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Gu X, Watson C, Agrawal U, Whitaker H, Elson WH, Anand S, Borrow R, Buckingham A, Button E, Curtis L, Dunn D, Elliot AJ, Ferreira F, Goudie R, Hoang U, Hoschler K, Jamie G, Kar D, Kele B, Leston M, Linley E, Macartney J, Marsden GL, Okusi C, Parvizi O, Quinot C, Sebastianpillai P, Sexton V, Smith G, Suli T, Thomas NPB, Thompson C, Todkill D, Wimalaratna R, Inada-Kim M, Andrews N, Tzortziou-Brown V, Byford R, Zambon M, Lopez-Bernal J, de Lusignan S. Postpandemic Sentinel Surveillance of Respiratory Diseases in the Context of the World Health Organization Mosaic Framework: Protocol for a Development and Evaluation Study Involving the English Primary Care Network 2023-2024. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e52047. [PMID: 38569175 PMCID: PMC11024753 DOI: 10.2196/52047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prepandemic sentinel surveillance focused on improved management of winter pressures, with influenza-like illness (ILI) being the key clinical indicator. The World Health Organization (WHO) global standards for influenza surveillance include monitoring acute respiratory infection (ARI) and ILI. The WHO's mosaic framework recommends that the surveillance strategies of countries include the virological monitoring of respiratory viruses with pandemic potential such as influenza. The Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioner Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) in collaboration with the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has provided sentinel surveillance since 1967, including virology since 1993. OBJECTIVE We aim to describe the RSC's plans for sentinel surveillance in the 2023-2024 season and evaluate these plans against the WHO mosaic framework. METHODS Our approach, which includes patient and public involvement, contributes to surveillance objectives across all 3 domains of the mosaic framework. We will generate an ARI phenotype to enable reporting of this indicator in addition to ILI. These data will support UKHSA's sentinel surveillance, including vaccine effectiveness and burden of disease studies. The panel of virology tests analyzed in UKHSA's reference laboratory will remain unchanged, with additional plans for point-of-care testing, pneumococcus testing, and asymptomatic screening. Our sampling framework for serological surveillance will provide greater representativeness and more samples from younger people. We will create a biomedical resource that enables linkage between clinical data held in the RSC and virology data, including sequencing data, held by the UKHSA. We describe the governance framework for the RSC. RESULTS We are co-designing our communication about data sharing and sampling, contextualized by the mosaic framework, with national and general practice patient and public involvement groups. We present our ARI digital phenotype and the key data RSC network members are requested to include in computerized medical records. We will share data with the UKHSA to report vaccine effectiveness for COVID-19 and influenza, assess the disease burden of respiratory syncytial virus, and perform syndromic surveillance. Virological surveillance will include COVID-19, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other common respiratory viruses. We plan to pilot point-of-care testing for group A streptococcus, urine tests for pneumococcus, and asymptomatic testing. We will integrate test requests and results with the laboratory-computerized medical record system. A biomedical resource will enable research linking clinical data to virology data. The legal basis for the RSC's pseudonymized data extract is The Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002, and all nonsurveillance uses require research ethics approval. CONCLUSIONS The RSC extended its surveillance activities to meet more but not all of the mosaic framework's objectives. We have introduced an ARI indicator. We seek to expand our surveillance scope and could do more around transmissibility and the benefits and risks of nonvaccine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Gu
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Conall Watson
- Immunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Utkarsh Agrawal
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Whitaker
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - William H Elson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sneha Anand
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elizabeth Button
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lottie Curtis
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Dunn
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J Elliot
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Goudie
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uy Hoang
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Hoschler
- Respiratory Virus Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Jamie
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Debasish Kar
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrix Kele
- Respiratory Virus Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meredith Leston
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ezra Linley
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Macartney
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma L Marsden
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Okusi
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Omid Parvizi
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Respiratory Virus Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Quinot
- Immunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vanashree Sexton
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Smith
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timea Suli
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catherine Thompson
- Respiratory Virus Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Todkill
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rashmi Wimalaratna
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick Andrews
- Immunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel Byford
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virus Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Lopez-Bernal
- Immunisation and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Arashiro T, Arima Y, Takahashi T, Taniguchi K, Horiguchi H, Suzuki M. Usefulness of a pluralistic approach in sentinel surveillance: seasonal influenza activity based on case counts per sentinel site in the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Program and test counts, case counts, and test positivity from the National Hospital Organization. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024:JJID.2023.368. [PMID: 38556302 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In Japan, based on the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NESID) Program, influenza cases from ~5,000 sentinel sites are monitored weekly as part of influenza surveillance (as number of influenza cases/sentinel site). One limitation is that the number of influenza tests conducted is not reported. Separately, the National Hospital Organization (NHO), with ~140 hospitals, routinely publishes three indicators: number of influenza tests, influenza-positive case counts, and test positivity. We used NESID and NHO data from April 2011 to June 2022 to assess the usefulness of multiple indicators to monitor influenza activity. Temporal trends of the NHO and NESID indicators were similar, and NHO indicator levels well-correlated with those of the NESID indicator. Influenza positivity in the NHO data, however, showed an earlier rise and peak time compared to the NESID indicator. Importantly, through the non-epidemic summer periods and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, a sizable number of influenza tests continued to be done at NHO hospitals, with results showing considerably low case counts and test positivity. These data show that a relatively small number of sentinel sites is sufficient to monitor influenza activity nationally, and, that utilizing multiple indicators can increase our confidence in situational awareness and data interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Arashiro
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Yuzo Arima
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Takuri Takahashi
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | | | - Hiromasa Horiguchi
- Department of Clinical Data Management and Research, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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Owusu D, Ndegwa LK, Ayugi J, Kinuthia P, Kalani R, Okeyo M, Otieno NA, Kikwai G, Juma B, Munyua P, Kuria F, Okunga E, Moen AC, Emukule GO. Use of Sentinel Surveillance Platforms for Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Activity: Evidence From Analysis of Kenya Influenza Sentinel Surveillance Data. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e50799. [PMID: 38526537 PMCID: PMC11002741 DOI: 10.2196/50799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the cocirculation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic and the use of respiratory disease sentinel surveillance platforms for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 activity in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe influenza and SARS-CoV-2 cocirculation in Kenya and how the SARS-CoV-2 data from influenza sentinel surveillance correlated with that of universal national surveillance. METHODS From April 2020 to March 2022, we enrolled 7349 patients with severe acute respiratory illness or influenza-like illness at 8 sentinel influenza surveillance sites in Kenya and collected demographic, clinical, underlying medical condition, vaccination, and exposure information, as well as respiratory specimens, from them. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The universal national-level SARS-CoV-2 data were also obtained from the Kenya Ministry of Health. The universal national-level SARS-CoV-2 data were collected from all health facilities nationally, border entry points, and contact tracing in Kenya. Epidemic curves and Pearson r were used to describe the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 positivity in data from the 8 influenza sentinel sites in Kenya and that of the universal national SARS-CoV-2 surveillance data. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between influenza and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection with severe clinical illness. We defined severe clinical illness as any of oxygen saturation <90%, in-hospital death, admission to intensive care unit or high dependence unit, mechanical ventilation, or a report of any danger sign (ie, inability to drink or eat, severe vomiting, grunting, stridor, or unconsciousness in children younger than 5 years) among patients with severe acute respiratory illness. RESULTS Of the 7349 patients from the influenza sentinel surveillance sites, 76.3% (n=5606) were younger than 5 years. We detected any influenza (A or B) in 8.7% (629/7224), SARS-CoV-2 in 10.7% (768/7199), and coinfection in 0.9% (63/7165) of samples tested. Although the number of samples tested for SARS-CoV-2 from the sentinel surveillance was only 0.2% (60 per week vs 36,000 per week) of the number tested in the universal national surveillance, SARS-CoV-2 positivity in the sentinel surveillance data significantly correlated with that of the universal national surveillance (Pearson r=0.58; P<.001). The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of clinical severe illness among participants with coinfection were similar to those of patients with influenza only (aOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.47-1.79) and SARS-CoV-2 only (aOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.47-1.82). CONCLUSIONS Influenza substantially cocirculated with SARS-CoV-2 in Kenya. We found a significant correlation of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in the data from 8 influenza sentinel surveillance sites with that of the universal national SARS-CoV-2 surveillance data. Our findings indicate that the influenza sentinel surveillance system can be used as a sustainable platform for monitoring respiratory pathogens of pandemic potential or public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Owusu
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Linus K Ndegwa
- Global Influenza Branch, Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jorim Ayugi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Rosalia Kalani
- Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Okeyo
- National Influenza Centre Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nancy A Otieno
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Gilbert Kikwai
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Bonventure Juma
- Global Influenza Branch, Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Global Influenza Branch, Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Kuria
- Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Okunga
- Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ann C Moen
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gideon O Emukule
- Global Influenza Branch, Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
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You R, Wu R, Wang X, Fu R, Xia N, Chen Y, Yang K, Chen J. Systematic Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at Xiamen International Airport and the Port of Xiamen Reveals the Importance of Incoming Travelers in Lineage Diversity. Viruses 2024; 16:132. [PMID: 38257832 PMCID: PMC10821529 DOI: 10.3390/v16010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still a threat to human health globally despite the World Health Organization (WHO) announcing the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. Continued surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at national borders would be helpful in understanding the epidemics of novel imported variants and updating local strategies for disease prevention and treatment. This study focuses on the surveillance of imported SARS-CoV-2 variants among travelers entering Xiamen International Airport and the Port of Xiamen from February to August 2023. A total of 97 imported SARS-CoV-2 sequences among travelers from 223 cases collected from 12 different countries and regions were identified by real-time RT-PCR. Next-generation sequencing was used to generate high-quality complete sequences for phylogenetic and population dynamic analysis. The study revealed a dominant shift in variant distribution, in which the XBB subvariant (XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, XBB.1.9, XBB.2.3, and EG.5.1) accounted for approximately 88.8% of the sequenced samples. In detail, clades 23D and 23E accounted for 26.2% and 21.4% of the sequenced samples, respectively, while clades 23B (13.6%) and 23F (10.7%) took the third and fourth spots in the order of imported sequences, respectively. Additionally, the XBB.2.3 variants were first identified in imported cases from the mainland of Xiamen, China on 27 February 2023. The spatiotemporal analyses of recent viral genome sequences from a limited number of travelers into Xiamen provide valuable insights into the situation surrounding SARS-CoV-2 and highlight the importance of sentinel surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the national border screening of incoming travelers, which serves as an early warning system for the presence of highly transmissible circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiluan You
- Xiamen International Travel Healthcare Center, Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen 361001, China;
| | - Ruotong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.W.); (N.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.W.); (N.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Rao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.W.); (N.X.); (Y.C.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.W.); (N.X.); (Y.C.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.W.); (N.X.); (Y.C.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Xiamen International Travel Healthcare Center, Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen 361001, China;
| | - Junyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (R.W.); (N.X.); (Y.C.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Alawi MM, Alserehi HA, Ali AO, Albalawi AM, Alanizi MK, Nabet FM, Alkamaly MA, Assiri AM, Jokhdar H, Qutub MO, khoja MA, Azhar EI, Taskandi WA, Sindi AA, Yasir M. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia following the implementation of end tuberculosis strategy: Analysis of the surveillance data 2015-2019. Saudi Med J 2024; 45:60-68. [PMID: 38220236 PMCID: PMC10807673 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2024.45.1.20230424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the evolution of tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology in Saudi Arabia in the 5 years following the implementation of the end-TB Strategy. METHODS A retrospective analysis of surveillance data, reported by the national tuberculosis control program from 2015-2019, was carried out. The annual incidence and the percentage of yearly changes were calculated and compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) milestones, which anticipate a 4-5% annual decline. Additionally, various other epidemiological indicators of TB were examined. RESULTS The national TB incidence declined from 10.55% per 100,000 in 2015 to 8.76% per 100,000 in 2019, aligning with the WHO's 2019 milestone estimated between 8.59-8.96% per 100,000. While Makkah Region (40.3%) and Riyadh (24.6%) accounted for the majority of cases, Jazan region consistently exhibited the highest incidence throughout the study period. Demographic features shifted towards a younger age category, male, and native dominance. There was a consistent decrease in resistance and intermediate sensitivity to all first-line anti-TB drugs, associated with a substantial decrease in both polydrug resistance (from 4.7-1.9%; p<0.001) and multidrug resistance (from 4.4-2.4%; p=0.008). CONCLUSION The figures of TB incidence TB in Saudi Arabia between 2015-2019 has met the WHO end-TB milestones, predicting successful progress toward the 2035 goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M. Alawi
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Haleema A. Alserehi
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed O. Ali
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abeer M. Albalawi
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mashael K. Alanizi
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fatima M. Nabet
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Modhi A. Alkamaly
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hani Jokhdar
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed O. Qutub
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moahmmed A. khoja
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wael A. Taskandi
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Annes A. Sindi
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology (Alawi); from the Special Infectious Agents Unit (Azhar, Yasir), King Fahd Medical Research Center; from the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (Azhar), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; from the Department of Surgery (Taskandi); from the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Sindi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, from the Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit (Alawi), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from the Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care (Sindi), International Medical Center, Jeddah, from the General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention (Alserehi); from the National Tuberculosis Program (Ali, Albalawi, Alanizi, Nabet, Alkamaly, Assiri), General Directorate of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; from the Public Health Directorate (Jokhdar), Ministry of Health, from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Qutub), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, and from the Department of Infectious Disease (khoja), Madinah General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Kayiwa JT, Nassuna C, Mulei S, Kiggundu G, Nakaseegu J, Nabbuto M, Amwine E, Nakamoga B, Nankinga S, Atuhaire P, Nabiryo P, Alunzi P, Mbaziira T, Isabirye P, Ayuro N, Owor N, Kiconco J, Bakamutumaho B, Middlebrook EA, Kaleebu P, Lutwama JJ, Bartlow AW. Integration of SARS-CoV-2 testing and genomic sequencing into influenza sentinel surveillance in Uganda, January to December 2022. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0132823. [PMID: 37811997 PMCID: PMC10715035 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01328-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Respiratory pathogens cause high rates of morbidity and mortality globally and have high pandemic potential. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, influenza surveillance was significantly interrupted because of resources being diverted to SARS-CoV-2 testing and sequencing. Based on recommendations from the World Health Organization, the Uganda Virus Research Institute, National Influenza Center laboratory integrated SARS-CoV-2 testing and genomic sequencing into the influenza surveillance program. We describe the results of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 testing of samples collected from 16 sentinel surveillance sites located throughout Uganda as well as SARS-CoV-2 testing and sequencing in other health centers. The surveillance system showed that both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza can be monitored in communities at the national level. The integration of SARS-CoV-2 detection and genomic surveillance into the influenza surveillance program will help facilitate the timely release of SARS-CoV-2 information for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation and provide important information regarding the persistent threat of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Kayiwa
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Charity Nassuna
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gladys Kiggundu
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joweria Nakaseegu
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Maria Nabbuto
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Esther Amwine
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Bridget Nakamoga
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sarah Nankinga
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Phiona Atuhaire
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pheobe Nabiryo
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pixy Alunzi
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Tony Mbaziira
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Paul Isabirye
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Noel Ayuro
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nicholas Owor
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jocelyn Kiconco
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Barnabas Bakamutumaho
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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7
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Zureick K, McCarron M, Dawson P, Davis JK, Barnes J, Wentworth D, Azziz‐Baumgartner E. Strengthening influenza surveillance capacity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Nearly two decades of direct support from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13220. [PMID: 37936576 PMCID: PMC10626284 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2004, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Influenza Division (ID) has supported seven countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region and the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean to establish and strengthen influenza surveillance. The substantial growth of influenza surveillance capacities in the region demonstrates a commitment by governments to strengthen national programs and contribute to global surveillance. The full value of surveillance data is in its use to guide local public health decisions. CDC ID remains committed to supporting the region and supporting partners to translate surveillance data into policies and programs effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinda Zureick
- Influenza DivisionUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Margaret McCarron
- Influenza DivisionUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Patrick Dawson
- Influenza DivisionUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jamie K. Davis
- Influenza DivisionUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza DivisionUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - David Wentworth
- Influenza DivisionUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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8
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Ruttoh VK, Symekher SL, Majanja JM, Opanda SM, Chitechi EW, Wadegu M, Tonui R, Rotich PK, Nyandwaro TT, Mwangi AW, Mwangi IN, Oira RM, Musimbi AG, Nzou SM. Tracking severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission and co-infection with other acute respiratory pathogens using a sentinel surveillance system in Rift Valley, Kenya. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13227. [PMID: 38019696 PMCID: PMC10686236 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been the most significant public health challenge in over a century. SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 765 million people worldwide, resulting in over 6.9 million deaths. This study aimed to detect community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and monitor the co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 with other acute respiratory pathogens in Rift Valley, Kenya. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional active sentinel surveillance for the SARS-CoV-2 virus among patients with acute respiratory infections at four sites in Rift Valley from January 2022 to December 2022. One thousand two hundred seventy-one patients aged between 3 years and 98 years presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI) were recruited into the study. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens from all study participants were screened using a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, influenza B and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RESULTS The samples that tested positive for influenza A (n = 73) and RSV (n = 12) were subtyped, while SARS-CoV-2 (n = 177) positive samples were further screened for 12 viral and seven bacterial respiratory pathogens. We had a prevalence of 13.9% for SARS-CoV-2, 5.7% for influenza A, 2% for influenza B and 1% for RSV. Influenza A-H1pdm09 and RSV B were the most dominant circulating subtypes of influenza A and RSV, respectively. The most common co-infecting pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 29) and Haemophilus influenzae (n = 19), accounting for 16.4% and 10.7% of all the SARS-CoV-2 positive samples. CONCLUSIONS Augmenting syndromic testing in acute respiratory infections (ARIs) surveillance is crucial to inform evidence-based clinical and public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Meshack Wadegu
- Centre for Virus ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Ronald Tonui
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyPan African University Institute of Basic Sciences Technology and InnovationNairobiKenya
| | | | | | - Anne Wanjiru Mwangi
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Ibrahim Ndungu Mwangi
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and DevelopmentKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | | | | | - Samson Muuo Nzou
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
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9
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Barnett ED, Wheelock AB, MacLeod WB, McCarthy AE, Walker PF, Coyle CM, Greenaway CA, Castelli F, López-Vélez R, Gobbi FG, Trigo E, Grobusch MP, Gautret P, Hamer DH, Kuhn S, Stauffer WM. Infections with long latency in international refugees, immigrants, and migrants seen at GeoSentinel sites, 2016-2018. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 56:102653. [PMID: 37852594 PMCID: PMC10760402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continued increase in global migration compels clinicians to be aware of specific health problems faced by refugees, immigrants, and migrants (RIM). This analysis aimed to characterize RIM evaluated at GeoSentinel sites, their migration history, and infectious diseases detected through screening and diagnostic workups. METHODS A case report form was used to collect data on demographics, migration route, infectious diseases screened, test results, and primary infectious disease diagnosis for RIM patients seen at GeoSentinel sites. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS Between October 2016 and November 2018, 5,319 RIM patients were evaluated at GeoSentinel sites in 19 countries. Africa was the region of birth for 2,436 patients (46 %), followed by the Americas (1,644, 31 %), and Asia (1,098, 21 %). Tuberculosis (TB) was the most common infection screened and reported as positive (853/2,273, 38 % positive by any method). TB, strongyloidiasis, and hepatitis B surface antigen positivity were observed across all migration administrative categories and regions of birth. Chagas disease was reported only among RIM patients from the Americas (393/394, 100 %) and schistosomiasis predominantly in those from Africa (480/510, 94 %). TB infection (694/5,319, 13 %) and Chagas disease (524/5,319, 10 %) were the leading primary infectious disease diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Several infections of long latency (e.g. TB, hepatitis B, and strongyloidiasis) with potential for long-term sequelae were seen among RIM patients across all migration administrative categories and regions of origin. Obtaining detailed epidemiologic information from RIM patients is critical to optimize detection of diseases of individual and public health importance, particularly those with long latency periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Barnett
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyse B Wheelock
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - William B MacLeod
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne E McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Patricia F Walker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, HealthPartners Institute, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christina M Coyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christina A Greenaway
- SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francesco Castelli
- University Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico G Gobbi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Trigo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Unit for Imported Tropical Diseases, High Level Isolation Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philippe Gautret
- VITROME, Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, Marseille, France; Institut Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Kuhn
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Redlberger-Fritz M, Springer DN, Aberle SW, Camp JV, Aberle JH. Respiratory syncytial virus surge in 2022 caused by lineages already present before the COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28830. [PMID: 37282809 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2022, Austria experienced a severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemic with an earlier-than-usual start (Weeks 35/2021-45/2022) and increased numbers of pediatric patients in emergency departments. This surge came 2 years after a season with no cases detected as a result of coronavirus disease 2019 nonpharmaceutical interventions. We analyzed epidemiologic patterns and the phylodynamics of RSV based on approximately 30 800 respiratory specimens collected year-round over 10 years from ambulatory and hospitalized patients from 248 locations in Austria. Genomic surveillance and phylogenetic analysis of 186 RSV-A and 187 RSV-B partial glycoprotein sequences collected from 2018 to 2022 revealed that the 2022/2023 surge was driven by RSV-B in contrast to the surge in the 2021/2022 season that was driven by RSV-A. Whole-genome sequencing and phylodynamic analysis indicated that the RSV-B strain GB5.0.6a was the predominant genotype in the 2022/2023 season and emerged in late 2019. The results provide insight into RSV evolution and epidemiology that will be applicable to future monitoring efforts with the advent of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David N Springer
