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Coman A, Maftei DN, Krueger WS, Heil GL, Friary JA, Chereches RM, Sirlincan E, Bria P, Dragnea C, Kasler I, Gray GC. Corrigendum to "Serological evidence for avian H9N2 influenza virus infections among Romanian agriculture workers" [J. Infect. Public Health 6 (2013) 438-447]. J Infect Public Health 2018; 11:902. [PMID: 30385014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Coman
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel N Maftei
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Whitney S Krueger
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gary L Heil
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John A Friary
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Razvan M Chereches
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emanuela Sirlincan
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Bria
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudiu Dragnea
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iosif Kasler
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gregory C Gray
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Gray GC, Anderson BD, LaBeaud AD, Heraud JM, Fèvre EM, Andriamandimby SF, Cook EAJ, Dahir S, de Glanville WA, Heil GL, Khan SU, Muiruri S, Olive MM, Thomas LF, Merrill HR, Merrill MLM, Richt JA. Seroepidemiological Study of Interepidemic Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection Among Persons with Intense Ruminant Exposure in Madagascar and Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1364-1370. [PMID: 26458775 PMCID: PMC4674260 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this cross-sectional seroepidemiological study we sought to examine the evidence for circulation of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) among herders in Madagascar and Kenya. From July 2010 to June 2012, we enrolled 459 herders and 98 controls (without ruminant exposures) and studied their sera (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and IgM through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and plaque reduction neutralization test [PRNT] assays) for evidence of previous RVFV infection. Overall, 59 (12.9%) of 459 herders and 7 (7.1%) of the 98 controls were positive by the IgG ELISA assay. Of the 59 ELISA-positive herders, 23 (38.9%) were confirmed by the PRNT assay (21 from eastern Kenya). Two of the 21 PRNT-positive study subjects also had elevated IgM antibodies against RVFV suggesting recent infection. Multivariate modeling in this study revealed that being seminomadic (odds ratio [OR] = 6.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1–15.4) was most strongly associated with antibodies against RVFV. Although we cannot know when these infections occurred, it seems likely that some interepidemic RVFV infections are occurring among herders. As there are disincentives regarding reporting RVFV outbreaks in livestock or wildlife, it may be prudent to conduct periodic, limited, active seroepidemiological surveillance for RVFV infections in herders, especially in eastern Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Gray
- *Address correspondence to Gregory C. Gray, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Hanes House, Room 254, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail:
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Yondon M, Zayat B, Nelson MI, Heil GL, Anderson BD, Lin X, Halpin RA, McKenzie PP, White SK, Wentworth DE, Gray GC. Equine influenza A(H3N8) virus isolated from Bactrian camel, Mongolia. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:2144-7. [PMID: 25418532 PMCID: PMC4257804 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Because little is known about the ecology of influenza viruses in camels, 460 nasal swab specimens were collected from healthy (no overt illness) Bactrian camels in Mongolia during 2012. One specimen was positive for influenza A virus (A/camel/Mongolia/335/2012[H3N8]), which is phylogenetically related to equine influenza A(H3N8) viruses and probably represents natural horse-to-camel transmission.
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Khuntirat B, Love CS, Buddhari D, Heil GL, Gibbons RV, Rothman AL, Srikiatkhachorn A, Gray GC, Yoon IK. Absence of neutralizing antibodies against influenza A/H5N1 virus among children in Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand. J Clin Virol 2015. [PMID: 26209384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A/H5N1 actively circulated in Kamphaeng Phet (KPP), Thailand from 2004 to 2006. A prospective longitudinal cohort study of influenza virus infection in 800 adults conducted during 2008-2010 in KPP suggested that subclinical or mild H5N1 infections had occurred among this adult cohort. However, this study was conducted after the peak of H5N1 activity in KPP. Coincidentally, banked serum samples were available from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of primary school children who had undergone active surveillance for febrile illnesses from 2004 to 2007 and lived in the same district of KPP as the adult cohort. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate whether subclinical or mild H5N1 infections had occurred among KPP residents during the peak of H5N1 activity from 2004 to 2006. STUDY DESIGN H5N1 microneutralization (MN) assay was performed on banked serum samples from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of primary school children who had undergone active surveillance for febrile illnesses in KPP. Annual blood samples collected from 2004 to 2006 from 251 children were selected based on the criteria that they lived in villages with documented H5N1 infection. RESULT No H5N1 neutralizing antibodies were detected in 753 annual blood samples from 251 children. CONCLUSION During 2004-2006, very few subclinical or mild H5N1 infections occurred in KPP. Elevated H5N1 MN titers found in the adult cohort in 2008 were likely due to cross-reactivity from other influenza virus subtypes highlighting the complexities in interpreting influenza serological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjawan Khuntirat
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Darunee Buddhari
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gary L Heil
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert V Gibbons
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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Khan SU, Anderson BD, Heil GL, Liang S, Gray GC. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Seroprevalence of Influenza A(H9N2) Infection Among Humans. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:562-9. [PMID: 25712969 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given that influenza A(H9N2) is recognized as a pandemic threat, we evaluated the overall burden of influenza A(H9N2) infections among avian-exposed human populations. METHODS We performed a systematic search of PubMed, AGRICOLA, and CAB Abstracts databases for literature published during 1997-2013. Studies reporting serological evidence of human influenza A(H9N2) infection among avian-exposed populations were included. We used a World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended case definition for serological evidence of infection based on results of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. We calculated overall seroprevalence through a random effects meta-analysis model. RESULTS Seroprevalence data reported by the studies ranged from 1% to 43% (median, 9%) by HI, which was not significantly different from the seroprevalence estimated through the WHO-recommended case definition (median, 1.3%; range, 0.5%-42.6%). Reported seroprevalence by MN ranged from 0.6% to 9% (median, 2.7%), which was greater than the seroprevalence estimated through the WHO-recommended case definition (median, 0.3%; range, 0.1%-1.4%). CONCLUSIONS A small proportion of avian-exposed humans had evidence of influenza A(H9N2) infection. As the virus has a near global distribution in poultry, it seems likely that present surveillance efforts are missing mild or asymptomatic infections among avian-exposed persons. It seems prudent to closely monitor avian-exposed populations for influenza A(H9N2) infection to provide prepandemic warnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Uddin Khan
