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Subash S, Singh DK, Ahire D, Khojasteh SC, Murray BP, Zientek MA, Jones RS, Kulkarni P, Zubair F, Smith BJ, Heyward S, Leeder JS, Prasad B. Ontogeny of Human Liver Aldehyde Oxidase: Developmental Changes and Implications for Drug Metabolism. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2740-2750. [PMID: 38717252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increasing importance of aldehyde oxidase (AO) in the drug metabolism of clinical candidates, ontogeny data for AO are limited. The objective of our study was to characterize the age-dependent AO content and activity in the human liver cytosolic fraction (HLC) and human hepatocytes (HH). HLC (n = 121 donors) and HH (n = 50 donors) were analyzed for (1) AO protein content by quantitative proteomics and (2) enzyme activity using carbazeran as a probe substrate. AO activity showed high technical variability and poor correlation with the content in HLC samples, whereas hepatocyte samples showed a strong correlation between the content and activity. Similarly, AO content and activity showed no significant age-dependent differences in HLC samples, whereas the average AO content and activity in hepatocytes increased significantly (∼20-40-fold) from the neonatal levels (0-28 days). Based on the hepatocyte data, the age at which 50% of the adult AO content is reached (age50) was 3.15 years (0.32-13.97 years, 95% CI). Metabolite profiling of carbazeran revealed age-dependent metabolic switching and the role of non-AO mechanisms (glucuronidation and desmethylation) in carbazeran elimination. The content-activity correlation in hepatocytes improved significantly (R2 = 0.95; p < 0.0001) in samples showing <10% contribution of glucuronidation toward the overall metabolism, confirming that AO-mediated oxidation and glucuronidation are the key routes of carbazeran metabolism. Considering the confounding effect of glucuronidation on AO activity, AO content-based ontogeny data are a more direct reflection of developmental changes in protein expression. The comprehensive ontogeny data of AO in HH samples are more reliable than HLC data, which are important for developing robust physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for predicting AO-mediated metabolism in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Subash
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Dilip K Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Deepak Ahire
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bernard P Murray
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael A Zientek
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert S Jones
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Faizan Zubair
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bill J Smith
- Terminal Phase Consulting LLC, Colorado Springs, Colorado 94404, United States
| | - Scott Heyward
- BioIVT, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21227, United States
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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Jo S, Park SB, Kim H, Im I, Noh H, Kim EM, Kim KY, Oelgeschläger M, Kim JH, Park HJ. hiPSC-derived macrophages improve drug sensitivity and selectivity in a macrophage-incorporating organoid culture model. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035021. [PMID: 38749417 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad4c0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Accurate simulation of different cell type interactions is crucial for physiological and precisein vitrodrug testing. Human tissue-resident macrophages are critical for modulating disease conditions and drug-induced injuries in various tissues; however, their limited availability has hindered their use inin vitromodeling. Therefore, this study aimed to create macrophage-containing organoid co-culture models by directly incorporating human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived pre-macrophages into organoid and scaffold cell models. The fully differentiated cells in these organoids exhibited functional characteristics of tissue-resident macrophages with enriched pan-macrophage markers and the potential for M1/M2 subtype specialization upon cytokine stimulation. In a hepatic organoid model, the integrated macrophages replicated typical intrinsic properties, including cytokine release, polarization, and phagocytosis, and the co-culture model was more responsive to drug-induced liver injury than a macrophage-free model. Furthermore, alveolar organoid models containing these hiPSC-derived macrophages also showed increased drug and chemical sensitivity to pulmonary toxicants. Moreover, 3D adipocyte scaffold models incorporating macrophages effectively simulated in vivo insulin resistance observed in adipose tissue and showed improved insulin sensitivity on exposure to anti-diabetic drugs. Overall, the findings demonstrated that incorporating hiPSC-derived macrophages into organoid culture models resulted in more physiological and sensitivein vitrodrug evaluation and screening systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyea Jo
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bum Park
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilkyun Im
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneul Noh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Stem Cells and Tissue regeneration, Department Biotechnology, Collage of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jin Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang Y, Feng J, Mi Y, Fan W, Qin R, Mei Y, Jin G, Mao J, Zhang H. Epigenetic Activation of Cytochrome P450 1A2 Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Sorafenib. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:555-564. [PMID: 38565301 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is a known tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its expression is repressed in HCC and the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we investigated the epigenetic mechanisms of CYP1A2 repression and potential therapeutic implications. In HCC tumor tissues, the methylation rates of CYP1A2 CpG island (CGI) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 3A protein levels were significantly higher, and there was a clear negative correlation between DNMT3A and CYP1A2 protein expression. Knockdown of DNMT3A by siRNA significantly increased CYP1A2 expression in HCC cells. Additionally, treating HCC cells with decitabine (DAC) resulted in a dose-dependent upregulation of CYP1A2 expression by reducing the methylation level of CYP1A2 CGI. Furthermore, we observed a decreased enrichment of H3K27Ac in the promoter region of CYP1A2 in HCC tissues. Treatment with the trichostatin A (TSA) restored CYP1A2 expression in HCC cells by increasing H3K27Ac levels in the CYP1A2 promoter region. Importantly, combination treatment of sorafenib with DAC or TSA resulted in a leftward shift of the dose-response curve, lower IC50 values, and reduced colony numbers in HCC cells. Our findings suggest that hypermethylation of the CGI at the promoter, mediated by the high expression of DNMT3A, and hypoacetylation of H3K27 in the CYP1A2 promoter region, leads to CYP1A2 repression in HCC. Epigenetic drugs DAC and TSA increase HCC cell sensitivity to sorafenib by restoring CYP1A2 expression. Our study provides new insights into the epigenetic regulation of CYP1A2 in HCC and highlights the potential of epigenetic drugs as a therapeutic approach for HCC. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study marks the first exploration of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 suppression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our findings reveal that heightened DNA methyltransferase expression induces hypermethylation of the CpG island at the promoter, coupled with diminished H3K27Ac levels, resulting in the repression of CYP1A2 in HCC. The use of epigenetic drugs such as decitabine and trichostatin A emerges as a novel therapeutic avenue, demonstrating their potential to restore CYP1A2 expression and enhance sorafenib sensitivity in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y.Z., J.F., Y.M., R.Q., Y.M., G.J., H.Z.) and Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou, China (W.F., J.M.)
| | - Jingyu Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y.Z., J.F., Y.M., R.Q., Y.M., G.J., H.Z.) and Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou, China (W.F., J.M.)
| | - Yang Mi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y.Z., J.F., Y.M., R.Q., Y.M., G.J., H.Z.) and Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou, China (W.F., J.M.)
| | - Wu Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y.Z., J.F., Y.M., R.Q., Y.M., G.J., H.Z.) and Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou, China (W.F., J.M.)
| | - Runwen Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y.Z., J.F., Y.M., R.Q., Y.M., G.J., H.Z.) and Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou, China (W.F., J.M.)
| | - Yingwu Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y.Z., J.F., Y.M., R.Q., Y.M., G.J., H.Z.) and Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou, China (W.F., J.M.)
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y.Z., J.F., Y.M., R.Q., Y.M., G.J., H.Z.) and Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou, China (W.F., J.M.)
| | - Jian Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y.Z., J.F., Y.M., R.Q., Y.M., G.J., H.Z.) and Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou, China (W.F., J.M.)
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y.Z., J.F., Y.M., R.Q., Y.M., G.J., H.Z.) and Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou, China (W.F., J.M.)
