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Sinha S, Medhi B, Radotra BD, Batovska DI, Markova N, Bhalla A, Sehgal R. Antimalarial and immunomodulatory potential of chalcone derivatives in experimental model of malaria. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:330. [PMID: 36510199 PMCID: PMC9743746 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03777-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a complex issue due to the availability of few therapies and chemical families against Plasmodium and mosquitoes. There is increasing resistance to various drugs and insecticides in Plasmodium and in the vector. Additionally, human behaviors are responsible for promoting resistance as well as increasing the risk of exposure to infections. Chalcones and their derivatives have been widely explored for their antimalarial effects. In this context, new derivatives of chalcones have been evaluated for their antimalarial efficacy. METHODS BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei NK-65. The efficacy of the three most potent chalcone derivations (1, 2, and 3) identified after an in vitro compound screening test was tested. The selected doses of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg were studied by evaluating parasitemia, changes in temperature, body weights, organ weights, histopathological features, nitric oxide, cytokines, and ICAM-1 expression. Also, localization of parasites inside the two vital tissues involved during malaria infections was done through a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS All three chalcone derivative treated groups showed significant (p < 0.001) reductions in parasitemia levels on the fifth and eighth days of post-infection compared to the infected control. These derivatives were found to modulate the immune response in a P. berghei infected malaria mouse model with a significant reduction in IL-12 levels. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates the potential inhibitory and immunomodulatory actions of chalcones against the rodent malarial parasite P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - B. D. Radotra
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daniela I. Batovska
- grid.410344.60000 0001 2097 3094Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadezhda Markova
- grid.410344.60000 0001 2097 3094Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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Ayalew M, Atnafie SA, Bekele A. Antimalarial activity of solvent fractions of a leaf of Eucalyptus globulus labill against Plasmodium berghei infected mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:221. [PMID: 35974350 PMCID: PMC9380366 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The leaf of Eucalyptus globulus is commonly used in the traditional management of malaria. However, the efficacy of solvent fractions are didn’t study yet scientifically. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the antimalarial efficacy of the solvent fractions of the leaf of Eucalyptus globulus in mice against P.berghei.
Methods
The antimalarial activity of the fractions was tested in a 4-day suppressive test, Rane’s test, and prophylactic test models within P.berghei infected mice. The results were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc Tukey’s test in version 20 SPSS.
Results
All fractions at all test doses in the three test models suppressed parasitemia (p < 0.001) compared to the negative controls. In addition, the CF and EA at all three test doses and the AF at 400 mg/kg in three antimalarial test models showed 50% and above parasitemia suppression. In compliance with this, all fractions at all test doses in all test models prolonged the mean survival time of the mice greater than 12 days, except the AF at a lower dose. All fractions at 400 mg/kg in the three test models prevented (p < 0.001) loss of body weight and rectal temperature compared to the negative controls. Furthermore, all fractions in all test models and doses prevented packed cell volume reduction (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) compared to the negative controls..
Conclusion
The findings of this study showed that CF and EAF had greater antimalarial activity compared to AF. This could be attributed to the presence of few phytochemicals in the AF in contrast to the CF and EAF. Overall, the results of this study further support the in vitro antimalarial activity study and the traditional use of the leaf in the management of malaria.