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Benjamin D Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute, & Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Laboratory of One Health Research, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gary L Heil
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute, & Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Laboratory of One Health Research, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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Memish ZA, Masri MA, Anderson BD, Heil GL, Merrill HR, Khan SU, Alsahly A, Gray GC. Elevated antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus among humans with exposure to ruminants in Saudi Arabia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:739-43. [PMID: 25646253 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2000, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) occurred in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Since then there have been sparse efforts to monitor for RVFV reemergence. During 2012, we enrolled 300 individuals with ruminant exposure and 50 age-group matched non-exposed controls in southwestern KSA, in a cross-sectional epidemiological study of RVFV. Sera from the participants were screened with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-RVFV IgG antibodies of which 39 (11.1%) were positive. Sixteen (41.0%) of those 39 were also positive by a plaque reduction neutralization assay (PRNT). The PRNT-positive subjects were further studied with an IgM ELISA and one was positive. No RVFV was detected in the 350 sera using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Contact with cattle (odds ratio [OR] = 3.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 9.90) and a history of chronic medical illness (OR = 6.41, 95% CI 1.75, 23.44) were associated with greater odds of RVFV seropositivity by PRNT. The IgM-positive participant was 36 years of age, and reported multiple risk factors for ruminant contact. Although these findings simply may be vestiges of the 2000 epidemic, KSA's frequent visits from pilgrims and importations of live animals from RVFV-endemic areas suggest that more comprehensive surveillance for imported RVFV virus in ruminants, mosquitoes, and travelers is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Memish
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Ministry of Health, Jazan Health Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak A Masri
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Ministry of Health, Jazan Health Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin D Anderson
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Ministry of Health, Jazan Health Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gary L Heil
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Ministry of Health, Jazan Health Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hunter R Merrill
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Ministry of Health, Jazan Health Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah U Khan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Ministry of Health, Jazan Health Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alsahly
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Ministry of Health, Jazan Health Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory C Gray
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Ministry of Health, Jazan Health Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Memish ZA, Alsahly A, Masri MA, Heil GL, Anderson BD, Peiris M, Khan SU, Gray GC. Sparse evidence of MERS-CoV infection among animal workers living in Southern Saudi Arabia during 2012. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 9:64-7. [PMID: 25470665 PMCID: PMC4353318 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging viral pathogen that primarily causes respiratory illness. We conducted a seroprevalence study of banked human serum samples collected in 2012 from Southern Saudi Arabia. Sera from 300 animal workers (17% with daily camel exposure) and 50 non-animal-exposed controls were examined for serological evidence of MERS-CoV infection by a pseudoparticle MERS-CoV spike protein neutralization assay. None of the sera reproducibly neutralized the MERS-CoV-pseudotyped lentiviral vector. These data suggest that serological evidence of zoonotic transmission of MERS-CoV was not common among animal workers in Southern Saudi Arabia during July 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Memish
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, KSA
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Lednicky JA, Fennelly K, Tribby M, Wu CY, Heil GL, Radonovich L, Loeb J. Collection and measurement of aerosols of viable influenza virus in liquid media in an Andersen cascade impactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2147/vaat.s74789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Khuntirat B, Yoon IK, Chittaganpitch M, Krueger WS, Supawat K, Blair PJ, Putnam SD, Gibbons RV, Buddhari D, Sawanpanyalert P, Heil GL, Friary JA, Gray GC. High rate of A(H1N1)pdm09 infections among rural Thai villagers, 2009-2010. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106751. [PMID: 25188434 PMCID: PMC4154756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 emerged in Thailand in 2009. A prospective longitudinal adult cohort and household transmission study of influenza-like illness (ILI) was ongoing in rural Thailand at the time of emergence. Symptomatic and subclinical A(H1N1)pdm09 infection rates in the cohort and among household members were evaluated. Methods A cohort of 800 Thai adults underwent active community-based surveillance for ILI from 2008–2010. Acute respiratory samples from ILI episodes were tested for A(H1N1)pdm09 by qRT-PCR; acute and 60-day convalescent blood samples were tested by A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI). Enrollment, 12-month and 24-month follow-up blood samples were tested for A(H1N1)pdm09 seroconversion by HI. Household members of influenza A-infected cohort subjects with ILI were enrolled in household transmission investigations in which day 0 and 60 blood samples and acute respiratory samples were tested by either qRT-PCR or HI for A(H1N1)pdm09. Seroconversion between annual blood samples without A(H1N1)pdm09-positive ILI was considered as subclinical infection. Results The 2-yr cumulative incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in the cohort in 2009/2010 was 10.8% (84/781) with an annual incidence of 1.2% in 2009 and 9.7% in 2010; 83.3% of infections were subclinical (50% in 2009 and 85.9% in 2010). The 2-yr cumulative incidence was lowest (5%) in adults born ≤1957. The A(H1N1)pdm09 secondary attack rate among household contacts was 47.2% (17/36); 47.1% of these infections were subclinical. The highest A(H1N1)pdm09 secondary attack rate among household contacts (70.6%, 12/17) occurred among children born between 1990 and 2003. Conclusion Subclinical A(H1N1)pdm09 infections in Thai adults occurred frequently and accounted for a greater proportion of all A(H1N1)pdm09 infections than previously estimated. The role of subclinical infections in A(H1N1)pdm09 transmission has important implications in formulating strategies to predict and prevent the spread of A(H1N1)pdm09 and other influenza virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjawan Khuntirat
