1
|
Jaime MDLA, Salem GH, Martinez DJ, Karott S, Flores A, Palmer CD, Mahadevaraju S, Krynitsky J, Garmendia-Cedillos M, Anderson S, Harbison S, Pohida TJ, Ludington WB, Oliver B. Whole Animal Feeding FLat (WAFFL): a complete and comprehensive validation of a novel, high-throughput fly experimentation system. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:6989864. [PMID: 36650008 PMCID: PMC9997563 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-mammalian model organisms have been essential for our understanding of the mechanisms that control development, disease, and physiology, but they are underutilized in pharmacological and toxicological phenotypic screening assays due to their low throughput in comparison with cell-based screens. To increase the utility of using Drosophila melanogaster in screening, we designed the Whole Animal Feeding FLat (WAFFL), a novel, flexible, and complete system for feeding, monitoring, and assaying flies in a high-throughput format. Our 3D printed system is compatible with inexpensive and readily available, commercial 96-well plate consumables and equipment. Experimenters can change the diet at will during the experiment and video record for behavior analysis, enabling precise dosing, measurement of feeding, and analysis of behavior in a 96-well plate format.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D L A Jaime
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ghadi H Salem
- Instrument Development and Engineering Application Solutions, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 12 South Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel J Martinez
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sean Karott
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Alejandra Flores
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cameron D Palmer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sharvani Mahadevaraju
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jonathan Krynitsky
- Instrument Development and Engineering Application Solutions, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 12 South Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marcial Garmendia-Cedillos
- Instrument Development and Engineering Application Solutions, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 12 South Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Anderson
- Instrument Development and Engineering Application Solutions, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 12 South Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Harbison
- Laboratory of Systems Genetics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Thomas J Pohida
- Instrument Development and Engineering Application Solutions, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 12 South Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William B Ludington
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Brian Oliver
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin Y, Ma P, Wang S, Zhang Y, Han R, Huo C, Wu M, Deng H. The CRTC-CREB axis functions as a transcriptional sensor to protect against proteotoxic stress in Drosophila. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:688. [PMID: 35933423 PMCID: PMC9357022 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
cAMP Responsible Element Binding Protein (CREB) is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional factor that regulates cell growth, synaptic plasticity and so on. In this study, we unexpectedly found proteasome inhibitors, such as MLN2238, robustly increase CREB activity in adult flies through a large-scale compound screening. Mechanistically, reactive oxidative species (ROS) generated by proteasome inhibition are required and sufficient to promote CREB activity through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In 293 T cells, JNK activation by MLN2238 is also required for increase of CREB phosphorylation at Ser133. Meanwhile, transcriptome analysis in fly intestine identified a group of genes involved in redox and proteostatic regulation are augmented by overexpressing CRTC (CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator). Intriguingly, CRTC overexpression in muscles robustly restores protein folding and proteasomal activity in a fly Huntington's disease (HD) model, and ameliorates HD related pathogenesis, such as protein aggregates, motility, and lifespan. Moreover, CREB activity increases during aging, and further enhances its activity can suppress protein aggregates in aged muscles. Together, our results identified CRTC/CREB downstream ROS/JNK signaling as a conserved sensor to tackle oxidative and proteotoxic stresses. Boosting CRTC/CREB activity is a potential therapeutic strategy to treat aging related protein aggregation diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjie Yin
- grid.24516.340000000123704535 Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Sunshine Rehabilitation Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092 China
| | - Peng Ma
- grid.24516.340000000123704535 Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Sunshine Rehabilitation Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092 China
| | - Saifei Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535 Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Sunshine Rehabilitation Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092 China
| | - Yao Zhang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535 Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Sunshine Rehabilitation Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092 China
| | - Ruolei Han
- grid.24516.340000000123704535 Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Sunshine Rehabilitation Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092 China
| | - Chunyu Huo
- grid.24516.340000000123704535 Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Sunshine Rehabilitation Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092 China
| | - Meixian Wu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535 Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Sunshine Rehabilitation Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092 China
| | - Hansong Deng
- grid.24516.340000000123704535 Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Sunshine Rehabilitation Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jouandin P, Marelja Z, Shih YH, Parkhitko AA, Dambowsky M, Asara JM, Nemazanyy I, Dibble CC, Simons M, Perrimon N. Lysosomal cystine mobilization shapes the response of TORC1 and tissue growth to fasting. Science 2022; 375:eabc4203. [PMID: 35175796 PMCID: PMC8926155 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to nutrient scarcity involves an orchestrated response of metabolic and signaling pathways to maintain homeostasis. We find that in the fat body of fasting Drosophila, lysosomal export of cystine coordinates remobilization of internal nutrient stores with reactivation of the growth regulator target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1). Mechanistically, cystine was reduced to cysteine and metabolized to acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) by promoting CoA metabolism. In turn, acetyl-CoA retained carbons from alternative amino acids in the form of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and restricted the availability of building blocks required for growth. This process limited TORC1 reactivation to maintain autophagy and allowed animals to cope with starvation periods. We propose that cysteine metabolism mediates a communication between lysosomes and mitochondria, highlighting how changes in diet divert the fate of an amino acid into a growth suppressive program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jouandin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zvonimir Marelja
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IHU Imagine – Institut des maladies génétiques, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology and Disease, 75015 Paris, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yung-Hsin Shih
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey A Parkhitko
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Miriam Dambowsky
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IHU Imagine – Institut des maladies génétiques, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology and Disease, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02175, USA
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Platform for Metabolic Analyses, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS 3633, Paris 75015, France
| | - Christian C. Dibble
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matias Simons
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IHU Imagine – Institut des maladies génétiques, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology and Disease, 75015 Paris, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bonfini A, Dobson AJ, Duneau D, Revah J, Liu X, Houtz P, Buchon N. Multiscale analysis reveals that diet-dependent midgut plasticity emerges from alterations in both stem cell niche coupling and enterocyte size. eLife 2021; 10:64125. [PMID: 34553686 PMCID: PMC8528489 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is the primary interface between an animal and food, but how it adapts to qualitative dietary variation is poorly defined. We find that the Drosophila midgut plastically resizes following changes in dietary composition. A panel of nutrients collectively promote gut growth, which sugar opposes. Diet influences absolute and relative levels of enterocyte loss and stem cell proliferation, which together determine cell numbers. Diet also influences enterocyte size. A high sugar diet inhibits translation and uncouples intestinal stem cell proliferation from expression of niche-derived signals, but, surprisingly, rescuing these effects genetically was not sufficient to modify diet’s impact on midgut size. However, when stem cell proliferation was deficient, diet’s impact on enterocyte size was enhanced, and reducing enterocyte-autonomous TOR signaling was sufficient to attenuate diet-dependent midgut resizing. These data clarify the complex relationships between nutrition, epithelial dynamics, and cell size, and reveal a new mode of plastic, diet-dependent organ resizing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonfini
