1
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Cantoni D, Wilkie C, Bentley EM, Mayora-Neto M, Wright E, Scott S, Ray S, Castillo-Olivares J, Heeney JL, Mattiuzzo G, Temperton NJ. Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184362. [PMID: 37790941 PMCID: PMC10544934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The virus neutralization assay is a principal method to assess the efficacy of antibodies in blocking viral entry. Due to biosafety handling requirements of viruses classified as hazard group 3 or 4, pseudotyped viruses can be used as a safer alternative. However, it is often queried how well the results derived from pseudotyped viruses correlate with authentic virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between the two assays. Methods Using PubMed and Google Scholar, reports that incorporated neutralisation assays with both pseudotyped virus, authentic virus, and the application of a mathematical formula to assess the relationship between the results, were selected for review. Our searches identified 67 reports, of which 22 underwent a three-level meta-analysis. Results The three-level meta-analysis revealed a high level of correlation between pseudotyped viruses and authentic viruses when used in an neutralisation assay. Reports that were not included in the meta-analysis also showed a high degree of correlation, with the exception of lentiviral-based pseudotyped Ebola viruses. Conclusion Pseudotyped viruses identified in this report can be used as a surrogate for authentic virus, though care must be taken in considering which pseudotype core to use when generating new uncharacterised pseudotyped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
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Chen X, Wang W, Wang Y, Lai S, Yang J, Cowling BJ, Horby PW, Uyeki TM, Yu H. Serological evidence of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2020; 18:377. [PMID: 33261599 PMCID: PMC7709391 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus poses a global public health threat given severe and fatal zoonotic infections since 1997 and ongoing A(H5N1) virus circulation among poultry in several countries. A comprehensive assessment of the seroprevalence of A(H5N1) virus antibodies remains a gap and limits understanding of the true risk of A(H5N1) virus infection. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published serosurveys to assess the risk of subclinical and clinically mild A(H5N1) virus infections. We assessed A(H5N1) virus antibody titers and changes in titers among populations with variable exposures to different A(H5N1) viruses. RESULTS Across studies using the World Health Organization-recommended seropositive definition, the point estimates of the seroprevalence of A(H5N1) virus-specific antibodies were higher in poultry-exposed populations (range 0-0.6%) and persons exposed to both human A(H5N1) cases and infected birds (range 0.4-1.8%) than in close contacts of A(H5N1) cases or the general population (none to very low frequencies). Seroprevalence was higher in persons exposed to A(H5N1) clade 0 virus (1.9%, range 0.7-3.2%) than in participants exposed to other clades of A(H5N1) virus (range 0-0.5%) (p < 0.05). Seroprevalence was higher in poultry-exposed populations (range 0-1.9%) if such studies utilized antigenically similar A(H5N1) virus antigens in assays to A(H5N1) viruses circulating among poultry. CONCLUSIONS These low seroprevalences suggest that subclinical and clinically mild human A(H5N1) virus infections are uncommon. Standardized serological survey and laboratory methods are needed to fully understand the extent and risk of human A(H5N1) virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shengjie Lai
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Peter W Horby
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Hatta Y, Boltz D, Sarawar S, Kawaoka Y, Neumann G, Bilsel P. M2SR, a novel live influenza vaccine, protects mice and ferrets against highly pathogenic avian influenza. Vaccine 2017; 35:4177-4183. [PMID: 28668565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses has heightened global concern about the threat posed by pandemic influenza. To address the need for a highly effective universal influenza vaccine, we developed a novel M2-deficient single replication (M2SR) influenza vaccine virus and previously reported that it provided strong heterosubtypic protection against seasonal influenza viruses in mice. In the current study, we assessed M2SR induced protection against H5N1 influenza in mice and ferrets. Mice were intranasally inoculated with M2SR viruses containing the HA and NA from A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (M2SR H5N1) or A/California/07/2009 (M2SR H1N1). All M2SR vaccinated mice survived lethal challenge with influenza A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1), whereas 40% of mice vaccinated with recombinant H5 HA and none of the naïve controls survived. M2SR H5N1 provided sterile immunity, whereas low levels of virus were detected in the lungs of some M2SR H1N1 vaccinated mice. In contrast, recombinant H5 HA vaccinated mice and naïve controls showed systemic infection. M2SR H5N1 induced strong serum and mucosal antibody responses (IgG and IgA classes) against H5 HA, with high hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers. In contrast, while M2SR H1N1 elicited cross-reactive antibodies recognizing the H5 HA2 stalk region or the neuraminidase, no HAI activity against H5N1 virus was detected after M2SR H1N1 immunization. Both M2SR H5N1 and H1N1 also protected ferrets against lethal challenge with A/Vietnam/1203/2004. A prime-boost regimen provided optimal protection with no virus detected in the respiratory tract or brain after challenge. As in the mouse model, only the M2SR H5N1 vaccine induced HAI antibodies against the challenge virus in ferrets, while the M2SR H1N1 was able to provide protection without the induction of HAI antibodies. In summary, effective protection against highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus was provided by both homologous H5N1 M2SR and heterologous H1N1 M2SR demonstrating the cross-protective attributes of the M2SR platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Boltz
- IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Sally Sarawar
- The Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Division of Virology, Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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4
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Rockman S, Lowther S, Camuglia S, Vandenberg K, Taylor S, Fabri L, Miescher S, Pearse M, Middleton D, Kent SJ, Maher D. Intravenous Immunoglobulin Protects Against Severe Pandemic Influenza Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 19:119-127. [PMID: 28408242 PMCID: PMC5440604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious, acute, febrile respiratory infection that can have fatal consequences particularly in individuals with chronic illnesses. Sporadic reports suggest that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) may be efficacious in the influenza setting. We investigated the potential of human IVIg to ameliorate influenza infection in ferrets exposed to either the pandemic H1N1/09 virus (pH1N1) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1). IVIg administered at the time of influenza virus exposure led to a significant reduction in lung viral load following pH1N1 challenge. In the lethal H5N1 model, the majority of animals given IVIg survived challenge in a dose dependent manner. Protection was also afforded by purified F(ab′)2 but not Fc fragments derived from IVIg, supporting a specific antibody-mediated mechanism of protection. We conclude that pre-pandemic IVIg can modulate serious influenza infection-associated mortality and morbidity. IVIg could be useful prophylactically in the event of a pandemic to protect vulnerable population groups and in the critical care setting as a first stage intervention. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), prepared prior to a pandemic, prevents pandemic influenza disease in ferrets. IVIg effectively reduced viral levels of pandemic H1N1 influenza and prevented disease due to avian influenza H5N1. This work has implications for preventing and treating pandemic influenza infections with IVIg before a vaccine is available.