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Kim H, Kim SK, Oelgeschläger M, Park HJ. Prediction of Acute Hepatotoxicity With Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Organoids. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1015. [PMID: 38597874 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Recent development of hepatic organoids (HOs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides an alternative in vitro model that can mimic the human liver detoxification pathway for drug safety assessment. By recapitulating the high level of maturity and drug-metabolizing capacity of the liver in a three-dimensional organoid culture, HOs may allow researchers to assess drug toxicity and metabolism more accurately than animal models or hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Although this promising potential has contributed to the development of various protocols, only a few protocols are available to generate functional HOs with guaranteed CYP450 enzymatic activity, the key feature driving toxic responses during drug metabolism. Based on previously published protocols, we describe an optimized culture method that can substantially increase the expression and activity of CYP450s, in particular CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, in HOs. To generate mass-produced and highly reproducible HOs required as models for toxicity evaluation, we first generated hepatic endodermal organoids (HEOs) from hPSCs capable of in vitro proliferation and cryopreservation. The stepwise protocol includes generating HEOs as well as efficient methods to enhance CYP450 expression and activity in terminally differentiated HOs. Furthermore, we present a simple protocol for the assessment of HO cytotoxicity, one of the hallmarks of drug-induced acute hepatotoxicity. The protocols are relatively straightforward and can be successfully used by laboratories with basic experience in culturing hPSCs. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of hepatic endodermal organoids from human pluripotent stem cells Basic Protocol 2: Expansion and cryopreservation of hepatic endodermal organoids Basic Protocol 3: Differentiation of hepatic organoids from hepatic endodermal organoids Basic Protocol 4: Evaluation of hepatotoxicity using hepatic organoids Support Protocol: Human pluripotent stem cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Han-Jin Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Fong WJ, Tan HM, Garg R, Teh AL, Pan H, Gupta V, Krishna B, Chen ZH, Purwanto NY, Yap F, Tan KH, Chan KYJ, Chan SY, Goh N, Rane N, Tan ESE, Jiang Y, Han M, Meaney M, Wang D, Keppo J, Tan GCY. Comparing feature selection and machine learning approaches for predicting CYP2D6 methylation from genetic variation. Front Neuroinform 2024; 17:1244336. [PMID: 38449836 PMCID: PMC10915285 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1244336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pharmacogenetics currently supports clinical decision-making on the basis of a limited number of variants in a few genes and may benefit paediatric prescribing where there is a need for more precise dosing. Integrating genomic information such as methylation into pharmacogenetic models holds the potential to improve their accuracy and consequently prescribing decisions. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a highly polymorphic gene conventionally associated with the metabolism of commonly used drugs and endogenous substrates. We thus sought to predict epigenetic loci from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to CYP2D6 in children from the GUSTO cohort. Methods Buffy coat DNA methylation was quantified using the Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC beadchip. CpG sites associated with CYP2D6 were used as outcome variables in Linear Regression, Elastic Net and XGBoost models. We compared feature selection of SNPs from GWAS mQTLs, GTEx eQTLs and SNPs within 2 MB of the CYP2D6 gene and the impact of adding demographic data. The samples were split into training (75%) sets and test (25%) sets for validation. In Elastic Net model and XGBoost models, optimal hyperparameter search was done using 10-fold cross validation. Root Mean Square Error and R-squared values were obtained to investigate each models' performance. When GWAS was performed to determine SNPs associated with CpG sites, a total of 15 SNPs were identified where several SNPs appeared to influence multiple CpG sites. Results Overall, Elastic Net models of genetic features appeared to perform marginally better than heritability estimates and substantially better than Linear Regression and XGBoost models. The addition of nongenetic features appeared to improve performance for some but not all feature sets and probes. The best feature set and Machine Learning (ML) approach differed substantially between CpG sites and a number of top variables were identified for each model. Discussion The development of SNP-based prediction models for CYP2D6 CpG methylation in Singaporean children of varying ethnicities in this study has clinical application. With further validation, they may add to the set of tools available to improve precision medicine and pharmacogenetics-based dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jing Fong
- Computational Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Ming Tan
- Computational Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rishabh Garg
- Computational Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ai Ling Teh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Pan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Varsha Gupta
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernadus Krishna
- Computational Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zou Hui Chen
- Computational Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Fabian Yap
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Yen Jerry Chan
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Nikita Rane
- Institute of Mental Health,Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Mei Han
- Computational Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis Wang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jussi Keppo
- Computational Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Geoffrey Chern-Yee Tan
- Computational Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Mental Health,Singapore, Singapore
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Tatarūnas V, Čiapienė I, Giedraitienė A. Precise Therapy Using the Selective Endogenous Encapsidation for Cellular Delivery Vector System. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:292. [PMID: 38399346 PMCID: PMC10893373 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Interindividual variability in drug response is a major problem in the prescription of pharmacological treatments. The therapeutic effect of drugs can be influenced by human genes. Pharmacogenomic guidelines for individualization of treatment have been validated and used for conventional dosage forms. However, drugs can often target non-specific areas and produce both desired and undesired pharmacological effects. The use of nanoparticles, liposomes, or other available forms for drug formulation could help to overcome the latter problem. Virus-like particles based on retroviruses could be a potential envelope for safe and efficient drug formulations. Human endogenous retroviruses would make it possible to overcome the host immune response and deliver drugs to the desired target. PEG10 is a promising candidate that can bind to mRNA because it is secreted like an enveloped virus-like extracellular vesicle. PEG10 is a retrotransposon-derived gene that has been domesticated. Therefore, formulations with PEG10 may have a lower immunogenicity. The use of existing knowledge can lead to the development of suitable drug formulations for the precise treatment of individual diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vacis Tatarūnas
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 15, LT 50103 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.T.); (I.Č.)
| | - Ieva Čiapienė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 15, LT 50103 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.T.); (I.Č.)
| | - Agnė Giedraitienė
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, LT 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Tamargo-Rubio I, Simpson AB, Hoogerland JA, Fu J. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived liver-on-a-chip for studying drug metabolism: the challenge of the cytochrome P450 family. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1223108. [PMID: 37448965 PMCID: PMC10338083 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1223108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the primary organ responsible for the detoxification and metabolism of drugs. To date, a lack of preclinical models that accurately emulate drug metabolism by the human liver presents a significant challenge in the drug development pipeline, particularly for predicting drug efficacy and toxicity. In recent years, emerging microfluidic-based organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technologies, combined with human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology, present a promising avenue for the complete recapitulation of human organ biology in a patient-specific manner. However, hiPSC-derived organoids and liver-on-a-chip models have so far failed to sufficiently express cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) enzymes, the key enzymes involved in first-pass metabolism, which limits the effectiveness and translatability of these models in drug metabolism studies. This review explores the potential of innovative organoid and OoC technologies for studying drug metabolism and discusses their existing drawbacks, such as low expression of CYP450 genes. Finally, we postulate potential approaches for enhancing CYP450 expression in the hope of paving the way toward developing novel, fully representative liver drug-metabolism models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Tamargo-Rubio
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anna Bella Simpson
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Joanne A. Hoogerland
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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8
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Choi YJ, Kim MS, Rhoades JH, Johnson NM, Berry CT, Root S, Chen Q, Tian Y, Fernandez RJ, Cramer Z, Adams-Tzivelekidis S, Li N, Johnson FB, Lengner CJ. Patient-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatostellate Organoids Establish a Basis for Liver Pathologies in Telomeropathies. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:451-472. [PMID: 37302654 PMCID: PMC10404563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a telomere biology disorder caused primarily by mutations in the DKC1 gene. Patients with DC and related telomeropathies resulting from premature telomere dysfunction experience multiorgan failure. In the liver, DC patients present with nodular hyperplasia, steatosis, inflammation, and cirrhosis. However, the mechanism responsible for telomere dysfunction-induced liver disease remains unclear. METHODS We used isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) harboring a causal DC mutation in DKC1 or a CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9)-corrected control allele to model DC liver pathologies. We differentiated these iPSCs into hepatocytes (HEPs) or hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) followed by generation of genotype-admixed hepatostellate organoids. Single-cell transcriptomics were applied to hepatostellate organoids to understand cell type-specific genotype-phenotype relationships. RESULTS Directed differentiation of iPSCs into HEPs and stellate cells and subsequent hepatostellate organoid formation revealed a dominant phenotype in the parenchyma, with DC HEPs becoming hyperplastic and also eliciting a pathogenic hyperplastic, proinflammatory response in stellate cells independent of stellate cell genotype. Pathogenic phenotypes in DKC1-mutant HEPs and hepatostellate organoids could be rescued via suppression of serine/threonine kinase AKT (protein kinase B) activity, a central regulator of MYC-driven hyperplasia downstream of DKC1 mutation. CONCLUSIONS Isogenic iPSC-derived admixed hepatostellate organoids offer insight into the liver pathologies in telomeropathies and provide a framework for evaluating emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua H Rhoades
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolette M Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Corbett T Berry
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Root
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qijun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rafael J Fernandez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zvi Cramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Adams-Tzivelekidis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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9
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Zhu J, Li G, Huang Q, Wen J, Deng Y, Jiang J. TET3-mediated DNA demethylation and chromatin remodeling regulate T-2 toxin-induced human CYP1A1 expression and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 211:115506. [PMID: 36948362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a hazardous environmental pollutant that poses a risk to both farm animals and humans. Our previous research has reported that T-2 toxin highly induced the expression of human cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), which may be a representative inducible marker of T-2 toxin and mediate the toxicity of T-2 toxin. In this study, we found that T-2 toxin decreased the DNA methylation levels of the CpG islands on the CYP1A1 promoter by inducing the expression of eleven translocation family protein 3 (TET3) and facilitating its binding to the promoter. These DNA methylation changes then generated an activated chromatin structure on the CYP1A1 promoter by releasing the repressor complex methyl-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), increasing the active histone modification markers, including H3K4ac, H3K9ac and H3K14ac, and facilitating RNA pol II and NRF1/Sp1 recruitment, which ultimately led to the transcriptional activation of CYP1A1. Interestingly, TET3-mediated CYP1A1 induction enhanced the cytotoxicity of T-2 toxin through inhibiting cell proliferation. Our results demonstrate that T-2 toxin-induced CYP1A1 expression is detrimental to cells and clearly show how T-2 toxin inhibits cell proliferation through regulating CYP1A1 expression from an epigenetic perspective. The findings broaden our current knowledge of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating environmental factors-induced CYP1A1 expression and cytotoxicity. TET3 may serve as a potential new target for toxicogenic detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Guihong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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10