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Adam J Dobson
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Duneau
- Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jonathan Revah
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Xi Liu
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Philip Houtz
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Montell C. Drosophila sensory receptors-a set of molecular Swiss Army Knives. Genetics 2021; 217:1-34. [PMID: 33683373 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic approaches in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have led to a major triumph in the field of sensory biology-the discovery of multiple large families of sensory receptors and channels. Some of these families, such as transient receptor potential channels, are conserved from animals ranging from worms to humans, while others, such as "gustatory receptors," "olfactory receptors," and "ionotropic receptors," are restricted to invertebrates. Prior to the identification of sensory receptors in flies, it was widely assumed that these proteins function in just one modality such as vision, smell, taste, hearing, and somatosensation, which includes thermosensation, light, and noxious mechanical touch. By employing a vast combination of genetic, behavioral, electrophysiological, and other approaches in flies, a major concept to emerge is that many sensory receptors are multitaskers. The earliest example of this idea was the discovery that individual transient receptor potential channels function in multiple senses. It is now clear that multitasking is exhibited by other large receptor families including gustatory receptors, ionotropic receptors, epithelial Na+ channels (also referred to as Pickpockets), and even opsins, which were formerly thought to function exclusively as light sensors. Genetic characterizations of these Drosophila receptors and the neurons that express them also reveal the mechanisms through which flies can accurately differentiate between different stimuli even when they activate the same receptor, as well as mechanisms of adaptation, amplification, and sensory integration. The insights gleaned from studies in flies have been highly influential in directing investigations in many other animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Montell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zappia MP, Guarner A, Kellie-Smith N, Rogers A, Morris R, Nicolay B, Boukhali M, Haas W, Dyson NJ, Frolov MV. E2F/Dp inactivation in fat body cells triggers systemic metabolic changes. eLife 2021; 10:67753. [PMID: 34251339 PMCID: PMC8298092 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors play a critical role in controlling cell fate. In Drosophila, the inactivation of E2F in either muscle or fat body results in lethality, suggesting an essential function for E2F in these tissues. However, the cellular and organismal consequences of inactivating E2F in these tissues are not fully understood. Here, we show that the E2F loss exerts both tissue-intrinsic and systemic effects. The proteomic profiling of E2F-deficient muscle and fat body revealed that E2F regulates carbohydrate metabolism, a conclusion further supported by metabolomic profiling. Intriguingly, animals with E2F-deficient fat body had a lower level of circulating trehalose and reduced storage of fat. Strikingly, a sugar supplement was sufficient to restore both trehalose and fat levels, and subsequently rescued animal lethality. Collectively, our data highlight the unexpected complexity of E2F mutant phenotype, which is a result of combining both tissue-specific and systemic changes that contribute to animal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Guarner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | | | - Alice Rogers
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Robert Morris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Brandon Nicolay
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Myriam Boukhali
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Nicholas J Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Maxim V Frolov
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The seesaw of diet restriction and lifespan: lessons from Drosophila studies. Biogerontology 2021; 22:253-259. [PMID: 33575931 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diet restriction (DR) studies undergo the implementation of reduced single or multiple component/s of the fly food without causing malnutrition. The question of how and why DR modifies the fate of lifespan in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster has prompted us to emphasize by attending the control food composition first. Certain concentrations of DR food do not always confer an extended lifespan, rather it enables the flies to achieve their normal lifespan, which was probably reduced by the control food per se (having toxic effect caused due to the excess levels of dietary components). However, the current paradigm of DR studies has elicited its benefits and losses via trade-offs in the organismal traits and have highlighted the need for a common diet, but have not claimed the tested diets as balanced. So, the DR effect on lifespan and other fitness traits cannot be justified only based on varying control food across labs and hence, the approach of DR studies has to be revisited and a balanced diet has to be formulated. The current article discusses the need for a balanced diet, the traits to be considered before designing a diet, and certain problems in the existing synthetic medium. Therefore, based on the control food composition, the validity of lifespan extension conferred by these nutrient restricted diets need to be accounted for.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tao LJ, Seo DE, Jackson B, Ivanova NB, Santori FR. Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Their Ligands: Metabolites in Control of Transcription. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122606. [PMID: 33291787 PMCID: PMC7762034 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors are a family of transcription factors regulated by small molecules derived from the endogenous metabolism or diet. There are forty-eight nuclear hormone receptors in the human genome, twenty of which are still orphans. In this review, we make a brief historical journey from the first observations by Berthold in 1849 to the era of orphan receptors that began with the sequencing of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome in 1998. We discuss the evolution of nuclear hormone receptors and the putative ancestral ligands as well as how the ligand universe has expanded over time. This leads us to define four classes of metabolites-fatty acids, terpenoids, porphyrins and amino acid derivatives-that generate all known ligands for nuclear hormone receptors. We conclude by discussing the ongoing efforts to identify new classes of ligands for orphan receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Jing Tao
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dong Eun Seo
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin Jackson
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Natalia B Ivanova
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liang Q, Ma P, Zhang Q, Yin Y, Wang P, Wang S, Zhang Y, Han R, Deng H. A gum Arabic assisted sustainable drug delivery system for adult Drosophila. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio052241. [PMID: 32487516 PMCID: PMC7328006 DOI: 10.1242/bio.052241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale compound screening in adult flies is hampered by the lack of continuous drug delivery systems and poor solubility of numerous compounds. Here we found that gum Arabic (Acacia/Senegal gum), a widely used stabilizer, can also emulsify lipophilic compounds and profoundly increase their accessibility to target tissues in Drosophila and mice. We further developed a gum Arabic-based drug delivery system, wherein the drug was ground into gum Arabic and emulsified in liquid food fed to flies by siphoning through a U-shape glass capillary. This system did not affect food intake nor cell viability. Since drugs were continuously delivered by siphoning, minimal compound waste and less frequent food changes make this system ideal for large-scale long-term screenings. In our pilot screening for antitumor drugs in the NCI DTP library, we used a Drosophila model of colorectal cancer and identified two drugs that are especially hydrophobic and were not identified in previous screenings. Our data demonstrated that gum Arabic facilitates drug delivery in animal models and the system is suitable for long-term high-throughput drug screening in Drosophila This system would accelerate drug discovery for chronic and cognitive conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Liang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Building, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, 20092 China
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Peng Ma
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Building, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, 20092 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Building, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, 20092 China
| | - Youjie Yin
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Building, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, 20092 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Building, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, 20092 China
| | - Saifei Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Building, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, 20092 China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Building, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, 20092 China
| | - Ruolei Han
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Building, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, 20092 China
| | - Hansong Deng