Influenza pandemics cause large numbers of infections and deaths. There is a lag between the identification of a pandemic and the development of vaccines. Future pandemics may be caused by influenza strains resistant to current anti-influenza drugs. New treatments are needed for future pandemic influenza outbreaks. We show that a readily available product (intravenous immunoglobuling – pooled antibodies from human donors) can prevent viral replication and disease caused by 2 strains of pandemic influenza viruses (“swine-flu” and “bird-flu”) in an appropriate animal model of influenza. This could form the basis of future treatments for severe influenza caused by pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Seqirus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sue Lowther
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lou Fabri
- CSL Limited, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Deborah Middleton
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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5
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Freidl GS, van den Ham HJ, Boni MF, de Bruin E, Koopmans MPG. Changes in heterosubtypic antibody responses during the first year of the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20385. [PMID: 26853924 PMCID: PMC4745054 DOI: 10.1038/srep20385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seropositivity to avian influenza (AI) via low-level antibody titers has been reported in the general population and poultry-exposed individuals, raising the question whether these findings reflect true infection with AI or cross-reactivity. Here we investigated serological profiles against human and avian influenza viruses in the general population using a protein microarray platform. We hypothesized that higher antibody diversity across recent H1 and H3 influenza viruses would be associated with heterosubtypic reactivity to older pandemic- and AI viruses. We found significant heterogeneity in antibody profiles. Increased antibody diversity to seasonal influenza viruses was associated with low-level heterosubtypic antibodies to H9 and H7, but not to H5 AI virus. Individuals exposed to the recent 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic showed higher heterosubtypic reactivity. We show that there is a complex interplay between prior exposures to seasonal and recent pandemic influenza viruses and the development of heterosubtypic antibody reactivity to animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun S Freidl
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Virology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maciej F Boni
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Virology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Virology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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6
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Abstract
Emerflu is an inactivated, split-virion pandemic preparedness vaccine, containing 30 μg of hemagglutinin (HA) and 600 μg of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. It is administered in two doses, 3 weeks apart. Only moderate immunogenicity was evident from clinical studies with the vaccine in adults, and HA antibody responses were below the criteria established by the EMA and US FDA for licensure. With the exception of Australia, the vaccine remains unlicensed. Further clinical development appears to have been suspended, and newer adjuvants such as MF59 and AS03 have since demonstrated safety and superior immunogenicity with lower HA doses. Emerflu is symbolic of the failure of aluminum salts as an adjuvant for influenza vaccines. Reasons for this failure are unclear, and may reflect problems with the adjuvant-antigen complex or interference in the immune response by heterosubtypic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby E Young
- Communicable Diseases Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Communicable Diseases Centre, 144 Moulmein Road, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Carnell GW, Ferrara F, Grehan K, Thompson CP, Temperton NJ. Pseudotype-based neutralization assays for influenza: a systematic analysis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:161. [PMID: 25972865 PMCID: PMC4413832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of vaccination against the influenza virus remains the most effective method of mitigating the significant morbidity and mortality caused by this virus. Antibodies elicited by currently licensed influenza vaccines are predominantly hemagglutination-inhibition (HI)-competent antibodies that target the globular head of hemagglutinin (HA) thus inhibiting influenza virus entry into target cells. These antibodies predominantly confer homosubtypic/strain specific protection and only rarely confer heterosubtypic protection. However, recent academia or pharma-led R&D toward the production of a “universal vaccine” has centered on the elicitation of antibodies directed against the stalk of the influenza HA that has been shown to confer broad protection across a range of different subtypes (H1–H16). The accurate and sensitive measurement of antibody responses elicited by these “next-generation” influenza vaccines is, however, hampered by the lack of sensitivity of the traditional influenza serological assays HI, single radial hemolysis, and microneutralization. Assays utilizing pseudotypes, chimeric viruses bearing influenza glycoproteins, have been shown to be highly efficient for the measurement of homosubtypic and heterosubtypic broadly neutralizing antibodies, making them ideal serological tools for the study of cross-protective responses against multiple influenza subtypes with pandemic potential. In this review, we will analyze and compare literature involving the production of influenza pseudotypes with particular emphasis on their use in serum antibody neutralization assays. This will enable us to establish the parameters required for optimization and propose a consensus protocol to be employed for the further deployment of these assays in influenza vaccine immunogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George William Carnell
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK
| | - Keith Grehan
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK
| | - Craig Peter Thompson
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK
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8
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Chin AWH, Perera RAPM, Guan Y, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y, Peiris M, Poon LLM. Pseudoparticle neutralization assay for detecting ebola- neutralizing antibodies in biosafety level 2 settings. Clin Chem 2015; 61:885-6. [PMID: 25829407 PMCID: PMC7108194 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.238204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex W H Chin
- Centre of Influenza Research School of Public Health and
| | | | - Yi Guan
- Centre of Influenza Research School of Public Health and
| | - Peter Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison, WI
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison, WI Division of Virology Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Medical Science University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research School of Public Health and HKU-Pasteur Pole The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- Centre of Influenza Research School of Public Health and
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9