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Jin L, Su Z, Huang S, Tan Y, Mrema IG, Chen Y. Expression and significance of histone methyltransferase SET domain containing 2 with histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation in mouse hepatic oval cells differentiated into bile duct epithelial cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2023; 27:69. [PMID: 36799151 PMCID: PMC9942252 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify the function and expression of trimethylated protein histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36)me3 and the upstream specific enzyme histone methyltransferase SET domain containing 2 (SETD2), during the differentiation of hepatic oval cells (HOCs) into cholangiocytes in mice following partial liver resection and fed with 2‑acetamidofluorene. HOCs were isolated from Kunming male mice fed with 2‑acetamidofluorene for 10 days. Their liver tissues were then isolated following partial liver resection and another week of 2‑acetamidofluorene treatment. HOCs were collected following a two‑step enzyme digestion procedure involving protease E and collagenase 4. The target cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 10 µg/ml EGF, 5 µg/ml stem cell growth factor and 5 µg/ml leukemia inhibitory factor. Target cells using the markers OV‑6, CK‑19, SETD2, H3K36me3, were detected with flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy; reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to quantify the protein levels of SETD2 and H3K36me3. The retrieved primary hepatocytes developed into cholangiocytes with increasing CK‑19 and decreasing OV‑6 expression in each subsequent passage, whereas the SETD2 and H3K36me3 levels gradually increased, suggesting the possible involvement of both of these factors in differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Jin
- First Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Ziting Su
- First Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Shan Huang
- First Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Yunbo Tan
- First Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Isack George Mrema
- Clinical Medical College, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Chen
- First Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Yiming Chen, First Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, 32 Carlsberg Avenue, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China, E-mail:
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11
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Campinoti S, Almeida B, Goudarzi N, Bencina S, Grundland Freile F, McQuitty C, Natarajan D, Cox IJ, Le Guennec A, Khati V, Gaudenzi G, Gramignoli R, Urbani L. Rat liver extracellular matrix and perfusion bioreactor culture promote human amnion epithelial cell differentiation towards hepatocyte-like cells. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231219813. [PMID: 38143931 PMCID: PMC10748678 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231219813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital and chronic liver diseases have a substantial health burden worldwide. The most effective treatment available for these patients is whole organ transplantation; however, due to the severely limited supply of donor livers and the side effects associated with the immunosuppressive regimen required to accept allograft, the mortality rate in patients with end-stage liver disease is annually rising. Stem cell-based therapy aims to provide alternative treatments by either cell transplantation or bioengineered construct transplantation. Human amnion epithelial cells (AEC) are a widely available, ethically neutral source of cells with the plasticity and potential of multipotent stem cells and immunomodulatory properties of perinatal cells. AEC have been proven to be able to achieve functional improvement towards hepatocyte-like cells, capable of rescuing animals with metabolic disorders; however, they showed limited metabolic activities in vitro. Decellularised extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds have gained recognition as adjunct biological support. Decellularised scaffolds maintain native ECM components and the 3D architecture instrumental of the organ, necessary to support cells' maturation and function. We combined ECM-scaffold technology with primary human AEC, which we demonstrated being equipped with essential ECM-adhesion proteins, and evaluated the effects on AEC differentiation into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). This novel approach included the use of a custom 4D bioreactor to provide constant oxygenation and media perfusion to cells in 3D cultures over time. We successfully generated HLC positive for hepatic markers such as ALB, CYP3A4 and CK18. AEC-derived HLC displayed early signs of hepatocyte phenotype, secreted albumin and urea, and expressed Phase-1 and -2 enzymes. The combination of liver-specific ECM and bioreactor provides a system able to aid differentiation into HLC, indicating that the innovative perfusion ECM-scaffold technology may support the functional improvement of multipotent and pluripotent stem cells, with important repercussions in the bioengineering of constructs for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Campinoti
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Bruna Almeida
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Negin Goudarzi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan Bencina
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Fabio Grundland Freile
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Claire McQuitty
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Dipa Natarajan
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - I Jane Cox
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Adrien Le Guennec
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Vamakshi Khati
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Giulia Gaudenzi
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luca Urbani
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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12
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Kim H, Im I, Jeon JS, Kang EH, Lee HA, Jo S, Kim JW, Woo DH, Choi YJ, Kim HJ, Han JS, Lee BS, Kim JH, Kim SK, Park HJ. Development of human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic organoids as an alternative model for drug safety assessment. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Naeem Z, Zukunft S, Günther S, Liebner S, Weigert A, Hammock BD, Frömel T, Fleming I. Role of the soluble epoxide hydrolase in the hair follicle stem cell homeostasis and hair growth. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1021-1035. [PMID: 35648219 PMCID: PMC9393123 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are used as traditional remedies to treat hair loss, but the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects are not well understood. Here, we explored the role of PUFA metabolites generated by the cytochrome P450/soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pathway in the regulation of the hair follicle cycle. Histological analysis of the skin from wild-type and sEH−/− mice revealed that sEH deletion delayed telogen to anagen transition, and the associated activation of hair follicle stem cells. Interestingly, EdU labeling during the late anagen stage revealed that hair matrix cells from sEH−/− mice proliferated at a greater rate which translated into increased hair growth. Similar effects were observed in in vitro studies using hair follicle explants, where a sEH inhibitor was also able to augment whisker growth in follicles from wild-type mice. sEH activity in the dorsal skin was not constant but altered with the cell cycle, having the most prominent effects on levels of the linoleic acid derivatives 12,13-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-EpOME), and 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-DiHOME). Fitting with this, the sEH substrate 12,13-EpOME significantly increased hair shaft growth in isolated anagen stage hair follicles, while its diol; 12,13-DiHOME, had no effect. RNA sequencing of isolated hair matrix cells implicated altered Wnt signaling in the changes associated with sEH deletion. Taken together, our data indicate that the activity of the sEH in hair follicle changes during the hair follicle cycle and impacts on two stem cell populations, i.e., hair follicle stem cells and matrix cells to affect telogen to anagen transition and hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zumer Naeem
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Zukunft
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Timo Frömel
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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14
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Liu A, Li X, Hao Z, Cao J, Li H, Sun M, Zhang Z, Liang R, Zhang H. Alterations of DNA methylation and mRNA levels of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 in human bronchial epithelial cells induced by benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:127-138. [PMID: 35193440 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211069233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a known human carcinogen and plays a major function in the initiation of lung cancer at its first proximity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are less well understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of B[a]P treatment on the DNA methylation and mRNA levels of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 in human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBEs), and provide scientific evidence for the mechanism study on the carcinogenesis of B[a]P. We treated 16HBEs with DMSO or concentrations of B[a]P at 1, 2, and 5 mmol/L for 24 h, observed the morphological changes, determined the cell viability, DNA methylation, and mRNA levels of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1. Compared to the DMSO controls, B[a]P treatment had significantly increased the neoplastic cell number and cell viability in 16HBEs at all three doses (1, 2, and 5 mmol/L), and had significantly reduced the CYP1A1 and GSTP1 DNA promoter methylation levels. Following B[a]P treatment, the GSTM1 promoter methylation level in 16HBEs was profoundly reduced at low dose group compared to the DMSO controls, yet it was significantly increased at both middle and high dose groups. The mRNA levels of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 were significantly decreased in 16HBEs following B[a]P treatment at all three doses. The findings demonstrate that B[a]P promoted cell proliferation in 16HBEs, which was possibly related to the altered DNA methylations and the inhibited mRNA levels in CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Health Information Management, 74648Shanxi Medical University Fenyang College, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 442190Taiyuan Iron and Steel Co Ltd, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhongsuo Hao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruifeng Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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15
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Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Drug Metabolism in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312808. [PMID: 34884615 PMCID: PMC8657965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, as membrane-bound hemoproteins, play important roles in the detoxification of drugs, cellular metabolism, and homeostasis. In humans, almost 80% of oxidative metabolism and approximately 50% of the overall elimination of common clinical drugs can be attributed to one or more of the various CYPs, from the CYP families 1–3. In addition to the basic metabolic effects for elimination, CYPs are also capable of affecting drug responses by influencing drug action, safety, bioavailability, and drug resistance through metabolism, in both metabolic organs and local sites of action. Structures of CYPs have recently provided new insights into both understanding the mechanisms of drug metabolism and exploiting CYPs as drug targets. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic changes in CYP genes and environmental factors may be responsible for interethnic and interindividual variations in the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. In this review, we summarize and highlight the structural knowledge about CYPs and the major CYPs in drug metabolism. Additionally, genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as several intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to interindividual variation in drug response are also reviewed, to reveal the multifarious and important roles of CYP-mediated metabolism and elimination in drug therapy.
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16
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Genetic variations and epigenetic modulations in CYP genes: Implications in NSAID-treatment of arthritis patients. THE NUCLEUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-021-00373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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17
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Choi JB, Lee J, Kang M, Kim B, Ju Y, Do HS, Yoo HW, Lee BH, Han YM. Dysregulated ECM remodeling proteins lead to aberrant osteogenesis of Costello syndrome iPSCs. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1985-1998. [PMID: 34242618 PMCID: PMC8365028 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Costello syndrome (CS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in HRAS. Although CS patients have skeletal abnormalities, the role of mutated HRAS in bone development remains unclear. Here, we use CS induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) undergoing osteogenic differentiation to investigate how dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling proteins contributes to impaired osteogenesis. Although CS patient-derived iPSCs develop normally to produce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the resulting CS MSCs show defective osteogenesis with reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and lower levels of bone mineralization. We found that hyperactivation of SMAD3 signaling during the osteogenic differentiation of CS MSCs leads to aberrant expression of ECM remodeling proteins such as MMP13, TIMP1, and TIMP2. CS MSCs undergoing osteogenic differentiation also show reduced β-catenin signaling. Knockdown of TIMPs permits normal differentiation of CS MSCs into osteoblasts and enhances β-catenin signaling in a RUNX2-independent manner. Thus, this study demonstrates that enhanced TIMP expression induced by hyperactivated SMAD3 signaling impairs the osteogenic development of CS MSCs via an inactivation of β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyong Kang
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Ju
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sang Do
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Lisoway AJ, Chen CC, Zai CC, Tiwari AK, Kennedy JL. Toward personalized medicine in schizophrenia: Genetics and epigenetics of antipsychotic treatment. Schizophr Res 2021; 232:112-124. [PMID: 34049235 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder where genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors play a role in disease onset, course of illness, and treatment outcome. Pharmaco(epi)genetic research presents an important opportunity to improve patient care through prediction of medication side effects and response. In this narrative review, we discuss the current state of research and important progress of both genetic and epigenetic factors involved in antipsychotic response, over the past five years. The review is largely focused on the following frequently prescribed antipsychotics: olanzapine, risperidone, aripiprazole, and clozapine. Several consistent pharmacogenetic findings have emerged, in particular pharmacokinetic genes (primarily cytochrome P450 enzymes) and pharmacodynamic genes involving dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate neurotransmission. In addition to studies analysing DNA sequence variants, there are also several pharmacoepigenetic studies of antipsychotic response that have focused on the measurement of DNA methylation. Although pharmacoepigenetics is still in its infancy, consideration of both genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to antipsychotic response and side effects no doubt will be increasingly important in personalized medicine. We provide recommendations for next steps in research and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lisoway
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Cheng C Chen
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Clement C Zai
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada.
