1
|
Keith DA, Ghoraba SMM, Kaly E, Jones KR, Oosthuizen A, Obura D, Costa HM, Daniels F, Duarte E, Grantham H, Gudka M, Norman J, Shannon LJ, Skowno A, Ferrer-Paris JR. Contributions of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems to risk-based design and management of protected and conserved areas in Africa. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14169. [PMID: 37650432 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Protected and conserved areas (PCAs) are key ecosystem management tools for conserving biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services and social cobenefits. As countries adopt a 30% target for protection of land and sea under the Global Biodiversity Framework of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, a critical question emerging is, which 30%? A risk-based answer to this question is that the 30% that returns the greatest reductions in risks of species extinction and ecosystem collapse should be protected. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List protocols provide practical methods for assessing these risks. All species, including humans, depend on the integrity of ecosystems for their well-being and survival. Africa is strategically important for ecosystem management due to convergence of high ecosystem diversity, intense pressures, and high levels of human dependency on nature. We reviewed the outcomes (e.g., applications of ecosystem red-list assessments to protected-area design, conservation planning, and management) of a symposium at the inaugural African Protected Areas Congress convened to discuss roles of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems in the design and management of PCAs. Recent progress was made in ecosystem assessment, with 920 ecosystem types assessed against the IUCN Red List criteria across 21 countries. Although these ecosystems spanned a diversity of environments across the continent, the greatest thematic gaps were for freshwater, marine, and subterranean realms, and large geographic gaps existed in North Africa and parts of West and East Africa. Assessment projects were implemented by a diverse community of government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and researchers. The assessments have influenced policy and management by informing extensions to and management of formal protected area networks supporting decision-making for sustainable development, and informing ecosystem conservation and threat abatement within boundaries of PCAs and in surrounding landscapes and seascapes. We recommend further integration of risk assessments in environmental policy and enhanced investment in ecosystem red-list assessment to fill current gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Keith
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric Kaly
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Eco-hydrology, Department of Plant Biology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Kendall R Jones
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ané Oosthuizen
- South African National Parks, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Nature Conservancy, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Obura
- CORDIO, Coastal Oceans Research and Development - Indian Ocean, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Hugo M Costa
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Eleutério Duarte
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hedley Grantham
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Mishal Gudka
- CORDIO, Coastal Oceans Research and Development - Indian Ocean, Mombasa, Kenya
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliet Norman
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial Collage London, London, UK
| | - Lynne J Shannon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Skowno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - José R Ferrer-Paris
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland
- UNSW Data Science Hub, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mitani JC, Abwe E, Campbell G, Giles-Vernick T, Goldberg T, McLennan MR, Preuschoft S, Supriatna J, Marshall AJ. Future coexistence with great apes will require major changes to policy and practice. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01830-x. [PMID: 38374442 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The great apes-bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans-are critically threatened by human activities. We have destroyed their habitats, hunted them and transmitted fatal diseases to them. Yet we also conduct research on them, try to protect them and live alongside them. They are endangered, and time is running out. Here we outline what must be done to ensure that future generations continue to share this planet with great apes. We urge dialogue with those who live with great apes and interact with them often. We advocate conservation plans that acknowledge the realities of climate change, economic drivers and population growth. We encourage researchers to use technology to minimize risks to great apes. Our proposals will require substantial investment, and we identify ways to generate these funds. We conclude with a discussion of how field researchers might alter their work to protect our closest living relatives more effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Mitani
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Ngogo Chimpanzee Project, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Ekwoge Abwe
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, USA
- Cameroon Biodiversity Association, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Tamara Giles-Vernick
- Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence Unit, Institut Pasteur/Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tony Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew R McLennan
- Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jatna Supriatna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in the Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Computing for the Arts and Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shaw P, Ogada D, Dunn L, Buij R, Amar A, Garbett R, Herremans M, Virani MZ, Kendall CJ, Croes BM, Odino M, Kapila S, Wairasho P, Rutz C, Botha A, Gallo-Orsi U, Murn C, Maude G, Thomsett S. African savanna raptors show evidence of widespread population collapse and a growing dependence on protected areas. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:45-56. [PMID: 38177689 PMCID: PMC10781635 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of natural habitats to farmland is a major cause of biodiversity loss and poses the greatest extinction risk to birds worldwide. Tropical raptors are of particular concern, being relatively slow-breeding apex predators and scavengers, whose disappearance can trigger extensive cascading effects. Many of Africa's raptors are at considerable risk from habitat conversion, prey-base depletion and persecution, driven principally by human population expansion. Here we describe multiregional trends among 42 African raptor species, 88% of which have declined over a ca. 20-40-yr period, with 69% exceeding the International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria classifying species at risk of extinction. Large raptors had experienced significantly steeper declines than smaller species, and this disparity was more pronounced on unprotected land. Declines were greater in West Africa than elsewhere, and more than twice as severe outside of protected areas (PAs) than within. Worryingly, species suffering the steepest declines had become significantly more dependent on PAs, demonstrating the importance of expanding conservation areas to cover 30% of land by 2030-a key target agreed at the UN Convention on Biological Diversity COP15. Our findings also highlight the significance of a recent African-led proposal to strengthen PA management-initiatives considered fundamental to safeguarding global biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and climate resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phil Shaw
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | - Darcy Ogada
- The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID, USA.
- National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Ralph Buij
- The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID, USA
- Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjun Amar
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rebecca Garbett
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Southern Africa Leopard Project, Panthera, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Munir Z Virani
- Mohamed Bin Zayed Raptor Conservation Fund, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Corinne J Kendall
- North Carolina Zoo, Asheboro, NC, USA
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Barbara M Croes
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Odino
- The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID, USA
- National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shiv Kapila
- The Kenya Bird of Prey Trust, Naivasha, Kenya
| | | | - Christian Rutz
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - André Botha
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Umberto Gallo-Orsi
- Raptors MOU Coordinating Unit, Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Campbell Murn
- Hawk Conservancy Trust, Andover, Hampshire, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chapman CA, Gogarten JF, Golooba M, Kalbitzer U, Omeja PA, Opito EA, Sarkar D. Fifty+ years of primate research illustrates complex drivers of abundance and increasing primate numbers. Am J Primatol 2023:e23577. [PMID: 37985837 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Many primate populations are threatened by human actions and a central tool used for their protection is establishing protected areas. However, even if populations in such areas are protected from hunting and deforestation, they still may be threatened by factors such as climate change and its cascading impacts on habitat quality and disease dynamics. Here we provide a long-term and geographically wide-spread population assessment of the five common diurnal primates of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Over 7 year-long or longer census efforts that spanned 52 years, our team walked 1466 km, and recorded 480 monkey groups. Populations were generally relatively stable with a few exceptions, for which no apparent causative factors could be identified. This stability is unexpected as many ecological changes documented over the last 34+ years (e.g., decreasing food abundance and quality) were predicted to have negative impacts. Populations of some species declined at some sites but increased at others. This highlights the need for large, protected areas so that declines in particular areas are countered by gains in others. Kibale has large areas of regenerating forest and this most recent survey revealed that after 20+ years, forest regeneration in many of these areas appears sufficient to sustain sizeable primate populations, except for blue monkeys that have not colonized these areas. Indeed, the average primate abundance in the regenerating forest was only 8.1% lower than in neighboring old-growth forest. Thus, park-wide primate abundance has likely increased, despite many pressures on the park having risen; however, some areas in the park remain to be assessed. Our study suggests that the restoration, patrolling, and community outreach efforts of the Uganda Wildlife Authority and their partners have contributed significantly to protecting the park and its animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Chapman