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan W Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeremy V Camp
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith H Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Mathieu E, Alam N, El Naja HA, Khan W. Rapid assessment of case recruitment tools to inform integrated surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses in Eastern Mediterranean countries. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13132. [PMID: 37102061 PMCID: PMC10123393 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) case recruitment tools from 10 countries were reviewed. The contents of the existing tools were compared against World Health Organization's current guidelines, and we also assessed the content validity (accuracy, completeness and consistency). Five of the ILI tools and two of the SARI tools were rated as having high accuracy against WHO case definitions. ILI completeness ranged from 25% to 86% and SARI from 52% to 96%. Average internal consistency scores were 86% for ILI and 94% for SARI. Limitations in the content validity of influenza case recruitment tools may compromise recruitment of eligible cases and result in varying detection rates across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Mathieu
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
- Sydney School of Public HealthUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Noore Alam
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | - Hala Abou El Naja
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | - Wasiq Khan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
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12
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Bandara P, Page A, Hammond TE, Sperandei S, Stevens GJ, Gunja N, Anand M, Jones A, Carter G. Surveillance of Hospital-Presenting Intentional Self-Harm in Western Sydney, Australia, During the Implementation of a New Self-Harm Reporting Field. Crisis 2023; 44:135-145. [PMID: 35138153 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hospital-presenting self-harm is a strong predictor of suicide and has substantial human and health service costs. Aims: We aimed to identify changes in case ascertainment after implementation of a new self-harm reporting field at a tertiary hospital in New South Wales, and to report event rates, demographic, and clinical characteristics. Method: Self-harm events presenting to the emergency department (October 2017 to August 2020) were identified using clinical documentation and a new reporting field. Changes in the frequency of self-harm in the period after implementation of the self-harm field were assessed through Poisson regression models. Results: A twofold increase in the frequency of self-harm was detected following the implementation of the new reporting field. The annual average age-standardized event rate of self-harm was 110.4 per 100,000 (120.8 per 100,000 for females; 100.1 per 100,000 for males). The highest rates by age and sex were for females aged 15-19 years (375 per 100,000) and males aged 20-24 years (175 per 100,000). Limitations: Self-harm identification relies on clinician coding practice, which is subject to variability and potential under-enumeration. Conclusion: These findings highlight the value of a self-harm reporting field in hospital record systems for accurate recording and long-term monitoring of self-harm event rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piumee Bandara
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Page
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Trent Ernest Hammond
- Nepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandro Sperandei
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Garry John Stevens
- School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Naren Gunja
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Western Sydney Health, Wentworthville, NSW, Australia
- Digital Health Solutions, Cumberland Hospital, Western Sydney Health, Wentworthville, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Manish Anand
- Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison Jones
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Western Sydney Health, Wentworthville, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Greg Carter
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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13
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Chattaway MA, Shersby N, Katwa P, Adair K, Painset A, Godbole G. Genomic sentinel surveillance: Salmonella Paratyphi B outbreak in travellers coinciding with a mass gathering in Iraq. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen000940. [PMID: 36825878 PMCID: PMC9997741 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Paratyphi B infections in England are the least common imported typhoidal infection but can still cause invasive disease. Sentinel surveillance at the reference laboratory detected an outbreak from Iraq due to reported travel history, enabling enhanced PCR testing for a quick diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Shersby
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Parisha Katwa
- Travel Health and IHR, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Kyle Adair
- Travel Health and IHR, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Anais Painset
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Gauri Godbole
- Gastro and Food Safety (One Health) Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
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14
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Ordóñez JE, Ordóñez A. A cost-effectiveness analysis of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants and herd protection in older adults in Colombia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:216-225. [PMID: 36812426 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2184090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal diseases have a clinical and economic impact on the population. Until this year, a 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10) used to be applied in Colombia, which does not contain serotypes 19A, 3, and 6A, the most prevalent in the country. Therefore, we aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the shift to the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A decision model was used for newborns in Colombia between 2022-2025 and adults over 65 years. The time horizon was life expectancy. Outcomes are Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases (IPD), Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Acute Otitis Media (AOM), their sequelae, Life Gained Years (LYGs), and herd effect in older adults. RESULTS PCV10 covers 4.27% of serotypes in the country, while PCV13 covers 64.4%. PCV13 would avoid in children 796 cases of IPD, 19,365 of CAP, 1,399 deaths, and generate 44,204 additional LYGs, as well as 9,101 cases of AOM, 13 cases of neuromotor disability and 428 cochlear implants versus PCV10. In older adults, PCV13 would avoid 993 cases of IPD and 17,245 of CAP, versus PCV10. PCV13 saves $51.4 million. The decision model shows robustness in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION PCV13 is a cost-saving strategy versus PCV10 to avoid pneumococcal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angélica Ordóñez
- Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
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15
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Camp JV, Redlberger-Fritz M. Increased cases of influenza C virus in children and adults in Austria, 2022. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28201. [PMID: 36210349 PMCID: PMC10091750 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sentinel surveillance of influenza-like illnesses revealed an increase in the cases of influenza C virus in children and adults in Austria, 2022, compared to previous years, following one season (2020/2021), wherein no influenza C virus was detected. Whole-genome sequencing revealed no obvious genetic basis for the increase. We propose that the reemergence is explained by waning immunity from lack of community exposure due to restrictions intended to limit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spread in prior seasons, pending further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy V Camp
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Leston M, Elson WH, Watson C, Lakhani A, Aspden C, Bankhead CR, Borrow R, Button E, Byford R, Elliot AJ, Fan X, Hoang U, Linley E, Macartney J, Nicholson BD, Okusi C, Ramsay M, Smith G, Smith S, Thomas M, Todkill D, Tsang RS, Victor W, Williams AJ, Williams J, Zambon M, Howsam G, Amirthalingam G, Lopez-Bernal J, Hobbs FDR, de Lusignan S. Representativeness, Vaccination Uptake, and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes 2020-2021 in the UK Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Network: Cohort Profile Summary. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022; 8:e39141. [PMID: 36534462 PMCID: PMC9770023 DOI: 10.2196/39141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) is one of Europe's oldest sentinel systems, working with the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and its predecessor bodies for 55 years. Its surveillance report now runs twice weekly, supplemented by online observatories. In addition to conducting sentinel surveillance from a nationally representative group of practices, the RSC is now also providing data for syndromic surveillance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the cohort profile at the start of the 2021-2022 surveillance season and recent changes to our surveillance practice. METHODS The RSC's pseudonymized primary care data, linked to hospital and other data, are held in the Oxford-RCGP Clinical Informatics Digital Hub, a Trusted Research Environment. We describe the RSC's cohort profile as of September 2021, divided into a Primary Care Sentinel Cohort (PCSC)-collecting virological and serological specimens-and a larger group of syndromic surveillance general practices (SSGPs). We report changes to our sampling strategy that brings the RSC into alignment with European Centre for Disease Control guidance and then compare our cohort's sociodemographic characteristics with Office for National Statistics data. We further describe influenza and COVID-19 vaccine coverage for the 2020-2021 season (week 40 of 2020 to week 39 of 2021), with the latter differentiated by vaccine brand. Finally, we report COVID-19-related outcomes in terms of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death. RESULTS As a response to COVID-19, the RSC grew from just over 500 PCSC practices in 2019 to 1879 practices in 2021 (PCSC, n=938; SSGP, n=1203). This represents 28.6% of English general practices and 30.59% (17,299,780/56,550,136) of the population. In the reporting period, the PCSC collected >8000 virology and >23,000 serology samples. The RSC population was broadly representative of the national population in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, National Health Service Region, socioeconomic status, obesity, and smoking habit. The RSC captured vaccine coverage data for influenza (n=5.4 million) and COVID-19, reporting dose one (n=11.9 million), two (n=11 million), and three (n=0.4 million) for the latter as well as brand-specific uptake data (AstraZeneca vaccine, n=11.6 million; Pfizer, n=10.8 million; and Moderna, n=0.7 million). The median (IQR) number of COVID-19 hospitalizations and ICU admissions was 1181 (559-1559) and 115 (50-174) per week, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The RSC is broadly representative of the national population; its PCSC is geographically representative and its SSGPs are newly supporting UKHSA syndromic surveillance efforts. The network captures vaccine coverage and has expanded from reporting primary care attendances to providing data on onward hospital outcomes and deaths. The challenge remains to increase virological and serological sampling to monitor the effectiveness and waning of all vaccines available in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Leston
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William H Elson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Conall Watson
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anissa Lakhani
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Aspden
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clare R Bankhead
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Button
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Byford
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J Elliot
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xuejuan Fan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uy Hoang
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ezra Linley
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Macartney
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Nicholson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Okusi
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ramsay
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Smith
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Smith
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Thomas
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Todkill
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Sm Tsang
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William Victor
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice J Williams
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Williams
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Zambon
- Reference Microbiology, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Howsam
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gayatri Amirthalingam
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Lopez-Bernal
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - F D Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Shih DC, Silver R, Henao OL, Alemu A, Audi A, Bigogo G, Colston JM, Edu-Quansah EP, Erickson TA, Gashu A, Gbelee GB, Gunter SM, Kosek MN, Logan GG, Mackey JM, Maliga A, Manzanero R, Morazan G, Morey F, Munoz FM, Murray KO, Nelson TV, Olortegui MP, Yori PP, Ronca SE, Schiaffino F, Tayachew A, Tedasse M, Wossen M, Allen DR, Angra P, Balish A, Farron M, Guerra M, Herman-Roloff A, Hicks VJ, Hunsperger E, Kazazian L, Mikoleit M, Munyua P, Munywoki PK, Namwase AS, Onyango CO, Park M, Peruski LF, Sugerman DE, Gutierrez EZ, Cohen AL. Incorporating COVID-19 into Acute Febrile Illness Surveillance Systems, Belize, Kenya, Ethiopia, Peru, and Liberia, 2020-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:S34-S41. [PMID: 36502419 DOI: 10.3201/eid2813.220898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing acute febrile illness (AFI) surveillance systems can be leveraged to identify and characterize emerging pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated with ministries of health and implementing partners in Belize, Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, and Peru to adapt AFI surveillance systems to generate COVID-19 response information. Staff at sentinel sites collected epidemiologic data from persons meeting AFI criteria and specimens for SARS-CoV-2 testing. A total of 5,501 patients with AFI were enrolled during March 2020-October 2021; >69% underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing. Percentage positivity for SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 4% (87/2,151, Kenya) to 19% (22/115, Ethiopia). We show SARS-CoV-2 testing was successfully integrated into AFI surveillance in 5 low- to middle-income countries to detect COVID-19 within AFI care-seeking populations. AFI surveillance systems can be used to build capacity to detect and respond to both emerging and endemic infectious disease threats.