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Sánchez-Arcila JC, Jensen KDC. Forward Genetics in Apicomplexa Biology: The Host Side of the Story. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878475. [PMID: 35646724 PMCID: PMC9133346 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward genetic approaches have been widely used in parasitology and have proven their power to reveal the complexities of host-parasite interactions in an unbiased fashion. Many aspects of the parasite’s biology, including the identification of virulence factors, replication determinants, antibiotic resistance genes, and other factors required for parasitic life, have been discovered using such strategies. Forward genetic approaches have also been employed to understand host resistance mechanisms to parasitic infection. Here, we will introduce and review all forward genetic approaches that have been used to identify host factors involved with Apicomplexa infections, which include classical genetic screens and QTL mapping, GWAS, ENU mutagenesis, overexpression, RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 library screens. Collectively, these screens have improved our understanding of host resistance mechanisms, immune regulation, vaccine and drug designs for Apicomplexa parasites. We will also discuss how recent advances in molecular genetics give present opportunities to further explore host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Sánchez-Arcila
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Kirk D. C. Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kirk D. C. Jensen,
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Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of Crude Extract of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Leaf against Plasmodium berghei in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7068999. [PMID: 34594391 PMCID: PMC8478552 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7068999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Traditional medicinal plants are used as a common source of developing new and effective antimalarial drugs. E. globulus leaf has been used in the traditional management of malaria in different countries, including Ethiopia. However, there is no in vivo study done on the antimalarial activity of the plant. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antimalarial activity of crude extract of E. globulus Labill. leaf in P. berghei-infected mice. Method The fresh leaves of E. globulus were collected, washed, air-dried, and made as coarse powder. Either sex of mice aged 6 to 8 weeks was used in the experiment. The antimalarial activity of the crude extract was tested in four-day suppressive, curative (Rane's), and prophylactic (repository) tests. The parameters like level of parasitemia, packed cell volume, body weight, rectal temperature, and mean survival time were recorded. The analysis of the data was done with SPSS version 20 with a 95% confidence interval in one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results In all three antimalarial test models, the extract of leaf of E. globulus at all three doses suppressed the level of parasitemia significantly (p < 0.001), increased survival time (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001), and prevented a decrease in body weight as compared to the negative control. The middle and large doses of the extract also decreased loss of body temperature (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) compared to the negative control. Reduction of packed cell volume was prevented within the three test doses of the extract in both curative and prophylactic tests and middle and large doses in the 4-day suppressive test compared to the negative control. Conclusion The crude extract of the plant showed promising antimalarial activity. This supports the traditional use and the in vitro test result of the plant.
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Alaribe SC, Oladipupo AR, Uche GC, Onumba MU, Ota D, Awodele O, Oyibo WA. Suppressive, curative, and prophylactic potentials of an antimalarial polyherbal mixture and its individual components in Plasmodium berghei-Infected mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114105. [PMID: 33961995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in tropical regions of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it remains epidemiologically holoendemic. The absence of effective vaccines and Plasmodium resistance to antimalarial drugs have been the major challenges to malaria control measures. An alternative strategy could be the application of validated and standardized herbal formulations. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antimalarial activity of a polyherbal mixture (APM) and compare it to those of its individual constituent plants. METHODS APM consisted of stem barks of Mangifera indica (MI), Azadirachta indica (AI), Nauclea latifolia (and roots, NL) and roots of Morinda lucida (ML). Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) and pyronaridine-artesunate (PA) served as positive controls. Antimalarial activity was evaluated using suppressive, curative and prophylactic assays in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. RESULTS All the herbal mixtures, individually and in combination, showed significant (p < 0.05) antiplasmodial activities in the various assays. They produced considerable parasite suppression (>50%), substantial clearance (>70%), and notable prophylaxis (>60%, except for NL: 35%). APM (95.4-98.7%) and AI (92%), respectively, elicited greater and comparable suppression relative to DHP (88%) and PA (87.3%). However, all the herbal decoctions, individually (72-93.6%) and in combination (82.5-91%), showed lower parasite clearance than DHP (100%) and PA (99.5%). Meanwhile, APM showed relatively greater suppression and prophylaxis than its constituent plants, suggesting that the combination produced synergistic or additive effects. CONCLUSION These findings could substantiate the use of these plants, singly or in combination, as traditional remedies for malaria. Further studies are recommended to evaluate their clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephenie C Alaribe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, College of Medicine Campus, PMB 12003, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Akolade R Oladipupo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, College of Medicine Campus, PMB 12003, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Goodness C Uche