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Wilson Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Jan F Gogarten
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Golooba
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Urs Kalbitzer
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Patrick A Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel A Opito
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Dipto Sarkar
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Teberd P, Sanz C, Zambarda A, Kienast I, Ebombi TF, Abea G, Mengoga D, Makisso JN, Kunz J, Judson K, Stephens C, Morgan D. Path To Acceptance and Refined Practices for Habituating Western Lowland Gorillas. Primates 2023:10.1007/s10329-023-01086-5. [PMID: 37656335 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Although western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are the most numerous and widespread gorilla subspecies, they have remained relatively unstudied. International tourism has been initiated at several sites in the Congo Basin, which necessitates habituation of gorillas to human presence. However, habituation has proven difficult due to several obstacles, including relatively low population densities, small group sizes, and thick understory vegetation. In this article, we propose refinements to current approaches to habituating western lowland gorillas that maximize safety and emphasize adaptive responses based on empirical evidence. In addition to reviewing published reports, our approach is informed by the recent habituation of the Mététélé group in the Djéké Triangle, an area that was recently included in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in Republic of Congo. We evaluate progress in habituation according to time spent in the presence of the gorillas and their reactions to humans. The Mététélé group is composed of 14 individuals and has a home range that overlaps with two habituated gorilla groups. Early in the habituation process, we discovered that three of Mététélé's group members were individuals who had previously been habituated as members of other groups. The presence of these individuals expedited the habituation process. Familiarity with humans may have also reduced aggressive responses during the habituation process. The overall result is a refined step-by-step approach to the habituation of western lowland gorillas that includes procedures and assessments to meet best-practice guidelines and ensure the wellbeing of both gorillas and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prospère Teberd
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, BP, 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, BP, 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Alice Zambarda
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, BP, 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Ivonne Kienast
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | | | - Gaston Abea
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, BP, 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Donatien Mengoga
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, BP, 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Noel Makisso
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, BP, 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Julia Kunz
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, BP, 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Kathryn Judson
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Colleen Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - David Morgan
- Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuh YG, N’Goran KP, Beukou GB, Wendefeuer J, Neba TF, Ndotar AM, NdombaA DL, Ndadet ACJ, Herbinger I, Matthews HD, Turner SE. Recent decline in suitable large mammal habitats within the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
|
7
|
Farhadinia MS, Johnson PJ, Kamath V, Eid E, Hikmani HA, Ambarlı H, Alom Z, Askerov E, Buchakiet P, Buuveibaatar B, Gavashelishvili A, Tsiklauri K, Gritsina MA, Haidir I, Htun S, Kabir M, Khanal G, Kittle A, Koshkin MA, Kulenbekov R, Kubanychbekov Z, Lynam A, Maheshwari A, Penjor U, Rasphone A, Raza H, Redford T, Rizayeva A, Rosen T, Weinberg P, Yachmennikova A, Yamaguchi N, Macdonald DW. Economics of conservation law enforcement by rangers across Asia. Conserv Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S. Farhadinia
- Department of Biology and Oxford Martin SchoolUniversity of Oxford OxfordUK
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of Kent KentUK
| | - Paul J. Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of BiologyUniversity of Oxford OxfordUK
| | - Vignesh Kamath
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP‐WCMC) CambridgeUK
| | - Ehab Eid
- IUCN SSC Steering Committee Members AmmanJordan
| | - Hadi Al Hikmani
- Office for Conservation of the EnvironmentDiwan of Royal Court MuscatOman
| | - Hüseyin Ambarlı
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of ForestryDuzce University DuzceTurkey
- Terrestrial Ecology Research GroupTechnical University of Munich FreisingGermany
| | | | - Elshad Askerov
- The Institute of Zoology of Azerbaijan NAS BakuAzerbaijan
| | - Polawee Buchakiet
- Umphang Wildlife Sanctuary Nong LuangThailand
- Thai Rangers Association BangkokThailand
| | | | | | - Khatuna Tsiklauri
- National Environment Agency of GeorgiaMinistry of Environment and Agriculture of Georgia PotiGeorgia
| | - Mariya A. Gritsina
- Institute of ZoologyAcademy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan TashkentUzbekistan
| | - Iding Haidir
- Directorate of Planning and Information of Conservation AreasMinistry of Environment and Forestry Central JakartaIndonesia
| | - Saw Htun
- Myanmar Biodiversity Fund YangonMyanmar
| | - Muhammad Kabir
- Wildlife Ecology Lab, Department of Forestry & Wildlife ManagementUniversity of Haripur HaripurPakistan
| | - Gopal Khanal
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Ministry of Forests and EnvironmentGovernment of Nepal, Singha Durbar KathmanduNepal
| | - Andrew Kittle
- The Wilderness & Wildlife Conservation Trust Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | - Antony Lynam
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyCenter for Global Conservation New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Ugyen Penjor
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of BiologyUniversity of Oxford OxfordUK
- Fauna and Flora International CambridgeUK
| | - Akchousanh Rasphone
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyLao PDR Program, Lao PDR VientianeLao Peoples Democratic Repblc
| | - Hana Raza
- Leopards Beyond BordersSulaimani‐Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | | | - Afag Rizayeva
- SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison WisconsinMadisonUSA
- Department of BioecologyBaku State University BakuAzerbaijan
| | | | - Pavel Weinberg
- North‐Ossetian State Nature Reserve RSO‐AlaniaAlagirRussia
| | - Anna Yachmennikova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionRussian Academy of Sciences MoscowRussia
| | - Nobuyuki Yamaguchi
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable DevelopmentUniversiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala TerengganuMalaysia
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of BiologyUniversity of Oxford OxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Orban B, Mottram P, Melville H, Gaugris CAV, Thomas A, Drescher K, Kabafouako GN, Gaugris J. Camera trap inventory of wild mammals in the Hinda District, Republic of Congo. Afr J Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Orban
- Flora, Fauna & Man Ecological Services Tortola British Virgin Islands
| | - Phoebe Mottram
- Flora, Fauna & Man Ecological Services Tortola British Virgin Islands
| | - Haemish Melville
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Caroline Anne Vasicek Gaugris
- Flora, Fauna & Man Ecological Services Tortola British Virgin Islands
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Alain Thomas
- Flora, Fauna & Man Ecological Services Tortola British Virgin Islands
| | - Karsten Drescher
- Flora, Fauna & Man Ecological Services Tortola British Virgin Islands
- KD Geospatial AB Malå Sweden
| | | | - Jerome Gaugris
- Flora, Fauna & Man Ecological Services Tortola British Virgin Islands
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bialowolski P, Rakotobe D, Marelli A, Roggeri P, Paolini C. Use of the IMET tool in the evaluation of protected area management effectiveness in Central Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116680. [PMID: 36379080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas play a paramount role in counteracting the negative effects of human activity on the environment. Without good management effectiveness they might not be able to fulfill their mission. The tools for management effectiveness assessments that are currently most widely used struggle to provide sufficient depth of analysis, present the situation with sufficient breadth of indicators, provide necessary objectivity in identifying challenges during the assessment, and suggesting possible paths for improvement. The Integrated Management Effectiveness Tool (IMET), a novel tool for management effectiveness, is introduced in the article. The purpose of the article is to show that IMET offers instruments for a more in-depth analysis when compared to other protected areas management effectiveness assessment methodologies. Furthermore, the article demonstrates how the introduction of instruments that aid in decision-making and encourage a results-oriented approach can be particularly beneficial in enhancing managerial effectiveness. Additionally, it is asserted that IMET enhances planning and monitoring by incorporating the necessary components into a system of Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation. IMET has been tested in the field. Ten protected areas from Central Africa (CA) were selected and the tool demonstrated good properties in discriminating between well-performing protected areas and those with a room for improvement. The initial results have pointed to challenges in the management effectiveness dimensions of inputs and process that the studied protected areas are facing. In the long-run IMET is expected to support transition from merely routine management to results-oriented management of protected areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bialowolski