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19
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Abstract
The regulation of brain cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) is different compared with respective hepatic enzymes. This may result from anatomical bases and physiological functions of the two organs. The brain is composed of a variety of functional structures built of different interconnected cell types endowed with specific receptors that receive various neuronal signals from other brain regions. Those signals activate transcription factors or alter functioning of enzyme proteins. Moreover, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) does not allow free penetration of all substances from the periphery into the brain. Differences in neurotransmitter signaling, availability to endogenous and exogenous active substances, and levels of transcription factors between neuronal and hepatic cells lead to differentiated expression and susceptibility to the regulation of CYP genes in the brain and liver. Herein, we briefly describe the CYP enzymes of CYP1-3 families, their distribution in the brain, and discuss brain-specific regulation of CYP genes. In parallel, a comparison to liver CYP regulation is presented. CYP enzymes play an essential role in maintaining the levels of bioactive molecules within normal ranges. These enzymes modulate the metabolism of endogenous neurochemicals, such as neurosteroids, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, anandamide, and exogenous substances, including psychotropics, drugs of abuse, neurotoxins, and carcinogens. The role of these enzymes is not restricted to xenobiotic-induced neurotoxicity, but they are also involved in brain physiology. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize the function and regulation of CYP enzymes in the brain to build a foundation for future medicine and neuroprotection and for personalized treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kuban
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysława Anna Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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20
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Akhtar S, Hourani S, Therachiyil L, Al-Dhfyan A, Agouni A, Zeidan A, Uddin S, Korashy HM. Epigenetic Regulation of Cancer Stem Cells by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:177-196. [PMID: 32877761 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence has demonstrated that tumor bulk comprises distinctive subset of cells generally referred as cancer stem cells (CSCs) that have been proposed as a strong sustainer and promoter of tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance. These distinguished properties of CSCs have raised interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern the maintenance of these cells. Numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to environmental toxins such as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is strongly involved in cancer initiation and progression. The PAH-induced carcinogenesis is shown to be mediated through the activation of a cytosolic receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/Cytochrome P4501A pathway, suggesting a possible direct link between AhR and CSCs. Several recent studies have investigated the role of AhR in CSCs self-renewal and maintenance, however the molecular mechanisms and particularly the epigenetic regulations of CSCs by the AhR/CYP1A pathway have not been reviewed before. In this review, we first summarize the crosstalk between AhR and cancer genetics, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms relevant to CSCs such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, NF-κB, and PTEN-PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. The second part of this review discusses the recent advances and studies highlighting the epigenetic mechanisms mediated by the AhR/CYP1A pathway that control CSC gene expression, self-renewal, and chemoresistance in various human cancers. Furthermore, the review also sheds light on the importance of targeting the epigenetic pathways as a novel therapeutic approach against CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shireen Hourani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lubna Therachiyil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdullah Al-Dhfyan
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hesham M Korashy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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21
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DNA methylation and histone acetylation changes to cytochrome P450 2E1 regulation in normal aging and impact on rates of drug metabolism in the liver. GeroScience 2020; 42:819-832. [PMID: 32221779 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with reduced liver function that may increase the risk for adverse drug reactions in older adults. We hypothesized that age-related changes to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in drug metabolism may contribute to this effect. We reviewed published epigenome-wide studies of human blood and identified the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) gene as a top locus exhibiting epigenetic changes with age. To investigate potential functional changes with age in the liver, the primary organ of drug metabolism, we obtained liver tissue from mice aged 4-32 months from the National Institute on Aging. We assayed global DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine, 5mC), hydroxymethylation (5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5hmC), and locus-specific 5mC and histone acetylation changes around mouse Cyp2e1. The mouse livers exhibit significant global decreases in 5mC and 5hmC with age. Furthermore, 5mC significantly increased with age at two regulatory regions of Cyp2e1 in tandem with decreases in its gene and protein expressions. H3K9ac levels also changed with age at both regulatory regions of Cyp2e1 investigated, while H3K27ac did not. To test if these epigenetic changes are associated with varying rates of drug metabolism, we assayed clearance of the CYP2E1-specific probe drug chlorzoxazone in microsome extracts from the same livers. CYP2E1 intrinsic clearance is associated with DNA methylation and H3K9ac levels at the Cyp2e1 locus but not with chronological age. This suggests that age-related epigenetic changes may influence rates of hepatic drug metabolism. In the future, epigenetic biomarkers could prove useful to guide dosing regimens in older adults.
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22
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Asmaa MJS, Al-Jamal HA, Hussein AR, Yahaya BH, Hassan R, Hussain FA, Shamsuddin S, Johan MF. Transcriptomic Profiles of MV4-11 and Kasumi 1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines Modulated by Epigenetic Modifiers Trichostatin A and 5-Azacytidine. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2020; 14:72-92. [PMID: 32337016 PMCID: PMC7167603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemias in adults which is clinically and molecularly heterogeneous. Several risk and genetic factors have been widely investigated to characterize AML. However, the concomitant epigenetic factors in controlling the gene expression lead to AML transformation was not fully understood. This study was aimed to identify epigenetically regulated genes in AML cell lines induced by epigenetic modulating agents, Trichostatin A (TSA) and 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza). Materials and Methods: MV4-11 and Kasumi 1 were treated with TSA and/or 5-Aza at IC50 concentration. Gene expression profiling by microarray was utilized using SurePrint G3 Human Gene Expression v3. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway annotations were analyzed by DAVID bioinformatics software using EASE enrichment score. mRNA expression of the differentially expressed genes were verified by quantitative real time PCR. Results: Gene expression analysis revealed a significant changes in the expression of 24,822, 15,720, 15,654 genes in MV4-11 and 12,598, 8828, 18,026 genes in Kasumi 1, in response to TSA, 5-Aza and combination treatments, respectively, compared to non-treated (p<0.05). 7 genes (SOCS3, TUBA1C, CCNA1, MAP3K6, PTPRC, STAT6 and RUNX1) and 4 genes (ANGPTL4, TUBB2A, ADAM12 and PTPN6) shown to be predominantly expressed in MV4-11 and Kasumi 1, respectively (EASE<0.1). The analysis also revealed phagosome pathway commonly activated in both cell lines. Conclusion: Our data showed a distinct optimal biological characteristic and pathway in different types of leukemic cell lines. These finding may help in the identification of cell-specific epigenetic biomarker in the pathogenesis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roslin Hassan
- Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Faezahtul Arbaeyah Hussain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia,Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farid Johan
- Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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23
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Torresi J, Tran BM, Christiansen D, Earnest-Silveira L, Schwab RHM, Vincan E. HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis: the role of signalling pathways and innovative ex vivo research models. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:707. [PMID: 31319796 PMCID: PMC6637598 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of liver cancer, but the mechanisms by which HBV causes liver cancer are poorly understood and chemotherapeutic strategies to cure liver cancer are not available. A better understanding of how HBV requisitions cellular components in the liver will identify novel therapeutic targets for HBV associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MAIN BODY The development of HCC involves deregulation in several cellular signalling pathways including Wnt/FZD/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, IRS1/IGF, and Ras/Raf/MAPK. HBV is known to dysregulate several hepatocyte pathways and cell cycle regulation resulting in HCC development. A number of these HBV induced changes are also mediated through the Wnt/FZD/β-catenin pathway. The lack of a suitable human liver model for the study of HBV has hampered research into understanding pathogenesis of HBV. Primary human hepatocytes provide one option; however, these cells are prone to losing their hepatic functionality and their ability to support HBV replication. Another approach involves induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatocytes. However, iPS technology relies on retroviruses or lentiviruses for effective gene delivery and pose the risk of activating a range of oncogenes. Liver organoids developed from patient-derived liver tissues provide a significant advance in HCC research. Liver organoids retain the characteristics of their original tissue, undergo unlimited expansion, can be differentiated into mature hepatocytes and are susceptible to natural infection with HBV. CONCLUSION By utilizing new ex vivo techniques like liver organoids it will become possible to develop improved and personalized therapeutic approaches that will improve HCC outcomes and potentially lead to a cure for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Bang Manh Tran
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Dale Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Linda Earnest-Silveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Renate Hilda Marianne Schwab
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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24
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Chen J, Jiang S, Wang J, Renukuntla J, Sirimulla S, Chen J. A comprehensive review of cytochrome P450 2E1 for xenobiotic metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:178-195. [PMID: 31203697 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1632889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) plays a vital role in drug-induced hepatotoxicity and cancers (e.g. lung and bladder cancer), since it is responsible for metabolizing a number of medications and environmental toxins to reactive intermediate metabolites. CYP2E1 was recently found to be the highest expressed CYP enzyme in human livers using a proteomics approach, and CYP2E1-related toxicity is strongly associated with its protein level that shows significant inter-individual variability related to ethnicity, age, and sex. Furthermore, the expression of CYP2E1 demonstrates regulation by extensive genetic polymorphism, endogenous hormones, cytokines, xenobiotics, and varying pathological states. Over the past decade, the knowledge of pharmacology, toxicology, and biology about CYP2E1 has grown remarkably, but the research progress has yet to be summarized. This study presents a timely systematic review on CYP2E1's xenobiotic metabolism, genetic polymorphism, and inhibitors, with the focus on their clinical relevance for the efficacy and toxicity of various CYP2E1 substrates. Moreover, several knowledge gaps have been identified towards fully understanding the potential interactions among different CYP2E1 substrates in clinical settings. Through in-depth analyses of these knowns and unknowns, we expect this review will aid in future drug development and improve management of CYP2E1 related clinical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Sibo Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
| | - Jin Wang
- AbbVie Inc , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Jwala Renukuntla
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA
| | - Suman Sirimulla
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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25
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Lauschke VM, Zhou Y, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Novel genetic and epigenetic factors of importance for inter-individual differences in drug disposition, response and toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 197:122-152. [PMID: 30677473 PMCID: PMC6527860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals differ substantially in their response to pharmacological treatment. Personalized medicine aspires to embrace these inter-individual differences and customize therapy by taking a wealth of patient-specific data into account. Pharmacogenomic constitutes a cornerstone of personalized medicine that provides therapeutic guidance based on the genomic profile of a given patient. Pharmacogenomics already has applications in the clinics, particularly in oncology, whereas future development in this area is needed in order to establish pharmacogenomic biomarkers as useful clinical tools. In this review we present an updated overview of current and emerging pharmacogenomic biomarkers in different therapeutic areas and critically discuss their potential to transform clinical care. Furthermore, we discuss opportunities of technological, methodological and institutional advances to improve biomarker discovery. We also summarize recent progress in our understanding of epigenetic effects on drug disposition and response, including a discussion of the only few pharmacogenomic biomarkers implemented into routine care. We anticipate, in part due to exciting rapid developments in Next Generation Sequencing technologies, machine learning methods and national biobanks, that the field will make great advances in the upcoming years towards unlocking the full potential of genomic data.