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18
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Malosh RE, McGovern I, Monto AS. Influenza During the 2010-2020 Decade in the United States: Seasonal Outbreaks and Vaccine Interventions. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:540-549. [PMID: 36219562 PMCID: PMC9619714 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 10 years between the last influenza pandemic and start of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic have been marked by great advances in our ability to follow influenza occurrence and determine vaccine effectiveness (VE), largely based on widespread use of the polymerase chain reaction assay. We examine the results, focusing mainly on data from the United States and inactivated vaccines. Surveillance has expanded, resulting in increased ability to characterize circulating viruses and their impact. The surveillance has often confirmed previous observations on timing of outbreaks and age groups affected, which can now be examined in greater detail. Selection of strains for vaccines is now based on enhanced viral characterization using immunologic, virologic, and computational techniques not previously available. Vaccine coverage has been largely stable, but VE has remained modest and, in some years, very low. We discuss ways to improve VE based on existing technology while we work toward supraseasonal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold S Monto
- Correspondence: A. S. Monto, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 ()
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19
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Yumiya Y, Chimed-Ochir O, Taji A, Kishita E, Akahoshi K, Kondo H, Wakai A, Chishima K, Toyokuni Y, Koido Y, Tachikawa H, Takahashi S, Gomei S, Kawashima Y, Kubo T. Prevalence of Mental Health Problems among Patients Treated by Emergency Medical Teams: Findings from J-SPEED Data Regarding the West Japan Heavy Rain 2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:11454. [PMID: 36141727 PMCID: PMC9517656 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is crucial to provide mental health care following a disaster because the victims tend to experience symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia during the acute phase. However, little research on mental health during the acute phase has been conducted, and reported only in terms of the temporal transition of the number of consultations and symptoms. Thus, the aim of the study was to examine how mental health care needs are accounted for in the overall picture of disaster relief and how they change over time. Using data from the Japanese version of Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (J-SPEED), we assessed the mental health of injured and ill patients to whom Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) were providing care during the acute period of a disaster. Approximately 10% of all medical consultations were for mental health issues, 83% of which took place within the first 2 weeks after the disaster. The findings showed that, from the start of the response period to the 19th response day, the daily proportion of mental health problems declined substantially, and then gradually increased. Such a V-shaped pattern might be helpful for identifying phase changes and supporting the development of EMT exit strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Yumiya
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Odgerel Chimed-Ochir
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taji
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Eisaku Kishita
- Hiroshima Prefectural Government Health and Welfare Affairs Bureau, Hiroshima 730-8511, Japan
| | - Kouki Akahoshi
- National Hospital Organization Headquarters DMAT Secretariat MHLW Japan, Tokyo 190-8579, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kondo
- National Hospital Organization Headquarters DMAT Secretariat MHLW Japan, Tokyo 190-8579, Japan
| | - Akinori Wakai
- National Hospital Organization Headquarters DMAT Secretariat MHLW Japan, Tokyo 190-8579, Japan
| | - Kayoko Chishima
- National Hospital Organization Headquarters DMAT Secretariat MHLW Japan, Tokyo 190-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Toyokuni
- National Hospital Organization Headquarters DMAT Secretariat MHLW Japan, Tokyo 190-8579, Japan
| | - Yuichi Koido
- National Hospital Organization Headquarters DMAT Secretariat MHLW Japan, Tokyo 190-8579, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tachikawa
- Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Sho Takahashi
- Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Sayaka Gomei
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 343-8555, Japan
- DPAT Secretariat, Tokyo 108-8554, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kawashima
- National Hospital Organization Headquarters DMAT Secretariat MHLW Japan, Tokyo 190-8579, Japan
- DPAT Secretariat, Tokyo 108-8554, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kubo
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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20
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Lam T, Barratt MJ, Bartlett M, Latimer J, Jauncey M, Hiley S, Clark N, Gerostamoulos D, Glowacki L, Roux C, Morelato M, Nielsen S. Infrequent detection of unintentional fentanyl use via urinalysis among people who regularly inject opioids in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. Addiction 2022; 117:2331-2337. [PMID: 35129225 PMCID: PMC9544654 DOI: 10.1111/add.15832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The current phase of the North American 'opioid crisis' is characterised by illicit fentanyl use; however, the presence of illicit fentanyl in Australia is unknown. This study aimed to monitor unintentional fentanyl consumption in Australia. DESIGN Rapid urine drug screens (UDS) paired with surveys conducted within supervised injecting facilities (SIFs) and confirmatory laboratory testing. SETTING Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Clients who used heroin within the past 2 days (n = 911 tests, 2017-2021). Participants were demographically similar to the overall client base (median age 43, 72% male). MEASUREMENTS UDS were conducted using BTNX Rapid Response fentanyl urine strip tests with cross-reactivity to numerous fentanyl analogues. Positive urine samples were analysed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Surveys covered past 3 day drug use and lifetime report of fentanyl in heroin. FINDINGS Two percent of participants reported intentional use of fentanyl, mostly through fentanyl patches. Of the 911 rapid UDS conducted, 17 (1.9%) yielded positive results. Eight of these (all from Melbourne) were not explained by survey-reported fentanyl use in the past 3 days. Of these 8 unexplained positives, confirmatory laboratory analysis was conducted on 6, with 4 deemed to be false positives, and 2 confirmed for the presence of fentanyl. This represents the first confirmation of unintended use of fentanyl type substances in this population. CONCLUSION There is limited evidence of unintentional fentanyl use among people in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia who regularly inject heroin, suggesting that, currently, there is very little illicit fentanyl in Australian drug markets accessed by supervised injecting facilities attendees. This study demonstrates the feasibility of quick onsite testing to cost-effectively screen large samples for fentanyl; however, the high false positive rate emphasises the need for confirmation of positive tests through advanced analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lam
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Monica J. Barratt
- Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research CentreRMIT UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia,National Drug and Alcohol Research CentreUNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Mark Bartlett
- Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Julie Latimer
- Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Sarah Hiley
- Medically Supervised Injecting Room, North Richmond Community HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Nico Clark
- Medically Supervised Injecting Room, North Richmond Community HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Dimitri Gerostamoulos
- Victorian Institute of Forensic MedicineMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of Forensic MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Linda Glowacki
- Victorian Institute of Forensic MedicineMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Claude Roux
- Centre for Forensic ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Marie Morelato
- Centre for Forensic ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Suzanne Nielsen
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia,National Drug and Alcohol Research CentreUNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gallo
- 3861 United Nations University, Institute in Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hannah Thinyane
- 3861 United Nations University, Institute in Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - James Teufel
- 15920 Office of Legal Services Innovation, Utah Supreme Court, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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22
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Goyal S, Gerardin J, Cobey S, Son C, McCarthy O, Dror A, Lightner S, Ezike NO, Duffus WA, Bennett AC. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Pregnant People at Labor and Delivery and Changes in Infection Rates in the General Population: Lessons Learned From Illinois. Public Health Rep 2022; 137:672-678. [PMID: 35510756 PMCID: PMC9257515 DOI: 10.1177/00333549221091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) assessed whether increases in the SARS-CoV-2 test positivity rate among pregnant people at labor and delivery (L&D) could signal increases in SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in the general Illinois population earlier than current state metrics. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six birthing hospitals universally testing for SARS-CoV-2 at L&D voluntarily submitted data from June 21, 2020 through January 23, 2021, to IDPH. Hospitals reported the daily number of people who delivered, SARS-CoV-2 tests, and test results as well as symptom status. We compared the test positivity rate at L&D with the test positivity rate of the general population and the number of hospital admissions for COVID-19–like illness by quantifying correlations in trends and identifying a lead time. Results: Of 26 633 reported pregnant people who delivered, 96.8% (n = 25 772) were tested for SARS-CoV-2. The overall test positivity rate was 2.4% (n = 615); 77.7% (n = 478) were asymptomatic. In Chicago, the only region with a sufficient sample size for analysis, the test positivity rate at L&D (peak of 5% on December 7, 2020) was lower and more stable than the test positivity rate of the general population (peak of 14% on November 13, 2020) and lagged hospital admissions for COVID-19–like illness (peak of 118 on November 15, 2020) and the test positivity rate of the general population by about 10 days (Pearson correlation = 0.73 and 0.75, respectively). Practice Implications: Trends in the test positivity rate at L&D did not provide an earlier signal of increases in Illinois’s SARS-CoV-2 prevalence than current state metrics did. Nonetheless, the role of universal testing protocols in identifying asymptomatic infection is important for clinical decision making and patient education about infection prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Goyal
- Tribal, Local and Territorial Support Task Force, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Illinois Department of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaline Gerardin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Crystal Son
- Healthcare Analytics, Civis Analytics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Owen McCarthy
- Healthcare Analytics, Civis Analytics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arielle Dror
- Healthcare Analytics, Civis Analytics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shannon Lightner
- Office of Women's Health and Family Services, Illinois Department of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ngozi O Ezike
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wayne A Duffus
- Tribal, Local and Territorial Support Task Force, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Illinois Department of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda C Bennett
- Office of Women's Health and Family Services, Illinois Department of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cunha GRD, Pellizzaro M, Martins CM, Rocha SM, Yamakawa AC, da Silva EC, Dos Santos AP, Morikawa VM, Langoni H, Biondo AW. Serological survey of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in individuals with animal hoarding disorder and their dogs in a major city of Southern Brazil. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:530-536. [PMID: 35229486 PMCID: PMC8959303 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with hoarding disorder (HD) presented a persistent difficulty in detaching from objects and/or animals. Unhealthy conditions, frequently found in cases of animal HD (AHD), may favour environmental contamination and the spread of zoonotic pathogens. Despite that, only one study of zoonotic diseases in individuals with AHD and their companion animals has been conducted to date. Objectives This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti‐Leptospira spp. antibodies in individuals with AHD and their dogs in a major city of Southern Brazil. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 264 dogs (21 households) and 19 individuals with AHD (11 households) and tested by microscopic agglutination test. Results All human samples were seronegative. Seropositivity was found in 16/264 (6.1%; CI 95% 3.3–9.6%) dogs from 11/21 (52.38%) households, with titres ranging from 100 up to 400, and Copenhageni (10/16; 62.5%) was the most frequent serovar. Surprisingly, seropositivity of hoarded dogs found herein was among the lowest reportedly observed in other dog populations of Brazil. Two epidemiological variables were significantly associated with seropositivity in dogs: the presence of cat hoarding (p = 0.004) and the report of flood occurrence in the household (p = 0.031). Conclusions No individuals with AHD were seropositive, and besides the lower seroprevalence of dogs, they probably had contact with Leptospira spp. at some point in their life. Since dogs can be considered potential sentinels in leptospirosis, public health programs must become aware of the risk of leptospirosis cases in households of individuals with AHD and nearby communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maysa Pellizzaro
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Camila Marinelli Martins
- Department of Nursing and Public Health, Ponta Grossa State University, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.,AAC&T Research Consulting, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Suzana Maria Rocha
- Zoonoses Surveillance Unit, Municipal Health Department of São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Yamakawa
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Cristine da Silva
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Vivien Midori Morikawa
- Department of Collective Health, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Animal Protection, Secretary of Environment, Curitiba City Hall, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hélio Langoni
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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24
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Wang LP, Yuan Y, Liu YL, Lu QB, Shi LS, Ren X, Zhou SX, Zhang HY, Zhang XA, Wang X, Wang YF, Lin SH, Zhang CH, Geng MJ, Li J, Zhao SW, Yi ZG, Chen X, Yang ZS, Meng L, Wang XH, Cui AL, Lai SJ, Liu MY, Zhu YL, Xu WB, Chen Y, Yuan ZH, Li MF, Huang LY, Jing HQ, Li ZJ, Liu W, Fang LQ, Wu JG, Hay SI, Yang WZ, Gao GF. Etiological and epidemiological features of acute meningitis or encephalitis in China: a nationwide active surveillance study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2022; 20:100361. [PMID: 35036977 PMCID: PMC8743210 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute meningitis or encephalitis (AME) results from a neurological infection causing high case fatality and severe sequelae. AME lacked comprehensive surveillance in China. METHODS Nation-wide surveillance of all-age patients with AME syndromes was conducted in 144 sentinel hospitals of 29 provinces in China. Eleven AME-causative viral and bacterial pathogens were tested with multiple diagnostic methods. FINDINGS Between 2009 and 2018, 20,454 AME patients were recruited for tests. Based on 9,079 patients with all-four-virus tested, 28.43% (95% CI: 27.50%‒29.36%) of them had at least one virus-positive detection. Enterovirus was the most frequently determined virus in children <18 years, herpes simplex virus and Japanese encephalitis virus were the most frequently determined in 18-59 and ≥60 years age groups, respectively. Based on 6,802 patients with all-seven-bacteria tested, 4.43% (95% CI: 3.94%‒4.91%) had at least one bacteria-positive detection, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis were the leading bacterium in children aged <5 years and 5-17 years, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently detected in adults aged 18-59 and ≥60 years. The pathogen spectrum also differed statistically significantly between northern and southern China. Joinpoint analysis revealed age-specific positive rates, with enterovirus, herpes simplex virus and mumps virus peaking at 3-6 years old, while Japanese encephalitis virus peaked in the ≥60 years old. As age increased, the positive rate for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli statistically significantly decreased, while for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis it increased. INTERPRETATION The current findings allow enhanced identification of the predominant AME-related pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures in China, and a possible reassessment of vaccination strategy. FUNDING China Mega-Project on Infectious Disease Prevention and the National Natural Science Funds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lu-Sha Shi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Xia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Lin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cui-Hong Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Jie Geng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Wen Zhao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuo-Sen Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ai-Li Cui
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Jie Lai
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Yang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Liang Zhu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Bo Xu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Liu-Yu Huang
- The Institute for Disease Prevention and Control of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Huai-Qi Jing
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Peking University, Beijing, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Simon I Hay
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington
| | - Wei-Zhong Yang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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25
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Cooksey GLS, Morales C, Linde L, Schildhauer S, Guevara H, Chan E, Gibb K, Wong J, Lin W, Bonin BJ, Arizmendi O, Lam-Hine T, Tzvieli O, McDowell A, Kampen KM, Lopez DL, Ennis J, Lewis LS, Oren E, Hatada A, Molinar B, Frederick M, Han GS, Sanchez M, Garcia MA, McGrath A, Le NQ, Boyd E, Bertolucci RM, Corrigan J, Brodine S, Austin M, Roach WRK, Levin RM, Tyson BM, Pry JM, Cummings KJ, Wadford DA, Jain S. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Respiratory Virus Sentinel Surveillance, California, USA, May 10, 2020-June 12, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:9-19. [PMID: 34932449 PMCID: PMC8714231 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.211682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
State and local health departments established the California Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Respiratory Virus Sentinel Surveillance System to conduct enhanced surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens at sentinel outpatient testing sites in 10 counties throughout California, USA. We describe results obtained during May 10, 2020‒June 12, 2021, and compare persons with positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR results by using Poisson regression. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in 1,696 (19.6%) of 8,662 specimens. Among 7,851 specimens tested by respiratory panel, rhinovirus/enterovirus was detected in 906 (11.5%) specimens and other respiratory pathogens in 136 (1.7%) specimens. We also detected 23 co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 and another pathogen. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was associated with male participants, an age of 35-49 years, Latino race/ethnicity, obesity, and work in transportation occupations. Sentinel surveillance can provide useful virologic and epidemiologic data to supplement other disease monitoring activities and might become increasingly useful as routine testing decreases.