- Kozminski University, Ul. Jagiellonska 57, 03-301, Warsaw, Poland; Human Flourishing Program, Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Domoina Rakotobe
- Voinovich School for Leadership and Public Services, Athens, OH, USA; Department of Geography, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Andrea Marelli
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Paolo Roggeri
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Minhós T, Borges F, Parreira B, Oliveira R, Aleixo-Pais I, Leendertz FH, Wittig R, Fernandes CR, Marques Silva GHL, Duarte M, Bruford MW, Ferreira da Silva MJ, Chikhi L. The importance of well protected forests for the conservation genetics of West African colobine monkeys. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23453. [PMID: 36468411 PMCID: PMC10078001 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In tropical forests, anthropogenic activities are major drivers of the destruction and degradation of natural habitats, causing severe biodiversity loss. African colobine monkeys (Colobinae) are mainly folivore and strictly arboreal primates that require large forests to subsist, being among the most vulnerable of all nonhuman primates. The Western red colobus Piliocolobus badius and the King colobus Colobus polykomos inhabit highly fragmented West African forests, including the Cantanhez Forests National Park (CFNP) in Guinea-Bissau. Both species are also found in the largest and best-preserved West African forest-the Taï National Park (TNP) in Ivory Coast. Colobine monkeys are hunted for bushmeat in both protected areas, but these exhibit contrasting levels of forest fragmentation, thus offering an excellent opportunity to investigate the importance of well-preserved forests for the maintenance of evolutionary potential in these arboreal primates. We estimated genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history by using microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA. We then compared the genetic patterns of the colobines from TNP with the ones previously obtained for CFNP and found contrasting genetic patterns. Contrary to the colobines from CFNP that showed very low genetic diversity and a strong population decline, the populations in TNP still maintain high levels of genetic diversity and we found no clear signal of population decrease in Western red colobus and a limited decrease in King colobus. These results suggest larger and historically more stable populations in TNP compared to CFNP. We cannot exclude the possibility that the demographic effects resulting from the recent increase of bushmeat hunting are not yet detectable in TNP using genetic data. Nevertheless, the fact that the TNP colobus populations are highly genetically diverse and maintain large effective population sizes suggests that well-preserved forests are crucial for the maintenance of populations, species, and probably for the evolutionary potential in colobines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Minhós
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipa Borges
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation (CEC), University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vairão, Portugal
| | | | - Rúben Oliveira
- Senciência, Lda., Palácio Baldaya-CoWork Baldaya, Lisboa, Portugal.,cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isa Aleixo-Pais
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Fabien H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roman Wittig
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,The Ape Social Mind Lab, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS, Bron, Lyon, France.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Carlos Rodríguez Fernandes
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Henrique Lima Marques Silva
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miguel Duarte
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Anthropology, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael W Bruford
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Maria Joana Ferreira da Silva
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vairão, Portugal.,Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Lounès Chikhi
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dancer A, Keane A, Beale CM, Dobson ADM, Amin R, Freeman R, Imong I, Jones K, Linkie M, Long B, Okeke FO, Plumptre AJ, Rowcliffe JM, Stokes EJ, van der Westhuizen E, Collen B. Evidence of deterrence from patrol data: Trialling application of a differenced‐
CPUE
metric. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aidan Keane
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | | | | | - Robin Freeman
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London London UK
| | - Inaoyom Imong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Nigeria‐Program Calabar Nigeria
| | - Kate Jones
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| | - Matthew Linkie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation New York New York USA
| | - Barney Long
- Global Wildlife Conservation Austin Texas USA
| | | | | | | | - Emma J. Stokes
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation New York New York USA
| | | | - Ben Collen
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mbouombouo Mfossa D, Abwe EE, Whytock RC, Morgan BJ, Huynen M, Beudels‐Jamar RC, Brotcorne F, Tchouamo RI. Distribution, habitat use and human disturbance of gorillas (
Gorilla gorilla
) in the Ebo forest, Littoral Region, Cameroon. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekwoge Enang Abwe
- Ebo Forest Research Project Douala Cameroon
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance San Diego California USA
| | - Robin Cameron Whytock
- Ebo Forest Research Project Douala Cameroon
- Faculty of Natural Sciences The University of Stirling Scotland UK
| | - Bethan J. Morgan
- Ebo Forest Research Project Douala Cameroon
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance San Diego California USA
- Faculty of Natural Sciences The University of Stirling Scotland UK
| | | | | | | | - Roger Isaac Tchouamo
- ERAIFT The University of Kinshasa, DRC Kinshasa DRC
- The University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kefalew A, Soromessa T, Demissew S. Plant diversity and community analysis of Sele-Nono forest, Southwest Ethiopia: implication for conservation planning. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:23. [PMID: 35851664 PMCID: PMC9294133 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying the floristic diversity of a certain forest is a basic aspect of the design and management of forest vegetation; and consequently this study focused on the plant diversity and community analysis of the Sele-Nono forest. For the current study, plants were sampled from 90 plots using a stratified random sampling technique along the established strata of the study forest. In all the plots, both floristic and environmental data that were relevant to the study were collected following the state of the art. Based on the collected data, the community types, ordination, floristic diversity, and threats to the forest were analyzed using R-package and SPSS software. RESULTS Cluster analysis produced seven distinct community types which significantly differed among themselves (Cophentic correlation coefficient = 0.785, P < 0.001) of which community types 2 and 6 were relatively poor; whereas communities 1 and 4 were rich in terms of their species richness and diversity. In addition, Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) suggests that a number of environmental factors such as altitude and slope (topographic factor), OM and N (edaphic factors) and disturbance were the main drivers for the current distribution of plant species and disparity in plant community composition in Sele-Nono forest. Moreover, the study revealed high beta diversity ([Formula: see text] >12) of plant species at the landscape level (i.e., throughout the study forest). Deforestation for agricultural land expansion and degradation through selective logging are the main threats to the Sele-Nono forest. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that the Sele-Nono forest is a large and heterogenous forest at the landscape level (150, 325.27 ha; [Formula: see text] >12). Moreover, it is one of the richest and diverse forest ecosystems in terms of plant biodiversity, and it could qualify to be labeled as a keystone ecosystem. However, currently it is exposed to a variety of threats. We recommend the forest to be developed into a biosphere reserve. We also recommend the prioritization of areas belonging to community types 2 and 6 of the forest for any possible conservation actions so as to maximize species richness and diversity of the native plants of the area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Kefalew
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, the National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Biology, Debre Markos University (DMU), P. O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Teshome Soromessa
- Center for Environmental Science, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sebsebe Demissew
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, the National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alberts R, Retief F, Roos C, Cilliers D, Lubbe W. Identifying key risks to the achievement of protected area system objectives. NATURE CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.49.83759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protected area systems are designed in law and policy towards achieving certain policy objectives. These systems rely on legal frameworks that determine how countries designate, declare and manage their protected areas. To date, little research has been conducted on the risks faced by protected area systems. To this end, this paper aims to identify the key risks for protected area systems achieving their objectives. This is achieved through the application of Theory of Change (ToC), which is internationally recognised as the preferred method to identify underlying assumptions and risks within policy and legal frameworks. We achieve this aim through a case study analysis of the South African protected area system as embedded in law and policy. The application of the ToC method identified 25 underlying assumptions and risks which are central to the protected area system achieving its objectives. Understanding these risks allows for a better understanding of the potential failure of the system and how to avoid it. The paper then explores and discusses the identified risks in terms of existing literature and concludes by making recommendations related to further research for the identified risks.