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Building, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, 20092 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bawa S, Brooks DS, Neville KE, Tipping M, Sagar MA, Kollhoff JA, Chawla G, Geisbrecht BV, Tennessen JM, Eliceiri KW, Geisbrecht ER. Drosophila TRIM32 cooperates with glycolytic enzymes to promote cell growth. eLife 2020; 9:52358. [PMID: 32223900 PMCID: PMC7105379 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell growth and/or proliferation may require the reprogramming of metabolic pathways, whereby a switch from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism diverts glycolytic intermediates towards anabolic pathways. Herein, we identify a novel role for TRIM32 in the maintenance of glycolytic flux mediated by biochemical interactions with the glycolytic enzymes Aldolase and Phosphoglycerate mutase. Loss of Drosophila TRIM32, encoded by thin (tn), shows reduced levels of glycolytic intermediates and amino acids. This altered metabolic profile correlates with a reduction in the size of glycolytic larval muscle and brain tissue. Consistent with a role for metabolic intermediates in glycolysis-driven biomass production, dietary amino acid supplementation in tn mutants improves muscle mass. Remarkably, TRIM32 is also required for ectopic growth - loss of TRIM32 in a wing disc-associated tumor model reduces glycolytic metabolism and restricts growth. Overall, our results reveal a novel role for TRIM32 for controlling glycolysis in the context of both normal development and tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simranjot Bawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - David S Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Kathryn E Neville
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, United States
| | - Marla Tipping
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, United States
| | - Md Abdul Sagar
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Joseph A Kollhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Consuegra J, Grenier T, Baa-Puyoulet P, Rahioui I, Akherraz H, Gervais H, Parisot N, da Silva P, Charles H, Calevro F, Leulier F. Drosophila-associated bacteria differentially shape the nutritional requirements of their host during juvenile growth. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000681. [PMID: 32196485 PMCID: PMC7112240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between nutrition and the microbial communities colonizing the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., gut microbiota) determines juvenile growth trajectory. Nutritional deficiencies trigger developmental delays, and an immature gut microbiota is a hallmark of pathologies related to childhood undernutrition. However, how host-associated bacteria modulate the impact of nutrition on juvenile growth remains elusive. Here, using gnotobiotic Drosophila melanogaster larvae independently associated with Acetobacter pomorumWJL (ApWJL) and Lactobacillus plantarumNC8 (LpNC8), 2 model Drosophila-associated bacteria, we performed a large-scale, systematic nutritional screen based on larval growth in 40 different and precisely controlled nutritional environments. We combined these results with genome-based metabolic network reconstruction to define the biosynthetic capacities of Drosophila germ-free (GF) larvae and its 2 bacterial partners. We first established that ApWJL and LpNC8 differentially fulfill the nutritional requirements of the ex-GF larvae and parsed such difference down to individual amino acids, vitamins, other micronutrients, and trace metals. We found that Drosophila-associated bacteria not only fortify the host’s diet with essential nutrients but, in specific instances, functionally compensate for host auxotrophies by either providing a metabolic intermediate or nutrient derivative to the host or by uptaking, concentrating, and delivering contaminant traces of micronutrients. Our systematic work reveals that beyond the molecular dialogue engaged between the host and its bacterial partners, Drosophila and its associated bacteria establish an integrated nutritional network relying on nutrient provision and utilization. A study of gnotobiotic fruit flies shows that the animal is involved in an integrated nutritional network with its facultative commensal bacteria, centered around the utilization and sharing of nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Consuegra
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - Théodore Grenier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Baa-Puyoulet
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Rahioui
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Houssam Akherraz
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - Hugo Gervais
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pedro da Silva
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hubert Charles
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pamboro ELS, Brown EB, Keene AC. Dietary fatty acids promote sleep through a taste-independent mechanism. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12629. [PMID: 31845509 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of foods that are high in fat contribute to obesity and metabolism-related disorders. Dietary lipids are comprised of triglycerides and fatty acids, and the highly palatable taste of dietary fatty acids promotes food consumption, activates reward centers in mammals and underlies hedonic feeding. Despite the central role of dietary fats in the regulation of food intake and the etiology of metabolic diseases, little is known about how fat consumption regulates sleep. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, provides a powerful model system for the study of sleep and metabolic traits, and flies potently regulate sleep in accordance with food availability. To investigate the effects of dietary fats on sleep regulation, we have supplemented fatty acids into the diet of Drosophila and measured their effects on sleep and activity. We found that flies fed a diet of hexanoic acid, a medium-chain fatty acid that is a by-product of yeast fermentation, slept more than flies starved on an agar diet. To assess whether dietary fatty acids regulate sleep through the taste system, we assessed sleep in flies with a mutation in the hexanoic acid receptor Ionotropic receptor 56D, which is required for fatty acid taste perception. We found that these flies also sleep more than agar-fed flies when fed a hexanoic acid diet, suggesting the sleep promoting effect of hexanoic acid is not dependent on sensory perception. Taken together, these findings provide a platform to investigate the molecular and neural basis for fatty acid-dependent modulation of sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle L S Pamboro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Elizabeth B Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Flatt T. Life-History Evolution and the Genetics of Fitness Components in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2020; 214:3-48. [PMID: 31907300 PMCID: PMC6944413 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history traits or "fitness components"-such as age and size at maturity, fecundity and fertility, age-specific rates of survival, and life span-are the major phenotypic determinants of Darwinian fitness. Analyzing the evolution and genetics of these phenotypic targets of selection is central to our understanding of adaptation. Due to its simple and rapid life cycle, cosmopolitan distribution, ease of maintenance in the laboratory, well-understood evolutionary genetics, and its versatile genetic toolbox, the "vinegar fly" Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most powerful, experimentally tractable model systems for studying "life-history evolution." Here, I review what has been learned about the evolution and genetics of life-history variation in D. melanogaster by drawing on numerous sources spanning population and quantitative genetics, genomics, experimental evolution, evolutionary ecology, and physiology. This body of work has contributed greatly to our knowledge of several fundamental problems in evolutionary biology, including the amount and maintenance of genetic variation, the evolution of body size, clines and climate adaptation, the evolution of senescence, phenotypic plasticity, the nature of life-history trade-offs, and so forth. While major progress has been made, important facets of these and other questions remain open, and the D. melanogaster system will undoubtedly continue to deliver key insights into central issues of life-history evolution and the genetics of adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Flatt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vásquez-Procopio J, Osorio B, Cortés-Martínez L, Hernández-Hernández F, Medina-Contreras O, Ríos-Castro E, Comjean A, Li F, Hu Y, Mohr S, Perrimon N, Missirlis F. Intestinal response to dietary manganese depletion inDrosophila. Metallomics 2020; 12:218-240. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations to manganese deficiency.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rihani K, Fraichard S, Chauvel I, Poirier N, Delompré T, Neiers F, Tanimura T, Ferveur JF, Briand L. A conserved odorant binding protein is required for essential amino acid detection in Drosophila. Commun Biol 2019; 2:425. [PMID: 31799428 PMCID: PMC6874667 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals need to detect in the food essential amino acids that they cannot synthesize. We found that the odorant binding protein OBP19b, which is highly expressed in Drosophila melanogaster taste sensilla, is necessary for the detection of several amino acids including the essential l-phenylalanine. The recombinant OBP19b protein was produced and characterized for its binding properties: it stereoselectively binds to several amino acids. Using a feeding-choice assay, we found that OBP19b is necessary for detecting l-phenylalanine and l-glutamine, but not l-alanine or D-phenylalanine. We mapped the cells expressing OBP19b and compared the electrophysiological responses of a single taste sensillum to several amino acids: OBP19b mutant flies showed a reduced response compared to control flies when tested to preferred amino acids, but not to the other ones. OBP19b is well conserved in phylogenetically distant species suggesting that this protein is necessary for detection of specific amino acids in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rihani
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Fraichard