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Khan SU, Anderson BD, Heil GL, Liang S, Gray GC. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Seroprevalence of Influenza A(H9N2) Infection Among Humans. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:562-9. [PMID: 25712969 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given that influenza A(H9N2) is recognized as a pandemic threat, we evaluated the overall burden of influenza A(H9N2) infections among avian-exposed human populations. METHODS We performed a systematic search of PubMed, AGRICOLA, and CAB Abstracts databases for literature published during 1997-2013. Studies reporting serological evidence of human influenza A(H9N2) infection among avian-exposed populations were included. We used a World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended case definition for serological evidence of infection based on results of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. We calculated overall seroprevalence through a random effects meta-analysis model. RESULTS Seroprevalence data reported by the studies ranged from 1% to 43% (median, 9%) by HI, which was not significantly different from the seroprevalence estimated through the WHO-recommended case definition (median, 1.3%; range, 0.5%-42.6%). Reported seroprevalence by MN ranged from 0.6% to 9% (median, 2.7%), which was greater than the seroprevalence estimated through the WHO-recommended case definition (median, 0.3%; range, 0.1%-1.4%). CONCLUSIONS A small proportion of avian-exposed humans had evidence of influenza A(H9N2) infection. As the virus has a near global distribution in poultry, it seems likely that present surveillance efforts are missing mild or asymptomatic infections among avian-exposed persons. It seems prudent to closely monitor avian-exposed populations for influenza A(H9N2) infection to provide prepandemic warnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Uddin Khan
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Benjamin D Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute, & Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Laboratory of One Health Research, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gary L Heil
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute, & Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Laboratory of One Health Research, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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10
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Trombetta CM, Perini D, Mather S, Temperton N, Montomoli E. Overview of Serological Techniques for Influenza Vaccine Evaluation: Past, Present and Future. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:707-34. [PMID: 26344888 PMCID: PMC4494249 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological techniques commonly used to quantify influenza-specific antibodies include the Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI), Single Radial Haemolysis (SRH) and Virus Neutralization (VN) assays. HI and SRH are established and reproducible techniques, whereas VN is more demanding. Every new influenza vaccine needs to fulfil the strict criteria issued by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in order to be licensed. These criteria currently apply exclusively to SRH and HI assays and refer to two different target groups-healthy adults and the elderly, but other vaccine recipient age groups have not been considered (i.e., children). The purpose of this timely review is to highlight the current scenario on correlates of protection concerning influenza vaccines and underline the need to revise the criteria and assays currently in use. In addition to SRH and HI assays, the technical advantages provided by other techniques such as the VN assay, pseudotype-based neutralization assay, neuraminidase and cell-mediated immunity assays need to be considered and regulated via EMA criteria, considering the many significant advantages that they could offer for the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Daniele Perini
- VisMederi srl, Enterprise in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stuart Mather
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- VisMederi srl, Enterprise in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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11
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Discordant correlation between serological assays observed when measuring heterosubtypic responses against avian influenza H5 and H7 viruses in unexposed individuals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:231365. [PMID: 25013769 PMCID: PMC4071775 DOI: 10.1155/2014/231365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human population is constantly exposed to multiple influenza A subtypes due to zoonotic spillover and rapid viral evolution driven by intrinsic error-prone replication and immunological pressure. In this context, antibody responses directed against the HA protein are of importance since they have been shown to correlate with protective immunity. Serological techniques, detecting these responses, play a critical role for influenza surveillance, vaccine development, and assessment. As the recent human pandemics and avian influenza outbreaks have demonstrated, there is an urgent need to be better prepared to assess the contribution of the antibody response to protection against newly emerged viruses and to evaluate the extent of preexisting heterosubtypic immunity in populations. In this study, 68 serum samples collected from the Italian population between 1992 and 2007 were found to be positive for antibodies against H5N1 as determined by single radial hemolysis (SRH), but most were negative when evaluated using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralisation (MN) assays. As a result of these discordant serological findings, the increased sensitivity of lentiviral pseudotypes was exploited in pseudotype-based neutralisation (pp-NT) assays and the results obtained provide further insight into the complex nature of humoral immunity against influenza A viruses.
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12
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Jegaskanda S, Vandenberg K, Laurie KL, Loh L, Kramski M, Winnall WR, Kedzierska K, Rockman S, Kent SJ. Cross-reactive influenza-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in intravenous immunoglobulin as a potential therapeutic against emerging influenza viruses. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1811-22. [PMID: 24916185 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a purified pool of human antibodies from thousands of donors that is used to prevent or treat primary immune deficiency, several infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases. The antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against heterologous influenza strains may be present in IVIG preparations. METHODS We tested 8 IVIG preparations prior to the 2009 H1N1 swine-origin influenza pandemic and 10 IVIG preparations made after 2010 for their ability to mediate influenza-specific ADCC. RESULTS ADCC mediating antibodies to A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) were detected in IVIG preparations prior to the 2009-H1N1 pandemic. The HA-specific ADCC targeted both the HA1 and HA2 regions of A(H1N1)pdm09 HA and was capable of recognizing a broad range of HA proteins including those from recent avian influenza strains A(H5N1) and A(H7N9). The low but detectable ADCC recognition of A(H7N9) was likely due to rare individuals in the population contributing cross-reactive antibodies to IVIG. CONCLUSIONS IVIG preparations contain broadly cross-reactive ADCC mediating antibodies. IVIG may provide at least some level of protection for individuals at high risk of severe influenza disease, especially during influenza pandemics prior to the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne
| | | | - Karen L Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne
| | - Marit Kramski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne
| | - Wendy R Winnall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne
| | - Steven Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne BioCSL Ltd, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne
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13