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26
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Dong X, Qi Y, Chai R, Xu H, Wang J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Lu Y, Chen H, Yao Y. Viral infection among children under the age of 5 with diarrhea in Shenyang from 2018 to 2020: A hospital-based study. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2662-2668. [PMID: 34877673 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of death among children, especially in the age under 5, but few studies are available on viral diarrhea in Shenyang. To understand the infection status and the relevant epidemiological characteristics of viral diarrhea and to fill gaps of the distribution of viruses across Shenyang in children under the age of 5 with diarrhea, from 2018 to 2020, stool specimens of children with diarrhea aged 0-59 months and surveillance data were collected in Sentinel Hospital of Shenyang. Specimens were then tested to determine the type of viruses, the seasonal and spatial patterns for major viruses were determined. Viruses were identified in 47.9% of the 897 samples from children with diarrhea. The main viruses of stool samples were rotavirus (16.9%, predominant type G9P[8]), calicivirus (14.7%), adenovirus (11.8%), and astrovirus (4.5%). Viral infections were mainly detected in the age of 0-12 months. In the area of Shenyang, Huanggu had the most cases (198, 22.1%), followed by Dadong (137, 15.3%) and Hunnan (135, 15.1%). The positive rate of viruses varied among patients of different ages, seasons, and regions. Public health entities and the government should develop corresponding measures for different age groups, seasons, and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruiyu Chai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Han Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yingshuang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huijie Chen
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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27
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DeJonge PM, Monto AS, Malosh RE, Petrie JG, Segaloff HE, McSpadden E, Cheng C, Bazzi L, Callear A, Johnson E, Truscon R, Martin ET. Distinct influenza surveillance networks and their agreement in recording regional influenza circulation: Experience from Southeast Michigan. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 16:521-531. [PMID: 34821476 PMCID: PMC8983886 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Southeast Michigan, active surveillance studies monitor influenza activity in hospitals, ambulatory clinics, and community households. Across five respiratory seasons, we assessed the contribution of data from each of the three networks towards improving our overall understanding of regional influenza circulation. METHODS All three networks used case definitions for acute respiratory illness (ARI) and molecularly tested for influenza from research-collected respiratory specimens. Age- and network-stratified epidemic curves were created for influenza A and B. We compared stratified epidemic curves visually and by centering at seasonal midpoints. RESULTS Across all seasons (from 2014/2015 through 2018/2019), epidemic curves from each of the three networks were comparable in terms of both timing and magnitude. Small discrepancies in epidemics recorded by each network support previous conclusions about broader characteristics of particular influenza seasons. CONCLUSION Influenza surveillance systems based in hospital, ambulatory clinic, and community household settings appear to provide largely similar information regarding regional epidemic activity. Together, multiple levels of influenza surveillance provide a detailed view of regional influenza epidemics, but a single surveillance system-regardless of population subgroup monitored-appears to be sufficient in providing vital information regarding community influenza epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M DeJonge
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ryan E Malosh
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua G Petrie
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hannah E Segaloff
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Erin McSpadden
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Latifa Bazzi
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy Callear
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emileigh Johnson
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rachel Truscon
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Michigan Influenza Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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28
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De La Cruz-Hernández SI. Another Vision of the Situation of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico During 2020. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 16:1-3. [PMID: 34819205 PMCID: PMC8770838 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths registered in Mexico during 2020 could be underestimated, due to the sentinel surveillance adopted in this country. Some consequences of following this type of epidemiological surveillance were the high case fatality rate and the high positivity rate for COVID-19 shown in Mexico in 2020. During this year, the Mexican Ministry of Health only considered cases from the public health system, which followed this sentinel surveillance, but did not consider those cases from the private health system. To better understand this pandemic, it is important to include all the results obtained by all the institutions capable of testing for COVID-19; thus, the Mexican Government could then make good decisions to protect the population from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Isaac De La Cruz-Hernández
- Department of Virology, Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE), Ministry of Health of Mexico, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, Mexico
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29
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Boyle J, Sparks R. Syndromic surveillance to detect disease outbreaks using time between emergency department presentations. Emerg Med Australas 2021; 34:92-98. [PMID: 34807507 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early warning of disease outbreaks is paramount for health jurisdictions. The objective of the present study was to develop syndromic surveillance monitoring plans from routinely collected ED data with application to detecting disease outbreaks. METHODS The study involved secondary data analysis of ED presentations to major public hospitals in Queensland and South Australia spanning 2017-2020. Monitoring plans were developed for all major Queensland and South Australian public hospitals using an adaptation of Exponentially Weighted Moving Averages - a process control method used in detecting anomalies in industrial production processes. The methods rely on setting a threshold (control limit) relating to the time between an event of interest (e.g. flu outbreak) using ED presentations as a signal to monitor. An outbreak is flagged as this time gets significantly smaller, and each event offers a decision point on whether an outbreak has occurred. The models incorporate differing levels of temporal memory to cover outbreaks of different sizes. RESULTS The novel approach to real-time outbreak detection indicates outbreaks for individual hospitals coinciding with the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Queensland and South Australia as well as the large 2017 and 2019 influenza seasons. CONCLUSION Outbreak detection models demonstrate the ability to quickly flag an outbreak based on clinician-assigned ED diagnoses. An implemented syndromic surveillance approach can pick up geographic outbreaks quickly so they can be contained. Such capability can help with surveillance related to the current COVID-19 pandemic and potential future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Boyle
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ross Sparks
- Analytics and Decision Sciences, CSIRO Data61, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Adlhoch C, Sneiderman M, Martinuka O, Melidou A, Bundle N, Fielding J, Olsen SJ, Penttinen P, Pastore L, Pebody R. Spotlight influenza: The 2019/20 influenza season and the impact of COVID-19 on influenza surveillance in the WHO European Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 34622760 PMCID: PMC8511754 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.40.2100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAnnual seasonal influenza activity in the northern hemisphere causes a high burden of disease during the winter months, peaking in the first weeks of the year.AimWe describe the 2019/20 influenza season and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sentinel surveillance in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region.MethodsWe analysed weekly epidemiological and virological influenza data from sentinel primary care and hospital sources reported by countries, territories and areas (hereafter countries) in the European Region.ResultsWe observed co-circulation of influenza B/Victoria-lineage, A(H1)pdm09 and A(H3) viruses during the 2019/20 season, with different dominance patterns observed across the Region. A higher proportion of patients with influenza A virus infection than type B were observed. The influenza activity started in week 47/2019, and influenza positivity rate was ≥ 50% for 2 weeks (05-06/2020) rather than 5-8 weeks in the previous five seasons. In many countries a rapid reduction in sentinel reports and the highest influenza activity was observed in weeks 09-13/2020. Reporting was reduced from week 14/2020 across the Region coincident with the onset of widespread circulation of SARS-CoV-2.ConclusionsOverall, influenza type A viruses dominated; however, there were varying patterns across the Region, with dominance of B/Victoria-lineage viruses in a few countries. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to an earlier end of the influenza season and reduced influenza virus circulation probably owing to restricted healthcare access and public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam Sneiderman
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oksana Martinuka
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angeliki Melidou
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nick Bundle
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James Fielding
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pasi Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucia Pastore
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Pebody
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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- The members of the European Influenza Surveillance Network are listed under Investigators
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31
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Capeding MR, de Boer M, Damaso S, Guignard A. Assessing the burden of dengue among household members in Alaminos, Laguna, the Philippines: a prospective cohort study. ASIAN BIOMED 2021; 15:213-222. [PMID: 37551324 PMCID: PMC10388797 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The incidence of dengue is increasing rapidly and is a challenging health issue in the Philippines. Epidemiological data are largely based on a passive-surveillance reporting system, which leads to substantial under-reporting of cases. Objectives To estimate dengue infection and disease incidence prospectively at the community level in an endemic area of the Philippines using an active surveillance strategy. Methods We implemented active surveillance in the highly endemic community of Alaminos, Laguna. The study consisted of a 1-year follow-up with 2 visits scheduled at the start and end of the study, as well as regular active surveillance in between and unscheduled visits for suspected cases. Blood samples were collected and analyzed to detect dengue during the first scheduled visit and all unscheduled visits, and clinical examination was performed at all visits (registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT02766088). Results We enrolled 500 participants, aged from 6 months to 50 years; 76.2% were found positive for immunoglobulin G (95% confidence interval [CI], 71.9-80.0), with 92.0% among those aged 9-17 years. Active (weekly) surveillance identified 4 virologically confirmed cases of dengue (incidence proportion 0.8; 95% CI 0.3-2.1); all in participants aged ≤14 years. Conclusions Routine surveillance programs such as sentinel sites are needed to characterize the entire clinical spectrum of symptomatic dengue, disease incidence, and transmission in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosario Capeding
- Department of Microbiology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, 1781Metro Manila, Philippines
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32
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Varela AR, Florez LJH, Tamayo-Cabeza G, Contreras-Arrieta S, Restrepo SR, Laajaj R, Gutierrez GB, Guevara YPR, Caballero-Díaz Y, Florez MV, Osorio E, Barbieri IS, Sanchez DR, Nuñez LL, Bernal R, Oliveros SR, Zapata LS, Guevara-Suarez M, Uribe AG, Behrentz E. Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Bogotá, Colombia: Results From a Large Epidemiological Surveillance Study. Lancet Reg Health Am 2021; 2:100048. [PMID: 34458886 PMCID: PMC8382233 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic surveillance of COVID-19 is essential to collect and analyse data to improve public health decision making during the pandemic. There are few initiatives led by public-private alliances in Colombia and Latin America. The CoVIDA project contributed with RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in mild or asymptomatic populations in Bogotá. The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in working adults. METHODS COVID-19 intensified sentinel epidemiological surveillance study, from April 18, 2020, to March 29, 2021. The study included people aged 18 years or older without a history of COVID-19. Two main occupational groups were included: healthcare and essential services workers with high mobility in the city. Social, demographic, and health-related factors were collected via phone survey. Afterwards, the molecular test was conducted to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. FINDINGS From the 58,638 participants included in the study, 3,310 (5·6%) had a positive result. A positive result was associated with the age group (18-29 years) compared with participants aged 60 or older, participants living with more than three cohabitants, living with a confirmed case, having no affiliation to the health system compared to those with social health security, reporting a very low socioeconomic status compared to those with higher socioeconomic status, and having essential occupations compared to healthcare workers. INTERPRETATION The CoVIDA study showed the importance of intensified epidemiological surveillance to identify groups with increased risk of infection. These groups should be prioritised in the screening, contact tracing, and vaccination strategies to mitigate the pandemic. FUNDING The CoVIDA study was funded through donors managed by the philanthropy department of Universidad de los Andes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachid Laajaj