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Chauvel
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Poirier
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Delompré
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Teiichi Tanimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
- Department of Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestrasse 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kasuya J, Iyengar A, Chen HL, Lansdon P, Wu CF, Kitamoto T. Milk-whey diet substantially suppresses seizure-like phenotypes of paraShu, a Drosophila voltage-gated sodium channel mutant. J Neurogenet 2019; 33:164-178. [PMID: 31096839 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2019.1597082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila mutant paraShu harbors a dominant, gain-of-function allele of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, paralytic (para). The mutant flies display severe seizure-like phenotypes, including neuronal hyperexcitability, spontaneous spasms, ether-induced leg shaking, and heat-induced convulsions. We unexpectedly found that two distinct food recipes used routinely in the Drosophila research community result in a striking difference in severity of the paraShu phenotypes. Namely, when paraShu mutants were raised on the diet originally formulated by Edward Lewis in 1960, they showed severe neurological defects as previously reported. In contrast, when they were raised on the diet developed by Frankel and Brousseau in 1968, these phenotypes were substantially suppressed. Comparison of the effects of these two well-established food recipes revealed that the diet-dependent phenotypic suppression is accounted for by milk whey, which is present only in the latter. Inclusion of milk whey in the diet during larval stages was critical for suppression of the adult paraShu phenotypes, suggesting that this dietary modification affects development of the nervous system. We also found that milk whey has selective effects on other neurological mutants. Among the behavioral phenotypes of different para mutant alleles, those of paraGEFS+ and parabss were suppressed by milk whey, while those of paraDS and parats1 were not significantly affected. Overall, our study demonstrates that different diets routinely used in Drosophila labs could have considerably different effects on neurological phenotypes of Drosophila mutants. This finding provides a solid foundation for further investigation into how dietary modifications affect development and function of the nervous system and, ultimately, how they influence behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kasuya
- a Department of Anesthesia, Carver College of Medicine , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA
| | - Atulya Iyengar
- b Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA.,c Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- d Department of Medical Research , Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan 43503 , ROC
| | - Patrick Lansdon
- e Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA
| | - Chun-Fang Wu
- b Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA.,c Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA.,e Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA
| | - Toshihiro Kitamoto
- a Department of Anesthesia, Carver College of Medicine , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA.,c Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA.,e Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics , University of Iowa , Iowa city , IA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rudisill SS, Martin BR, Mankowski KM, Tessier CR. Iron Deficiency Reduces Synapse Formation in the Drosophila Clock Circuit. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:241-250. [PMID: 30022428 PMCID: PMC6338522 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron serves as a critical cofactor for proteins involved in a host of biological processes. In most animals, dietary iron is absorbed in enterocytes and then disseminated for use in other tissues in the body. The brain is particularly dependent on iron. Altered iron status correlates with disorders ranging from cognitive dysfunction to disruptions in circadian activity. The exact role iron plays in producing these neurological defects, however, remains unclear. Invertebrates provide an attractive model to study the effects of iron on neuronal development since many of the genes involved in iron metabolism are conserved, and the organisms are amenable to genetic and cytological techniques. We have examined synapse growth specifically under conditions of iron deficiency in the Drosophila circadian clock circuit. We show that projections of the small ventrolateral clock neurons to the protocerebrum of the adult Drosophila brain are significantly reduced upon chelation of iron from the diet. This growth defect persists even when iron is restored to the diet. Genetic neuronal knockdown of ferritin 1 or ferritin 2, critical components of iron storage and transport, does not affect synapse growth in these cells. Together, these data indicate that dietary iron is necessary for central brain synapse formation in the fly and further validate the use of this model to study the function of iron homeostasis on brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Rudisill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Bradley R Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Kevin M Mankowski
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, Raclin Carmichael Hall 127, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, South Bend, IN, 46617, USA
| | - Charles R Tessier
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, Raclin Carmichael Hall 127, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, South Bend, IN, 46617, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lüersen K, Röder T, Rimbach G. Drosophila melanogaster in nutrition research-the importance of standardizing experimental diets. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:3. [PMID: 30766617 PMCID: PMC6359822 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been increasingly recognized as an important model organism in nutrition research. In order to conduct nutritional studies in fruit flies, special attention should be given to the composition of the experimental diets. Besides complex diets, which are often based on maize, yeast, sucrose, and agar, Drosophila can be also fed chemically defined diets. These so-called holidic diets are standardized in terms of their macro- and micronutrient composition although the quantitative nutrient requirements of flies have yet not been fully established and warrant further investigations. For instance, only few studies address the fatty acid, vitamin, mineral, and trace element requirements of fruit flies. D. melanogaster may be also of interest in the field of nutritional medicine. Diet-induced diabetes and obesity models have been established, and in this context, often, the so-called high-fat and high-sugar diets are fed. However, the composition of these diets is not sufficiently defined and varies between studies. A consensus within the scientific community needs to be reached to standardize the exact composition of experimental complex and holidic diets for D. melanogaster in nutrition research. Since D. melanogaster is an established valuable model system for numerous human diseases, standardized diets are also a prerequisite to conduct diet-disease interaction studies. We suggest that a comprehensive approach, which combines deep phenotyping with disease-related Drosophila models under defined dietary conditions, might lead to the foundation of a so-called fly clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lüersen
- 1Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Röder
- 2Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.,3Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- 1Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schretter CE, Vielmetter J, Bartos I, Marka Z, Marka S, Argade S, Mazmanian SK. A gut microbial factor modulates locomotor behaviour in Drosophila. Nature 2018; 563:402-406. [PMID: 30356215 PMCID: PMC6237646 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Schretter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Jost Vielmetter
- Protein Expression Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Imre Bartos
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zsuzsa Marka
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Szabolcs Marka
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sulabha Argade
- GlycoAnalytics Core, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Regulation of Carbohydrate Energy Metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2018; 207:1231-1253. [PMID: 29203701 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.199885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism is essential for cellular energy balance as well as for the biosynthesis of new cellular building blocks. As animal nutrient intake displays temporal fluctuations and each cell type within the animal possesses specific metabolic needs, elaborate regulatory systems are needed to coordinate carbohydrate metabolism in time and space. Carbohydrate metabolism is regulated locally through gene regulatory networks and signaling pathways, which receive inputs from nutrient sensors as well as other pathways, such as developmental signals. Superimposed on cell-intrinsic control, hormonal signaling mediates intertissue information to maintain organismal homeostasis. Misregulation of carbohydrate metabolism is causative for many human diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. Recent work in Drosophila melanogaster has uncovered new regulators of carbohydrate metabolism and introduced novel physiological roles for previously known pathways. Moreover, genetically tractable Drosophila models to study carbohydrate metabolism-related human diseases have provided new insight into the mechanisms of pathogenesis. Due to the high degree of conservation of relevant regulatory pathways, as well as vast possibilities for the analysis of gene-nutrient interactions and tissue-specific gene function, Drosophila is emerging as an important model system for research on carbohydrate metabolism.