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Key Words
- 5cac, 5- carboxylcytosine
- 5fc, 5- formylcytosine
- 5hmc, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
- abc-hss, abacavir hypersensitivity syndrome.
- all, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- cat, catalase
- cftr, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- chip, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- cnvs, copy number variations
- cpic, clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium
- dhr, drug hypersensitivity reactions
- dihs, drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome.
- dili, drug-induced liver injury
- dnmts, dna methyltransferases
- dpwg, dutch pharmacogenetics working group
- dress, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
- eqtl, quantitative trait locus
- gpcr, g-protein coupled receptor
- gst, glutathione-s-transferase
- hdacs, histone deacetylases
- maf, minor allele frequencies
- mpe, maculopapular exanthema
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- pm, poor metabolism
- oxbs-seq, oxidative bisulfite sequencing
- prc2, polycomb repressive complex 2
- ptms, posttranslational modifications
- ra, retinoic acid
- scar, severe cutaneous adverse reaction
- sjs, stevens-johnson syndrome
- snvs, single nucleotide variations
- tab-seq, tet-assisted bisulfite sequencing
- ten, toxic epidermal necrolysis
- um, ultrarapid metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Dempsey JL, Cui JY. Regulation of Hepatic Long Noncoding RNAs by Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor Agonists in Mouse Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:329-339. [PMID: 30593543 PMCID: PMC6382996 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) by environmental chemicals modulates the expression of xenobiotic biotransformation-related genes and may serve as therapeutic targets and novel biomarkers of exposure. The pregnane X receptor (PXR/NR1I2) is a critical xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of many drug-processing genes, and it has similar target-gene profiles and DNA-binding motifs with another xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor, namely, constitutive andronstrane receptor (CAR/Nr1i3). To test our hypothesis that lncRNAs are regulated by PXR in concert with protein-coding genes (PCGs) and to compare the PXR-targeted lncRNAs with CAR-targeted lncRNAs, RNA-Seq was performed from livers of adult male C57BL/6 mice treated with corn oil, the PXR agonist PCN, or the CAR agonist 1, 4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP). Among 125,680 known lncRNAs, 3843 were expressed in liver, and 193 were differentially regulated by PXR (among which 40% were also regulated by CAR). Most PXR- or CAR-regulated lncRNAs were mapped to the introns and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of PCGs, as well as intergenic regions. Combining the RNA-Seq data with a published PXR chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing; cytochrome P450 (P450; ChIP-Seq) data set, we identified 774 expressed lncRNAs with direct PXR-DNA binding sites, and 26.8% of differentially expressed lncRNAs had changes in PXR-DNA binding after PCN exposure. De novo motif analysis identified colocalization of PXR with liver receptor homolog (LRH-1), which regulates bile acid synthesis after PCN exposure. There was limited overlap of PXR binding with an epigenetic mark for transcriptional activation (histone-H3K4-di-methylation, H3K4me2) but no overlap with epigenetic marks for transcriptional silencing [H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) and DNA methylation]. Among differentially expressed lncRNAs, 264 were in proximity of PCGs, and the lncRNA-PCG pairs displayed a high coregulatory pattern by PXR and CAR activation. This study was among the first to demonstrate that lncRNAs are regulated by PXR and CAR activation and that they may be important regulators of PCGs involved in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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27
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Fang S, Liu M, Li L, Zhang FF, Li Y, Yan Q, Cui YZ, Zhu YH, Yuan YF, Guan XY. Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 promotes stemness and poor differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma by directly activating the NOTCH pathway. Oncogene 2019; 38:4061-4074. [PMID: 30696957 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells are usually characterized by immature hepatic progenitor cell-like properties, such as enhanced self-renewal ability, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, and a loss of mature hepatocyte proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms governing this process still remain unclear. In this study, we found the lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF1), a transcriptional factor, was frequently overexpressed in HCCs, which was significantly associated with poor prognosis and tumor cell differentiation. Functional studies have found that LEF1 enhanced cell growth, foci formation, colony formation in soft agar, and tumor formation in nude mice. Different from its canonical roles in the WNT signaling pathway, we found that LEF1 could activate the critical members (e.g., NOTCH1 and NOTCH2) of the NOTCH signaling pathway through directly binding to their promoter regions. Further studies have found that LEF1 could enhance the self-renewal ability, drug resistance, dedifferentiation, and invasion of HCC cells. The oncogenic functions and the effects of LEF1 on cancer stemness could be effectively inhibited by NOTCH inhibitor. Further characterization of LEF1 may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Fang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei-Fei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Yan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Cui
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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28
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Ruoß M, Damm G, Vosough M, Ehret L, Grom-Baumgarten C, Petkov M, Naddalin S, Ladurner R, Seehofer D, Nussler A, Sajadian S. Epigenetic Modifications of the Liver Tumor Cell Line HepG2 Increase Their Drug Metabolic Capacity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020347. [PMID: 30654452 PMCID: PMC6358789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human liver tumor cells have reduced metabolic functions as compared to primary human hepatocytes (PHH) they are widely used for pre-screening tests of drug metabolism and toxicity. The aim of the present study was to modify liver cancer cell lines in order to improve their drug-metabolizing activities towards PHH. It is well-known that epigenetics is strongly modified in tumor cells and that epigenetic regulators influence the expression and function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes through altering crucial transcription factors responsible for drug-metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, we screened the epigenetic status of four different liver cancer cell lines (Huh7, HLE, HepG2 and AKN-1) which were reported to have metabolizing drug activities. Our results showed that HepG2 cells demonstrated the highest similarity compared to PHH. Thus, we modified the epigenetic status of HepG2 cells towards 'normal' liver cells by 5-Azacytidine (5-AZA) and Vitamin C exposure. Then, mRNA expression of Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker SNAIL and CYP enzymes were measured by PCR and determinate specific drug metabolites, associated with CYP enzymes by LC/MS. Our results demonstrated an epigenetic shift in HepG2 cells towards PHH after exposure to 5-AZA and Vitamin C which resulted in a higher expression and activity of specific drug metabolizing CYP enzymes. Finally, we observed that 5-AZA and Vitamin C led to an increased expression of Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and E-Cadherin and a significant down regulation of Snail1 (SNAIL), the key transcriptional repressor of E-Cadherin. Our study shows, that certain phase I genes and their enzyme activities are increased by epigenetic modification in HepG2 cells with a concomitant reduction of EMT marker gene SNAIL. The enhancing of liver specific functions in hepatoma cells using epigenetic modifiers opens new opportunities for the usage of cell lines as a potential liver in vitro model for drug testing and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Tehran 16635-148, Iran.