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Whitney S. Krueger
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Krongkaew Supawat
- National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Shannon D. Putnam
- Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Gibbons
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Darunee Buddhari
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Gary L. Heil
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John A. Friary
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khuntirat BP, Yoon IK, Blair PJ, Krueger WS, Chittaganpitch M, Putnam SD, Supawat K, Gibbons RV, Pattamadilok S, Sawanpanyalert P, Heil GL, Friary JA, Capuano AW, Gray GC. Evidence for subclinical avian influenza virus infections among rural Thai villagers. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 53:e107-16. [PMID: 21921216 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regions of Thailand reported sporadic outbreaks of A/H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) among poultry between 2004 and 2008. Kamphaeng Phet Province, in north-central Thailand had over 50 HPAI poultry outbreaks in 2004 alone, and 1 confirmed and 2 likely other human HPAI infections between 2004 and 2006. METHODS In 2008, we enrolled a cohort of 800 rural Thai adults living in 8 sites within Kamphaeng Phet Province in a prospective study of zoonotic influenza transmission. We studied participants' sera with serologic assays against 16 avian, 2 swine, and 8 human influenza viruses. RESULTS Among participants (mean age 49.6 years and 58% female) 65% reported lifetime poultry exposure of at least 30 consecutive minutes. Enrollees had elevated antibodies by microneutralization assay against 3 avian viruses: A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), A/Thailand/676/2005(H5N1), and A/Thailand/384/2006(H5N1). Bivariate risk factor modeling demonstrated that male gender, lack of an indoor water source, and tobacco use were associated with elevated titers against avian H9N2 virus. Multivariate modeling suggested that increasing age, lack of an indoor water source, and chronic breathing problems were associated with infection with 1 or both HPAI H5N1 strains. Poultry exposure was not associated with positive serologic findings. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that people in rural central Thailand may have experienced subclinical avian influenza infections as a result of yet unidentified environmental exposures. Lack of an indoor water source may play a role in transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjawan P Khuntirat
- Department of Virology, US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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Coman A, Maftei DN, Krueger WS, Heil GL, Chereches RM, Sirlincan E, Bria P, Dragnea C, Kasler I, Valentine MA, Gray GC. A prospective study of Romanian agriculture workers for zoonotic influenza infections. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98248. [PMID: 24869796 PMCID: PMC4037193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this prospective study we sought to examine seroepidemiological evidence for acute zoonotic influenza virus infection among Romanian agricultural workers. Methods Sera were drawn upon enrollment (2009) and again at 12 and 24 months from 312 adult agriculture workers and 51 age-group matched controls. Participants were contacted monthly for 24 months and queried regarding episodes of acute influenza-like illnesses (ILI). Cohort members meeting ILI criteria permitted respiratory swab collections as well as acute and convalescent serum collection. Serologic assays were performed against 9 avian, 3 swine, and 3 human influenza viruses. Results During the two-year follow-up, a total of 23 ILI events were reported. Two subjects' specimens were identified as influenza A by rRT-PCR. During the follow-up period, three individuals experienced elevated microneutralization antibody titers ≥1∶80 against three (one each) avian influenza viruses: A/Teal/Hong Kong/w312/97(H6N1), A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), or A/Duck/Alberta/60/1976(H12N5). However, none of these participants met the criteria for poultry exposure. A number of subjects demonstrated four-fold increases over time in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay titers for at least one of the three swine influenza viruses (SIVs); however, it seems likely that two of these three responses were due to cross-reacting antibody against human influenza. Only elevated antibody titers against A/Swine/Flanders/1/1998(H3N2) lacked evidence for such confounding. In examining risk factors for elevated antibody against this SIV with multiple logistic regression, swine exposure (adjusted OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.8) and tobacco use (adjusted OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.1–2.9) were important predictors. Conclusions While Romania has recently experienced multiple incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza among domestic poultry, this cohort of Romanian agriculture workers had sparse evidence of avian influenza virus infections. In contrast, there was evidence, especially among the swine exposed participants, of infections with human and one swine H3N2 influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Coman
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel N. Maftei
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Whitney S. Krueger
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Heil
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Razvan M. Chereches
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emanuela Sirlincan
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Bria
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudiu Dragnea
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iosif Kasler
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marissa A. Valentine