Collapse
|
21
|
Staats S, Lüersen K, Wagner AE, Rimbach G. Drosophila melanogaster as a Versatile Model Organism in Food and Nutrition Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3737-3753. [PMID: 29619822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used in the biological sciences as a model organism. Drosophila has a relatively short life span of 60-80 days, which makes it attractive for life span studies. Moreover, approximately 60% of the fruit fly genes are orthologs to mammals. Thus, metabolic and signal transduction pathways are highly conserved. Maintenance and reproduction of Drosophila do not require sophisticated equipment and are rather cheap. Furthermore, there are fewer ethical issues involved in experimental Drosophila research compared with studies in laboratory rodents, such as rats and mice. Drosophila is increasingly recognized as a model organism in food and nutrition research. Drosophila is often fed complex solid diets based on yeast, corn, and agar. There are also so-called holidic diets available that are defined in terms of their amino acid, fatty acid, carbohydrate, vitamin, mineral, and trace element compositions. Feed intake, body composition, locomotor activity, intestinal barrier function, microbiota, cognition, fertility, aging, and life span can be systematically determined in Drosophila in response to dietary factors. Furthermore, diet-induced pathophysiological mechanisms including inflammation and stress responses may be evaluated in the fly under defined experimental conditions. Here, we critically evaluate Drosophila melanogaster as a versatile model organism in experimental food and nutrition research, review the corresponding data in the literature, and make suggestions for future directions of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Staats
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science , University of Kiel , Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6 , D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science , University of Kiel , Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6 , D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Anika E Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine , University of Lübeck , Ratzeburger Allee 160 , D-23538 Lübeck , Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science , University of Kiel , Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6 , D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Park J, Carlson JR. Physiological responses of the Drosophila labellum to amino acids. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:27-36. [PMID: 29191065 PMCID: PMC6087562 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1406934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have systematically studied the physiological responses elicited by amino acids from the principal taste organ of the Drosophila head. Although the detection and coding of sugars and bitter compounds have been examined extensively in this organism, little attention has been paid to the physiology of amino acid taste. We find that one class of sensilla, the S sensilla, yield the strongest responses to amino acids, although these responses were much weaker than the most robust responses to sugar or bitter compounds. S sensilla are heterogeneous in their amino acid responses and amino acids differ in the responses they elicit from individual sensilla. Tryptophan elicited relatively strong responses from S sensilla and these responses were eliminated when bitter-sensing neurons were ablated. Although tryptophan yielded little if any response in a behavioral paradigm, phenylalanine elicited a relatively strong response in the same paradigm and had a different physiological profile, supporting the notion that different amino acids are differentially encoded by the repertoire of taste neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joori Park
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - John R. Carlson
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jang T, Lee KP. Comparing the impacts of macronutrients on life-history traits in larval and adult Drosophila melanogaster: the use of nutritional geometry and chemically defined diets. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.181115. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.181115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein and carbohydrate are the two major macronutrients that exert profound influences over fitness in many organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster. Our understanding of how these macronutrients shape the components of fitness in D. melanogaster has been greatly enhanced by the use of nutritional geometry, but most nutritional geometric analyses on this species have been conducted using semi-synthetic diets that are not chemically well-defined. Here we combined the use of nutritional geometry and chemically defined diets to compare the patterns of larval and adult life-history traits expressed across 34 diets systematically varying in protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio and in protein plus carbohydrate (P+C) concentration. The shape of the response surfaces constructed for all larval and adult traits differed significantly from one another, with the nutritional optima being identified at P:C 1:4 for lifespan (P+C 120 g l−1), 1:2 for egg-to-adult viability (120 g l−1), 1:1 for female body mass at adult eclosion (240 g l−1) and lifetime fecundity (360 g l−1), 2:1 for larval developmental rate (60 g l−1), and 8:1 for egg production rate (120 g l−1). Such divergence in nutritional optima among life-history traits indicates that D. melanogaster confined to a single diet cannot maximize the expression of these traits simultaneously and thus may face a life-history trade-off. Our data provide the most comprehensive and nutritionally explicit analysis of the impacts of macronutrients on life-history traits in D. melanogaster and support the emerging notion that the fundamental trade-offs among life-history traits are mediated by macronutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Piper MD. Using artificial diets to understand the nutritional physiology of Drosophila melanogaster. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:104-111. [PMID: 29129274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Artificial diets have been in use for rearing insects for more than 100 years. Their composition ranges from completely chemically defined (holidic), to semi-defined (meridic) to non-defined (oligidic). Recently, meridic and holidic diets have been used to demonstrate previously unrecognised nutrient-sensitive behaviours and patterns of fitness trait expression in adult Drosophila melanogaster. This article presents a summary of the basic nutritional requirements of Drosophila followed by an account of some of these nutrient-modified phenotypes and what they can reveal about fundamental mechanisms. Precisely controlled nutrition, combined with the many advantages of Drosophila present an ideal system for the development of large scale metabolic modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dw Piper