- Department of Economics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Martha Vives Florez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elkin Osorio
- Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Bernal
- Department of Economics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Marcela Guevara-Suarez
- Applied genomics research group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Mugerwa I, Nabadda SN, Midega J, Guma C, Kalyesubula S, Muwonge A. Antimicrobial Resistance Situational Analysis 2019-2020: Design and Performance for Human Health Surveillance in Uganda. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:178. [PMID: 34698282 PMCID: PMC8544686 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and its mechanisms have been known for over six decades, but global efforts to characterize its routine drivers have only gained momentum in the recent past. Drivers of clinical and community resistance go beyond just clinical practice, which is why one-health approaches offer the most realistic option for controlling antibiotic resistance. It is noteworthy that the emergence of resistance occurs naturally in the environment, but akin to climate change, the current accelerated emergence and spread bears hallmarks of anthropomorphic influence. If left unchecked, this can undo the medical and agricultural advancements of the last century. The WHO recommends that nations develop, adopt, and implement strategies that track the changing trends in antibiotic resistance levels to tackle this problem. This article examines efforts and progress in developing and implementing a human health antimicrobial resistance surveillance strategy in Uganda. We do so within the context of the National Action Plan for tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR-NAP) launched in 2018. We discuss the technical milestones and progress in implementing surveillance of GLASS priority pathogens under this framework. The preliminary output of the framework examines the performance and compares AMR and AMU surveillance data to explain observed trends. We conclude that Uganda is making progress in developing and implementing a functional AMR surveillance strategy for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahimm Mugerwa
- National Health Laboratories and Diagnostic Services, Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordination Centre (AMR-NCC) for Human Health, Ministry of Health, Butabika, Kampala 10312, Uganda or (S.N.N.); or (C.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Susan N. Nabadda
- National Health Laboratories and Diagnostic Services, Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordination Centre (AMR-NCC) for Human Health, Ministry of Health, Butabika, Kampala 10312, Uganda or (S.N.N.); or (C.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Janet Midega
- The Welcome Trust, 215 Euston, London NW1 2BE, UK;
| | - Consolata Guma
- National Health Laboratories and Diagnostic Services, Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordination Centre (AMR-NCC) for Human Health, Ministry of Health, Butabika, Kampala 10312, Uganda or (S.N.N.); or (C.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Simeon Kalyesubula
- National Health Laboratories and Diagnostic Services, Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordination Centre (AMR-NCC) for Human Health, Ministry of Health, Butabika, Kampala 10312, Uganda or (S.N.N.); or (C.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
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Pisani E, Hasnida A, Rahmi M, Kok MO, Harsono S, Anggriani Y. Substandard and Falsified Medicines: Proposed Methods for Case Finding and Sentinel Surveillance. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e29309. [PMID: 34181563 PMCID: PMC8406122 DOI: 10.2196/29309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization and others warn that substandard and falsified medicines harm health and waste money, especially in low- and middle-income countries. However, no country has measured the market-wide extent of the problem, and no standardized methods exist to estimate the prevalence of either substandard or falsified medicines. This is, in part, because the task seems overwhelming; medicine markets are huge and diverse, and testing medicines is expensive. Many countries do operate some form of postmarket surveillance of medicine, but their methods and goals differ. There is currently no clear guidance on which surveillance method is most appropriate to meet specific public health goals. In this viewpoint, we aimed to discuss the utility of both case finding and risk-based sentinel surveillance for substandard and falsified medicines, linking each to specific public health goals. We posit that choosing the system most appropriate to the goal, as well as implementing it with a clear understanding of the factors driving the production and sale of substandard and falsified medicines, will allow for surveillance resources to be concentrated most efficiently. We adapted principles used for disease outbreak responses to suggest a case-finding system that uses secondary data to flag poor-quality medicines, proposing risk-based indicators that differ for substandard and falsified medicines. This system potentially offers a cost-effective way of identifying “cases” for market withdrawal, enhanced oversight, or another immediate response. We further proposed a risk-based sentinel surveillance system that concentrates resources on measuring the prevalence of substandard and falsified medicines in the risk clusters where they are most likely to be found. The sentinel surveillance system provides base data for a transparent, spreadsheet-based model for estimating the national prevalence of substandard and falsified medicines. The methods we proposed are based on ongoing work in Indonesia, a large and diverse middle-income country currently aiming to achieve universal health coverage. Both the case finding and the sentinel surveillance system are designed to be adaptable to other resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Pisani
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amalia Hasnida
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mawaddati Rahmi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maarten Olivier Kok
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Yusi Anggriani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Guillot C, Bouchard C, Berthiaume P, Mascarenhas M, Sauvé C, Villeneuve CA, Leighton P. A Portrait of Sentinel Surveillance Networks for Vector-Borne Diseases: A Scoping Review Supporting Sentinel Network Design. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:827-838. [PMID: 34348055 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are continuing to emerge globally, requiring new surveillance systems to follow increasing VBD risk for human populations. Sentinel surveillance is an approach that allows tracking of disease risk through time using limited resources. However, there is no consensus on how best to design a sentinel surveillance network in the context of VBDs. We conducted a scoping review to compare VBD sentinel surveillance systems worldwide with the aim of identifying key design features associated with effective networks. Overall, VBD surveillance networks were used most commonly for malaria, West Nile virus, and lymphatic filariasis. A total of 45 criteria for the selection of sentinel unit location were identified. Risk-based criteria were the most often used, and logistic regression showed that using risk-based criteria dependent on host animals is particularly correlated with surveillance system sensitivity (p < 0.018). We identify tools that could prove valuable for sentinel surveillance network design, including a standardized approach for evaluating surveillance systems and a tool to prioritize criteria for selecting optimal geographic locations for spatial sentinel units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guillot
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal (CReSP), Montreal, Canada
| | - Catherine Bouchard
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Public Health Risk Sciences Division, St. Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Philippe Berthiaume
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Public Health Risk Sciences Division, St. Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Mariola Mascarenhas
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Guelph, Canada
| | - Caroline Sauvé
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal (CReSP), Montreal, Canada
| | - Carol-Anne Villeneuve
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal (CReSP), Montreal, Canada
| | - Patrick Leighton
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal (CReSP), Montreal, Canada
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Elhakim MM, Kandil SK, Abd Elaziz KM, Anwar WA. Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) Cases at a sentinel site in Egypt, 2013-15. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 42:525-533. [PMID: 31090911 PMCID: PMC7107553 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel surveillance for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Egypt began in 2006 and occurs at eight sites. Avian influenza is endemic, and human cases of influenza A (H5N1) have been reported annually since 2006. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of SARI at a major sentinel site in the country. METHODS Data included in the study were collected from a major SARI sentinel site in Egypt during three consecutive years (2013-15). RESULTS A total of 1254 SARI patients conforming to the WHO case definition were admitted to the sentinel site, representing 5.6% of admitted patients for all causes and 36.6% of acute respiratory infection patients. A total of 99.7% of the patients were tested, and 21.04% tested positive; 48.7% of cases involved influenza A viruses, while 25% involved influenza B. The predominant age group was under 5 years of age, accounting for 443 cases. The seasonality of the influenza data conformed to the Northern Hemisphere pattern. CONCLUSIONS The present study's results show that SARI leads to substantial morbidity in Egypt. There is a great need for high-quality data from the SARI surveillance system in Egypt, especially with endemic respiratory threats such as influenza A (H5N1) in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elhakim
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar K Kandil
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Abd Elaziz
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wagida A Anwar
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
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Masse S, Bonnet C, Vilcu AM, Benamar H, Swital M, van der Werf S, Carrat F, Hanslik T, Blanchon T, Falchi A. Are Posterior Oropharyngeal Saliva Specimens an Acceptable Alternative to Nasopharyngeal Sampling for the Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in Primary-Care Settings? Viruses 2021; 13:761. [PMID: 33926069 DOI: 10.3390/v13050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study was set up to evaluate the efficacy of virological surveillance using posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic in general practice. Methods: Posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples were collected without restriction on timing or alimentation by general practitioners from patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) seen in consultation. Saliva samples were tested by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 and 21 other respiratory pathogens. Results for SARS-CoV-2 in saliva samples were compared to results obtained using a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) collected in a certified medical laboratory before or after the ARI consultation. Results: Overall, 143 ARI patients were enrolled between 6 June 2020, and 19 January 2021. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 37.0% (n = 53) of saliva samples and in 39.0% (n = 56) of NPS. Both saliva and NPS were positive in 51 patients. Positive and negative results were concordant between saliva samples and NPS in 51 (96.2%) and in 85 (94.4%) patients, respectively, with a Cohen’s Kappa coefficient of 0.89 (95% CI 0.82–0.97, p < 0.001). Other respiratory viruses were detected in 28.0% (n = 40) of the 143 saliva samples. Conclusions: Findings suggest that saliva samples could represent an attractive alternative to NPS for surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in patients consulting for an ARI in primary care.
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Patel PG, Keen P, McManus H, Duck T, Callander D, Selvey C, Power C, Gray RT, Knight V, Asselin J, Read P, Johnson K, Bavinton BR, Bowden VJ, Grulich AE, Guy R. Increased targeted HIV testing and reduced undiagnosed HIV infections among gay and bisexual men. HIV Med 2021; 22:605-616. [PMID: 33876526 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of government HIV strategies that aimed to increase HIV testing uptake and frequency among gay and bisexual men (GBM) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. DESIGN We analysed HIV testing data from existing passive and sentinel surveillance systems between 2010 and 2018. METHODS Six indicators were measured: (1) state-wide total HIV laboratory tests; (2) number of GBM attending publicly-funded clinics; (3) 12-monthly testing uptake; (4) annual testing frequency; (5) HIV testing with a STI diagnosis; and (6) HIV positivity. Mathematical modelling was used to estimate (7) the proportion of men with undiagnosed HIV. Indicators were stratified by Australian vs. overseas-born. RESULTS Overall, 43,560 GBM attended participating clinics (22,662 Australian-born, 20,834 overseas-born) from 2010-2018. Attendees increased from 5,186 in 2010 to 16,507 in 2018. There were increasing trends (p<0.001 for all) in testing uptake (83.9% to 95.1%); testing with a STI diagnosis (68.7% to 94.0%); annual HIV testing frequency (1.4 to 2.7); and a decreasing trend (p<0.01) in HIV positivity (1.7% to 0.9%).Increases in testing were similar in Australian-born and overseas-born GBM. However, there were decreasing trends in the estimated undiagnosed HIV proportion overall (9.5% to 7.7%) and in Australian-born GBM (7.1% to 2.8%), but an increasing trend in overseas-born GBM (15.3% to 16.9%) (p<0.001 for all).