Collapse
|
15
|
Manda L, Idohou R, Assogbadjo AE, Agbangla C. Climate Change Reveals Contractions and Expansions in the Distribution of Suitable Habitats for the Neglected Crop Wild Relatives of the Genus Vigna (Savi) in Benin. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.870041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable conservation of crop wild relatives is one of the pathways to securing global food security amid climate change threats to biodiversity. However, their conservation is partly limited by spatio-temporal distribution knowledge gaps mostly because they are not morphologically charismatic species to attract conservation attention. Therefore, to contribute to the conservation planning of crop wild relatives, this study assessed the present-day distribution and predicted the potential effect of climate change on the distribution of 15 Vigna crop wild relative taxa in Benin under two future climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) at the 2055-time horizon. MaxEnt model, species occurrence records, and a combination of climate- and soil-related variables were used. The model performed well (AUC, mean = 0.957; TSS, mean = 0.774). The model showed that (i) precipitation of the driest quarter and isothermality were the dominant environmental variables influencing the distribution of the 15 wild Vigna species in Benin; (ii) about half of the total land area of Benin was potentially a suitable habitat of the studied species under the present climate; (iii) nearly one-third of the species may shift their potentially suitable habitat ranges northwards and about half of the species may lose their suitable habitats by 5 to 40% by 2055 due to climate change; and (iv) the existing protected area network in Benin was ineffective in conserving wild Vigna under the current or future climatic conditions, as it covered only about 10% of the total potentially suitable habitat of the studied species. The study concludes that climate change will have both negative and positive effects on the habitat suitability distribution of Vigna crop wild relatives in Benin such that the use of the existing protected areas alone may not be the only best option to conserve the wild Vigna diversity. Integrating multiple in situ and ex situ conservation approaches taking into account “other effective area-based conservation measures” is recommended. This study provides a crucial step towards the development of sustainable conservation strategies for Vigna crop wild relatives in Benin and West Africa.
Collapse
|
16
|
Degbelo FG, Djagoun CAMS, Toyi SSM, Padonou EA, Kouton M, Gichohi N, Muruthi P, Sinsin B. What shapes the mammal species poaching in protected areas: biophysical or anthropogenic factors? A case study in Pendjari Biosphere Reserve. NATURE CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.48.68243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding what shapes the mammal species poaching in protected areas is critical to developing targeted management strategies for reducing poaching. We collected the data for poaching incidents on the GPS coordinates from 2011 to 2017 to map poaching incidents in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve. Poaching incidents were then related to environmental and anthropogenic variables using regression analyses. The study shows that poaching is more concentrated along the main river in the Pendjari National Park. Only nearest distance to the main river significantly predicted the location of high poaching incidents. These results could be used as the starting point by the park managers when planning the anti-poaching activities.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sonhaye‐Ouyé A, Hounmavo A, Assou D, Afi Konko F, Segniagbeto GH, Ketoh GK, Funk SM, Dendi D, Luiselli L, Fa JE. Wild meat hunting levels and trade in a West African protected area in Togo. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abré Sonhaye‐Ouyé
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Faculty of Sciences University of Lomé Lomé Togo
- Togolese Society for Nature Conservation (AGBO‐ZEGUE NGO) Lomé Togo
| | - Amétépé Hounmavo
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Faculty of Sciences University of Lomé Lomé Togo
- Togolese Society for Nature Conservation (AGBO‐ZEGUE NGO) Lomé Togo
| | - Delagnon Assou
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Faculty of Sciences University of Lomé Lomé Togo
- Togolese Society for Nature Conservation (AGBO‐ZEGUE NGO) Lomé Togo
| | - Florence Afi Konko
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Faculty of Sciences University of Lomé Lomé Togo
- Togolese Society for Nature Conservation (AGBO‐ZEGUE NGO) Lomé Togo
| | - Gabriel H. Segniagbeto
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Faculty of Sciences University of Lomé Lomé Togo
- Togolese Society for Nature Conservation (AGBO‐ZEGUE NGO) Lomé Togo
| | - Guillaume K. Ketoh
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Faculty of Sciences University of Lomé Lomé Togo
| | | | - Daniele Dendi
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Faculty of Sciences University of Lomé Lomé Togo
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria
- Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation & Cooperation Rome Italy
| | - Luca Luiselli
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Faculty of Sciences University of Lomé Lomé Togo
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria
- Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation & Cooperation Rome Italy
| | - Julia E. Fa
- Department of Natural Sciences School of Science and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- CIFOR Headquarters Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sarkar D, Bortolamiol S, Gogarten JF, Hartter J, Hou R, Kagoro W, Omeja P, Tumwesigye C, Chapman CA. Exploring multiple dimensions of conservation success: Long‐term wildlife trends, anti‐poaching efforts and revenue sharing in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Sarkar
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Carleton University Ottawa Canada
- Department of Geography University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - S. Bortolamiol
- Geo212 Paris France
- UMR 7533 Laboratoire Dynamiques Sociales et Recomposition des Espaces CNRS Aubervilliers France
| | - J. F. Gogarten
- Viral Evolution and Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation ‐ University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - J. Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation Northwest University Xi’an China
| | - W. Kagoro
- Uganda Wildlife Authority Kampala Uganda
| | - P. Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station Fort Portal Uganda
| | | | - C. A. Chapman
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation Northwest University Xi’an China
- Wilson Center Washington DC USA
- Department of Anthropology George Washington University Washington DC USA
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Obeng EA, Dakurah I, Oduro KA, Obiri BD. Local communities’ preferences and economic values for ecosystem services from Mole National Park in Ghana: A choice experiment approach. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
20
|
Abu IO, Szantoi Z, Brink A, Robuchon M, Thiel M. Detecting cocoa plantations in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana and their implications on protected areas. ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS 2021; 129:107863. [PMID: 34602863 PMCID: PMC8329934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana are the largest producers of cocoa in the world. In recent decades the cultivation of this crop has led to the loss of vast tracts of forest areas in both countries. Efficient and accurate methods for remotely identifying cocoa plantations are essential to the implementation of sustainable cocoa practices and for the periodic and effective monitoring of forests. In this study, a method for cocoa plantation identification was developed based on a multi-temporal stack of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images and a multi-feature Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and second-order texture features were assessed for their importance in an RF classification, and their optimal combination was used as input variables for the RF model to identify cocoa plantations in both countries. The RF model-based cocoa map achieved 82.89% producer's and 62.22% user's accuracy, detecting 3.69 million hectares (Mha) and 2.15 Mha of cocoa plantations for Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, respectively. The results demonstrate that a combination of an RF model and multi-feature classification can distinguish cocoa plantations from other land cover/use, effectively reducing feature dimensions and improving classification efficiency. The results also highlight that cocoa farms largely encroach into protected areas (PAs), as 20% of the detected cocoa plantation area is located in PAs and almost 70% of the PAs in the study area house cocoa plantations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itohan-Osa Abu
- Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Institute for Geography and Geology, Department of Remote Sensing, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 86, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zoltan Szantoi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 20127 Ispra, Italy
- Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Andreas Brink
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 20127 Ispra, Italy
| | - Marine Robuchon
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 20127 Ispra, Italy
| | - Michael Thiel
- Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Institute for Geography and Geology, Department of Remote Sensing, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 86, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gorenflo LJ, Romaine S. Linguistic diversity and conservation opportunities at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1426-1436. [PMID: 33448452 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Africa contains much of Earth's biological and cultural-linguistic diversity, but conserving this diversity is enormously challenging amid widespread poverty, expanding development, social unrest, and rapidly growing human population. We examined UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Natural World Heritage Sites (WHSs) on continental Africa and nearby islands-48 protected areas containing globally important natural or combined natural and cultural resources-to gauge the potential for enlisting Indigenous peoples in their conservation. We used geographic information system technology to identify instances where Natural WHSs co-occur with Indigenous languages, a key indicator of cultural diversity. And, we compared the geographic ranges for 4 taxa and selected freshwater species with occurrence of all Indigenous languages within Natural WHSs and subsections of WHSs covered by the geographic extent of Indigenous languages to measure the correlation between linguistic and biological diversity. Results indicated that 147 languages shared at least part of their geographic extent with Natural WHSs. Instances of co-occurrence where a WHS, a language, or both were endangered marked localities particularly deserving conservation attention. We examined co-occurrence of all languages and all species, all languages and endangered species, and endangered languages and endangered species and found a correlation between linguistic and biological diversity that may indicate fundamental links between these very different measures of diversity. Considering only endangered species or endangered languages and species reduced that correlation, although considerable co-occurrence persisted. Shared governance of government-designated reserves is applicable for natural WHSs because it capitalizes on the apparent connection between culture and nature. Natural WHSs in Africa containing speakers of Indigenous languages present opportunities to conserve both nature and culture in highly visible settings where maintaining natural systems may rely on functioning Indigenous cultural systems and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Gorenflo