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li H, Tennessen JM. Methods for studying the metabolic basis of Drosophila development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6:10.1002/wdev.280. [PMID: 28556549 PMCID: PMC5561480 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of metabolic research has experienced an unexpected renaissance. While this renewed interest in metabolism largely originated in response to the global increase in diabetes and obesity, studies of metabolic regulation now represent the frontier of many biomedical fields. This trend is especially apparent in developmental biology, where metabolism influences processes ranging from stem cell differentiation and tissue growth to sexual maturation and reproduction. In this regard, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful tool for dissecting conserved mechanisms that underlie developmental metabolism, often with a level of detail that is simply not possible in other animals. Here we describe why the fly is an ideal system for exploring the relationship between metabolism and development, and outline a basic experimental strategy for conducting these studies. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e280. doi: 10.1002/wdev.280 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Jason M. Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yasugi T, Yamada T, Nishimura T. Adaptation to dietary conditions by trehalose metabolism in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1619. [PMID: 28487555 PMCID: PMC5431645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide that serves as the main sugar component of haemolymph in insects. Trehalose hydrolysis enzyme, called trehalase, is highly conserved from bacteria to humans. However, our understanding of the physiological role of trehalase remains incomplete. Here, we analyze the phenotypes of several Trehalase (Treh) loss-of-function alleles in a comparative manner in Drosophila. The previously reported mutant phenotype of Treh affecting neuroepithelial stem cell maintenance and differentiation in the optic lobe is caused by second-site alleles in addition to Treh. We further report that the survival rate of Treh null mutants is significantly influenced by dietary conditions. Treh mutant larvae are lethal not only on a low-sugar diet but also under low-protein diet conditions. A reduction in adaptation ability under poor food conditions in Treh mutants is mainly caused by the overaccumulation of trehalose rather than the loss of Treh, because the additional loss of Tps1 mitigates the lethal effect of Treh mutants. These results demonstrate that proper trehalose metabolism plays a critical role in adaptation under various environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yasugi
- Laboratory for Growth Control Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamada
- Laboratory for Growth Control Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Growth Control Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chng WBA, Hietakangas V, Lemaitre B. Physiological Adaptations to Sugar Intake: New Paradigms from Drosophila melanogaster. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:131-142. [PMID: 27923532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sugars are important energy sources, but high sugar intake poses a metabolic challenge and leads to diseases. Drosophila melanogaster is a generalist fruit breeder that encounters high levels of dietary sugars in its natural habitat. Consequently, Drosophila displays adaptive responses to dietary sugars, including highly conserved and unique metabolic adaptations not described in mammals. Carbohydrate homeostasis is maintained by a network comprising intracellular energy sensors, transcriptional regulators, and hormonal and neuronal mechanisms that together coordinate animal behavior, gut function, and metabolic flux. Here we give an overview of the physiological responses associated with sugar intake and discuss some of the emerging themes and applications of the Drosophila model in understanding sugar sensing and carbohydrate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Alfred Chng
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watanabe K, Furumizo Y, Usui T, Hattori Y, Uemura T. Nutrient-dependent increased dendritic arborization of somatosensory neurons. Genes Cells 2016; 22:105-114. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Furumizo
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Tadao Usui
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yukako Hattori
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Strigini M, Leulier F. The role of the microbial environment in Drosophila post-embryonic development. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:39-52. [PMID: 26827889 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Development, growth and maturation of animals are under genetic and environmental control. Multicellular organisms interact throughout their lives with a variety of environment- and body-associated microorganisms. It has now been appreciated that the very conspicuous and varied microbial population associated with the food and the gastro-intestinal tract is a critical factor that can influence growth. Beyond the phenomenology, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of microbes on development are being revealed from studies in Drosophila melanogaster, a particularly well suited system for a mechanistic understanding of host/microbiota interactions. Association of otherwise germ-free eggs with specific bacterial strains isolated from Drosophila gut samples can accelerate growth in larvae raised on restrictive diets. We review advances made possible by the exploitation of such simplified gnotobiotic systems in the search for the genes, molecules and physiological adaptations responsible for this effect in both host and microbes. Transposon mutagenesis and gene-trait match studies in bacteria can identify the key microbial genes and metabolites required for the beneficial effect, acetic acid being one of them. In the fly, functional genomic analysis, transcriptomics and metabolomics point to the modulation of systemic insulin and steroid hormone signalling as well as the regulation of intestinal physiology, including the enhancement of intestinal protease activity, as crucial mediators of the host's response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Strigini
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Allée d'Italie 46, F-69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Allée d'Italie 46, F-69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Reis T. Effects of Synthetic Diets Enriched in Specific Nutrients on Drosophila Development, Body Fat, and Lifespan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146758. [PMID: 26741692 PMCID: PMC4704830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-diet interactions play a crucial but poorly understood role in susceptibility to obesity. Accordingly, the development of genetically tractable model systems to study the influence of diets in obesity-prone genetic backgrounds is a focus of current research. Here I present a modified synthetic Drosophila diet optimized for timely larval development, a stage dedicated to energy storage. Specifically increasing the levels of individual macronutrients-carbohydrate, lipid, or protein-resulted in markedly different organismal effects. A high-carbohydrate diet adversely affected the timing of development, size, early lifespan and body fat. Strikingly, quadrupling the amount of dietary lipids had none of these effects. Diets rich in protein appeared to be the most beneficial, as larvae developed faster, with no change in size, into long-lived adults. I believe this synthetic diet will significantly facilitate the study of gene-diet interactions in organismal energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Reis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Medical School, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Signal integration by Ca(2+) regulates intestinal stem-cell activity. Nature 2015; 528:212-7. [PMID: 26633624 PMCID: PMC4669953 DOI: 10.1038/nature16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells (SCs) maintain tissue homeostasis by dynamically adjusting proliferation and differentiation in response to stress and metabolic cues. Here, we identify Ca2+ signaling as a central regulator of intestinal SC (ISC) activity in Drosophila. We find that dietary L-glutamate stimulates ISC division and gut growth. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) is required in ISCs for this response and for an associated modulation of cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations that results in sustained high cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. High cytosolic Ca2+ induces ISC proliferation by regulating Calcineurin and CREB - regulated transcriptional co-activator (CRTC). In response to a wide range of dietary and stress stimuli, ISCs reversibly transition between Ca2+ oscillation states that represent poised or activated modes of proliferation, respectively. We propose that the dynamic regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels allows effective integration of diverse mitogenic signals in ISCs to tailor their proliferative activity to the needs of the tissue.