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Okoye JO, Eze DC, Krueger WS, Heil GL, White SK, Merrill HR, Gray GC. Evidence for subclinical H5N1 avian influenza infections among Nigerian poultry workers. J Med Virol 2014; 86:2070-5. [PMID: 24677113 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years Nigeria has experienced sporadic incursions of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza among poultry. In 2008, 316 poultry-exposed agricultural workers, and 54 age-group matched non-poultry exposed adults living in the Enugu or Ebonyi States of Nigeria were enrolled and then contacted monthly for 24 months to identify acute influenza-like-illnesses. Annual follow-up sera and questionnaire data were collected at 12 and 24 months. Participants reporting influenza-like illness completed additional questionnaires, and provided nasal and pharyngeal swabs and acute and convalescent sera. Swab and sera specimens were studied for evidence of influenza A virus infection. Sera were examined for elevated antibodies against 12 avian influenza viruses by microneutralization and 3 human viruses by hemagglutination inhibition. Four (3.2%) of the 124 acute influenza-like-illness investigations yielded molecular evidence of influenza, but virus could not be cultured. Serial serum samples from five poultry-exposed subjects had a ≥4-fold change in microneutralization titers against A/CK/Nigeria/07/1132123(H5N1), with three of those having titers ≥1:80 (maximum 1:1,280). Three of the five subjects (60%) reported a preceding influenza-like illness. Hemagglutination inhibition titers were ≥4-fold increases against one of the human viruses in 260 participants. While cross-reactivity from antibodies against other influenza viruses cannot be ruled out as a partial confounder, over the course of the 2-year follow-up, at least 3 of 316 (0.9%) poultry-exposed subjects had evidence for subclinical HPAI H5N1 infections. If these data represent true infections, it seems imperative to increase monitoring for avian influenza among Nigeria's poultry and poultry workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Okoye
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Krueger WS, Lucero NE, Brower A, Heil GL, Gray GC. Evidence for unapparent Brucella canis infections among adults with occupational exposure to dogs. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 61:509-18. [PMID: 24751191 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human serological assays designed to detect brucellosis will miss infections caused by Brucella canis, and low levels of periodic bacteremia limit diagnosis by blood culture. Recent B. canis outbreaks in dogs and concomitant illnesses in caretakers suggest that unapparent human infections may be occurring. With more than a quarter of a million persons in occupations involving dogs, and nearly 80 million dog owners in the United States, this pathogen is an under-recognized human health threat. To investigate occupational exposure to B. canis, we adapted a commercial canine serological assay and present the first controlled seroepidemiological study of human B. canis infections in recent years. 306 adults with occupational exposure to dogs and 101 non-matched, non-canine-exposed subjects were enrolled. Antibodies were detected using the canine D-Tec(®) CB rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) kit with a secondary 2-mercaptoethanol (ME)-RSAT. Results were validated on a blinded subset of sera with an additional RSAT and indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay at the National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes (ANLIS) in Argentina. Seroprevalence ranged from 10.8% (RSAT) to 3.6% (ME-RSAT) among canine-exposed subjects. Kennel employees were more likely to test RSAT seropositive compared with other canine exposures (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.8); however, low seroprevalence limited meaningful occupational risk factor analyses. Two seropositive participants reported experiencing symptoms consistent with brucellosis and having exposure to B. canis-infected dogs; however, temporality of symptom onset with reported exposure could not be determined. D-Tec(®) CB results had substantial agreement with ANLIS assays (Cohen's kappa = 0.60-0.68). These data add to a growing body of literature suggesting that people occupationally exposed to dogs may be at risk of unapparent B. canis infection. It seems prudent to consider B. canis as an occupational public health concern and encourage the development of serological assays to detect human B. canis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Krueger
- College of Public Health & Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Ma MJ, Yang XX, Xia X, Anderson BD, Heil GL, Qian YH, Lu B, Cao WC, Gray GC. Comparison of commercial influenza A virus assays in detecting avian influenza H7N9 among poultry cloacal swabs, China. J Clin Virol 2014; 59:242-5. [PMID: 24529843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian H7N9 virus emerged in China in February 2013 and has since spread widely among China's poultry, causing numerous human infections. OBJECTIVES To compare World Health Organization (WHO) and US commercial influenza assays in detecting avian H7N9 virus in poultry cloacal specimens. STUDY DESIGN Between April 6 and July 15, 2013, 261 cloacal swabs were collected from commercial poultry in Nanjing and Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China. Swabs were screened with the WHO's influenza A and H7N9 real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. A blinded panel of 97 specimens (27 H7N9-positive and 70 influenza A-negative) was then used to compare 3 antigen based commercial assays (Remel Xpect Flu A&B, Quidel Quickvue influenza, and Quidel Sofia Influenza A+B), and 2 molecular commercial assays (Quidel Molecular Influenza A+B assay and Life Technologies VetMAX™-Gold SIV Detection Kit). None of these commercial assays were approved for use with poultry specimens. RESULTS Considering the WHO H7N9 qRT-PCR assay as the gold standard, all assays except the Quidel Quickvue influenza assay had high specificity (ranging from 96 to 99%). Regarding sensitivity, the Life Technologies VetMAX™-Gold SIV Detection Kit (100%; 95% CI 87-100%) and the Quidel Molecular Influenza A+B assay (85%; 95% CI 66-96%) performed the best. The sensitivities of the non-molecular antigen detection assays were either unable to detect small amounts of H7N9 viral RNA or were inhibited by specimen type. CONCLUSIONS The Life Technologies VetMAX™-Gold SIV Detection Kit and the Quidel Molecular Influenza A+B assay are comparable in performance to the WHO H7N9 qRT-PCR assay in detecting H7N9 from poultry cloacal specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Benjamin D Anderson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gary L Heil
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yan-Hua Qian
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Burnell FJ, Holmes MA, Roiko AH, Lowe JB, Heil GL, White SK, Gray GC. Little evidence of human infection with equine influenza during the 2007 epizootic, Queensland, Australia. J Clin Virol 2013; 59:100-3. [PMID: 24360918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine influenza virus (EIV) is considered enzootic in Europe (except Iceland), Asia, North Africa, and North and South America. When EIV outbreaks occur they may severely impact the equine and tourist industries. Australia faced its first EIV outbreak beginning in August of 2007. The outbreak was concentrated in New South Wales and Queensland, with more than 1400 confirmed EIV infections in horses during the first month. Rapid response from the equine industry and the federal government was successful and Australia was declared free from EIV by the end of 2007. OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study was designed to examine associations between exposure to EIV-infected horses and evidence of EIV infection in humans. STUDY DESIGN Employing informed consent, between October 2007 and April 2008, 100 subjects (89 with horse exposures and 11 non-exposed) were enrolled during equine events and at the University of the Sunshine Coast. All subjects provided a blood sample and were asked to complete an online questionnaire including health history, animal exposure and demographic information. Sera samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against two H3N8 EIV strains using microneutralization, hemagglutination inhibition, and enzyme-linked lectin assays. RESULTS Evidence for H3N8 infection was sparse, with only 9 study participants having any indication of H3N8 infection and the seroreactivity seen was low and easily explained by cross-reactions against human influenza strains or vaccines. CONCLUSIONS These data provide little evidence to support the premise that EIV infections occurred among humans exposed to EIV-infected horses during the 2007 Australian epizootic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Burnell