- Department of Landscape Architecture, The Pennsylvania State University, 121 Stuckeman Family Building, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wangmo S, Wangdi S, Wyatt A, Tenzin K, Lhendup J, Singh R. Driven by data: Improved protected area effectiveness in Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Wyatt
- World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF‐Cambodia Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | | | | | - Rohit Singh
- World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF‐Singapore Singapore Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wentzel J, Gall C, Bourn M, De Beer J, du Plessis F, Fosgate GT. Carnivore Detection at the Domestic/Wildlife Interface within Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092535. [PMID: 34573501 PMCID: PMC8466448 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The management of carnivore populations in protected areas includes disease management and census taking. The presence of prey species and environmental variables influence the detection of wild carnivore species. The aim of this study was to identify the important predictors of wild carnivore detection within two South African wildlife reserves using motion-detection camera traps. The study further investigated the difference between traditional census call-up surveys and camera traps within nearby locations. Buffalo, impala, and warthog were associated with lion and spotted hyena detections. Detections of lions and spotted hyenas and also leopards and spotted hyena were correlated, suggesting competition between these wild carnivore species. Competition among wild carnivore species has importance for implementing appropriate management procedures, including infectious disease prevention. Abstract South African protected areas account for 8% of the total landmass according to World Bank indicators. Effective conservation of biodiversity in protected areas requires the development of specific reserve management objectives addressing species and disease management. The primary objective of the current study was to identify predictors of carnivore detection in an effort to inform carnivore species management plans on Andover and Manyeleti nature reserves in South Africa. A limited number of camera traps were placed randomly using a grid system. Species detection data were analysed using mixed-effects logistic regression and Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Deterministic inverse distance weighted distribution maps were used to describe the spatial distribution of carnivore species. Camera traps identified similar species as traditional call-up surveys during the study and would be useful as an adjunct census method. Carnivore detection was associated with several variables, including the presence of specific prey species. The measured intra-and interspecies interactions suggested the risk of disease transmission among species, and vaccination for prevalent diseases should be considered to manage this risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Wentzel
- Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (F.d.P.); (G.T.F.)
- Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Cory Gall
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, 2290NE, Westwood, #T204, Pullman, WA 99163, USA;
| | - Mark Bourn
- Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa; (M.B.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Juan De Beer
- Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa; (M.B.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Ferreira du Plessis
- Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (F.d.P.); (G.T.F.)
- Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa; (M.B.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Geoffrey T. Fosgate
- Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (F.d.P.); (G.T.F.)
- Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chapman CA, Peres CA. Primate conservation: Lessons learned in the last 20 years can guide future efforts. Evol Anthropol 2021; 30:345-361. [PMID: 34370373 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, we published an assessment of the threats facing primates and with the passing of two decades, we re-evaluate identified threats, consider emerging pressures, identify exciting new avenues of research, and tackle how to change the system to rapidly advance primate and primate habitat conservation. Habitat destruction and hunting have increased, the danger of looming climate change is clearer, and there are emerging threats such as the sublethal effects of microplastics and pesticides. Despite these negative developments, protected areas are increasing, exciting new tools are now available, and the number of studies has grown exponentially. Many of the changes that need to occur to make rapid progress in primate conservation are in our purview to modify. We identify several dimensions indicating the time is right to make large advances; however, the question that remains is do we have the will to prevent widespread primate annihilation and extinction?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Chapman
- Wilson Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Carlos A Peres
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.,Instituto Juruá, Manaus, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Spira C, Raveloarison R, Cournarie M, Strindberg S, O'Brien T, Wieland M. Assessing the prevalence of protected species consumption by rural communities in Makira Natural Park, Madagascar, through the unmatched count technique. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
26
|
Carvalho JS, Graham B, Bocksberger G, Maisels F, Williamson EA, Wich S, Sop T, Amarasekaran B, Barca B, Barrie A, Bergl RA, Boesch C, Boesch H, Brncic TM, Buys B, Chancellor R, Danquah E, Doumbé OA, Le‐Duc SY, Galat‐Luong A, Ganas J, Gatti S, Ghiurghi A, Goedmakers A, Granier N, Hakizimana D, Haurez B, Head J, Herbinger I, Hillers A, Jones S, Junker J, Maputla N, Manasseh E, McCarthy MS, Molokwu‐Odozi M, Morgan BJ, Nakashima Y, N’Goran PK, Nixon S, Nkembi L, Normand E, Nzooh LD, Olson SH, Payne L, Petre C, Piel AK, Pintea L, Plumptre AJ, Rundus A, Serckx A, Stewart FA, Sunderland‐Groves J, Tagg N, Todd A, Vosper A, Wenceslau JF, Wessling EG, Willie J, Kühl HS. Predicting range shifts of African apes under global change scenarios. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
|
27
|
Population Status of the Critically Endangered Preuss’s Red Colobus Monkey (Piliocolobus preussi Matschie 1900) and Recommendations for Its Conservation. INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00202-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
28
|
Targeting Conservation Actions at Species Threat Response Thresholds. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 36:216-226. [PMID: 33293193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the failure of the world's governments to improve the status of biodiversity by 2020, a new strategic plan for 2030 is being developed. In order to be successful, a step-change is needed to not just simply halt biodiversity loss, but to bend the curve of biodiversity loss to stable or increasing species' populations. Here, we propose a framework that quantifies species' responses across gradients of threat intensity to implement more efficient and better targeted conservation actions. Our framework acknowledges the variation in threat intensities as well as the differences among species in their capacity to respond, and is implemented at a relevant scale for national and international policy-making.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
AbstractWe use comparable 2005 and 2018 population data to assess threats driving the decline of lion Panthera leo populations, and review information on threats structured by problem tree and root cause analysis. We define 11 threats and rank their severity and prevalence. Two threats emerged as affecting both the number of lion populations and numbers within them: livestock depredation leading to retaliatory killing of lions, and bushmeat poaching leading to prey depletion. Our data do not allow determination of whether any specific threat drives declines faster than others. Of 20 local extirpations, most were associated with armed conflicts as a driver of proximate threats. We discuss the prevalence and severity of proximate threats and their drivers, to identify priorities for more effective conservation of lions, other carnivores and their prey.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ranger survey reveals conservation issues across Protected and outside Protected Areas in southern India. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
31
|
Cross AT, Krueger TA, Gonella PM, Robinson AS, Fleischmann AS. Conservation of carnivorous plants in the age of extinction. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
32
|
Adom D, Boamah DA. Local attitudes toward the cultural seasonal hunting bans in Ghana's Bomfobiri Wildlife Sanctuary: Implications for sustainable wildlife management and tourism. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020; 24:e01243. [PMID: 32901223 PMCID: PMC7471718 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the attitudes of the people living in three adjacent communities close to the Bomfobiri wildlife sanctuary in Ghana concerning the observation of the cultural, seasonal closures of hunting. The cognitive and motivational approaches to attitude theory in wildlife management guided, under the phenomenology method, the collection of qualitative data on the importance of the seasonal closure of hunting and its implementation challenges. This inquiry was deemed crucial to improving the disjointed relationship between park management and local communities that often make wildlife conservation and tourism difficult at the Bomfobiri Wildlife Sanctuary. Forty-five key wildlife stakeholders, including park officers, traditional authorities, elderly residents, and bushmeat traders, were purposively selected with some interviewed personally and others engaged in focus group discussions. Despite a more significant number of stakeholders admitting the importance of the seasonal closure of hunting, some challenges impeded its implementation. These included the absence of alternative arrangements to support hunters during the period for the annual closure of hunting; lack of proper sensitisation and education on the hunting ban; absence of transparency in the equitable sharing of proceeds from wildlife tourism at the Bomfobiri Wildlife Sanctuary among park officers (Government) and the traditional authorities; the booming bushmeat business and the fear of losing customers after the fallow period; and purported corruption on the part of park officers, threatening the observation of the seasonal closure of hunting. The study has offered proactive suggestions to the Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission and mainly to park management at the Bomfobiri Wildlife Sanctuary on how to address these challenges and improve wildlife management and sustainable wildlife tourism potentials in Ghana. Paramount among them is the tactful provision of alternative sources of livelihood and the establishment of enterprises in non-timber forest products as sources of income for hunters during the seasonal hunting ban.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Adom