Collapse
|
32
|
Jensen K, McClure C, Priest NK, Hunt J. Sex-specific effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on reproduction but not lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Aging Cell 2015; 14:605-15. [PMID: 25808180 PMCID: PMC4531074 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Modest dietary restriction extends lifespan (LS) in a diverse range of taxa and typically has a larger effect in females than males. Traditionally, this has been attributed to a stronger trade-off between LS and reproduction in females than in males that is mediated by the intake of calories. Recent studies, however, suggest that it is the intake of specific nutrients that extends LS and mediates this trade-off. Here, we used the geometric framework (GF) to examine the sex-specific effects of protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) intake on LS and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that LS was maximized at a high intake of C and a low intake of P in both sexes, whereas nutrient intake had divergent effects on reproduction. Male offspring production rate and LS were maximized at the same intake of nutrients, whereas female egg production rate was maximized at a high intake of diets with a P:C ratio of 1:2. This resulted in larger differences in nutrient-dependent optima for LS and reproduction in females than in males, as well as an optimal intake of nutrients for lifetime reproduction that differed between the sexes. Under dietary choice, the sexes followed similar feeding trajectories regulated around a P:C ratio of 1:4. Consequently, neither sex reached their nutritional optimum for lifetime reproduction, suggesting intralocus sexual conflict over nutrient optimization. Our study shows clear sex differences in the nutritional requirements of reproduction in D. melanogaster and joins the growing list of studies challenging the role of caloric restriction in extending LS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Jensen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Cornwall Campus; Penryn TR10 9EZ UK
| | - Colin McClure
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Nicholas K. Priest
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Cornwall Campus; Penryn TR10 9EZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The Drosophila Prosecretory Transcription Factor dimmed Is Dynamically Regulated in Adult Enteroendocrine Cells and Protects Against Gram-Negative Infection. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:1517-24. [PMID: 25999585 PMCID: PMC4502385 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.019117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine system employs peptide hormone signals to translate environmental changes into physiological responses. The diffuse endocrine system embedded in the gastrointestinal barrier epithelium is one of the largest and most diverse endocrine tissues. Furthermore, it is the only endocrine tissue in direct physical contact with the microbial environment of the gut lumen. However, it remains unclear how this sensory epithelium responds to specific pathogenic challenges in a dynamic and regulated manner. We demonstrate that the enteroendocrine cells of the adult Drosophila melanogaster midgut display a transient, sensitive, and systemic induction of the prosecretory factor dimmed (dimm) in response to the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila (Pe). In enteroendocrine cells, dimm controls the levels of the targets Phm, dcat-4, and the peptide hormone, Allatostatin A. Finally, we identify dimm as a host factor that protects against Pe infection and controls the expression of antimicrobial peptides. We propose that dimm provides “gain” in enteroendocrine output during the adaptive response to episodic pathogen exposure.
Collapse
|
34
|
Beehler-Evans R, Micchelli CA. Generation of enteroendocrine cell diversity in midgut stem cell lineages. Development 2015; 142:654-64. [PMID: 25670792 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine system mediates long-range peptide hormone signaling to broadcast changes in metabolic status to distant target tissues via the circulatory system. In many animals, the diffuse endocrine system of the gut is the largest endocrine tissue, with the full spectrum of endocrine cell subtypes not yet fully characterized. Here, we combine molecular mapping, lineage tracing and genetic analysis in the adult fruit fly to gain new insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing enteroendocrine cell diversity. Neuropeptide hormone distribution was used as a basis to generate a high-resolution cellular map of the diffuse endocrine system. Our studies show that cell diversity is seen at two distinct levels: regional and local. We find that class I and class II enteroendocrine cells can be distinguished locally by combinatorial expression of secreted neuropeptide hormones. Cell lineage tracing studies demonstrate that class I and class II cells arise from a common stem cell lineage and that peptide profiles are a stable feature of enteroendocrine cell identity during homeostasis and following challenge with the enteric pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila. Genetic analysis shows that Notch signaling controls the establishment of class II cells in the lineage, but is insufficient to reprogram extant class I cells into class II enteroendocrine cells. Thus, one mechanism by which secretory cell diversity is achieved in the diffuse endocrine system is through cell-cell signaling interactions within individual adult stem cell lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Beehler-Evans
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig A Micchelli
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee KP. Dietary protein:carbohydrate balance is a critical modulator of lifespan and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster: a test using a chemically defined diet. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 75:12-19. [PMID: 25728576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Macronutrient balance is an important determinant of fitness in many animals, including insects. Previous studies have shown that altering the concentrations of yeast and sugar in the semi-synthetic media has a profound impact on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that dietary protein:carbohydrate (P:C) balance is the main driver of lifespan and ageing processes. However, since yeast is rich in multiple nutrients other than proteins, this lifespan-determining role of dietary P:C balance needs to be further substantiated through trials using a chemically-defined, synthetic diet. In the present study, the effects of dietary P:C balance on lifespan and fecundity were investigated in female D. melanogaster flies fed on one of eight isocaloric synthetic diets differing in P:C ratio (0:1, 1:16, 1:8, 1:4, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 or 4:1). Lifespan and dietary P:C ratio were related in a convex manner, with lifespan increasing to a peak at the two intermediate P:C ratios (1:2 and 1:4) and falling at the imbalanced ratios (0:1 and 4:1). Ingesting nutritionally imbalanced diets not only caused an earlier onset of senescence but also accelerated the age-dependent increase in mortality. Egg production was suppressed when flies were fed on a protein-deficient food (0:1), but increased with increasing dietary P:C ratio. Long-lived flies at the intermediate P:C ratios (1:2 and 1:4) stored a greater amount of lipids than those short-lived ones at the two imbalanced ratios (0:1 and 4:1). These findings provide a strong support to the notion that adequate dietary P:C balance is crucial for extending lifespan in D. melanogaster and offer new insights into how dietary P:C balance affects lifespan and ageing through its impacts on body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
A novel electronic assessment strategy to support applied Drosophila genetics training in university courses. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:689-98. [PMID: 25717150 PMCID: PMC4426358 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.017509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of "omic" technologies has revolutionized genetics and created a demand to focus classical genetics on its present-day applications (Redfield, 2012, PLoS Biol 10: e1001356). This demand can be met by training students in Drosophila mating scheme design, which is an important problem-solving skill routinely applied in many modern research laboratories. It promotes a thorough understanding and application of classical genetics rules and introduces to transgenic technologies and the use of model organisms. As we show here, such training can be implemented as a flexible and concise module (~1-day home study, ~8-hour course time) on university courses by using our previously published training package designed for fly researchers (Roote and Prokop, 2013, G3 (Bethesda) 3: 353-358). However, assessing this training to make it an accredited course element is difficult, especially in large courses. Here, we present a powerful assessment strategy based on a novel hybrid concept in which students solve crossing tasks initially on paper and then answer automatically marked questions on the computer (1.5 hours total). This procedure can be used to examine student performance on more complex tasks than conventional e-assessments and is more versatile, time-saving, and fairer than standard paper-based assignments. Our evaluation shows that the hybrid assessment is effective and reliably detects varying degrees of understanding among students. It also may be applicable in other disciplines requiring complex problem solving, such as mathematics, chemistry, physics, or informatics. Here, we describe our strategies in detail and provide all resources needed for their implementation.