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, College of Medicine Campus, PMB 12003, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Maryan U Onumba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, College of Medicine Campus, PMB 12003, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Duncan Ota
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olufunsho Awodele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Wellington A Oyibo
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Antiplasmodial potential and safety evaluation of the ethanolic stem bark extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. (Leguminosae). SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Galán-Salinas A, Corral-Ruíz G, Pérez-Vega MJ, Fabila-Castillo L, Silva-García R, Marquina-Castillo B, León-Contreras JC, Barrios-Payán J, Francisco-Cruz A, Montecillo-Aguado M, Huerta-Yepez S, Calderón-Amador J, Flores-Romo L, Hernández-Pando R, Sánchez-Torres LE. Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor confers neuroprotection and prevents the development of murine cerebral malaria. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107674. [PMID: 34044183 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a neurological complication derived from the Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. The mechanisms involved in the disease progression are still not fully understood, but both the sequestration of infected red blood cells (iRBC) and leukocytes and an exacerbated host inflammatory immune response are significant factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF), an anti-inflammatory peptide, in a well-characterized murine model of CM. Our data showed that the administration of MLIF increased the survival and avoided the neurological signs of CM in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infected C57BL/6 mice. MLIF administration down-regulated systemic inflammatory mediators such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL2, and CCL2, as well as the in situ expression of TNF-α in the brain. In the same way, MLIF reduced the expression of CD31, CD36, CD54, and CD106 in the cerebral endothelium of infected animals and prevented the sequestration of iRBC and leucocytes in the brain microvasculature. Furthermore, MLIF inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia and preserved the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the administration of MLIF increased survival and conferred neuroprotection by decreasing neuroinflammation in murine CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galán-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - G Corral-Ruíz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - M J Pérez-Vega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - L Fabila-Castillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - R Silva-García
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN-Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, Mexico
| | - B Marquina-Castillo
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - J C León-Contreras
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - J Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - A Francisco-Cruz
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Montecillo-Aguado
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - S Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - J Calderón-Amador
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - L Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - R Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico.
| | - L E Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico.
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CD47 blockade reduces the pathologic features of experimental cerebral malaria and promotes survival of hosts with Plasmodium infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:1907653118. [PMID: 33836556 PMCID: PMC7980459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907653118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is an antiphagocytic "don't eat me" signal that inhibits programmed cell removal of self. As red blood cells (RBCs) age they lose CD47 expression and become susceptible to programmed cell removal by macrophages. CD47-/- mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii, which exhibits an age-based preference for young RBCs, were previously demonstrated to be highly resistant to malaria infection. Our study sought to test the therapeutic benefit of CD47 blockade on ameliorating the clinical syndromes of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (Pb-A) murine model. In vitro we tested the effect of anti-CD47 mAb on Plasmodium-infected RBC phagocytosis and found that anti-CD47 treatment significantly increased clearance of Plasmodium-infected RBCs. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with Pb-A is lethal and mice succumb to the clinical syndromes of CM between days 6 and 10 postinfection. Strikingly, treatment with anti-CD47 resulted in increased survival during the cerebral phase of Pb-A infection. Anti-CD47-treated mice had increased lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood and increased circulating levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-22. Despite increased circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines, anti-CD47-treated mice had reduced pathological features in the brain. Survival of ECM in anti-CD47-treated mice was correlated with reduced cellular accumulation in the cerebral vasculature, improved blood-brain barrier integrity, and reduced cytotoxic activity of infiltrating CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate the therapeutic benefit of anti-CD47 to reduce morbidity in a lethal model of ECM, which may have implications for preventing mortality in young African children who are the highest casualties of CM.