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Baas DC, Koopmans MP, de Bruin E, ten Hulscher HI, Buisman AM, Hendrikx LH, van Beek J, Godeke GJ, Reimerink J, van Binnendijk RS. Detection of influenza A virus homo- and heterosubtype-specific memory B-cells using a novel protein microarray-based analysis tool. J Med Virol 2013; 85:899-909. [PMID: 23508915 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic influenza virus was initially seen as a major world-wide health concern since a low degree of immunity to this virus strain was anticipated. However, age-specific infection attack rates and age-specific differences in seroresponse indicate that pre-existing immunity may have played a significant role in protection especially in older age groups. This study describes the use of a protein microarray as a multiplex analysis tool for detection of influenza virus H1 strain-specific memory B-cells before and after infection with A(H1N1)pdm09. The discrimination was based on detection of specific antibodies in culture supernatants from polyclonally stimulated B-cells against recombinant influenza virus HA1 proteins representing influenza virus subtypes H1 through H9. The protein microarray proved sensitive and specific for antibody detection in culture supernatants of B-cells, and with the potential to deduce a person's history of infection with particular influenza virus variants, including A(H1N1)pdm09. Blood samples obtained from different age groups prior to the pandemic in 2009 partly showed the presence of B-cells producing antibodies binding to the closely related A(H1N1) 1918 pandemic influenza virus, and of which the magnitude increased with age. These cross-reactive antibodies were produced by single memory B-cells present in these donors, and either bind to epitopes on HA1 which are shared within different H1 strains (homosubtypic response) or shared between different subtypes (heterosubtypic response).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique C Baas
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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14
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Rimmelzwaan GF, Katz JM. Immune responses to infection with H5N1 influenza virus. Virus Res 2013; 178:44-52. [PMID: 23735534 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A H5N1 viruses remain a substantial threat to global public health. In particular, the expanding genetic diversity of H5N1 viruses and the associated risk for human adaptation underscore the importance of better understanding host immune responses that may protect against disease or infection. Although much emphasis has been placed on investigating early virus-host interactions and the induction of innate immune responses, little is known of the consequent adaptive immune response to H5N1 virus infection. In this review, we describe the H5N1 virus-specific and cross-reactive antibody and T cell responses in humans and animal models. Data from limited studies suggest that although initially robust, there is substantial waning of the serum antibody responses in survivors of H5N1 virus infection. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies generated from memory B cells of survivors of H5N1 virus infection has provided an understanding of the fine specificity of the human antibody response to H5N1 virus infection and identified strategies for immunotherapy. Human T cell responses induced by infection with seasonal influenza viruses are directed to relatively conserved internal proteins and cross-react with the H5N1 subtype. A role for T cell-based heterosubtypic immunity against H5N1 viruses is suggested in animal studies. Further studies on adaptive immune responses to H5N1 virus infection in both humans and animals are needed to inform the design of optimal immunological treatment and prevention modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Boni MF, Chau NVV, Dong N, Todd S, Nhat NTD, de Bruin E, van Beek J, Hien NT, Simmons CP, Farrar J, Koopmans M. Population-level antibody estimates to novel influenza A/H7N9. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:554-8. [PMID: 23687225 PMCID: PMC3719906 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no contemporary data available describing human immunity to novel influenza A/H7N9. Using 1723 prospectively collected serum samples in southern Vietnam, we tested for antibodies to 5 avian influenza virus antigens, using a protein microarray. General-population antibody titers against subtype H7 virus are higher than antibody titers against subtype H5 and lower than titers against H9. The highest titers were observed for human influenza virus subtypes. Titers to avian influenza virus antigens increased with age and with geometric mean antibody titer to human influenza virus antigens. There were no titer differences between the urban and the rural location in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej F Boni
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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16
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Perovic VR, Muller CP, Niman HL, Veljkovic N, Dietrich U, Tosic DD, Glisic S, Veljkovic V. Novel phylogenetic algorithm to monitor human tropism in Egyptian H5N1-HPAIV reveals evolution toward efficient human-to-human transmission. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61572. [PMID: 23658611 PMCID: PMC3637272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Years of endemic infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A subtype H5N1 virus in poultry and high numbers of infections in humans provide ample opportunity in Egypt for H5N1-HPAIV to develop pandemic potential. In an effort to better understand the viral determinants that facilitate human infections of the Egyptian H5N1-HPAIVvirus, we developed a new phylogenetic algorithm based on a new distance measure derived from the informational spectrum method (ISM). This new approach, which describes functional aspects of the evolution of the hemagglutinin subunit 1 (HA1), revealed a growing group G2 of H5N1-HPAIV in Egypt after 2009 that acquired new informational spectrum (IS) properties suggestive of an increased human tropism and pandemic potential. While in 2006 all viruses in Egypt belonged to the G1 group, by 2011 these viruses were virtually replaced by G2 viruses. All of the G2 viruses displayed four characteristic mutations (D43N, S120(D,N), (S,L)129Δ and I151T), three of which were previously reported to increase binding to the human receptor. Already in 2006-2008 G2 viruses were significantly (p<0.02) more often found in humans than expected from their overall prevalence and this further increased in 2009-2011 (p<0.007). Our approach also identified viruses that acquired additional mutations that we predict to further enhance their human tropism. The extensive evolution of Egyptian H5N1-HPAIV towards a preferential human tropism underlines an urgent need to closely monitor these viruses with respect to molecular determinants of virulence.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Animals
- Chickens
- Egypt/epidemiology
- Epidemiological Monitoring
- Evolution, Molecular
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/classification
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/transmission
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mutation
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Phylogeny
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Viral Tropism/genetics
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R. Perovic
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Claude P. Muller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Henry L. Niman
- Recombinomics, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nevena Veljkovic
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute of Biomedical Research, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Dusan D. Tosic
- Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Glisic
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Veljko Veljkovic