- School of Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education, & Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
| | - Mark A Holmes
- School of Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education, & Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
| | - Anne H Roiko
- School of Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education, & Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
| | - John B Lowe
- School of Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education, & Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
| | - Gary L Heil
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah K White
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Krueger WS, Heil GL, Yoon KJ, Gray GC. No evidence for zoonotic transmission of H3N8 canine influenza virus among US adults occupationally exposed to dogs. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 8:99-106. [PMID: 24237615 PMCID: PMC3877156 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The zoonotic potential of H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) has not been previously examined; yet considering the popularity of dogs as a companion animal and the zoonotic capabilities of other influenza viruses, the public health implications are great. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against CIV among a US cohort. DESIGN A cross-sectional seroepidemiological study was conducted between 2007 and 2010. SETTING Recruitments primarily occurred in Iowa and Florida. Participants were enrolled at dog shows, or at their home or place of employment. SAMPLE Three hundred and four adults occupationally exposed to dogs and 101 non-canine-exposed participants completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Microneutralization and neuraminidase inhibition assays were performed to detect human sera antibodies against A/Canine/Iowa/13628/2005(H3N8). An enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) was adapted to detect antibodies against a recombinant N8 neuraminidase protein from A/Equine/Pennsylvania/1/2007(H3N8). RESULTS For all assays, no significant difference in detectable antibodies was observed when comparing the canine-exposed subjects to the non-canine-exposed subjects. CONCLUSION While these results do not provide evidence for cross-species CIV transmission, influenza is predictably unpredictable. People frequently exposed to ill dogs should continually be monitored for novel zoonotic CIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S Krueger
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Krueger WS, Khuntirat B, Yoon IK, Blair PJ, Chittagarnpitch M, Putnam SD, Supawat K, Gibbons RV, Bhuddari D, Pattamadilok S, Sawanpanyalert P, Heil GL, Gray GC. Prospective study of avian influenza virus infections among rural Thai villagers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72196. [PMID: 23977250 PMCID: PMC3745375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2008, 800 rural Thai adults living within Kamphaeng Phet Province were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Serological analyses of enrollment sera suggested this cohort had experienced subclinical avian influenza virus (AIV) infections with H9N2 and H5N1 viruses. Methods After enrollment, participants were contacted weekly for 24mos for acute influenza-like illnesses (ILI). Cohort members confirmed to have influenza A infections were enrolled with their household contacts in a family transmission study involving paired sera and respiratory swab collections. Cohort members also provided sera at 12 and 24 months after enrollment. Serologic and real-time RT-PCR assays were performed against avian, swine, and human influenza viruses. Results Over the 2 yrs of follow-up, 81 ILI investigations in the cohort were conducted; 31 (38%) were identified as influenza A infections by qRT-PCR. Eighty-three household contacts were enrolled; 12 (14%) reported ILIs, and 11 (92%) of those were identified as influenza infections. A number of subjects were found to have slightly elevated antibodies against avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2) virus: 21 subjects (2.7%) at 12-months and 40 subjects (5.1%) at 24-months. Among these, two largely asymptomatic acute infections with H9N2 virus were detected by >4-fold increases in annual serologic titers (final titers 1∶80). While controlling for age and influenza vaccine receipt, moderate poultry exposure was significantly associated with elevated H9N2 titers (adjusted OR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.04–5.2) at the 24-month encounter. One subject had an elevated titer (1∶20) against H5N1 during follow-up. Conclusions From 2008–10, evidence for AIV infections was sparse among this rural population. Subclinical H9N2 AIV infections likely occurred, but serological results were confounded by antibody cross-reactions. There is a critical need for improved serological diagnostics to more accurately detect subclinical AIV infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S. Krueger
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Benjawan Khuntirat
- US Army Medical Component - Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- US Army Medical Component - Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patrick J. Blair
- Naval Medical Research Unit 2 and Office of Defense Cooperation, Singapore
| | | | - Shannon D. Putnam
- Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Krongkaew Supawat
- National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert V. Gibbons
- US Army Medical Component - Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Darunee Bhuddari
- US Army Medical Component - Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Gary L. Heil
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khurelbaatar N, Krueger WS, Heil GL, Darmaa B, Ulziimaa D, Tserennorov D, Baterdene A, Anderson BD, Gray GC. Sparse evidence for equine or avian influenza virus infections among Mongolian adults with animal exposures. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1246-50. [PMID: 23941547 PMCID: PMC4634246 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Mongolia has experienced recurrent epizootics of equine influenza virus (EIV) among its 2·1 million horses and multiple incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus via migrating birds. No human EIV or HPAI infections have been reported. In 2009, 439 adults in Mongolia were enrolled in a population‐based study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Enrollment sera were examined for serological evidence of infection with nine avian, three human, and one equine influenza virus strains. Seroreactivity was sparse among participants suggesting little human risk of zoonotic influenza infection.