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Misganaw D, Amare GG, Mengistu G. Chemo Suppressive and Curative Potential of Hypoestes forskalei Against Plasmodium berghei: Evidence for in vivo Antimalarial Activity. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:313-323. [PMID: 32982487 PMCID: PMC7498819 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s262026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of drug resistance together with the global burden of malaria triggers the necessity for the searching of new antimalarial agents. This study, therefore, was initiated to investigate the in vivo antimalarial activity of Hypoestes forskalei in mice based on the strong supported evidence from the ethnobotanical claims and the in vitro anti-plasmodial activity of the plant. Methods The 4-day suppressive (crude extract and fractions) and the Rane’s (n-butanol fraction) tests were used to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the plant. A cold maceration technique with 80% methanol was used for the crude extraction of the plant. The crude extract was then fractionated using solvents of different polarity (chloroform, n-butanol, and water). Results All the test doses of the crude extract as well as the fractions reduced parasitemia and prolonged mean survival time significantly (P<0.001) as compared to their negative control groups. Maximum parasitemia suppression effect (56%) was observed at the highest dose (600 mg/kg) of the crude extract during the 4-day suppressive test. Likewise, the n-butanol, chloroform, and aqueous fractions showed a percentage suppression of about 50, 38, and 19, respectively, at the dose of 600 mg/kg. Therefore, the n-butanol fraction showed the highest parasitemia suppression followed by the chloroform fraction and then the aqueous fraction. Moreover, the n-butanol fraction showed a significant curative effect (P<0.001) in Rane’s test with a percentage suppression of about 49 at a dose of 600 mg/kg. Conclusion The study has revealed that the plant has a promising antimalarial activity, the activity being more in the crude extract than the fractions. The highest antimalarial activity of the n-butanol fraction suggests that non-polar and medium polar principles could be responsible for the observed activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desye Misganaw
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Gedefaw Getnet Amare
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Mengistu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Guha SK, Sarkar I, Patgaonkar M, Banerjee S, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma S, Pathak S, Vaidya VA. A history of juvenile mild malaria exacerbates chronic stress-evoked anxiety-like behavior, neuroinflammation, and decline of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577363. [PMID: 32919145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Children residing in high malaria transmission regions are particularly susceptible to malaria. This early-life window is also a critical period for development and maturation of the nervous system, and inflammatory insults during this period may evoke a persistent increase in vulnerability for psychopathology. We employed a two-hit model of juvenile mild malaria and a two-week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) regime, commencing 60 days post-parasite clearance, to assess whether a history of juvenile infection predisposed the mice towards mood-related behavioral alterations and neurocognitive deficits. We showed that adult mice with a history of juvenile malaria (A-H/JMAL) exhibited heightened CUMS-associated anxiety-like behavior, with no observable change in cognitive behavior. In contrast, mice with a history of adult malaria did not exhibit such enhanced stress vulnerability. At baseline, A-H/JMAL mice showed increased activated microglia within the hippocampal dentate gyrus subfield. This was accompanied by a decrease in proliferating neuronal progenitors, with total number of immature hippocampal neurons unaltered. This neuroinflammatory and neurogenic decline was further exacerbated by CUMS. At day-14 post-CUMS, hippocampi of A-H/JMAL mice showed significantly higher microglial activation, and a concomitant decrease in progenitor proliferation and number of immature neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that a history of juvenile mild malaria leaves a neuroinflammatory mark within the hippocampal niche, and this may contribute to a heightened stress response in adulthood. Our findings lend credence to the idea that the burden of malaria in early-life results in sustained CNS changes that could contribute to increased vulnerability to adult-onset neuronal insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman K Guha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ishita Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Siuli Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhona Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sulabha Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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IgM + memory B cells induced in response to Plasmodium berghei adopt a germinal centre B cell phenotype during secondary infection. Parasitology 2020; 147:994-998. [PMID: 32279662 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000061x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence started to delineate multiple layers of memory B cells, with distinct effector functions during recall responses. Whereas most studies examining long-lived memory B cell responses have focussed on the IgG+ memory B cell compartment, IgM+ memory B cells have only recently started to receive attention. It has been proposed that unlike IgG+ memory B cells, which differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon antigen re-encounter, IgM+ memory B cells might have the additional capacity to establish secondary germinal centre (GC) responses. The precise function of IgM+ memory B cells in the humoral immune response to malaria has not been fully defined. Using a murine model of severe malaria infection and adoptive transfer strategies we found that IgM+ memory B cells induced in responses to P. berghei ANKA readily proliferate upon re-infection and adopt a GC B cell-like phenotype. The results suggest that that IgM+ memory B cells might play an important role in populating secondary GCs after re-infection with Plasmodium, thereby initiating the induction of B cell clones with enhanced affinity for antigen, at faster rates than naive B cells.