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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17
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Du L, Zhao G, Sun S, Zhang X, Zhou X, Guo Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Jiang S. A critical HA1 neutralizing domain of H5N1 influenza in an optimal conformation induces strong cross-protection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53568. [PMID: 23320093 PMCID: PMC3539987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses, especially the laboratory-generated H5N1 mutants, have demonstrated the potential to cross the species barrier and infect mammals and humans. Consequently, the design of an effective and safe anti-H5N1 vaccine is essential. We previously demonstrated that the full-length hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) could induce significant neutralizing antibody response and protection. Here, we intended to identify the critical neutralizing domain (CND) in an optimal conformation that can elicit strong cross-neutralizing antibodies and protection against divergent H5N1 strains. We thus constructed six recombinant proteins covering different regions of HA1 of A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1), each of which was fused with foldon (Fd) and Fc of human IgG. We found that the critical fragment fused with Fd/Fc (HA-13–263-Fdc, H5 numbering) that could elicit the strongest neutralizing antibody response is located in the N-terminal region of HA1 (residues 13–263), which covers the receptor-binding domain (RBD, residues 112–263). We then constructed three additional recombinants fused with Fd plus His tag (HA-13–263-Fd-His), Fc only (HA-13–263-Fc), and His tag only (HA-13–263-His), respectively. We found that the HA-13–263-Fdc, which formed an oligomeric conformation, induced the strongest neutralizing antibody response and cross-protection against challenges of two tested H5N1 virus strains covering clade 1: A/VietNam/1194/2004 (VN/1194) or clade 2.3.4: A/Shenzhen/406H/06 (SZ/406H), while HA-13–263-Fc dimer and HA-13–263-Fd-His trimer elicited higher neutralizing antibody response and protection than HA-13–263-His monomer. These results suggest that the oligomeric form of the CND containing the RBD can be further developed as an effective and safe vaccine for cross-protection against divergent strains of H5N1 viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests/methods
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Li
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (Y. Zhou); (SJ)
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (Y. Zhou); (SJ)
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18
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Neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody is a correlate of cross-protection against lethal H5N1 influenza virus in ferrets immunized with seasonal influenza vaccine. J Virol 2013; 87:3053-61. [PMID: 23283953 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02434-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In preparing for the threat of a pandemic of avian H5N1 influenza virus, we need to consider the significant delay (4 to 6 months) necessary to produce a strain-matched vaccine. As some degree of cross-reactivity between seasonal influenza vaccines and H5N1 virus has been reported, this was further explored in the ferret model to determine the targets of protective immunity. Ferrets were vaccinated with two intramuscular inoculations of trivalent inactivated split influenza vaccine or subcomponent vaccines, with and without adjuvant, and later challenged with a lethal dose of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) influenza virus. We confirmed that vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine afforded partial protection against lethal H5N1 challenge and showed that use of either AlPO(4) or Iscomatrix adjuvant with the vaccine resulted in complete protection against disease and death. The protection was due exclusively to the H1N1 vaccine component, and although the hemagglutinin contributed to protection, the dominant protective response was targeted toward the neuraminidase (NA) and correlated with sialic acid cleavage-inhibiting antibody titers. Purified heterologous NA formulated with Iscomatrix adjuvant was also protective. These results suggest that adjuvanted seasonal trivalent vaccine could be used as an interim measure to decrease morbidity and mortality from H5N1 prior to the availability of a specific vaccine. The data also highlight that an inducer of cross-protective immunity is the NA, a protein whose levels are not normally monitored in vaccines and whose capacity to induce immunity in recipients is not normally assessed.
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19
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Patel A, Kobinger GP. Evaluation of mismatched immunity against influenza viruses. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prior immunity against influenza A viruses generates sterilizing immunity against matched (homologous) viruses and varying levels of protection against mismatched (heterologous) viruses of the same or different subtypes. Natural immunity carries the risk of high morbidity and mortality, therefore immunization offers the best preventative measure. Antibody responses against the viral hemagglutinin protein correlate with protection in humans and evidence increasingly supports a role for robust cellular immune responses. By exploiting mismatched immunity, current conventional and experimental vaccine candidates can improve the generation of cross-protective immune responses against heterologous viruses. Experimental vaccines such as virus-like particles, DNA vectors, viral vectors and broadly neutralizing antibodies are able to expand cross-protection through mismatched B- and T-cell responses. However, the generation of mismatched immune responses can also have the opposite effect and impair protective immunity. This review discusses mismatched immunity in the context of natural infection and immunization. Additionally, we discuss strategies to exploit mismatched immunity in order to improve current conventional and experimental influenza A virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- San Raffaele-Telethon Institute of Gene Therapy (hSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy, 20132
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Special Pathogens Programme, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human & Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3R2
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20
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Van Kerkhove MD, Riley S, Lipsitch M, Guan Y, Monto AS, Webster RG, Zambon M, Nicoll A, Peiris JSM, Ferguson NM. Comment on "Seroevidence for H5N1 influenza infections in humans: meta-analysis". Science 2012; 336:1506; author reply 1506. [PMID: 22723396 DOI: 10.1126/science.1221434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the severity of H5N1 in humans is needed. Wang et al. (Brevia, 23 March 2012, p. 1463; published online 23 February 2012) overinterpret the results of seroprevalence studies and take too little account of underlying uncertainties. Although the true risk of death from H5N1 infection will likely be lower than the 60% of reported laboratory-confirmed cases, there is little evidence of millions of missed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Van Kerkhove
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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21