- Department of Educational Innovations in Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana.,School of Economic Sciences, North West University, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Clements HS, Biggs R, Cumming GS. Cross-scale and social-ecological changes constitute main threats to private land conservation in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 274:111235. [PMID: 32823084 PMCID: PMC7434693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conserving biodiversity in the long term will depend in part on the capacity of Protected Areas (PAs) to cope with cross-scale, social-ecological disturbances and changes, which are becoming more frequent in a highly connected world. Direct threats to biodiversity within PAs and their interactions with broader-scale threats are both likely to vary with PA spatial and management characteristics (e.g., location, dependence on ecotourism revenues, governmental support). Private Land Conservation Areas (PLCAs) are interesting case study systems for assessing cross-scale threats to PAs and their determinants. Despite the growing number of PLCAs around the world, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the long-term capacity of these privately owned areas to conserve biodiversity. Their potential impermanence is commonly raised as a key concern. To better understand the threats to which different types of PLCAs are likely to be vulnerable, we asked 112 PLCA landholders in South Africa what they perceived as the top threats to their PLCAs. Landowners identified direct threats to the biodiversity within their PLCAs (e.g., poaching, extreme weather, inappropriate fire regimes, alien species) as well as describing broader socio-economic threats (e.g., regional crime, national legislation and politics, global economic recessions), which were noted to interact across scales. We found support for the hypothesis that patterns in the perceived multi-scale threats to a PLCA correspond with its management and spatial characteristics, including its remoteness, dependence on ecotourism or hunting revenues, and richness of megafaunal species. Understanding the threats to which different PLCAs may be vulnerable is useful for developing more nuanced, targeted strategies to build PLCA resilience to these threats (for example, by strengthening the capacity of self-funded PLCAs to cope with the threat of economic downturns through more innovative financial instruments or diversified revenue streams). Our findings highlight the importance of considering interactions between broad-scale socio-economic changes and direct threats to biodiversity, which can influence the resilience of PAs in ways that are not anticipated by more traditional, discipline-specific consideration of direct threats to the biodiversity within their boundaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley S Clements
- Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, Stellenbosch University, 19 Jonkershoek Road, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Reinette Biggs
- Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, Stellenbosch University, 19 Jonkershoek Road, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Graeme S Cumming
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia; DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Haidir IA, Macdonald DW, Wong WM, Lubis MI, Linkie M. Population dynamics of threatened felids in response to forest cover change in Sumatra. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236144. [PMID: 32785217 PMCID: PMC7423073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss caused by deforestation is a global driver of predator population declines. However, few studies have focussed on these effects for mesopredator populations, particularly the cryptic and elusive species inhabiting tropical rainforests. We conducted camera trapping from 2009-11 and 2014-16, and used occupancy modelling to understand trends of Sumatran mesopredator occupancy in response to forest loss and in the absence of threats from poaching. By comparing the two survey periods we quantify the trend of occupancy for three sympatric felid species in the tropical rainforest landscape of Kerinci Seblat National Park. Between 2000 and 2014, forest loss across four study sites ranged from 2.6% to 8.4%. Of three threatened felid species, overall occupancy by Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) and Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) remained stable across all four areas between the two survey periods, whilst marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) occupancy increased. In general occupancy estimates for the three species were: lower in lowland forest and increased to attain their highest values in hill forest, where they declined thereafter; increased further from the forest edge; positively correlated with distance to river, except for golden cat in the second survey where the relationship was negative; and, increased further from active deforestation, especially for clouded leopard in the second survey, but this was some 10-15km away. Our study offers fresh insights into these little known mesopredators in Sumatra and raises the practically important question of how far-reaching is the shadow of the encroachment and road development that typified this deforestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iding A. Haidir
- Kerinci Seblat National Park, Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jambi, Indonesia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
| | - Wai-Ming Wong
- Panthera Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew Linkie
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Programme, Bogor, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Oberosler V, Tenan S, Zipkin EF, Rovero F. When parks work: Effect of anthropogenic disturbance on occupancy of tropical forest mammals. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3881-3894. [PMID: 32489618 PMCID: PMC7244893 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) in the tropics are vulnerable to human encroachment, and, despite formal protection, they do not fully mitigate anthropogenic threats to habitats and biodiversity. However, attempts to quantify the effectiveness of PAs and to understand the status and changes of wildlife populations in relation to protection efficiency remain limited. Here, we used camera-trapping data collected over 8 consecutive years (2009-2016) to investigate the yearly occurrences of medium-to-large mammals within the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania), an area of outstanding importance for biological endemism and conservation. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of habitat and proxies of human disturbance, namely illegal hunting with snares and firewood collection (a practice that was banned in 2011 in the park), on species' occurrence probabilities. Our results showed variability in species' responses to disturbance: The only species that showed a negative effect of the number of snares found on occurrence probability was the Harvey's duiker, a relatively widespread forest antelope. Similarly, we found a moderate positive effect of the firewood collection ban on only the suni, another common antelope, and a negative effect on a large opportunistic rodent, the giant-pouched rat. Importantly, we found evidence of temporal stability in occurrence probability for all species over the 8-year study period. Our findings suggest that well-managed PAs can sustain mammal populations in tropical forests. However, variability among species in their responses to anthropogenic disturbance necessitates consideration in the design of conservation action plans for multiple taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Oberosler
- Tropical Biodiversity SectionMUSE – Museo delle ScienzeTrentoItaly
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Simone Tenan
- Vertebrate Zoology SectionMUSE – Museo delle ScienzeTrentoItaly
| | - Elise F. Zipkin
- Department of Integrative Biology and EcologyEvolutionary Biology and Behavior ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Tropical Biodiversity SectionMUSE – Museo delle ScienzeTrentoItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Anagnostou M, Mwedde G, Roe D, Smith RJ, Travers H, Baker J. Ranger perceptions of the role of local communities in providing actionable information on wildlife crime. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dilys Roe
- International Institute for Environment and Development London UK
| | - Robert J. Smith
- School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Henry Travers
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Application of Landscape Approach Principles Motivates Forest Fringe Farmers to Reforest Ghana’s Degraded Reserves. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Landscape approach principles were developed to address competing claims on resources at local scales. We used the principles to address agricultural expansion in Ghana’s forest reserves. Background and Objectives: Agricultural expansion is a major cause of Ghana’s forest-cover loss. Cultivation has totally deforested some forest reserves. The situation in Ghana illustrates the trade-off between attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 1—reduction of poverty, and 2—achieving food security, are in conflict with SDG 15—protecting and restoring forests. We examined how farmers in forest fringe communities could be engaged in restoring degraded forests using the landscape approach and whether their livelihoods were improved through the use of this approach. Materials and Methods: The Ongwam II Forest Reserve in the Ashanti region of Ghana is encroached by farmers from two communities adjacent to the reserve. We employed the 10 principles of the landscape approach to engage farmers in restoring the degraded reserve. The flexibility of the landscape approach provided a framework against which to assess farmer behaviour. We encouraged farmers to plant trees on 10 ha of the degraded reserve and to benefit through the cultivation of food crops amongst the trees. Results: Access to fertile forest soils for cultivation was the main motivation for the farmers to participate in the reforestation project. The farmers’ access to natural and financial capital increased and they became food secure in the first year of the project’s operation. Conclusions: Effective implementation of several small-scale reforestation projects using the landscape approach could together lead to a forest transition, more trees in agricultural systems and better protection of residual natural forests while improving farmers’ livelihoods, all combining to achieve the SDGs.