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ZBTB7B (ThPOK) Is Required for Pathogenesis of Cerebral Malaria and Protection against Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00845-19. [PMID: 31792077 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00845-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a genome-wide screen in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutagenized mice to identify genes in which recessive loss-of-function mutations protect against pathological neuroinflammation. We identified an R367Q mutation in the ZBTB7B (ThPOK) protein in which homozygosity causes protection against experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) caused by infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Zbtb7bR367Q homozygous mice show a defect in the lymphoid compartment expressed as severe reduction in the number of single-positive CD4 T cells in the thymus and in the periphery, reduced brain infiltration of proinflammatory leukocytes in P. berghei ANKA-infected mice, and reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines by primary T cells ex vivo and in vivo Dampening of proinflammatory immune responses in Zbtb7bR367Q mice is concomitant to increased susceptibility to infection with avirulent (Mycobacterium bovis BCG) and virulent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv) mycobacteria. The R367Q mutation maps to the first DNA-binding zinc finger domain of ThPOK and causes loss of base contact by R367 in the major groove of the DNA, which is predicted to impair DNA binding. Global immunoprecipitation of ThPOK-containing chromatin complexes coupled to DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) identified transcriptional networks and candidate genes likely to play key roles in CD4+ CD8+ T cell development and in the expression of lineage-specific functions of these cells. This study highlights ThPOK as a global regulator of immune function in which alterations may affect normal responses to infectious and inflammatory stimuli.
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de Azevedo-Quintanilha IG, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Ferreira AC, Reis PA, Silva TI, Nascimento DDO, Campbell RA, Estato V, Weyrich AS, Bozza PT, Zimmerman GA, Castro-Faria-Neto HC. Integrin αDβ2 influences cerebral edema, leukocyte accumulation and neurologic outcomes in experimental severe malaria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224610. [PMID: 31869339 PMCID: PMC6927624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease of major worldwide clinical importance that causes a variety of severe, or complicated, syndromes including cerebral malaria, which is often fatal. Leukocyte integrins are essential for host defense but also mediate physiologic responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We previously showed that targeted deletion of the αD subunit (αD-/-) of the αDβ2 integrin, which is expressed on key leukocyte subsets in mice and humans, leads to absent expression of the integrin heterodimer on murine macrophages and reduces mortality in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (P. berghei ANKA). To further identify mechanisms involved in the protective effect of αD deletion in this model of severe malaria we examined wild type C57BL/6 (WT) and αD-/- mice after P. berghei ANKA infection and found that vessel plugging and leukocyte infiltration were significantly decreased in the brains of αD-/- animals. Intravital microscopy demonstrated decreased rolling and adhesion of leukocytes in cerebral vessels of αD-/- mice. Flow cytometry analysis showed decreased T-lymphocyte accumulation in the brains of infected αD-/- animals. Evans blue dye exclusion assays demonstrated significantly less dye extravasation in the brains of αD-/- mice, indicating preserved blood-brain barrier integrity. WT mice that were salvaged from P. berghei ANKA infection by treatment with chloroquine had impaired aversive memory, which was not observed in αD-/- mice. We conclude that deletion of integrin αDβ2 alters the natural course of experimental severe malaria, demonstrating previously unrecognized activities of a key leukocyte integrin in immune-inflammatory responses that mediate cerebral involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André C. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia A. Reis
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tathiany I. Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle de O. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robert A. Campbell
- Department of Internal Medicine and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Estato
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrew S. Weyrich
