and control drugs in vitro The growth-inhibiting effects were assessed for asexual stages of different Plasmodium falciparum laboratory strains and culture-adapted clinical isolates using the histidine-rich protein 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The effect against stage IV/V gametocytes was evaluated based on ATP quantification. Ivermectin showed activities at nanomolar concentrations against asexual stages (50% inhibitory concentration of ∼100 nM) and stage IV/V gametocytes (500 nM) of P. falciparum Stage-specific assays suggested that ivermectin arrests the parasite cycle at the trophozoite stage. Ivermectin might add a feature to its "wonder drug" properties with activity against asexual stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum The observed activities might be difficult to reach with current regimens but will be more relevant with future high-dose regimens under investigation. Further studies should be performed to confirm these results in vitro and in vivo.
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Batiha GES, Beshbishy AM, Tayebwa DS, Adeyemi OS, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of ivermectin on the growth of Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and in vivo. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:42. [PMID: 31337949 PMCID: PMC6625054 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment is the principle way to control and eliminate piroplasmosis. The search for new chemotherapy against Babesia and Theileria has become increasingly urgent due to parasite resistance to current drugs. Ivermectin (IVM) was the world’s first endectocide, capable of killing a wide variety of parasites and vectors, both inside and outside the body. It is currently authorized to treat onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, strongyloidiasis, and scabies. The current study documented the efficacy of IVM on the growth of Babesia and Theileria in vitro and in vivo. Methods The fluorescence-based assay was used for evaluating the inhibitory effect of IVM on four Babesia species, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and Theileria equi, the combination with diminazene aceturate (DA), clofazimine (CF), and atovaquone (AQ) on in vitro cultures, and on the multiplication of a B. microti-infected mouse model. The cytotoxicity of compounds was tested on Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3 T3), and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell lines. Results The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values determined for IVM against B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and T. equi were 53.3 ± 4.8, 98.6 ± 5.7, 30.1 ± 2.2, 43.7 ± 3.7, and 90.1 ± 8.1 μM, respectively. Toxicity assays on MDBK, NIH/3 T3, and HFF cell lines showed that IVM affected the viability of cells with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 138.9 ± 4.9, 283.8 ± 3.6, and 287.5 ± 7.6 μM, respectively. In the in vivo experiment, IVM, when administered intraperitoneally at 4 mg/kg, significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the growth of B. microti in mice by 63%. Furthermore, combination therapies of IVM–DA, IVM–AQ, and IVM–CF at a half dose reduced the peak parasitemia of B. microti by 83.7%, 76.5%, and 74.4%, respectively. Moreover, this study confirmed the absence of B. microti DNA in groups treated with combination chemotherapy of IVM + DA and IVM + AQ 49 days after infection. Conclusions These findings suggest that IVM has the potential to be an alternative remedy for treating piroplasmosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41182-019-0171-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- 1National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan.,2Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El Beheira 22511 Egypt
| | - Amani Magdy Beshbishy
- 1National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Dickson Stuart Tayebwa
- 1National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan.,3Research Center for Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- 4Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara 251101 Nigeria
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- 1National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- 1National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
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Jiang L, Wang P, Sun YJ, Wu YJ. Ivermectin reverses the drug resistance in cancer cells through EGFR/ERK/Akt/NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:265. [PMID: 31215501 PMCID: PMC6580523 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Discovery and development of novel drugs that are capable of overcoming drug resistance in tumor cells are urgently needed clinically. In this study, we sought to explore whether ivermectin (IVM), a macrolide antiparasitic agent, could overcome the resistance of cancer cells to the therapeutic drugs. Methods We used two solid tumor cell lines (HCT-8 colorectal cancer cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells) and one hematologic tumor cell line (K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells), which are resistant to the chemotherapeutic drugs vincristine and adriamycin respectively, and two xenograft mice models, including the solid tumor model in nude mice with the resistant HCT-8 cells and the leukemia model in NOD/SCID mice with the resistant K562 cells to investigate the reversal effect of IVM on the resistance in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay was used to investigate the effect of IVM on cancer cells growth in vitro. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed to investigate the reversal effect of IVM in vivo. Western blotting, qPCR, luciferase reporter assay and ChIP assay were used to detect the molecular mechanism of the reversal effect. Octet RED96 system and Co-IP were used to determine the interactions between IVM and EGFR. Results Our results indicated that ivermectin at its very low dose, which did not induce obvious cytotoxicity, drastically reversed the resistance of the tumor cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ivermectin reversed the resistance mainly by reducing the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) via inhibiting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), not by directly inhibiting P-gp activity. Ivermectin bound with the extracellular domain of EGFR, which inhibited the activation of EGFR and its downstream signaling cascade ERK/Akt/NF-κB. The inhibition of the transcriptional factor NF-κB led to the reduced P-gp transcription. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that ivermectin significantly enhanced the anti-cancer efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor cells, especially in the drug-resistant cells. Thus, ivermectin, a FDA-approved antiparasitic drug, could potentially be used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to treat cancers and in particular, the drug-resistant cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1251-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beinonglu Rd, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing, 100101, China.