Collapse
|
38
|
Cercopithecine and Colobine Abundance Across Protected and Unprotected Land in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, Western Tanzania. INT J PRIMATOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMost primates live in unprotected land where abundances and threats may differ from those in protected areas. We therefore need to establish population densities in both unprotected and protected areas to effectively inform conservation planning. The Greater Mahale Ecosystem in western Tanzania is a region of mixed protected status with seven cercopithecine and colobine species: blue (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti), red-tailed (C. ascanius schmidi), and vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) monkeys; ashy red colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles); black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis); and olive (Papio anubis) and yellow (P. cynocephalus) baboons. These species may be threatened by increasing human activity; however, except for ashy red colobus, no data on local abundances are available. We walked over 350 km of line transects in legally protected (Village Forest Reserves) and unprotected general land between August 2011 and October 2012 to estimate densities of primates and human activity. Primate densities were consistently low across the Greater Mahale Ecosystem. Blue and red-tailed monkey and ashy red colobus densities were especially low compared to populations in predominantly forested landscapes. Primate and human activity densities did not differ significantly inside and outside of reserves. Low primate densities could be natural responses to the lower proportions and quality of riparian forest habitat in the region. High levels of human activity and the absence of significantly higher primate densities in reserves suggest unprotected land could provide important refuges for primates in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem. This result further reinforces a broad need to include unprotected areas in primate conservation strategies.
Collapse
|
39
|
M'Woueni D, Gaoue OG, Balagueman RO, Biaou HS, Natta AK. Road mediated spatio-temporal tree decline in traditional agroforests in an African biosphere reserve. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
40
|
Oberosler V, Tenan S, Zipkin EF, Rovero F. Poor management in protected areas is associated with lowered tropical mammal diversity. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Oberosler
- Tropical Biodiversity Section MUSE ‐ Museo delle Scienze Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 338122Trento Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia via Ferrata 127100Pavia Italy
| | - S. Tenan
- Vertebrate Zoology Section MUSE ‐ Museo delle Scienze Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 338122Trento Italy
| | - E. F. Zipkin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Program Michigan State University 288 Farm Lane East Lansing48824MI USA
| | - F. Rovero
- Tropical Biodiversity Section MUSE ‐ Museo delle Scienze Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 338122Trento Italy
- Department of Biology University of Florence Via Madonna del Piano 650019Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bowyer RT, Boyce MS, Goheen JR, Rachlow JL. Conservation of the world’s mammals: status, protected areas, community efforts, and hunting. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Terry Bowyer
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Mark S Boyce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacob R Goheen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Janet L Rachlow
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cabeza M, Terraube J, Burgas D, Temba EM, Rakoarijaoana M. Gold is not green: artisanal gold mining threatens Ranomafana National Park's biodiversity. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cabeza
- Global Change and Conservation Lab Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- HELSUS Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Terraube
- Global Change and Conservation Lab Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- HELSUS Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - D. Burgas
- Global Change and Conservation Lab Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- HELSUS Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- CEES Department of Biological Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - E. M. Temba
- SAME: Save the Malagasy Environment Antananarivo Madagascar
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Riggio J, Jacobson AP, Hijmans RJ, Caro T. How effective are the protected areas of East Africa? Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
44
|
Weekers DP, Zahnow R. Risky facilities: Analysis of illegal recreational fishing in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0004865818804021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
45
|
Abukari H, Mwalyosi RB. Comparing pressures on national parks in Ghana and Tanzania: The case of Mole and Tarangire National Parks. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
46
|
Wolf C, Ripple WJ. Rewilding the world's large carnivores. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172235. [PMID: 29657815 PMCID: PMC5882739 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Earth's terrestrial large carnivores form a highly endangered group of species with unique conservation challenges. The majority of these species have experienced major geographical range contractions, which puts many of them at high risk of extinction or of becoming ecologically ineffective. As a result of these range contractions and the associated loss of intact predator guilds, the ecological effects of these species are now far less widespread and common, with inevitable consequences for ecosystem function. Rewilding-which includes reintroducing species into portions of their former ranges-is an important carnivore conservation tool and means for restoring top-down ecological regulation. We conducted a global analysis of potential reintroduction areas. We first considered protected areas where one or more large carnivore species have been extirpated, identifying a total of 130 protected areas that may be most suitable for carnivore reintroduction. These protected areas include sites in every major world region, and are most commonly found in Mongolia (n = 13), Canada (n = 11), Thailand (n = 9), Namibia (n = 6), Indonesia (n = 6) and Australia (n = 6). We considered the sizes of protected areas, their levels of protection, the extent of human impacts within and around the protected areas, and the status of prey species in the protected areas. Finally, we used the 'last of the wild' approach to identify contiguous low human footprint regions within the former ranges of each species, identifying an additional 150 areas which could be the focus of conservation efforts to create conditions conducive to reintroductions. These low footprint regions were most commonly found in the USA (n = 14), Russia (n = 14), Canada (n = 10), China (n = 9) and Mauritania (n = 8). Together, our results show the global-scale potential for carnivore rewilding projects to both conserve these species and provide critical ecological and social benefits.