Collapse
|
37
|
Toshima N, Hara C, Scholz CJ, Tanimura T. Genetic variation in food choice behaviour of amino acid-deprived Drosophila. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 69:89-94. [PMID: 25010547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand homeostatic regulation in insects, we need to understand the mechanisms by which they respond to external stimuli to maintain the internal milieu. Our previous study showed that Drosophila melanogaster exhibit specific amino acid preferences. Here, we used the D.melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP), which is comprised of multiple inbred lines derived from a natural population, to examine how amino acid preference changes depending on the internal nutritional state in different lines. We performed a two-choice preference test and observed genetic variations in the response to amino acid deprivation. For example, a high-responding line showed an enhanced preference for amino acids even after only 1day of deprivation and responded to a fairly low concentration of amino acids. Conversely, a low-responding line showed no increased preference for amino acids after deprivation. We compared the gene expression profiles between selected high- and the low-responding lines and performed SNP analyses. We found several groups of genes putatively involved in altering amino acid preference. These results will contribute to future studies designed to explore how the genetic architecture of an organism evolves to adapt to different nutritional environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Toshima
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Chieko Hara
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Claus-Jürgen Scholz
- IZKF Service Unit for Microarray Applications and Bioinformatic Analyses of High-Throughput Data, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Teiichi Tanimura
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Genetic dissection of sleep-metabolism interactions in the fruit fly. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 201:869-77. [PMID: 25236355 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of sleep and metabolism has enormous health consequences. Sleep loss is linked to increased appetite and insulin insensitivity, and epidemiological studies link chronic sleep deprivation to obesity-related disorders including type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Interactions between sleep and metabolism involve the integration of signaling from brain regions regulating sleep, feeding, and metabolic function. Investigating the relationship between these processes provides a model to address more general questions of how the brain prioritizes homeostatically regulated behaviors. The availability of powerful genetic tools in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, allows for precise manipulation of neural function in freely behaving animals. There is a strong conservation of genes and neural circuit principles regulating sleep and metabolic function, and genetic screens in fruit flies have been effective in identifying novel regulators of these processes. Here, we review recent findings in the fruit fly that further our understanding of how the brain modulates sleep in accordance with metabolic state.
Collapse
|
39
|
Tennessen JM, Barry WE, Cox J, Thummel CS. Methods for studying metabolism in Drosophila. Methods 2014; 68:105-15. [PMID: 24631891 PMCID: PMC4048761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research using Drosophila melanogaster has seen a resurgence in studies of metabolism and physiology. This review focuses on major methods used to conduct this work. These include protocols for dietary interventions, measurements of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, trehalose, and glycogen, stains for lipid detection, and the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect major polar metabolites. It is our hope that this will provide a useful framework for both new and current researchers in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - William E Barry
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - James Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and the Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Carl S Thummel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Micchelli CA. Whole-mount immunostaining of the adult Drosophila gastrointestinal tract. Methods 2014; 68:273-9. [PMID: 24680702 PMCID: PMC4430120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors an essential barrier epithelium that separates an organism from its changing external environment. As such, the gut epithelium is a fascinating nexus of stem cell biology, immunology and physiology. Investigators have sought to mine this rich interface for new biological and mechanistic insights. Many of the powerful genetic approaches developed in Drosophila have proven effective in the study of the gut. The goal of this article is to present a method for dissecting, immunostaining and mounting samples of the adult Drosophila GI tract. This protocol combines readily with techniques to label cell lineages and/or challenge the system with environmental perturbations, which are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Micchelli
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Avanesov AS, Ma S, Pierce KA, Yim SH, Lee BC, Clish CB, Gladyshev VN. Age- and diet-associated metabolome remodeling characterizes the aging process driven by damage accumulation. eLife 2014; 3:e02077. [PMID: 24843015 PMCID: PMC4003482 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is thought to be associated with increased molecular damage, but representative markers vary across conditions and organisms, making it difficult to assess properties of cumulative damage throughout lifespan. We used nontargeted metabolite profiling to follow age-associated trajectories of >15,000 metabolites in Drosophila subjected to control and lifespan-extending diets. We find that aging is associated with increased metabolite diversity and low-abundance molecules, suggesting they include cumulative damage. Remarkably, the number of detected compounds leveled-off in late-life, and this pattern associated with survivorship. Fourteen percent of metabolites showed age-associated changes, which decelerated in late-life and long-lived flies. In contrast, known metabolites changed in abundance similarly to nontargeted metabolites and transcripts, but did not increase in diversity. Targeted profiling also revealed slower metabolism and accumulation of lifespan-limiting molecules. Thus, aging is characterized by gradual metabolome remodeling, and condition- and advanced age-associated deceleration of this remodeling is linked to mortality and molecular damage.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02077.001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei S Avanesov
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Siming Ma
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Sun Hee Yim
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Byung Cheon Lee
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
He Y, Jasper H. Studying aging in Drosophila. Methods 2014; 68:129-33. [PMID: 24751824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster represents one of the most important genetically accessible model organisms for aging research. Studies in flies have identified single gene mutations that influence lifespan and have characterized endocrine signaling interactions that control homeostasis systemically. Recent studies have focused on the effects of aging on specific tissues and physiological processes, providing a comprehensive picture of age-related tissue dysfunction and the loss of systemic homeostasis. Here we review methodological aspects of this work and highlight technical considerations when using Drosophila to study aging and age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Animals need to ingest a full set of essential amino acids through their diet. A new study in Drosophila larvae describes how activation of the kinase GCN2 in three dopaminergic neurons mediates the rejection of amino-acid-imbalanced food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Herbert
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Ribeiro
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Piper MDW, Blanc E, Leitão-Gonçalves R, Yang M, He X, Linford NJ, Hoddinott MP, Hopfen C, Soultoukis GA, Niemeyer C, Kerr F, Pletcher SD, Ribeiro C, Partridge L. A holidic medium for Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Methods 2013; 11:100-5. [PMID: 24240321 PMCID: PMC3877687 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A critical requirement for research using model organisms is an appropriate, well-defined and consistent diet. There is currently no complete chemically defined (holidic) diet available for Drosophila melanogaster. We describe a holidic medium that is equal in performance to an oligidic diet optimized for adult fecundity and lifespan. It is also sufficient to support development over multiple generations, but at a reduced rate. During seven years of experiments, the holidic diet yielded more consistent experimental outcomes than oligidic food for adult fitness traits. Furthermore, nutrients and drugs are more accessible to flies in holidic medium and, similar to dietary restriction on oligidic food, amino acid dilution increases fly lifespan. We also report amino acid specific effects on food choice behavior and that folic acid from the microbiota is sufficient for development. These insights could not be gained using oligidic or meridic diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D W Piper
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eric Blanc
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ricardo Leitão-Gonçalves
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mingyao Yang
- 1] Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK. [2]
| | - Xiaoli He
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nancy J Linford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoddinott
- 1] Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK. [2] Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Köln, Germany
| | - Corinna Hopfen
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Köln, Germany
| | | | - Christine Niemeyer
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Kerr
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Scott D Pletcher
- 1] Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Geriatrics Center and Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carlos Ribeiro
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Linda Partridge
- 1] Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK. [2] Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Köln, Germany
| |
Collapse
|