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von Seidlein L, Peto TJ, Landier J, Nguyen TN, Tripura R, Phommasone K, Pongvongsa T, Lwin KM, Keereecharoen L, Kajeechiwa L, Thwin MM, Parker DM, Wiladphaingern J, Nosten S, Proux S, Corbel V, Tuong-Vy N, Phuc-Nhi TL, Son DH, Huong-Thu PN, Tuyen NTK, Tien NT, Dong LT, Hue DV, Quang HH, Nguon C, Davoeung C, Rekol H, Adhikari B, Henriques G, Phongmany P, Suangkanarat P, Jeeyapant A, Vihokhern B, van der Pluijm RW, Lubell Y, White LJ, Aguas R, Promnarate C, Sirithiranont P, Malleret B, Rénia L, Onsjö C, Chan XH, Chalk J, Miotto O, Patumrat K, Chotivanich K, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Jittmala P, Kaehler N, Cheah PY, Pell C, Dhorda M, Imwong M, Snounou G, Mukaka M, Peerawaranun P, Lee SJ, Simpson JA, Pukrittayakamee S, Singhasivanon P, Grobusch MP, Cobelens F, Smithuis F, Newton PN, Thwaites GE, Day NPJ, Mayxay M, Hien TT, Nosten FH, Dondorp AM, White NJ. The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia: A cluster randomised trial. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002745. [PMID: 30768615 PMCID: PMC6377128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) threatens global malaria elimination efforts. Mass drug administration (MDA), the presumptive antimalarial treatment of an entire population to clear the subclinical parasite reservoir, is a strategy to accelerate malaria elimination. We report a cluster randomised trial to assess the effectiveness of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) MDA in reducing falciparum malaria incidence and prevalence in 16 remote village populations in Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Lao People's Democratic Republic, where artemisinin resistance is prevalent. METHODS AND FINDINGS After establishing vector control and community-based case management and following intensive community engagement, we used restricted randomisation within village pairs to select 8 villages to receive early DP MDA and 8 villages as controls for 12 months, after which the control villages received deferred DP MDA. The MDA comprised 3 monthly rounds of 3 daily doses of DP and, except in Cambodia, a single low dose of primaquine. We conducted exhaustive cross-sectional surveys of the entire population of each village at quarterly intervals using ultrasensitive quantitative PCR to detect Plasmodium infections. The study was conducted between May 2013 and July 2017. The investigators randomised 16 villages that had a total of 8,445 residents at the start of the study. Of these 8,445 residents, 4,135 (49%) residents living in 8 villages, plus an additional 288 newcomers to the villages, were randomised to receive early MDA; 3,790 out of the 4,423 (86%) participated in at least 1 MDA round, and 2,520 out of the 4,423 (57%) participated in all 3 rounds. The primary outcome, P. falciparum prevalence by month 3 (M3), fell by 92% (from 5.1% [171/3,340] to 0.4% [12/2,828]) in early MDA villages and by 29% (from 7.2% [246/3,405] to 5.1% [155/3,057]) in control villages. Over the following 9 months, the P. falciparum prevalence increased to 3.3% (96/2,881) in early MDA villages and to 6.1% (128/2,101) in control villages (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.41 [95% CI 0.20 to 0.84]; p = 0.015). Individual protection was proportional to the number of completed MDA rounds. Of 221 participants with subclinical P. falciparum infections who participated in MDA and could be followed up, 207 (94%) cleared their infections, including 9 of 10 with artemisinin- and piperaquine-resistant infections. The DP MDAs were well tolerated; 6 severe adverse events were detected during the follow-up period, but none was attributable to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Added to community-based basic malaria control measures, 3 monthly rounds of DP MDA reduced the incidence and prevalence of falciparum malaria over a 1-year period in areas affected by artemisinin resistance. P. falciparum infections returned during the follow-up period as the remaining infections spread and malaria was reintroduced from surrounding areas. Limitations of this study include a relatively small sample of villages, heterogeneity between villages, and mobility of villagers that may have limited the impact of the intervention. These results suggest that, if used as part of a comprehensive, well-organised, and well-resourced elimination programme, DP MDA can be a useful additional tool to accelerate malaria elimination. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01872702.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz von Seidlein
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Peto
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Landier
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Aix–Marseille University, INSERM, SESSTIM, Marseille, France
| | - Thuy-Nhien Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Rupam Tripura
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koukeo Phommasone
- Lao–Oxford–Mahosot Hospital–Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiengkham Pongvongsa
- Savannakhet Provincial Health Department, Savannakhet Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khin Maung Lwin
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Lilly Keereecharoen
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Ladda Kajeechiwa
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - May Myo Thwin
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jacher Wiladphaingern
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Suphak Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Stephane Proux
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nguyen Tuong-Vy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truong Le Phuc-Nhi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Do Hung Son
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Nguyen Huong-Thu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Tuyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thanh Dong
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dao Van Hue
- Center for Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Hong Quang
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Quy Nhon, Vietnam
| | - Chea Nguon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Huy Rekol
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bipin Adhikari
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gisela Henriques
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Panom Phongmany
- Savannakhet Provincial Health Department, Savannakhet Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Preyanan Suangkanarat
- Lao–Oxford–Mahosot Hospital–Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Atthanee Jeeyapant
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Benchawan Vihokhern
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rob W. van der Pluijm
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yoel Lubell
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Aguas
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cholrawee Promnarate
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- WWARN Asia Regional Centre, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pasathorn Sirithiranont
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Carl Onsjö
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Hui Chan
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Chalk
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Krittaya Patumrat
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Podjanee Jittmala
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nils Kaehler
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phaik Yeong Cheah
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Pell
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- WWARN Asia Regional Centre, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Georges Snounou
- CEA–Université Paris Sud 11–INSERM U1184, IDMIT, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pimnara Peerawaranun
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sue J. Lee
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A. Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pratap Singhasivanon
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Martin P. Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Cobelens
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul N. Newton
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao–Oxford–Mahosot Hospital–Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Guy E. Thwaites
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao–Oxford–Mahosot Hospital–Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Aix–Marseille University, INSERM, SESSTIM, Marseille, France
| | - Francois H. Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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