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Santiago FW, Lambert Emo K, Fitzgerald T, Treanor JJ, Topham DJ. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of recombinant hemagglutinin proteins from H1N1 A/Brisbane/59/07 and B/Florida/04/06 when produced in various protein expression systems. Vaccine 2012; 30:4606-16. [PMID: 22609035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies directed against the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein largely mediate virus neutralization and confer protection against infection. Consequently, many studies and assays of influenza vaccines are focused on HA-specific immune responses. Recombinant HA (rHA) proteins can be produced in a number of protein expression and cell culture systems. These range from baculovirus infection of insect cell cultures, to transient transfection of plants, to stably transfected human cell lines. Furthermore, the rHA proteins may contain genetic modifications, such as histidine tags or trimerization domains, intended to ease purification or enhance protein stability. However, no systematic study of these different forms of the HA protein have been conducted. It is not clear which, if any, of these different protein expression systems or structural modifications improve or diminish the biological behavior of the proteins as immunogens or antigens in immune assays. Therefore we set out to perform systematic evaluation of rHA produced in different proteins expression systems and with varied modifications. Five rHA proteins based on recent strains of seasonal influenza A and five based on influenza B HA were kindly provided by the Biodefense and Emerging Infections Reagent Repository (BEIR). These proteins were evaluated in a combination of biochemical and structural assays, in vitro humoral and cellular immune assays, and in an animal vaccination model. Marked differences in the behavior of the individual proteins was evident suggesting that they are not equal when being used to detect an immune response. They were, nevertheless, similar at eliciting neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix W Santiago
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 609, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. felix
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22
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Koopmans M, de Bruin E, Godeke GJ, Friesema I, van Gageldonk R, Schipper M, Meijer A, van Binnendijk R, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Jong MD, Buisman A, van Beek J, van de Vijver D, Reimerink J. Profiling of humoral immune responses to influenza viruses by using protein microarray. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 18:797-807. [PMID: 22212116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza showed the importance of rapid assessment of the degree of immunity in the population, the rate of asymptomatic infection, the spread of infection in households, effects of control measures, and ability of candidate vaccines to produce a response in different age groups. A limitation lies in the available assay repertoire: reference standard methods for measuring antibodies to influenza virus are haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays and virus neutralization tests. Both assays are difficult to standardize and may be too specific to assess possible partial humoral immunity from previous exposures. Here, we describe the use of antigen-microarrays to measure antibodies to HA1 antigens from seven recent and historical seasonal H1, H2 and H3 influenza viruses, the A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic influenza virus, and three avian influenza viruses. We assessed antibody profiles in 18 adult patients infected with A(H1N1) 2009 influenza virus during the recent pandemic, and 21 children sampled before and after the pandemic, against background reactivity observed in 122 persons sampled in 2008, a season dominated by seasonal A(H1N1) influenza virus. We show that subtype-specific and variant-specific antibody responses can be measured, confirming serological responses measured by HI. Comparison of profiles from persons with similar HI response showed that the magnitude and broadness of response to individual influenza subtype antigens differs greatly between individuals. Clinical and vaccination studies, but also exposure studies, should take these findings into consideration, as they may indicate some level of humoral immunity not measured by HI assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koopmans
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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23
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Powell TJ, Fox A, Peng Y, Quynh Mai LT, Lien VTK, Hang NLK, Wang L, Lee LYH, Simmons CP, McMichael AJ, Farrar JJ, Askonas BA, Duong TN, Thai PQ, Thu Yen NT, Rowland-Jones SL, Hien NT, Horby P, Dong T. Identification of H5N1-specific T-cell responses in a high-risk cohort in vietnam indicates the existence of potential asymptomatic infections. J Infect Dis 2011; 205:20-7. [PMID: 22080094 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most reported human H5N1 viral infections have been severe and were detected after hospital admission. A case ascertainment bias may therefore exist, with mild cases or asymptomatic infections going undetected. We sought evidence of mild or asymptomatic H5N1 infection by examining H5N1-specific T-cell and antibody responses in a high-risk cohort in Vietnam. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested using interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot T assays measuring the response to peptides of influenza H5, H3, and H1 hemagglutinin (HA), N1 and N2 neuraminidase, and the internal proteins of H3N2. Horse erythrocyte hemagglutination inhibition assay was performed to detect antibodies against H5N1. RESULTS Twenty-four of 747 individuals demonstrated H5-specific T-cell responses but little or no cross-reactivity with H3 or H1 HA peptides. H5N1 peptide-specific T-cell lines that did not cross-react with H1 or H3 influenza virus HA peptides were generated. Four individuals also had antibodies against H5N1. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of ex vivo H5 HA-specific T-cell responses in a healthy but H5N1-exposed population. Our results indicate that the presence of H5N1-specific T cells could be an additional diagnostic tool for asymptomatic H5N1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Powell
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom
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24
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Lopez P, Caicedo Y, Sierra A, Tilman S, Banzhoff A, Clemens R. Combined, concurrent, and sequential administration of seasonal influenza and MF59-adjuvanted A/H5N1 vaccines: a phase II randomized, controlled trial of immunogenicity and safety in healthy adults. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1719-28. [PMID: 21606530 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a phase II randomized, controlled, open-label, single-center study (Centros de Estudios de Infectología Pediátrica, Colombia) to examine the feasibility of combined administration of seasonal and MF59-adjuvanted A/H5N1 influenza vaccines using extemporaneous mixing or simultaneous administration. METHODS The primary objective of the study was to assess the immunogenicity of seasonal influenza and A/H5N1 vaccines using European licensure criteria (Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use [CHMP]); the secondary objective was to assess vaccine reactogenicity and safety. RESULTS In 401 healthy 18-40-year-old subjects, both vaccines were immunogenic in all settings; the vaccine for seasonal influenza met all CHMP criteria, unaffected by coadministration of A/H5N1 vaccine in separate or mixed injections. Likewise, the immunogenicity of A/H5N1 vaccine was unaffected by seasonal influenza vaccination, with hemagglutination inhibition seroprotection rates of 28%-40% after 1 dose and 67%-80% after 2 doses, sufficient to meet CHMP criteria. Solicited local and systemic adverse events were mainly mild to moderate. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported during the study period. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that seasonal and MF59-adjuvanted A/H5N1 influenza vaccines can be given as a mixed injection or by simultaneous separate injections without affecting immunogenicity or safety, supporting the feasibility of incorporating prepandemic MF59-adjuvanted A/H5N1 vaccines into seasonal influenza vaccination programs and the development of tetravalent influenza vaccines, including pandemic strains. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00481065.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pio Lopez