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Patel
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Keen
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H McManus
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T Duck
- New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Callander
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,New York University Spatial Epidemiology Lab, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Selvey
- Health Protection NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Power
- New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R T Gray
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - V Knight
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Asselin
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, NSW, Australia
| | - P Read
- Kirketon Road Centre, Kings Cross, NSW, Australia
| | | | - B R Bavinton
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - V J Bowden
- Health Protection NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - A E Grulich
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Guy
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Contreras H, Vallejo A, Mattar S, Ruiz L, Guzmán C, Calderón A. First report of tilapia lake virus emergence in fish farms in the department of Córdoba, Colombia. Vet World 2021; 14:865-872. [PMID: 34083933 PMCID: PMC8167540 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.865-872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim In 2016, the tilapia-producing farms in the department of Córdoba, Colombia, had witnessed outbreaks of disease with clinical signs compatible with those caused by the tilapia lake virus (TiLV). This study was conducted to confirm the presence of TiLV in some fish farms in the department of Córdoba. Materials and Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in seven farms using a non-random sampling method from July 2016 to December 2017. A total of 66 fish, including 33 healthy fish and 33 fish with clinical signs, were caught, from which 178 tissue samples of spleen, liver, and brain were collected. RNA was extracted from each organ using TRIzol®. cDNA was synthesized using a retrotranscriptase and a universal amplification primer. The polymerase chain reaction was performed using primers specific to TiLV, in which the primers were amplified in a 491 bp region in segment 3 of TiLV, and the amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method. Results Of the seven farms surveyed, 3 (42.85%) had TiLV in the collected fish. Of the 66 collected fish, 18 (27.27%) were infected with TiLV. The virus was detected in the brain (64.3%, 18/28), spleen (61.9%, 13/21), and liver (35.7%, 10/28). The sequences were recorded in GenBank with the codes MH338228, MH350845, and MH350846. Nucleotide homology analyses revealed that this study's circulating strains exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain (GenBank KU751816.1). Conclusion This is the first official report of TiLV in the department of Córdoba, Colombia. The circulating strains detected in this study exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Contreras
- Institute of Biological Research of the Tropic, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Adriana Vallejo
- Aquatic Health and Water Quality laboratory, Aquaculture Program, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Salim Mattar
- Institute of Biological Research of the Tropic, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Luis Ruiz
- Aquatic Health and Water Quality laboratory, Aquaculture Program, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Calderón
- Institute of Biological Research of the Tropic, University of Córdoba, Colombia
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Fernàndez-López L, Reyes-Urueña J, Conway A, Saz J, Morales A, Quezadas J, Baroja J, Rafel A, Pazos A, Avellaneda A, Meroño M, Andreo L, Romero L, Lara A, Otón A, Rifà B, Mansilla R, Colom J, Casabona J. The contribution of HIV point-of-care tests in early HIV diagnosis: community-based HIV testing monitoring in Catalonia, 1995 to 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25. [PMID: 33124552 PMCID: PMC7596919 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.43.1900424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Community-based HIV testing services combined with the use of point-of-care tests (POCT) have the potential to improve early diagnosis through increasing availability, accessibility and uptake of HIV testing. Aim To describe community-based HIV testing activity in Catalonia, Spain, from 1995 to 2018, and to evaluate the impact of HIV POCT on the HIV continuum of care. Methods A community-based network of voluntary counselling and testing services in Catalonia, Spain has been collecting systematic data on activity, process and results since 1995. A descriptive analysis was performed on pooled data, describing the data in terms of people tested and reactive screening test results. Results Between 1995 and 2018, 125,876 HIV tests were performed (2.1% reactive). Since the introduction of HIV POCT in 2007, a large increase in the number of tests performed was observed, reaching 14,537 tests alone in 2018 (1.3% reactive). Men who have sex with men (MSM), as a proportion of all people tested, has increased greatly over time reaching 74.7% in 2018. The highest percentage of reactive tests was found in people who inject drugs followed by MSM. The contribution of community-based HIV testing to the overall total notified cases in the Catalonia HIV registry has gradually increased, reaching 37.9% in 2018, and 70% of all MSM cases. In 2018, the percentage of individuals with a reactive screening test who were linked to care was 89.0%. Conclusion Our study reinforces the important role that community-based HIV POCT has on the diagnosis of HIV in key populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernàndez-López
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.,Centre for Epidemiological Studies on Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS of Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Catalan Health Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Reyes-Urueña
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.,Centre for Epidemiological Studies on Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS of Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Catalan Health Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Conway
- The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Centre for Epidemiological Studies on Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS of Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Catalan Health Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jaime Quezadas
- Associació Ciutadana Antisida de Catalunya (ACASC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Baroja
- Centre Jove d'Atenció a les Sexualitats (CJAS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rafel
- Associació Antisida de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Lorena Andreo
- CAS/ARD Lluís Companys, Creu Roja Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Romero
- Assexora'Tgn (Associacio Comunitària de Salut Sexual del Camp de Tarragona), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Lara
- Associació Comunitària Anti Sida de Girona (ACAS), Girona, Spain
| | | | - Benet Rifà
- Programme for Prevention, Control and Treatment of HIV, STIs and Viral Hepatitis, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Section for Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Mansilla
- Programme for Prevention, Control and Treatment of HIV, STIs and Viral Hepatitis, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Section for Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colom
- Programme for Prevention, Control and Treatment of HIV, STIs and Viral Hepatitis, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Casabona
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Preventive Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.,Centre for Epidemiological Studies on Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS of Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Catalan Health Department, Barcelona, Spain
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Sekizuka T, Itokawa K, Yatsu K, Tanaka R, Hashino M, Kawano-Sugaya T, Ohnishi M, Wakita T, Kuroda M. COVID-19 genome surveillance at international airport quarantine stations in Japan. J Travel Med 2021; 28:5999912. [PMID: 33236052 PMCID: PMC7717395 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A coronavirus disease (COVID-19) genome surveillance has been conducted at four international airports in Japan, revealing a potential imported COVID-19 risk from multiple countries. The quarantine surveillance based on genome sequencing can enhance sequencing efforts worldwide, as returning travelers may serve as excellent sentinels for the global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Koji Yatsu
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Rina Tanaka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masanori Hashino
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kawano-Sugaya
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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de Lusignan S, Lopez Bernal J, Byford R, Amirthalingam G, Ferreira F, Akinyemi O, Andrews N, Campbell H, Dabrera G, Deeks A, Elliot AJ, Krajenbrink E, Liyanage H, McGagh D, Okusi C, Parimalanathan V, Ramsay M, Smith G, Tripathy M, Williams J, Victor W, Zambon M, Howsam G, Nicholson BD, Tzortziou Brown V, Butler CC, Joy M, Hobbs FDR. Influenza and Respiratory Virus Surveillance, Vaccine Uptake, and Effectiveness at a Time of Cocirculating COVID-19: Protocol for the English Primary Care Sentinel System for 2020-2021. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e24341. [PMID: 33605892 PMCID: PMC7899204 DOI: 10.2196/24341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Oxford–Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) and Public Health England (PHE) are commencing their 54th season of collaboration at a time when SARS-CoV-2 infections are likely to be cocirculating with the usual winter infections. Objective The aim of this study is to conduct surveillance of influenza and other monitored respiratory conditions and to report on vaccine uptake and effectiveness using nationally representative surveillance data extracted from primary care computerized medical records systems. We also aim to have general practices collect virology and serology specimens and to participate in trials and other interventional research. Methods The RCGP RSC network comprises over 1700 general practices in England and Wales. We will extract pseudonymized data twice weekly and are migrating to a system of daily extracts. First, we will collect pseudonymized, routine, coded clinical data for the surveillance of monitored and unexpected conditions; data on vaccine exposure and adverse events of interest; and data on approved research study outcomes. Second, we will provide dashboards to give general practices feedback about levels of care and data quality, as compared to other network practices. We will focus on collecting data on influenza-like illness, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, and suspected COVID-19. Third, approximately 300 practices will participate in the 2020-2021 virology and serology surveillance; this will include responsive surveillance and long-term follow-up of previous SARS-CoV-2 infections. Fourth, member practices will be able to recruit volunteer patients to trials, including early interventions to improve COVID-19 outcomes and point-of-care testing. Lastly, the legal basis for our surveillance with PHE is Regulation 3 of the Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002; other studies require appropriate ethical approval. Results The RCGP RSC network has tripled in size; there were previously 100 virology practices and 500 practices overall in the network and we now have 322 and 1724, respectively. The Oxford–RCGP Clinical Informatics Digital Hub (ORCHID) secure networks enable the daily analysis of the extended network; currently, 1076 practices are uploaded. We are implementing a central swab distribution system for patients self-swabbing at home in addition to in-practice sampling. We have converted all our primary care coding to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) coding. Throughout spring and summer 2020, the network has continued to collect specimens in preparation for the winter or for any second wave of COVID-19 cases. We have collected 5404 swabs and detected 623 cases of COVID-19 through extended virological sampling, and 19,341 samples have been collected for serology. This shows our preparedness for the winter season. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a groundswell of general practices joining our network. It has also created a permissive environment in which we have developed the capacity and capability of the national primary care surveillance systems and our unique public health institute, the RCGP and University of Oxford collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel Byford
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Filipa Ferreira
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oluwafunmi Akinyemi
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra Deeks
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Harshana Liyanage
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan McGagh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Okusi
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vaishnavi Parimalanathan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ramsay
- Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Manasa Tripathy
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Williams
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William Victor
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gary Howsam
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian David Nicholson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Joy
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - F D Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Mott JA, Fry AM, Kondor R, Wentworth DE, Olsen SJ. Re-emergence of influenza virus circulation during 2020 in parts of tropical Asia: Implications for other countries. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:415-418. [PMID: 33566441 PMCID: PMC8051733 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mott
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Influenza Program, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Kondor
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Dürrwald R, Wedde M, Biere B, Oh DY, Heßler-Klee M, Geidel C, Volmer R, Hauri AM, Gerst K, Thürmer A, Appelt S, Reiche J, Duwe S, Buda S, Wolff T, Haas W. Zoonotic infection with swine A/H1 avN1 influenza virus in a child, Germany, June 2020. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25. [PMID: 33094718 PMCID: PMC7651875 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.42.2001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A zoonotic A/sw/H1avN1 1C.2.2 influenza virus infection was detected in a German child that presented with influenza-like illness, including high fever. There was a history of close contact with pigs 3 days before symptom onset. The child recovered within 3 days. No other transmissions were observed. Serological investigations of the virus isolate revealed cross-reactions with ferret antisera against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, indicating a closer antigenic relationship with A(H1N1)pdm09 than with the former seasonal H1N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Renate Volmer
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (LHL), Fachgebiet II.4 Tiergesundheitsdienste, Gießen, Germany
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Joy M, Hobbs FR, Bernal JL, Sherlock J, Amirthalingam G, McGagh D, Akinyemi O, Byford R, Dabrera G, Dorward J, Ellis J, Ferreira F, Jones N, Oke J, Okusi C, Nicholson BD, Ramsay M, Sheppard JP, Sinnathamby M, Zambon M, Howsam G, Williams J, de Lusignan S. Excess mortality in the first COVID pandemic peak: cross-sectional analyses of the impact of age, sex, ethnicity, household size, and long-term conditions in people of known SARS-CoV-2 status in England. Br J Gen Pract 2020; 70:e890-8. [PMID: 33077508 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20X713393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has passed its first peak in Europe. Aim To describe the mortality in England and its association with SARS-CoV-2 status and other demographic and risk factors. Design and setting Cross-sectional analyses of people with known SARS-CoV-2 status in the Oxford RCGP Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) sentinel network. Method Pseudonymised, coded clinical data were uploaded from volunteer general practice members of this nationally representative network (n = 4 413 734). All-cause mortality was compared with national rates for 2019, using a relative survival model, reporting relative hazard ratios (RHR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A multivariable adjusted odds ratios (OR) analysis was conducted for those with known SARS-CoV-2 status (n = 56 628, 1.3%) including multiple imputation and inverse probability analysis, and a complete cases sensitivity analysis. Results Mortality peaked in week 16. People living in households of ≥9 had a fivefold increase in relative mortality (RHR = 5.1, 95% CI = 4.87 to 5.31, P<0.0001). The ORs of mortality were 8.9 (95% CI = 6.7 to 11.8, P<0.0001) and 9.7 (95% CI = 7.1 to 13.2, P<0.0001) for virologically and clinically diagnosed cases respectively, using people with negative tests as reference. The adjusted mortality for the virologically confirmed group was 18.1% (95% CI = 17.6 to 18.7). Male sex, population density, black ethnicity (compared to white), and people with long-term conditions, including learning disability (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.22 to 3.18, P = 0.0056) had higher odds of mortality. Conclusion The first SARS-CoV-2 peak in England has been associated with excess mortality. Planning for subsequent peaks needs to better manage risk in males, those of black ethnicity, older people, people with learning disabilities, and people who live in multi-occupancy dwellings.