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Coman A, Maftei DN, Krueger WS, Heil GL, Friary JA, Chereches RM, Sirlincan E, Bria P, Dragnea C, Kasler I, Gray GC. Serological evidence for avian H9N2 influenza virus infections among Romanian agriculture workers. J Infect Public Health 2013; 6:438-47. [PMID: 23999337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, wild birds have introduced multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections in Romanian poultry. In 2005 HPAI infections were widespread among domestic poultry and anecdotal reports suggested domestic pigs may also have been exposed. We sought to examine evidence for zoonotic influenza infections among Romanian agriculture workers. Between 2009 and 2010, 363 adult participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional, seroepidemiological study. Confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) swine workers in Tulcea and small, traditional backyard farmers in Cluj-Napoca were enrolled, as well as a non-animal exposed control group from Cluj-Napoca. Enrollment sera were examined for serological evidence of previous infection with 9 avian and 3 human influenza virus strains. Serologic assays showed no evidence of previous infection with 7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses or with HPAI H5N1. However, 33 participants (9.1%) had elevated microneutralization antibody titers against avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), 5 with titers ≥ 1:80 whom all reported exposure to poultry. Moderate poultry exposure was significantly associated with elevated titers after controlling for the subjects' age (adjusted OR = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1-12.1). There was no evidence that previous infection with human H3N2 or H2N2 viruses were confounding the H9N2 seroreactivity. These data suggest that H9N2 virus may have circulated in Romanian poultry and occasionally infected man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Coman
- Center for Health Policy and Public Health, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Okoye J, Eze D, Krueger WS, Heil GL, Friary JA, Gray GC. Serologic evidence of avian influenza virus infections among Nigerian agricultural workers. J Med Virol 2013; 85:670-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Blair PJ, Putnam SD, Krueger WS, Chum C, Wierzba TF, Heil GL, Yasuda CY, Williams M, Kasper MR, Friary JA, Capuano AW, Saphonn V, Peiris M, Shao H, Perez DR, Gray GC. Evidence for avian H9N2 influenza virus infections among rural villagers in Cambodia. J Infect Public Health 2013; 6:69-79. [PMID: 23537819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southeast Asia remains a critical region for the emergence of novel and/or zoonotic influenza, underscoring the importance of extensive sampling in rural areas where early transmission is most likely to occur. METHODS In 2008, 800 adult participants from eight sites were enrolled in a prospective population-based study of avian influenza (AI) virus transmission where highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus had been reported in humans and poultry from 2006 to 2008. From their enrollment sera and questionnaires, we report risk factor findings for serologic evidence of previous infection with 18 AI virus strains. RESULTS Serologic assays revealed no evidence of previous infection with 13 different low-pathogenic AI viruses or with HPAI avian-like A/Cambodia/R0404050/2007(H5N1). However, 21 participants had elevated antibodies against avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), validated with a monoclonal antibody blocking ELISA assay specific for avian H9. CONCLUSIONS Although cross-reaction from antibodies against human influenza viruses cannot be completely excluded, the study data suggest that a number of participants were previously infected with the avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2) virus, likely due to as yet unidentified environmental exposures. Prospective data from this cohort will help us better understand the serology of zoonotic influenza infection in a rural cohort in SE Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Blair
- Naval Medical Research Unit #2/National Institute of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Gray GC, Bender JB, Bridges CB, Daly RF, Krueger WS, Male MJ, Heil GL, Friary JA, Derby RB, Cox NJ. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus among healthy show pigs, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1519-21. [PMID: 22932697 PMCID: PMC3437725 DOI: 10.3201/eid1809.120431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because animals can transmit some diseases to people, it is wise to be cautious around animals that carry these diseases. But how do you know which animals are carrying disease? Sometimes they appear perfectly healthy. A study of 57 apparently healthy show pigs at a 2009 US state fair found that almost 20% were carrying influenza virus and at least 4 were carrying the 2009 pandemic virus. Of concern is the possibility that different types of influenza virus—pandemic, swine, avian—could combine in pigs and emerge as new viruses that then spread to humans. Swine workers, veterinarians, and other persons with pig contact may be at high risk for infection with pig influenza and should receive seasonal influenza vaccines, use personal protective equipment when working with healthy pigs, and limit their contact with sick pigs. Regular monitoring of influenza virus among pigs and testing of sick persons who have been exposed to pigs are needed. Within 5 months after the earliest detection of human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, we found molecular and culture evidence of the virus in healthy US show pigs. The mixing of humans and pigs at swine shows possibly could further the geographic and cross-species spread of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Gray
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Box 100188, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. .edu
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Yondon M, Heil GL, Burks JP, Zayat B, Waltzek TB, Jamiyan BO, McKenzie PP, Krueger WS, Friary JA, Gray GC. Isolation and characterization of H3N8 equine influenza A virus associated with the 2011 epizootic in Mongolia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:659-65. [PMID: 23289427 PMCID: PMC3626732 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine influenza virus (EIV) epizootics affect 2·1 million Mongolian horses approximately every 10 years and critically impact economy and nomadic livelihood of Mongolia. Objectives An active surveillance program was established in 2011 to monitor influenza viruses circulating among Mongolian horses. Methods Nasal swabs were collected from horses in free‐ranging horse herds in Töv, Khentii, and Dundgovi aimags (provinces) from January to September 2011. Real‐time reversetranscriptase–polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) was used to determine the presence of influenza A virus. Influenza A‐positive specimens were cultured to amplify virus; viral RNA was extracted, and gene segments were amplified and sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Results A total of 745 horses were swabbed; most horses were without clinical signs of illness. In July 2011, reports of influenza‐like illnesses emerged among horses in Mongolia's capital, and subsequently, surveillance efforts were adjusted to swab horses associated with the epizootic. Thirty‐four specimens of rRT‐PCR influenza‐positive virus were collected in May, June, August, and September. Three specimens yielded detectable virus. Gene sequence studies suggested that all three isolates were identical H3N8 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses indicated the strain was very similar to other H3N8 EIVs circulating in central Asia between 2007 and 2008. Conclusions As large Mongolian equine herds often seem to suffer from EIV epizootics, it seems prudent to continue such routine equine influenza surveillance. Doing so will provide an early warning system, should novel viruses emerge, help in assessing if EIV is crossing over to infect humans and provide data to assess the likely effectiveness of current EIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myagmarsukh Yondon