- Centros de Estudios Infectologia Pediátrica, Cali, Colombia; and Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics
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25
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Enhanced immunogenicity, mortality protection, and reduced viral brain invasion by alum adjuvant with an H5N1 split-virion vaccine in the ferret. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20641. [PMID: 21687736 PMCID: PMC3110201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-pandemic development of an inactivated, split-virion avian influenza vaccine is challenged by the lack of pre-existing immunity and the reduced immunogenicity of some H5 hemagglutinins compared to that of seasonal influenza vaccines. Identification of an acceptable effective adjuvant is needed to improve immunogenicity of a split-virion avian influenza vaccine. Methods and Findings Ferrets (N = 118) were vaccinated twice with a split-virion vaccine preparation of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 or saline either 21 days apart (unadjuvanted: 1.9 µg, 7.5 µg, 30 µg, or saline), or 28 days apart (unadjuvanted: 22.5 µg, or alum-adjuvanted: 22.5 or 7.5 µg). Vaccinated animals were challenged intranasally 21 or 28 days later with 106 EID50 of the homologous strain. Immunogenicity was measured by hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization assays. Morbidity was assessed by observed behavior, weight loss, temperature, cytopenias, histopathology, and viral load. No serum antibodies were detected after vaccination with unadjuvanted vaccine, whereas alum-adjuvanted vaccination induced a robust antibody response. Survival after unadjuvanted dose regimens of 30 µg, 7.5 µg and 1.9 µg (21-day intervals) was 64%, 43%, and 43%, respectively, yet survivors experienced weight loss, fever and thrombocytopenia. Survival after unadjuvanted dose regimen of 22.5 µg (28-day intervals) was 0%, suggesting important differences in intervals in this model. In contrast to unadjuvanted survivors, either dose of alum-adjuvanted vaccine resulted in 93% survival with minimal morbidity and without fever or weight loss. The rarity of brain inflammation in alum-adjuvanted survivors, compared to high levels in unadjuvanted vaccine survivors, suggested that improved protection associated with the alum adjuvant was due to markedly reduced early viral invasion of the ferret brain. Conclusion Alum adjuvant significantly improves efficacy of an H5N1 split-virion vaccine in the ferret model as measured by immunogenicity, mortality, morbidity, and brain invasion.
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Sui J, Sheehan J, Hwang WC, Bankston LA, Burchett SK, Huang CY, Liddington RC, Beigel JH, Marasco WA. Wide prevalence of heterosubtypic broadly neutralizing human anti-influenza A antibodies. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:1003-9. [PMID: 21460314 PMCID: PMC3070035 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of life-long immunity against influenza viruses represents a major global health care problem with profound medical and economic consequences. A greater understanding of the broad-spectrum "heterosubtypic" neutralizing human antibody (BnAb) response to influenza should bring us closer toward a universal influenza vaccine. METHODS Serum samples obtained from 77 volunteers in an H5N1 vaccine study were analyzed for cross-reactive antibodies (Abs) against both subtype hemagglutinins (HAs) and a highly conserved pocket on the HA stem of Group 1 viruses. Cross-reactive Abs in commercial intravenous immunoglobulin were affinity purified using H5-coupled beads followed by step-wise monoclonal antibody competition or acid elution. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify cross-binding, and neutralization activity was determined with HA-pseudotyped viruses. RESULTS Prevaccination serum samples have detectable levels of heterosubtypic HA binding activity to both Group 1 and 2 influenza A viruses, including subtypes H5 and H7, respectively, to which study subjects had not been vaccinated. Two different populations of Broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs) were purified from intravenous immunoglobulin by H5 beads: ~0.01% of total immunoglobulin G can bind to HAs from both Group 1 and 2 and neutralize H1N1 and H5N1 viruses; ~0.001% is F10-like Abs directed against the HA stem pocket on Group 1 viruses. CONCLUSION These data--to our knowledge, for the first time--quantitatively show the presence, albeit at low levels, of two populations of heterosubtypic BnAbs against influenza A in human serum. These observations warrant further investigation to determine their origin, host polymorphism(s) that may affect their expression levels and how to boost these BnAb responses by vaccination to reach sustainable protective levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Sui
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Jared Sheehan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
| | - William C. Hwang
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Laurie A. Bankston
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sandra K. Burchett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Chiung-Yu Huang
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Robert C. Liddington
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - John H. Beigel
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Wayne A. Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
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Garcia JM, Lai JCC. Production of influenza pseudotyped lentiviral particles and their use in influenza research and diagnosis: an update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:443-55. [PMID: 21504401 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudotyped viral particles are being used as safe surrogates to mimic the structure and surface of many viruses, including highly pathogenic viruses such as avian influenza H5N1, to investigate biological functions mediated by the envelope proteins derived from these viruses. The first part of this article evaluates and discusses the differences in the production and characterization of influenza pseudoparticles. The second part focuses on the applications that such a flexible tool can provide in modern influenza research, in particular in the fields of drug discovery, molecular biology and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Garcia