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de Lusignan S, Liyanage H, McGagh D, Jani BD, Bauwens J, Byford R, Evans D, Fahey T, Greenhalgh T, Jones N, Mair FS, Okusi C, Parimalanathan V, Pell JP, Sherlock J, Tamburis O, Tripathy M, Ferreira F, Williams J, Hobbs FDR. COVID-19 Surveillance in a Primary Care Sentinel Network: In-Pandemic Development of an Application Ontology. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6:e21434. [PMID: 33112762 PMCID: PMC7674143 DOI: 10.2196/21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Creating an ontology for COVID-19 surveillance should help ensure transparency and consistency. Ontologies formalize conceptualizations at either the domain or application level. Application ontologies cross domains and are specified through testable use cases. Our use case was an extension of the role of the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) to monitor the current pandemic and become an in-pandemic research platform. Objective This study aimed to develop an application ontology for COVID-19 that can be deployed across the various use-case domains of the RCGP RSC research and surveillance activities. Methods We described our domain-specific use case. The actor was the RCGP RSC sentinel network, the system was the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the outcomes were the spread and effect of mitigation measures. We used our established 3-step method to develop the ontology, separating ontological concept development from code mapping and data extract validation. We developed a coding system–independent COVID-19 case identification algorithm. As there were no gold-standard pandemic surveillance ontologies, we conducted a rapid Delphi consensus exercise through the International Medical Informatics Association Primary Health Care Informatics working group and extended networks. Results Our use-case domains included primary care, public health, virology, clinical research, and clinical informatics. Our ontology supported (1) case identification, microbiological sampling, and health outcomes at an individual practice and at the national level; (2) feedback through a dashboard; (3) a national observatory; (4) regular updates for Public Health England; and (5) transformation of a sentinel network into a trial platform. We have identified a total of 19,115 people with a definite COVID-19 status, 5226 probable cases, and 74,293 people with possible COVID-19, within the RCGP RSC network (N=5,370,225). Conclusions The underpinning structure of our ontological approach has coped with multiple clinical coding challenges. At a time when there is uncertainty about international comparisons, clarity about the basis on which case definitions and outcomes are made from routine data is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harshana Liyanage
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan McGagh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bhautesh Dinesh Jani
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jorgen Bauwens
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Byford
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dai Evans
- PRIMIS, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Fahey
- Department of General Practice, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Trisha Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Okusi
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vaishnavi Parimalanathan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jill P Pell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Sherlock
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Tamburis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Manasa Tripathy
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Williams
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - F D Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Das MK, Mahapatra A, Pathi B, Panigrahy R, Pattnaik S, Mishra SS, Mahapatro S, Swain P, Das J, Dixit S, Sahoo SN, Pillai RN. Harmonized One Health Trans-Species and Community Surveillance for Tackling Antibacterial Resistance in India: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e23241. [PMID: 33124993 PMCID: PMC7665953 DOI: 10.2196/23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background India has the largest burden of drug‑resistant organisms compared with other countries around the world, including multiresistant and extremely drug‑resistant tuberculosis and resistant Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are found in all living hosts and in the environment and move between hosts and ecosystems. An intricate interplay of infections, exposure to antibiotics, and disinfectants at individual and community levels among humans, animals, birds, and fishes triggers evolution and spread of resistance. The One Health framework proposes addressing antibiotic resistance as a complex multidisciplinary problem. However, the evidence base in the Indian context is limited. Objective This multisectoral, trans-species surveillance project aims to document the infection and resistance patterns of 7 resistant-priority bacteria and the risk factors for resistance following the One Health framework and geospatial epidemiology. Methods This hospital- and community-based surveillance adopts a cross-sectional design with mixed methodology (quantitative, qualitative, and spatial) data collection. This study is being conducted at 6 microbiology laboratories and communities in Khurda district, Odisha, India. The laboratory surveillance collects data on bacteria isolates from different hosts and their resistance patterns. The hosts for infection surveillance include humans, animals (livestock, food chain, and pet animals), birds (poultry), and freshwater fishes (not crustaceans). For eligible patients, animals, birds and fishes, detailed data from their households or farms on health care seeking (for animals, birds and fishes, the illness, and care seeking of the caretakers), antibiotic use, disinfection practices, and neighborhood exposure to infection risks will be collected. Antibiotic prescription and use patterns at hospitals and clinics, and therapeutic and nontherapeutic antibiotic and disinfectant use in farms will also be collected. Interviews with key informants from animal breeding, agriculture, and food processing will explore the perceptions, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use. The data analysis will follow quantitative (descriptive and analytical), qualitative, and geospatial epidemiology principles. Results The study was funded in May 2019 and approved by Institute Ethics Committees in March 2019. The data collection started in September 2019 and shall continue till March 2021. As of June 2020, data for 56 humans, 30 animals and birds, and fishes from 10 ponds have been collected. Data analysis is yet to be done. Conclusions This study will inform about the bacterial infection and resistance epidemiology among different hosts, the risk factors for infection, and resistance transmission. In addition, it will identify the potential triggers and levers for further exploration and action. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/23241
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Affiliation(s)
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- The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoja Kumar Das
- Department of Public Health, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashoka Mahapatra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Basanti Pathi
- Department of Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rajashree Panigrahy
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Swetalona Pattnaik
- Department of Microbiology, Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sudhansu Shekhar Mishra
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Samarendra Mahapatro
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Priyabrat Swain
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jayakrushna Das
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shikha Dixit
- Department of Environmental Health, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India
| | - Satya Narayan Sahoo
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rakesh N Pillai
- Department of Public Health, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India
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Guillot C, Badcock J, Clow K, Cram J, Dergousoff S, Dibernardo A, Evason M, Fraser E, Galanis E, Gasmi S, German GJ, Howse DT, Jardine C, Jenkins E, Koffi J, Kulkarni M, Lindsay LR, Lumsden G, McKay R, Moore K, Morshed M, Munn D, Nelder M, Nocera J, Ripoche M, Rochon K, Russell C, Slatculescu A, Talbot B, Thivierge K, Voordouw M, Bouchard C, Leighton P. Sentinel surveillance of Lyme disease risk in Canada, 2019: Results from the first year of the Canadian Lyme Sentinel Network (CaLSeN). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 46:354-61. [PMID: 33315999 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v46i10a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Lyme disease is an emerging vector-borne zoonotic disease of increasing public health importance in Canada. As part of its mandate, the Canadian Lyme Disease Research Network (CLyDRN) launched a pan-Canadian sentinel surveillance initiative, the Canadian Lyme Sentinel Network (CaLSeN), in 2019. Objectives To create a standardized, national sentinel surveillance network providing a real-time portrait of the evolving environmental risk of Lyme disease in each province. Methods A multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach was used in the selection of sentinel regions. Within each sentinel region, a systematic drag sampling protocol was performed in selected sampling sites. Ticks collected during these active surveillance visits were identified to species, and Ixodes spp. ticks were tested for infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti and Powassan virus. Results In 2019, a total of 567 Ixodes spp. ticks (I. scapularis [n=550]; I. pacificus [n=10]; and I. angustus [n=7]) were collected in seven provinces: British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The highest mean tick densities (nymphs/100 m2) were found in sentinel regions of Lunenburg (0.45), Montréal (0.43) and Granby (0.38). Overall, the Borrelia burgdorferi prevalence in ticks was 25.2% (0%-45.0%). One I. angustus nymph from British Columbia was positive for Babesia microti, a first for the province. The deer tick lineage of Powassan virus was detected in one adult I. scapularis in Nova Scotia. Conclusion CaLSeN provides the first coordinated national active surveillance initiative for tick-borne disease in Canada. Through multidisciplinary collaborations between experts in each province, the pilot year was successful in establishing a baseline for Lyme disease risk across the country, allowing future trends to be detected and studied.
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Sullivan SG, Arriola CS, Bocacao J, Burgos P, Bustos P, Carville KS, Cheng AC, Chilver MB, Cohen C, Deng YM, El Omeiri N, Fasce RA, Hellferscee O, Huang QS, Gonzalez C, Jelley L, Leung VK, Lopez L, McAnerney JM, McNeill A, Olivares MF, Peck H, Sotomayor V, Tempia S, Vergara N, von Gottberg A, Walaza S, Wood T. Heterogeneity in influenza seasonality and vaccine effectiveness in Australia, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa: early estimates of the 2019 influenza season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31718744 PMCID: PMC6852316 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.45.1900645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We compared 2019 influenza seasonality and vaccine effectiveness (VE) in four southern hemisphere countries: Australia, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa. Influenza seasons differed in timing, duration, intensity and predominant circulating viruses. VE estimates were also heterogeneous, with all-ages point estimates ranging from 7-70% (I2: 33%) for A(H1N1)pdm09, 4-57% (I2: 49%) for A(H3N2) and 29-66% (I2: 0%) for B. Caution should be applied when attempting to use southern hemisphere data to predict the northern hemisphere influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena G Sullivan
- World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmen S Arriola
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Judy Bocacao
- National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Pamela Burgos
- Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones, Ministerio de Salud, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Bustos
- Sección de Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kylie S Carville
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Monique Bm Chilver
- Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathalie El Omeiri
- Pan American Health Organization(PAHO)/WHO Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, United States
| | - Rodrigo A Fasce
- Subdepartamento de Enfermedades Virales, Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Q Sue Huang
- National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Gonzalez
- Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones, Ministerio de Salud, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lauren Jelley
- National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Vivian Ky Leung
- World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liza Lopez
- Health Intelligence Team, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrea McNeill
- Health Intelligence Team, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Maria F Olivares
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Ministerio de Salud, Santiago, Chile
| | - Heidi Peck
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Stefano Tempia
- MassGenics, Duluth, United States.,Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa.,National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Natalia Vergara
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Ministerio de Salud, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Timothy Wood
- Health Intelligence Team, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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Abstract
Mexico has been one of the most affected countries in the world by the COVID-19 pandemic. The true impact of the pandemic has probably been underestimated, and President López Obrador, as well as the Ministry of Health, has struggled to lead the country since the beginning. While cases and deaths continue to rise, stronger leadership and unity are needed to limit the impact of COVID-19 on the health of millions of Mexicans.
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