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Veterinary & Animal Breeding, Government of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Barr KL, Messenger AM, Anderson BD, Friary JA, Heil GL, Reece K, Gray GC. Recovery of live virus after storage at ambient temperature using ViveST™. J Clin Virol 2012; 56:57-61. [PMID: 23046621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major impediment to performing virological field studies in developing nations is the lack of ultra-low freezers as well as the expense and difficulty of shipping frozen samples. A commercially available product, ViveST™, was developed to preserve nucleic acids at ambient temperature for use in specimen storage and transportation. However, its applications as a viral storage, transport and recovery device have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To examine the ability of ViveST to preserve live virus following storage at ambient temperature. STUDY DESIGN A panel of six viruses was stored at ambient temperature (~22°C) in ViveST with fetal bovine serum (FBS), or ViveST with minimal essential media (MEM) and compared with virus stored in universal transport media (M4RT), MEM, and FBS alone. Stored viruses included: human adenovirus (14p), dengue virus 2 (16608), echovirus 3 (Morrisey), human rhinovirus 15 (1734), Coxsackie virus B5 (Faulkner), and herpes simplex virus 1 (HF). After 7 days storage at ambient temperature, virus recovery was measured via titration using viral plaque assays or focus-forming unit assays. RESULTS Viral titer studies indicate that ViveST with either FBS or M4RT preserved/recovered 5 different viruses for 1 week at ambient temperature. MEM preserved 4 viruses while FBS and ViveST with MEM preserved 3 viruses each. Statistical analyses indicate that M4RT and ViveST with FBS preserved significantly more virus than the other treatments. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ViveST with either FBS or M4RT may be useful in field specimen collection scenarios where ultra-cold storage is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Barr
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and The Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Abstract
Zoonotic diseases continue to emerge and threaten both human and animal health. Overcrowded shelters and breeding kennels create the perfect environment for amplified infectious disease transmission among dogs and present a critical opportunity for zoonotic pathogens to emerge and infect people who work in close contact with dogs. Coronaviruses’ widespread prevalence, extensive host range, various disease manifestations and increased frequency of recombination events all underline their potential for interspecies transmission (Methods Mol. Biol. 2008, 454, 43). The objectives of this study were to determine whether people with occupational contact with dogs were more likely to have antibodies against canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) compared to persons with no dog exposure. A seroepidemiological cohort study was completed, for which 302 canine‐exposed and 99 non‐canine‐exposed study subjects enrolled in the study by providing a serum sample and completing a self‐administered questionnaire. A competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect human antibodies against CRCoV while controlling for cross‐reacting antibodies against the human coronavirus OC43. All study subjects were negative for antibodies against CRCoV by this competitive ELISA. This study supports the premise that humans are not at risk for CRCoV infections; however, infrequent cross‐species transmission of CRCoV cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Krueger
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Anderson BD, Barr KL, Heil GL, Friary JA, Gray GC. A comparison of viral fitness and virulence between emergent adenovirus 14p1 and prototype adenovirus 14p strains. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:265-8. [PMID: 22484030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies from the last decade have suggested that the morbidity and mortality associated with a newly emergent strain of human adenovirus (HAdV-14p1) is greater than other, more prevalent, adenovirus strains. Recent molecular analysis identified very minor genetic differences in HAdV-14p1 compared to prototype HAdV-14p. No studies have evaluated how these differences may affect virulence. OBJECTIVE To compare HAdV-14p1 and HAdV-14p strains for competitive fitness and virulence. STUDY DESIGN We performed in vitro and molecular assays to evaluate growth kinetics, cellular infectivity, cytotoxicity, and plaque morphology of the two strains. RESULTS Growth kinetic data showed no viral replication at 30°C and minimal differences at 37°C for both strains. Cellular infectivity data showed propagation capabilities for both strains in a diverse array of cell lines, with human lung and kidney cells having the highest propagation potential. Cytotoxicity data indicated cellular distress differences induced by both strains of virus in the first 12h, but similar distress levels between 12 and 48 h. Plaque morphology assays showed some differences in average plaque diameter. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the increase in morbidity and mortality observed in recent HAdV-14p1 infections is not due to viral growth or cellular infectivity differences from the prototypic HAdV-14 strain. While there were some statistically important differences detected between strains in cytotoxicity and plaque morphology assays, it seems more likely that other factors, such as environmental stressors, co-infections, or individual host response are likely contributing to the increase in morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Anderson
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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27
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Gray GC, Ferguson DD, Lowther PE, Heil GL, Friary JA. A national study of US bird banders for evidence of avian influenza virus infections. J Clin Virol 2011; 51:132-5. [PMID: 21530384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we have found that Midwestern US wildlife biologists, poultry farmers, veterinarians, and duck hunters have had evidence of avian influenza virus infections (AIVs). OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate a national sample of US bird banders for previous evidence of AIV infection. STUDY DESIGN Controlled, cross-sectional serological survey. RESULTS In 2009 and 2010 we enrolled 157 registered bird banders from 40 US states and compared their enrollment data and serological results with 78 adult age-group matched controls from Iowa. On average, the bird banders had 15 years of wild bird exposure, banded 20 days per year, worked chiefly in 1 of the 4 North American flyways, and banded 300 individual birds of 5 different species per season. While handling birds, only 15% of banders reported wearing gloves. Three bird banders and 1 control had evidence of previous infection (1 AIV each) with A/BWTE/Ohio/07/495762-6(H7N3), A/Ty/MN/38391-6/95(H9N2) or A/CK/NJ/7290-2/95(H11N3) by microneutralization assay. There was no evidence of previous infection with a representative sample of H4, H5, H6, H8, or H10 AIVs. Participants were followed for influenza-like-illness for a median of 7 months and 4 (3 bird banders) submitted self-collected eye, nasal, and throat influenza-like-illness swab specimens, 1 of which collected in November of 2009, yielded a pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus. CONCLUSION Despite reports of conjunctivitis and upper respiratory symptoms while bird banding, we found sparse evidence that US bird banders had infections with AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Gray