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, Dexter HC Man Building, 8 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Ding H, Tsai C, Zhou F, Buchy P, Deubel V, Zhou P. Heterosubtypic antibody response elicited with seasonal influenza vaccine correlates partial protection against highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17821. [PMID: 21464977 PMCID: PMC3064567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in human remains a global health concern. Heterosubtypic antibody response between seasonal influenza vaccine and potential pandemic influenza virus has important implications for public health. Previous studies by Corti et al. and by Gioia et al. demonstrate that heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies against the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus can be elicited with a seasonal influenza vaccine in humans. However, whether such response offers immune protection against highly pathogenic H5N1 virus remained to be determined. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, using a sensitive influenza HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) pseudotype-based neutralization (PN) assay we first confirmed that low levels of heterosubtypic neutralizing antibody response against H5N1 virus were indeed elicited with seasonal influenza vaccine in humans. We then immunized mice with the seasonal influenza vaccine and challenged them with lethal doses of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. As controls, we immunized mice with homosubtypic H5N1 virus like particles (VLP) or PBS and challenged them with the same H5N1 virus. Here we show that low levels of heterosubtypic neutralizing antibody response were elicited with seasonal influenza vaccine in mice, which were significantly higher than those in PBS control. Among them 2 out of 27 whose immune sera exhibited similar levels of neutralizing antibody response as VLP controls actually survived from highly pathogenic H5N1 virus challenge. Conclusions/Significance Therefore, we conclude that low levels of heterosubtypic neutralizing antibody response are indeed elicited with seasonal influenza vaccine in humans and mice and at certain levels such response offers immune protection against severity of H5N1 virus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/blood
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Seasons
- Titrimetry
- Treatment Outcome
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ding
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheguo Tsai
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Paul Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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A recombinant vaccine of H5N1 HA1 fused with foldon and human IgG Fc induced complete cross-clade protection against divergent H5N1 viruses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16555. [PMID: 21304591 PMCID: PMC3029370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of effective vaccines to prevent influenza, particularly highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by influenza A virus (IAV) subtype H5N1, is a challenging goal. In this study, we designed and constructed two recombinant influenza vaccine candidates by fusing hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) fragment of A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) to either Fc of human IgG (HA1-Fc) or foldon plus Fc (HA1-Fdc), and evaluated their immune responses and cross-protection against divergent strains of H5N1 virus. Results showed that these two recombinant vaccines induced strong immune responses in the vaccinated mice, which specifically reacted with HA1 proteins and an inactivated heterologous H5N1 virus. Both proteins were able to cross-neutralize infections by one homologous strain (clade 2.3) and four heterologous strains belonging to clades 0, 1, and 2.2 of H5N1 pseudoviruses as well as three heterologous strains (clades 0, 1, and 2.3.4) of H5N1 live virus. Importantly, immunization with these two vaccine candidates, especially HA1-Fdc, provided complete cross-clade protection against high-dose lethal challenge of different strains of H5N1 virus covering clade 0, 1, and 2.3.4 in the tested mouse model. This study suggests that the recombinant fusion proteins, particularly HA1-Fdc, could be developed into an efficacious universal H5N1 influenza vaccine, providing cross-protection against infections by divergent strains of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus.
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Cationic lipid/DNA complex-adjuvanted influenza A virus vaccination induces robust cross-protective immunity. J Virol 2010; 84:12691-702. [PMID: 20943978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00769-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a negative-strand segmented RNA virus in which antigenically distinct viral subtypes are defined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) major viral surface proteins. An ideal inactivated vaccine for influenza A virus would induce not only highly robust strain-specific humoral and T-cell immune responses but also cross-protective immunity in which an immune response to antigens from a particular viral subtype (e.g., H3N2) would protect against other viral subtypes (e.g., H1N1). Cross-protective immunity would help limit outbreaks from newly emerging antigenically novel strains. Here, we show in mice that the addition of cationic lipid/noncoding DNA complexes (CLDC) as adjuvant to whole inactivated influenza A virus vaccine induces significantly more robust adaptive immune responses both in quantity and quality than aluminum hydroxide (alum), which is currently the most widely used adjuvant in clinical human vaccination. CLDC-adjuvanted vaccine induced higher total influenza virus-specific IgG, particularly for the IgG2a/c subclass. Higher levels of multicytokine-producing influenza virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were induced by CLDC-adjuvanted vaccine than with alum-adjuvanted vaccine. Importantly, CLDC-adjuvanted vaccine provided significant cross-protection from either a sublethal or lethal influenza A viral challenge with a different subtype than that used for vaccination. This superior cross-protection afforded by the CLDC adjuvant required CD8 T-cell recognition of viral peptides presented by classical major histocompatibility complex class I proteins. Together, these results suggest that CLDC has particular promise for vaccine strategies in which T cells play an important role and may offer new opportunities for more effective control of human influenza epidemics and pandemics by inactivated influenza virus vaccine.
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Development of a safe and convenient neutralization assay for rapid screening of influenza HA-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:580-5. [PMID: 20617558 PMCID: PMC7092825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide outbreak of the swine-origin 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) and an increasing number of influenza cases caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 have accelerated the need to develop vaccines and antiviral agents against IAVs. Among various antivirals, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are considered important passive therapeutics having an immediate effect against viral pathogens. Here we report a pseudovirus neutralization assay for rapid screening of neutralizing mAbs targeting hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 and H1N1 IAV. In this study, we generated six pseudoviruses with an HIV-1 backbone, respectively, expressing HA of four clades of H5N1 IAV and the 2009 epidemic H1N1 IAV. The resulting pseudoviruses were able to infect a variety of human and non-human cells, with 293T cells from human kidney as the most susceptible target cells. Using the established pseudovirus neutralization assay, we showed that three of ten selected mAbs specific to HA could potently neutralize infection of a pseudovirus bearing HA from the homologous IAV A/VietNam/1194/2004(H5N1) strain. This was highly consistent with the result of a microneutralization assay testing the same strain of a live IAV. Since the pseudovirus neutralization assay does not involve an infectious virus and can be performed without the requirement of a biosafety-3 laboratory, it may be applied for safe and rapid screening of neutralizing mAbs and antiviral agents targeting HA of IAVs.
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Cavailler P, Chu S, Ly S, Garcia JM, Ha DQ, Bergeri I, Som L, Ly S, Sok T, Vong S, Buchy P. Seroprevalence of anti-H5 antibody in rural Cambodia, 2007. J Clin Virol 2010; 48:123-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hartgroves L, Koudstaal W, McLeod C, Moncorgé O, Thompson C, Ellis J, Bull C, Havenga M, Goudsmit J, Barclay W. Rapid generation of a well-matched vaccine seed from a modern influenza A virus primary isolate without recourse to eggs. Vaccine 2010; 28:2973-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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