| | - Lisa Ehret
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Carl Grom-Baumgarten
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Martin Petkov
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Silvio Naddalin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ruth Ladurner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sahar Sajadian
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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29
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Alhusaini A, Hasan IH, Aldowsari N, Alsaadan N. Prophylactic Administration of Nanocurcumin Abates the Incidence of Liver Toxicity Induced by an Overdose of Copper Sulfate: Role of CYP4502E1, NF-κB and Bax Expressions. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818816284. [PMID: 30622449 PMCID: PMC6302274 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818816284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consequences of excess copper in human tissue are the alterations in the oxidative stress markers and peroxidative damage of membrane lipids. Unselective copper binding may be the clue to damaging impact to protein construction and hence modifying their biological functions. The aim of this study is to match the hepatoprotective efficacy of curcumin (CM) or nanocurcumin (NCM) with that of desferrioxamine (DSF; standard heavy metal chelator) against toxic doses of copper sulphate (CuSO4). Method All treatments were given simultaneously with CuSO4 for 7 days. Result CuSO4 administration elevated serum alanine transaminase, and hepatic nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxide, and caspase-3 as well as protein expression of cytochrome P4502E1, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Bax gene expressions. On the other hand, hepatic levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and interleukin-10 were decreased, whereas DNA degradation was increased as well compared with the control group. The administration of the aforementioned antioxidants ameliorated all the previous altered measured parameters. Interestingly, NCM achieved the most pronounced hepatoprotective effect nearly equivalent to that of DSF. Conclusion It was concluded that NCM is considered a promising candidate against CuSO4 toxicity, and cytochrome P450, NF-κB, and Bax are involved in its toxicity and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alhusaini
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman H Hasan
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Aldowsari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Njood Alsaadan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Choi YJ, Kim H, Kim JW, Yoon S, Park HJ. Hepatic esterase activity is increased in hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells using a 3D culture system. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:755-763. [PMID: 29464570 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to generate a spherical three-dimensional (3D) aggregate of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) differentiated from human embryonic stem cells and to investigate the effect of the 3D environment on hepatic maturation and drug metabolism. RESULTS Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that gene expression of mature hepatocyte markers, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and hepatic transporters was significantly higher in HLCs cultured in the 3D system than in those cultured in a two-dimensional system (p < 0.001). Moreover, hepatocyte-specific functions, including albumin secretion and bile canaliculi formation, were increased in HLCs cultured in the 3D system. In particular, 3D spheroidal culture increased expression of CES1 and BCHE, which encode hepatic esterases (p < 0.001). The enhanced activities of these hepatic esterases were confirmed by the cholinesterase activity assay and the increased susceptibility of HLCs to oseltamivir, which is metabolized by CES1. CONCLUSIONS 3D spheroidal culture enhances the maturation and drug metabolism of stem cell-derived HLCs, and this may help to optimize hepatic differentiation protocols for hepatotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Choi
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Human and Environmental Toxicology, School of Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Kim
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Human and Environmental Toxicology, School of Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jin Park
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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Maymó JL, Riedel R, Pérez-Pérez A, Magatti M, Maskin B, Dueñas JL, Parolini O, Sánchez-Margalet V, Varone CL. Proliferation and survival of human amniotic epithelial cells during their hepatic differentiation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191489. [PMID: 29346426 PMCID: PMC5773201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells derived from placental tissues are an attractive source of cells for regenerative medicine. Amniotic epithelial cells isolated from human amnion (hAECs) have desirable and competitive characteristics that make them stand out between other stem cells. They have the ability to differentiate toward all three germ layers, they are not tumorigenic and they have immunosuppressive properties. Although liver transplantation is the best way to treat acute and chronic hepatic failure patients, there are several obstacles. Recently, stem cells have been spotlighted as alternative source of hepatocytes because of their potential for hepatogenic differentiation. In this work, we aimed to study the proliferation and survival of the hAECs during their hepatic differentiation. We have also analyzed the changes in pluripotency and hepatic markers. We differentiated amniotic cells applying a specific hepatic differentiation (HD) protocol. We determined by qRT-PCR that hAECs express significant levels of SOX-2, OCT-4 and NANOG during at least 15 days in culture and these pluripotent markers diminish during HD. SSEA-4 expression was reduced during HD, measured by immunofluorescence. Morphological characteristics became more similar to hepatic ones in differentiated cells and representative hepatic markers significantly augmented their expression, measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cells achieved a differentiation efficiency of 75%. We observed that HD induced proliferation and promoted survival of hAECs, during 30 days in culture, evaluated by 3H-thymidine incorporation and MTT assay. HD also promoted changes in hAECs cell cycle. Cyclin D1 expression increased, while p21 and p53 levels were reduced. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Ki-67 expression was upregulated during HD. Finally, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, which is intimately linked to proliferation and cell survival, augmented during all HD process and the inhibition of this signaling pathway affected not only proliferation but also differentiation. Our results suggest that HD promotes proliferation and survival of hAECs, providing important evidence about the mechanisms governing their hepatic differentiation. We bring new knowledge concerning some of the optimal transplantation conditions for these hepatic like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta L. Maymó
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Rodrigo Riedel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Sánchez Pizjuán 4 (41009), Sevilla, España
| | - Marta Magatti
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni- Fondazione Poliambulanza- Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italia
| | - Bernardo Maskin
- Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Luis Dueñas
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, España
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni- Fondazione Poliambulanza- Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italia
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Sánchez Pizjuán 4 (41009), Sevilla, España
| | - Cecilia L. Varone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Falero-Perez J, Song YS, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. CYP1B1: A key regulator of redox homeostasis. TRENDS IN CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 13:27-45. [PMID: 30894785 PMCID: PMC6422340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CYP1B1 is a member of the CYP1 subfamily of CYP superfamily of enzymes, which contains three members, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1. CYP1B1 is expressed in both adult and fetal human extrahepatic tissues, including the parenchymal and stromal cells of most organs. Mutations in the CYP1B1 gene are linked to the development of primary congenital glaucoma in humans. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using Cyp1b1-deficient mice, we showed that CYP1B1 is constitutively expressed in retinal vascular cells with a significant role in retinal neovascularization during oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy. We also showed CYP1B1 is constitutively expressed in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and its expression plays a significant role in the normal development and function of the TM tissue. We have observed that germline deletion of Cyp1b1 is associated with increased oxidative stress in the retinal vascular and TM cells in culture, and retinal and TM tissue in vivo. We showed increased oxidative stress was responsible for altered production of the extracellular matrix proteins and had a significant impact on cellular integrity and function of these tissues. Collectively, our studies have established an important role for CYP1B1 expression in modulation of tissue integrity and function through the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis and extracellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Falero-Perez
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI USA
| | - Yong-Seok Song
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI USA
| | - Christine M. Sorenson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI USA
- Departments of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI USA
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Generation of a PXR reporter human induced pluripotent stem cell line (PXR-mCherry hiPSC) using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Stem Cell Res 2018; 26:72-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Choi YJ, Kim H, Kim JW, Song CW, Kim DS, Yoon S, Park HJ. Phthalazinone Pyrazole Enhances the Hepatic Functions of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells via Suppression of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 14:438-450. [PMID: 29238913 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During liver development, nonpolarized hepatic progenitor cells differentiate into mature hepatocytes with distinct polarity. This polarity is essential for maintaining the intrinsic properties of hepatocytes. The balance between the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) plays a decisive role in differentiation of polarized hepatocytes. In this study, we found that phthalazinone pyrazole (PP), a selective inhibitor of Aurora-A kinase (Aurora-A), suppressed the EMT during the differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from human embryonic stem cells. The differentiated HLCs treated with PP at the hepatoblast stage showed enhanced hepatic morphology and functions, particularly with regard to the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes. Moreover, we found that these effects were mediated though suppression of the AKT pathway, which is involved in induction of the EMT, and upregulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α expression rather than Aurora-A inhibition. In conclusion, these findings provided insights into the regulatory role of the EMT on in vitro hepatic maturation, suggesting that inhibition of the EMT may drive transformation of hepatoblast cells into mature and polarized HLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Choi
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, School of Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Song
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, School of Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Brain Korea 21, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, School of Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jin Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Meier F, Freyer N, Brzeszczynska J, Knöspel F, Armstrong L, Lako M, Greuel S, Damm G, Ludwig-Schwellinger E, Deschl U, Ross JA, Beilmann M, Zeilinger K. Hepatic differentiation of human iPSCs in different 3D models: A comparative study. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1759-1771. [PMID: 29039463 PMCID: PMC5716452 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a promising source from which to derive distinct somatic cell types for in vitro or clinical use. Existent protocols for hepatic differentiation of hiPSCs are primarily based on 2D cultivation of the cells. In the present study, the authors investigated the generation of hiPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells using two different 3D culture systems: A 3D scaffold-free microspheroid culture system and a 3D hollow-fiber perfusion bioreactor. The differentiation outcome in these 3D systems was compared with that in conventional 2D cultures, using primary human hepatocytes as a control. The evaluation was made based on specific mRNA expression, protein secretion, antigen expression and metabolic activity. The expression of α-fetoprotein was lower, while cytochrome P450 1A2 or 3A4 activities were higher in the 3D culture systems as compared with the 2D differentiation system. Cells differentiated in the 3D bioreactor showed an increased expression of albumin and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, as well as secretion of α-1-antitrypsin as compared with the 2D differentiation system, suggesting a higher degree of maturation. In contrast, the 3D scaffold-free microspheroid culture provides an easy and robust method to generate spheroids of a defined size for screening applications, while the bioreactor culture model provides an instrument for complex investigations under physiological-like conditions. In conclusion, the present study introduces two 3D culture systems for stem cell derived hepatic differentiation each demonstrating advantages for individual applications as well as benefits in comparison with 2D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna Brzeszczynska
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, EH164SB Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE13BZ Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE13BZ Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Selina Greuel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva Ludwig-Schwellinger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Germany, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James A Ross
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, EH164SB Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mario Beilmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Cho YD, Yoon S, Kang K, Kim Y, Lee SB, Seo D, Ryu K, Jeong J, Choi D. Simple Maturation of Direct-Converted Hepatocytes Derived from Fibroblasts. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:579-586. [PMID: 30603511 PMCID: PMC6171619 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Target cells differentiation techniques from stem cells are developed rapidly. Recently, direct conversion techniques are introduced in various categories. Unlike pluripotent stem cells, this technique enables direct differentiation into the other cell types such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, insulin-producing cells, and hepatocytes without going through the pluripotent stage. However, the function of these converted cells reserve an immature phenotype. Therefore, we modified the culture conditions of mouse direct converted hepatocytes (miHeps) to mature fetal characteristics, such as higher AFP and lower albumin (ALB) expression than primary hepatocytes. First, we generate miHeps from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with two transcription factors HNF4α and Foxa3. These cells indicate typical epithelial morphology and express hepatic proteins. To mature hepatic function, DMSO is treated during culture time for more than 7 days. After maturation, miHeps showed features of maturation such as exhibiting typical hepatocyte-like morphology, increased up-regulated ALB and CYP enzyme gene expression, down-regulated AFP expressions, and acquired hepatic function over time. Thus, our data provides a simple method to mature direct converted hepatocytes functionally and these cells enable them to move closer to generating functional hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-duck Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| | - Sangtae Yoon
- HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Kyojin Kang
- HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Yohan Kim
- HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, 01812 Korea
| | - Daekwan Seo
- Bioinformatics Department, Macrogen Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Kiyoung Ryu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Jaemin Jeong
- HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763 Korea
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Ghosheh N, Küppers-Munther B, Asplund A, Edsbagge J, Ulfenborg B, Andersson TB, Björquist P, Andersson CX, Carén H, Simonsson S, Sartipy P, Synnergren J. Comparative transcriptomics of hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and adult human liver tissue. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:430-446. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-HEP) have the potential to replace presently used hepatocyte sources applied in liver disease treatment and models of drug discovery and development. Established hepatocyte differentiation protocols are effective and generate hepatocytes, which recapitulate some key features of their in vivo counterparts. However, generating mature hPSC-HEP remains a challenge. In this study, we applied transcriptomics to investigate the progress of in vitro hepatic differentiation of hPSCs at the developmental stages, definitive endoderm, hepatoblasts, early hPSC-HEP, and mature hPSC-HEP, to identify functional targets that enhance efficient hepatocyte differentiation. Using functional annotation, pathway and protein interaction network analyses, we observed the grouping of differentially expressed genes in specific clusters representing typical developmental stages of hepatic differentiation. In addition, we identified hub proteins and modules that were involved in the cell cycle process at early differentiation stages. We also identified hub proteins that differed in expression levels between hPSC-HEP and the liver tissue controls. Moreover, we identified a module of genes that were expressed at higher levels in the liver tissue samples than in the hPSC-HEP. Considering that hub proteins and modules generally are essential and have important roles in the protein-protein interactions, further investigation of these genes and their regulators may contribute to a better understanding of the differentiation process. This may suggest novel target pathways and molecules for improvement of hPSC-HEP functionality, having the potential to finally bring this technology to a wider use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Ghosheh
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Ulfenborg
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Stina Simonsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sartipy
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Global Medicines Development Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Global Medicines Development Unit, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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38
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Khazali AS, Clark AM, Wells A. A Pathway to Personalizing Therapy for Metastases Using Liver-on-a-Chip Platforms. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:364-380. [PMID: 28425064 PMCID: PMC5484059 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for most cancer-related deaths. The majority of solid cancers, including those of the breast, colorectum, prostate and skin, metastasize at significant levels to the liver due to its hemodynamic as well as tumor permissive microenvironmental properties. As this occurs prior to detection and treatment of the primary tumor, we need to target liver metastases to improve patients' outcomes. Animal models, while proven to be useful in mechanistic studies, do not represent the heterogeneity of human population especially in drug metabolism lack proper human cell-cell interactions, and this gap between animals and humans results in costly and inefficient drug discovery. This underscores the need to accurately model the human liver for disease studies and drug development. Further, the occurrence of liver metastases is influenced by the primary tumor type, sex and race; thus, modeling these specific settings will facilitate the development of personalized/targeted medicine for each specific group. We have adapted such all-human 3D ex vivo hepatic microphysiological system (MPS) (a.k.a. liver-on-a-chip) to investigate human micrometastases. This review focuses on the sources of liver resident cells, especially the iPS cell-derived hepatocytes, and examines some of the advantages and disadvantages of these sources. In addition, this review also examines other potential challenges and limitations in modeling human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Khazali
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - A M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - A Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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39
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Guo X, Li W, Ma M, Lu X, Zhang H. Endothelial cell-derived matrix promotes the metabolic functional maturation of hepatocyte via integrin-Src signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2809-2822. [PMID: 28470937 PMCID: PMC5661128 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment is involved in the regulation of hepatocyte phenotype and function. Recently, the cell‐derived extracellular matrix has been proposed to represent the bioactive and biocompatible materials of the native ECM. Here, we show that the endothelial cell‐derived matrix (EC matrix) promotes the metabolic maturation of human adipose stem cell‐derived hepatocyte‐like cells (hASC‐HLCs) through the activation of the transcription factor forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) and the nuclear receptors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Reducing the fibronectin content in the EC matrix or silencing the expression of α5 integrin in the hASC‐HLCs inhibited the effect of the EC matrix on Src phosphorylation and hepatocyte maturation. The inhibition of Src phosphorylation using the inhibitor PP2 or silencing the expression of Src in hASC‐HLCs also attenuated the up‐regulation of the metabolic function of hASC‐HLCs in a nuclear receptor‐dependent manner. These data elucidate integrin‐Src signalling linking the extrinsic EC matrix signals and metabolic functional maturation of hepatocyte. This study provides a model for studying the interaction between hepatocytes and non‐parenchymal cell‐derived matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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40
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Wang Y, Yu D, Tolleson WH, Yu LR, Green B, Zeng L, Chen Y, Chen S, Ren Z, Guo L, Tong W, Guan H, Ning B. A systematic evaluation of microRNAs in regulating human hepatic CYP2E1. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 138:174-184. [PMID: 28438567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is an important drug metabolizing enzyme for processing numerous xenobiotics in the liver, including acetaminophen and ethanol. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can suppress CYP2E1 expression by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of its transcript. However, a systematic analysis of CYP2E1 regulation by miRNAs has not been described. Here, we applied in silico, in vivo, and in vitro approaches to investigate miRNAs involved in the regulation of CYP2E1. Initially, potential miRNA binding sites in the CYP2E1 mRNA transcript were identified and screened using in silico methods. Next, inverse correlations were found in human liver samples between the expression of CYP2E1 mRNA and the levels of two miRNA species, hsa-miR-214-3p and hsa-miR-942-5p. In a HepG2-derived CYP2E1 over-expression cell model, hsa-miR-214-3p exhibited strong suppression of CYP2E1 expression by targeting the coding region of its mRNA transcript, but hsa-miR-942-5p did not inhibit CYP2E1 levels. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that hsa-miR-214-3p recruited other cellular protein factors to form stable complexes with specific sequences present in the CYP2E1 mRNA open reading frame. Transfection of HepaRG cells with hsa-miR-214-3p mimics inhibited expression of the endogenous CYP2E1 gene. Further, hsa-miR-214-3p mimics partially blocked ethanol-dependent increases in CYP2E1 mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cells and they reduced the release of alanine aminotransferase from CYP2E1-overexpressing HepG2 cells exposed to acetaminophen. These results substantiate the suppressing effect of hsa-miR-214-3p on CYP2E1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Dianke Yu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William H Tolleson
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Li-Rong Yu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Bridgett Green
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Linjuan Zeng
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Yinting Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Si Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Weida Tong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Huaijin Guan
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Baitang Ning
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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41
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Xie C, Pogribna M, Word B, Lyn‐Cook L, Lyn‐Cook BD, Hammons GJ. In vitro analysis of factors influencing CYP1A2 expression as potential determinants of interindividual variation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5:e00299. [PMID: 28357125 PMCID: PMC5368963 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in drug metabolism contribute to interindividual variation that characterizes responses to drugs and risk in exposure to foreign chemicals. Large individual differences are found in expression levels of CYP1A2, a major drug-metabolizing enzyme. Underlying causes for this variation are not well understood. Several factors, including tobacco smoking, consumption of cruciferous vegetables, and sex, have been associated with modulating CYP1A2 expression. To understand factors regulating expression of CYP1A2 in establishing a causal relationship, this study examined effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), indole-3-carbinol (I3C), and 17β-estradiol (estradiol) on CYP1A2 expression in in vitro systems using human liver and lung cells. Treatment with CSC (2-25 μg/mL) significantly increased levels of CYP1A2 in six cell lines examined, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Fold changes in expression levels relative to controls varied among cell lines. CYP1A2 enzymatic activity also increased with CSC exposure. Treatment of H1299 and HepB3 cells with dietary agent I3C (50 and 100 μmol/L) increased CYP1A2 expression. In human cell lines H1299 and H1395, treatment with estradiol (10 and 100 nmol/L) significantly reduced expression of CYP1A2. Using ChIP assays, effects of CSC on histone modifications were analyzed. Increases in H3K4me3 and H4K16ac were observed at several segments in the CYP1A2 gene, whereas H3K27me3 decreased, following CSC treatment. These results suggest that CYP1A2 expression is affected epigenetically by CSC. Additional studies will be needed to further establish regulatory mechanisms underlying effects of various environmental, dietary, and endogenous factors on CYP1A2 expression in better predicting individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChengHui Xie
- Division of Biochemical ToxicologyFDA/National Center for Toxicological ResearchJeffersonArkansas72079
| | - Marta Pogribna
- Division of Biochemical ToxicologyFDA/National Center for Toxicological ResearchJeffersonArkansas72079
| | - Beverly Word
- Division of Biochemical ToxicologyFDA/National Center for Toxicological ResearchJeffersonArkansas72079
| | - Lascelles Lyn‐Cook
- Division of Biochemical ToxicologyFDA/National Center for Toxicological ResearchJeffersonArkansas72079
| | - Beverly D. Lyn‐Cook
- Division of Biochemical ToxicologyFDA/National Center for Toxicological ResearchJeffersonArkansas72079
| | - George J. Hammons
- Division of Biochemical ToxicologyFDA/National Center for Toxicological ResearchJeffersonArkansas72079
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Zakikhan K, Pournasr B, Vosough M, Nassiri-Asl M. In Vitro Generated Hepatocyte-Like Cells: A Novel Tool in Regenerative Medicine and Drug Discovery. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:204-217. [PMID: 28670513 PMCID: PMC5412779 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) are generated from either various human pluripotent stem
cells (hPSCs) including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells
(ESCs), or direct cell conversion, mesenchymal stem cells as well as other stem cells like
gestational tissues. They provide potential cell sources for biomedical applications. Liver
transplantation is the gold standard treatment for the patients with end stage liver disease,
but there are many obstacles limiting this process, like insufficient number of donated
healthy livers. Meanwhile, the number of patients receiving a liver organ transplant for
a better life is increasing. In this regard, HLCs may provide an adequate cell source to
overcome these shortages. New molecular engineering approaches such as CRISPR/
Cas system applying in iPSCs technology provide the basic principles of gene correction
for monogenic inherited metabolic liver diseases, as another application of HLCs. It has
been shown that HLCs could replace primary human hepatocytes in drug discovery and
hepatotoxicity tests. However, generation of fully functional HLCs is still a big challenge;
several research groups have been trying to improve current differentiation protocols to
achieve better HLCs according to morphology and function of cells. Large-scale generation
of functional HLCs in bioreactors could make a new opportunity in producing enough
hepatocytes for treating end-stage liver patients as well as other biomedical applications
such as drug studies. In this review, regarding the biomedical value of HLCs, we focus
on the current and efficient approaches for generating hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and
discuss about their applications in regenerative medicine and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Zakikhan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Behshad Pournasr
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Regulation of Human Cytochrome P4501A1 (hCYP1A1): A Plausible Target for Chemoprevention? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5341081. [PMID: 28105425 PMCID: PMC5220472 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5341081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 1A1 (hCYP1A1) has been an object of study due to its role in precarcinogen metabolism; for this reason it is relevant to know more in depth the mechanisms that rule out its expression and activity, which make this enzyme a target for the development of novel chemiopreventive agents. The aim of this work is to review the origin, regulation, and structural and functional characteristics of CYP1A1 letting us understand its role in the bioactivation of precarcinogen and the consequences of its modulation in other physiological processes, as well as guide us in the study of this important protein.