- Department of Internal Medicine and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Patrícia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guy A. Zimmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Hugo C. Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sato Y, Ries S, Stenzel W, Fillatreau S, Matuschewski K. The Liver-Stage Plasmodium Infection Is a Critical Checkpoint for Development of Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2554. [PMID: 31736970 PMCID: PMC6837997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a life-threatening complication of malaria in humans, and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are widely analyzed in a murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Here, we show abrogation of ECM by hemocoel sporozoite-induced infection of a transgenic Plasmodium berghei line that overexpresses profilin, whereas these parasites remain fully virulent in transfusion-mediated blood infection. We, thus, demonstrate the importance of the clinically silent liver-stage infection for modulating the onset of ECM. Even though both parasites triggered comparable splenic immune cell expansion and accumulation of antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells in the brain, infection with transgenic sporozoites did not lead to cerebral vascular damages and suppressed the recruitment of overall lymphocyte populations. Strikingly, infection with the transgenic strain led to maintenance of CD115+Ly6C+ monocytes, which disappear in infected animals prone to ECM. An early induction of IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-6, and TNF at the time when parasites emerge from the liver might lead to a diminished induction of hepatic immunity. Collectively, our study reveals the essential role of early host interactions in the liver that may dampen the subsequent pro-inflammatory immune responses and influence the occurrence of ECM, highlighting a novel checkpoint in this fatal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sato
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefanie Ries
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Infectiology and Haematology (I2H), Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Transcription Factor T-bet in B Cells Modulates Germinal Center Polarization and Antibody Affinity Maturation in Response to Malaria. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2257-2269.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Misganaw D, Engidawork E, Nedi T. Evaluation of the anti-malarial activity of crude extract and solvent fractions of the leaves of Olea europaea (Oleaceae) in mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:171. [PMID: 31296214 PMCID: PMC6625083 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance poses a challenge to malaria control measures. This calls for discovery & development of new chemotherapeutic agents. This study therefore was initiated to investigate the antimalarial activity of Olea europaea against Plasmodium berghei infected mice and to further ascertain in which fraction (s) the constituents responsible for anti-malarial activity are concentrated. METHODS The leaves of Olea europaea were extracted by maceration using 80% methanol and the crude extract was then successively fractionated with solvents of differing polarity (chloroform, n-butanol and water). The anti-malarial activity of various doses of the extract and fractions (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) was evaluated using chemo-suppressive, curative, and repository tests. Parameters, including parasitemia, rectal temperature, body weight, and packed cell volume were determined to establish the activity. RESULTS The acute oral toxicity test result revealed that the LD50 values of the extract and fractions were greater than 2000 mg/kg in mice. The crude extract significantly reduced parasitemia (p < 0.001) and prolonged survival time (p < 0.001), in a dose-dependent manner, in all tests, as compared to the negative control group. Higher parasitemia suppression (58%) was achieved with the larger dose (600 mg/kg) in the 4-day suppressive test, suggesting that the crude extract has largely a chemo-suppressive activity. Parasitemia was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) by all fractions in all doses used when compared to the negative controls, with the rank order of n-butanol (51%) > chloroform>aqueous (21%) fractions. Larger (600 mg/kg) and middle (400 mg/kg) doses of the crude extract as well as the fractions ameliorated all the other parameters in a consistent manner, with the crude being more active than the fractions. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites that were differentially distributed in the fractions. CONCLUSION The findings collectively indicate that the plant is endowed with antimalarial activity, the activity being more in the crude extract than the fractions, owing to the presence of secondary metabolites that act independently or in synergy. The varying degree of antimalarial activity in the fractions suggests that non-polar and medium polar principles could be responsible for the observed activity.