Collapse
|
47
|
Effects of anti-poaching patrols on the distribution of large mammals in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. ORYX 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605317001272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe effectiveness of protected area management is a major concern. In Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, recurrent human pressure challenges the ability of law enforcement authorities to protect wildlife. During 2010–2015 we studied the implementation of law enforcement in the Park to determine (1) the potential for improvement of the protection of large mammals and (2) the minimum patrolling effort needed to obtain increases in their populations. We recorded presence of large mammals and illegal activities in two areas within the Park, the research area (210 km2) and the rest of the Park (5,150 km2), and compiled data about patrolling efforts from the Park authorities. Using a generalized linear mixed model we identified a relationship between increased patrolling effort and the relative abundance of large mammals, especially for monkey groups, pygmy hippopotamuses Choeropsis liberiensis and duikers. At low patrolling efforts duiker encounter rates remained stable, whereas rates of encounter with monkey groups and pygmy hippopotamuses decreased. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus encounter rates were slower to respond and remained stable at higher patrolling effort, but decreased at low patrolling effort. Our findings suggest that a minimum of 1.32 patrol days per km2 over 2 years is required for chimpanzee and monkey populations to increase, whereas a patrolling effort of 0.48 days per km2 over 2 years would lead to an increase in duiker and pygmy hippopotamus populations. We maintain that the patrolling effort required to ensure an increase in wildlife can be estimated relatively precisely from multi-year biomonitoring programmes.
Collapse
|
48
|
Bowker JN, De Vos A, Ament JM, Cumming GS. Effectiveness of Africa's tropical protected areas for maintaining forest cover. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:559-569. [PMID: 27696505 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of parks for forest conservation is widely debated in Africa, where increasing human pressure, insufficient funding, and lack of management capacity frequently place significant demands on forests. Tropical forests house a substantial portion of the world's remaining biodiversity and are heavily affected by anthropogenic activity. We analyzed park effectiveness at the individual (224 parks) and national (23 countries) level across Africa by comparing the extent of forest loss (as a proxy for deforestation) inside parks to matched unprotected control sites. Although significant geographical variation existed among parks, the majority of African parks had significantly less forest loss within their boundaries (e.g., Mahale Park had 34 times less forest loss within its boundary) than control sites. Accessibility was a significant driver of forest loss. Relatively inaccessible areas had a higher probability (odds ratio >1, p < 0.001) of forest loss but only in ineffective parks, and relatively accessible areas had a higher probability of forest loss but only in effective parks. Smaller parks less effectively prevented forest loss inside park boundaries than larger parks (T = -2.32, p < 0.05), and older parks less effectively prevented forest loss inside park boundaries than younger parks (F2,154 = -4.11, p < 0.001). Our analyses, the first individual and national assessment of park effectiveness across Africa, demonstrated the complexity of factors (such as geographical variation, accessibility, and park size and age) influencing the ability of a park to curb forest loss within its boundaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Bowker
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A De Vos
- Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - J M Ament
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - G S Cumming
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Durant SM, Mitchell N, Groom R, Pettorelli N, Ipavec A, Jacobson AP, Woodroffe R, Böhm M, Hunter LTB, Becker MS, Broekhuis F, Bashir S, Andresen L, Aschenborn O, Beddiaf M, Belbachir F, Belbachir-Bazi A, Berbash A, Brandao de Matos Machado I, Breitenmoser C, Chege M, Cilliers D, Davies-Mostert H, Dickman AJ, Ezekiel F, Farhadinia MS, Funston P, Henschel P, Horgan J, de Iongh HH, Jowkar H, Klein R, Lindsey PA, Marker L, Marnewick K, Melzheimer J, Merkle J, M'soka J, Msuha M, O'Neill H, Parker M, Purchase G, Sahailou S, Saidu Y, Samna A, Schmidt-Küntzel A, Selebatso E, Sogbohossou EA, Soultan A, Stone E, van der Meer E, van Vuuren R, Wykstra M, Young-Overton K. The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:528-533. [PMID: 28028225 PMCID: PMC5255576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation. However, this approach is insufficient for many species, particularly those that are wide-ranging and sparse. The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus exemplifies such a species and faces extreme challenges to its survival. Here, we show that the global population is estimated at ∼7,100 individuals and confined to 9% of its historical distributional range. However, the majority of current range (77%) occurs outside of PAs, where the species faces multiple threats. Scenario modeling shows that, where growth rates are suppressed outside PAs, extinction rates increase rapidly as the proportion of population protected declines. Sensitivity analysis shows that growth rates within PAs have to be high if they are to compensate for declines outside. Susceptibility of cheetah to rapid decline is evidenced by recent rapid contraction in range, supporting an uplisting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List threat assessment to endangered. Our results are applicable to other protection-reliant species, which may be subject to systematic underestimation of threat when there is insufficient information outside PAs. Ultimately, conserving many of these species necessitates a paradigm shift in conservation toward a holistic approach that incentivizes protection and promotes sustainable human-wildlife coexistence across large multiple-use landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Durant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Mitchell
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460
| | - Rosemary Groom
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Ipavec
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460
| | - Andrew P Jacobson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew S Becker
- Zambian Carnivore Programme, Mfuwe, Zambia
- Conservation Biology and Ecology Program, Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Femke Broekhuis
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
- Mara Cheetah Project, Kenya Wildlife Trust, Kenya
| | - Sultana Bashir
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Andresen
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Ortwin Aschenborn
- Bwabwata Ecological Institute, Susuwe Park Station, Zambezi Region, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia
| | - Mohammed Beddiaf
- Office National du Parc Culturel du Tassili N'Ajjer, Djanet, Algeria
| | - Farid Belbachir
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Environnement, Université de Béjaïa, Béjaïa, Algeria
| | - Amel Belbachir-Bazi
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Environnement, Université de Béjaïa, Béjaïa, Algeria
| | - Ali Berbash
- Nature Conservation Department, Environment General Authority (EGA), Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Christine Breitenmoser
- Carnivore Ecology and Wildlife Management (KORA), 3074 Muri, Switzerland
- International Union for the Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission Cat Specialist Group, 3074 Muri, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Amy J Dickman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiano Ezekiel
- Department of Wildlife Management and Ecotourism, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Mohammad S Farhadinia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jane Horgan
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Hans H de Iongh
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Houman Jowkar
- Persian Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Tehran 15856-86341, Iran
- Conservation of Asiatic Cheetah Program, Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Joerg Melzheimer
- Department Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jassiel M'soka
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Maurus Msuha
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Helen O'Neill
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Parker
- Working Dogs for Conservation, Bozeman, MT 59771
| | - Gianetta Purchase
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Samaila Sahailou
- Direction de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires Protégées, Niamey, Niger
| | - Yohanna Saidu
- Nigeria National Park Service, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Abdoulkarim Samna
- Direction de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires Protégées, Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | | | | | - Emma Stone
- Carnivore Research Malawi, Conservation Research Africa, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Critchlow R, Plumptre AJ, Alidria B, Nsubuga M, Driciru M, Rwetsiba A, Wanyama F, Beale CM. Improving Law-Enforcement Effectiveness and Efficiency in Protected Areas Using Ranger-collected Monitoring Data. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Critchlow
- Department of Biology; University of York; York Y010 5DD UK
| | - Andrew J. Plumptre
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Plot 802 Kiwafu Rd, Kansanga, P.O. Box 7487 Kampala Uganda
- Conservation Science Group, Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Dept of Zoology; Cambridge University; UK
| | - Bazil Alidria
- Uganda Wildlife Authority; P.O. Box 3530 Kampala Uganda
| | - Mustapha Nsubuga
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Plot 802 Kiwafu Rd, Kansanga, P.O. Box 7487 Kampala Uganda
| | | | | | - F. Wanyama
- Uganda Wildlife Authority; P.O. Box 3530 Kampala Uganda
| | - Colin M. Beale
- Department of Biology; University of York; York Y010 5DD UK
| |
Collapse
|