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Hosoya M, Czysz K. Translational Prospects and Challenges in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research in Drug Discovery. Cells 2016; 5:cells5040046. [PMID: 28009813 PMCID: PMC5187530 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous efforts to improve the process of drug discovery and development, achieving success at the clinical stage remains challenging because of a persistent translational gap between the preclinical and clinical settings. Under these circumstances, the discovery of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has brought new hope to the drug discovery field because they enable scientists to humanize a variety of pharmacological and toxicological models in vitro. The availability of human iPS cell-derived cells, particularly as an alternative for difficult-to-access tissues and organs, is increasing steadily; however, their use in the field of translational medicine remains challenging. Biomarkers are an essential part of the translational effort to shift new discoveries from bench to bedside as they provide a measurable indicator with which to evaluate pharmacological and toxicological effects in both the preclinical and clinical settings. In general, during the preclinical stage of the drug development process, in vitro models that are established to recapitulate human diseases are validated by using a set of biomarkers; however, their translatability to a clinical setting remains problematic. This review provides an overview of current strategies for human iPS cell-based drug discovery from the perspective of translational research, and discusses the importance of early consideration of clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hosoya
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Katherine Czysz
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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45
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Zeilinger K, Freyer N, Damm G, Seehofer D, Knöspel F. Cell sources for in vitro human liver cell culture models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1684-98. [PMID: 27385595 PMCID: PMC4999620 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216657448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro liver cell culture models are gaining increasing importance in pharmacological and toxicological research. The source of cells used is critical for the relevance and the predictive value of such models. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are currently considered to be the gold standard for hepatic in vitro culture models, since they directly reflect the specific metabolism and functionality of the human liver; however, the scarcity and difficult logistics of PHH have driven researchers to explore alternative cell sources, including liver cell lines and pluripotent stem cells. Liver cell lines generated from hepatomas or by genetic manipulation are widely used due to their good availability, but they are generally altered in certain metabolic functions. For the past few years, adult and pluripotent stem cells have been attracting increasing attention, due their ability to proliferate and to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro However, controlling the differentiation of these cells is still a challenge. This review gives an overview of the major human cell sources under investigation for in vitro liver cell culture models, including primary human liver cells, liver cell lines, and stem cells. The promises and challenges of different cell types are discussed with a focus on the complex 2D and 3D culture approaches under investigation for improving liver cell functionality in vitro Finally, the specific application options of individual cell sources in pharmacological research or disease modeling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zeilinger
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Kim Y, Choi JY, Lee SH, Lee BH, Yoo HW, Han YM. Malfunction in Mitochondrial β-Oxidation Contributes to Lipid Accumulation in Hepatocyte-Like Cells Derived from Citrin Deficiency-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:636-47. [PMID: 26914390 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrin deficiency (CD) is a recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the citrin gene SLC25A13. CD causes various symptoms related to nutrient metabolism such as urea cycle failure, abnormal amino acid levels, and fatty liver. To understand the pathophysiology of CD, the molecular phenotypes were investigated using induced pluripotent stem cells derived from fibroblasts of CD patient (CD-iPSCs). In this study, we demonstrate that aberrant mitochondrial β-oxidation may lead to fatty liver in CD patients. CD-iPSCs normally differentiated into hepatocytes, similar to wild-type iPSCs (WT-iPSCs). However, hepatocytes derived from CD-iPSCs (CD-HLCs) did not exhibit ureogenesis. Cellular triglyceride and lipid granule levels were significantly increased in CD-HLCs compared with WT-HLCs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and its target genes which are involved in mitochondrial β-oxidation were downregulated in CD-HLCs, and treatment with a PPAR-α agonist partially reduced the lipid accumulation in CD-HLCs. In addition, the mitochondria in CD-HLCs exhibited abnormal morphologies. Based on these observations, we conclude that the lipid accumulation in CD-HLCs results from dysfunctional mitochondrial β-oxidation and abnormal mitochondrial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Kim
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,2 Center for Stem Cell Differentiation , KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yun Choi
- 2 Center for Stem Cell Differentiation , KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,3 Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering , KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- 4 BioMedical Research Center , KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Hee Lee
- 5 Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- 5 Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,2 Center for Stem Cell Differentiation , KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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47
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Xeno-sensing activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21684. [PMID: 26899675 PMCID: PMC4761945 DOI: 10.1038/srep21684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hepatocyte-like cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-HLCs) are considered a promising model for predicting hepatotoxicity, their application has been restricted because of the low activity of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). Here we found that the low expression of xenobiotic receptors (constitutive androstane receptor, CAR; and pregnane X receptor, PXR) contributes to the low activity of DMEs in hPSC-HLCs. Most CAR- and PXR-regulated DMEs and transporters were transcriptionally down-regulated in hPSC-HLC. Transcriptional expression of CAR and PXR was highly repressed in hPSC-HLCs, whereas mRNA levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) were comparable to those of adult liver. Furthermore, ligand-induced transcriptional activation was observed only at AHR in hPSC-HLCs. Bisulfite sequencing analysis demonstrated that promoter hypermethylation of CAR and PXR was associated with diminished transcriptional activity in hPSC-HLCs. Treatment with AHR-selective ligands increased the transcription of AHR-dependent target genes by direct AHR-DNA binding at the xenobiotic response element. In addition, an antagonist of AHR significantly inhibited AHR-dependent target gene expression. Thus, AHR may function intrinsically as a xenosensor as well as a ligand-dependent transcription factor in hPSC-HLCs. Our results indicate that hPSC-HLCs can be used to screen toxic substances related to AHR signaling and to identify potential AHR-targeted therapeutics.
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48
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Cacabelos R, Torrellas C. Epigenetics of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Pharmacogenomics and Drug Response. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30483-543. [PMID: 26703582 PMCID: PMC4691177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic variability (DNA methylation/demethylation, histone modifications, microRNA regulation) is common in physiological and pathological conditions. Epigenetic alterations are present in different tissues along the aging process and in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Epigenetics affect life span and longevity. AD-related genes exhibit epigenetic changes, indicating that epigenetics might exert a pathogenic role in dementia. Epigenetic modifications are reversible and can potentially be targeted by pharmacological intervention. Epigenetic drugs may be useful for the treatment of major problems of health (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disorders, brain disorders). The efficacy and safety of these and other medications depend upon the efficiency of the pharmacogenetic process in which different clusters of genes (pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter, pleiotropic) are involved. Most of these genes are also under the influence of the epigenetic machinery. The information available on the pharmacoepigenomics of most drugs is very limited; however, growing evidence indicates that epigenetic changes are determinant in the pathogenesis of many medical conditions and in drug response and drug resistance. Consequently, pharmacoepigenetic studies should be incorporated in drug development and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Clara Torrellas
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692-Madrid, Spain.
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49
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He ZX, Chen XW, Zhou ZW, Zhou SF. Impact of physiological, pathological and environmental factors on the expression and activity of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and implications in precision medicine. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:470-519. [PMID: 26574146 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With only 1.3-4.3% in total hepatic CYP content, human CYP2D6 can metabolize more than 160 drugs. It is a highly polymorphic enzyme and subject to marked inhibition by a number of drugs, causing a large interindividual variability in drug clearance and drug response and drug-drug interactions. The expression and activity of CYP2D6 are regulated by a number of physiological, pathological and environmental factors at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and epigenetic levels. DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications can repress the expression of CYP2D6. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α binds to a directly repeated element in the promoter of CYP2D6 and thus regulates the expression of CYP2D6. Small heterodimer partner represses hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α-mediated transactivation of CYP2D6. GW4064, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, decreases hepatic CYP2D6 expression and activity while increasing small heterodimer partner expression and its recruitment to the CYP2D6 promoter. The genotypes are key determinants of interindividual variability in CYP2D6 expression and activity. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of genes that can regulate CYP2D6. Pregnancy induces CYP2D6 via unknown mechanisms. Renal or liver diseases, smoking and alcohol use have minor to moderate effects only on CYP2D6 activity. Unlike CYP1 and 3 and other CYP2 members, CYP2D6 is resistant to typical inducers such as rifampin, phenobarbital and dexamethasone. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation of CYP2D6 Ser135 have been observed, but the functional impact is unknown. Further functional and validation studies are needed to clarify the role of nuclear receptors, epigenetic factors and other factors in the regulation of CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xu He
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- b Department of General Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University , Shunde , Foshan , Guangdong , China , and
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China .,c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
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