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Heil GL, McCarthy T, Yoon KJ, Liu S, Saad MD, Smith CB, Houck JA, Dawson ED, Rowlen KL, Gray GC. MChip, a low density microarray, differentiates among seasonal human H1N1, North American swine H1N1, and the 2009 pandemic H1N1. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 4:411-6. [PMID: 20958936 PMCID: PMC3825186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MChip uses data from the hybridization of amplified viral RNA to 15 distinct oligonucleotides that target the influenza A matrix (M) gene segment. An artificial neural network (ANN) automates the interpretation of subtle differences in fluorescence intensity patterns from the microarray. The complete process from clinical specimen to identification including amplification of viral RNA can be completed in <8 hours for under US$10. OBJECTIVES The work presented here represents an effort to expand and test the capabilities of the MChip to differentiate influenza A/H1N1 of various species origin. METHODS The MChip ANN was trained to recognize fluorescence image patterns of a variety of known influenza A viruses, including examples of human H1N1, human H3N2, swine H1N1, 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1, and a wide variety of avian, equine, canine, and swine influenza viruses. Robustness of the MChip ANN was evaluated using 296 blinded isolates. RESULTS Training of the ANN was expanded by the addition of 71 well-characterized influenza A isolates and yielded relatively high accuracy (little misclassification) in distinguishing unique H1N1 strains: nine human A/H1N1 (88·9% correct), 35 human A/H3N2 (97·1% correct), 31 North American swine A/H1N1 (80·6% correct), 14 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 (87·7% correct), and 23 negative samples (91·3% correct). Genetic diversity among the swine H1N1 isolates may have contributed to the lower success rate for these viruses. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates the MChip has the capability to differentiate the genetic variations among influenza viruses with appropriate ANN training. Further selective enrichment of the ANN will improve its ability to rapidly and reliably characterize influenza viruses of unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Heil
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and College of Public Health and Health Professions, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Shemon AN, Heil GL, Granovsky AE, Clark MM, McElheny D, Chimon A, Rosner MR, Koide S. Characterization of the Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) binding pocket: NMR-based screening identifies small-molecule ligands. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10479. [PMID: 20463977 PMCID: PMC2864760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), also known as phoshaptidylethanolamine binding protein (PEBP), has been shown to inhibit Raf and thereby negatively regulate growth factor signaling by the Raf/MAP kinase pathway. RKIP has also been shown to suppress metastasis. We have previously demonstrated that RKIP/Raf interaction is regulated by two mechanisms: phosphorylation of RKIP at Ser-153, and occupation of RKIP's conserved ligand binding domain with a phospholipid (2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DHPE). In addition to phospholipids, other ligands have been reported to bind this domain; however their binding properties remain uncharacterized. METHODS/FINDINGS In this study, we used high-resolution heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy to screen a chemical library and assay a number of potential RKIP ligands for binding to the protein. Surprisingly, many compounds previously postulated as RKIP ligands showed no detectable binding in near-physiological solution conditions even at millimolar concentrations. In contrast, we found three novel ligands for RKIP that specifically bind to the RKIP pocket. Interestingly, unlike the phospholipid, DHPE, these newly identified ligands did not affect RKIP binding to Raf-1 or RKIP phosphorylation. One out of the three ligands displayed off target biological effects, impairing EGF-induced MAPK and metabolic activity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This work defines the binding properties of RKIP ligands under near physiological conditions, establishing RKIP's affinity for hydrophobic ligands and the importance of bulky aliphatic chains for inhibiting its function. The common structural elements of these compounds defines a minimal requirement for RKIP binding and thus they can be used as lead compounds for future design of RKIP ligands with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne N. Shemon
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Heil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexey E. Granovsky
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mathew M. Clark
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dan McElheny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexander Chimon
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marsha R. Rosner
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Lebeck MG, McCarthy TA, Capuano AW, Schnurr DP, Landry ML, Setterquist SF, Heil GL, Kilic S, Gray GC. Emergent US adenovirus 3 strains associated with an epidemic and serious disease. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:331-6. [PMID: 19854101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenovirus type 3 (HAdV3) is one of the most prevalent serotypes detected globally. Variants of HAdV3 have been associated with outbreaks of severe disease. OBJECTIVES To better understand genetic diversity of circulating HAdV3s and examine risk factors for severe disease. STUDY DESIGN Restriction enzyme analysis for genomic characterization of clinical HAdV3 isolates detected by 15 collaborative US laboratories during the period July 2004 to May 2007. Multivariate modeling was employed for statistical analyses. RESULTS The most common HAdV3 types of 516 isolates studied were HAdV3a2 (36.9%), HAdV3a50 (27.1%), HAdV3a51 (18.0%), and HAdV3a17 (4.6%). Non-HAdV3a genome types were rare (1.2%). HAdV3a50 and HAdV3a51 are newly described variants which became more prevalent in 2006 and 2007 and have been associated with at least one epidemic. Their uniqueness was determined by specific banding profiles generated by digests with endonucleases BclI, BglII, and HindIII. Multivariable risk factor modeling demonstrated that children under 2 years of age (OR=2.7; 95%CI 1.6-4.6), persons with chronic disease (OR=5.1; 95%CI 2.6-9.8), persons infected with HAdV3a2 (OR=3.0; 95%CI 1.5-6.0), with HAdV3a50 (OR=2.5; 95%CI 1.2-5.2), or with multiple or rare strains (OR=2.8; 95%CI 1.3-6.5) were at increased risk of severe HAdV3 clinical disease. CONCLUSIONS In the study period considerable genetic diversity was found among US clinical HAdV3 strains. Novel variants emerged and became prevalent. One such emergent strain may be associated with more severe clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Lebeck
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA.
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