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Park MK, Ko EJ, Jeon KY, Kim H, Jo JO, Baek KW, Kang YJ, Choi YH, Hong Y, Ock MS, Cha HJ. Induction of Angiogenesis by Malarial Infection through Hypoxia Dependent Manner. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:117-125. [PMID: 31104403 PMCID: PMC6526210 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Malarial infection induces tissue hypoxia in the host through destruction of red blood cells. Tissue hypoxia in malarial infection may increase the activity of HIF1α through an intracellular oxygen-sensing pathway. Activation of HIF1α may also induce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to trigger angiogenesis. To investigate whether malarial infection actually generates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, we analyzed severity of hypoxia, the expression of hypoxia-related angiogenic factors, and numbers of blood vessels in various tissues infected with Plasmodium berghei. Infection in mice was performed by intraperitoneal injection of 2×106 parasitized red blood cells. After infection, we studied parasitemia and survival. We analyzed hypoxia, numbers of blood vessels, and expression of hypoxia-related angiogenic factors including VEGF and HIF1α. We used Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry to analyze various tissues from Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. In malaria-infected mice, parasitemia was increased over the duration of infection and directly associated with mortality rate. Expression of VEGF and HIF1α increased with the parasitemia in various tissues. Additionally, numbers of blood vessels significantly increased in each tissue type of the malaria-infected group compared to the uninfected control group. These results suggest that malarial infection in mice activates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis by stimulation of HIF1α and VEGF in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Park
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Ko
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
- Department of Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Hyunsu Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
- Department of Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Jo
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Kyung-Wan Baek
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 50612, Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Yeonchul Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Mee Sun Ock
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
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Ohno T, Miyasaka Y, Kuga M, Ushida K, Matsushima M, Kawabe T, Kikkawa Y, Mizuno M, Takahashi M. Mouse NC/Jic strain provides novel insights into host genetic factors for malaria research. Exp Anim 2019; 68:243-255. [PMID: 30880305 PMCID: PMC6699971 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and is one of the most
life-threatening infectious diseases in humans. Infection can result in severe
complications such as cerebral malaria, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress
syndrome, and acute renal injury. These complications are mainly caused by P.
falciparum infection and are major causes of death associated with malaria.
There are a few species of rodent-infective malaria parasites, and mice infected with such
parasites are now widely used for screening candidate drugs and vaccines and for studying
host immune responses and pathogenesis associated with disease-related complications. We
found that mice of the NC/Jic strain infected with rodent malarial parasites exhibit
distinctive disease-related complications such as cerebral malaria and nephrotic syndrome,
in addition to a rapid increase in parasitemia. Here, we focus on the analysis of host
genetic factors that affect malarial pathogenesis and describe the characteristic
features, utility, and future prospects for exploitation of the NC/Jic strain as a novel
mouse model for malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyasaka
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masako Kuga
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kaori Ushida
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miyoko Matsushima
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daikou-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daikou-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kikkawa
- Mammalian Genetics Project, Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Renal Replacement Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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T-lymphocytes response persists following Plasmodium berghei strain Anka infection resolution and may contribute to later experimental cerebral malaria outcomes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 330:5-11. [PMID: 30763800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have proposed cerebral malaria (CM) as a CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated disease. However, there are no data regarding the recruitment and/or persistence of these cells in the CNS following the phase of infection resolution. Glutamate-mediate excitotoxicity has also been implicated in CM. Blockade of glutamate NMDA receptors by its noncompetitive antagonist MK801 modulates cytokine and neurotrophic factors expression preventing cognitive and depressive-like behavior in experimental CM. Herein, we aim to investigate the role of T lymphocytes in later outcomes in CM, and whether the protective role of MK801 is associated with T lymphocytes response.
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Teo TH, Howland SW, Claser C, Gun SY, Poh CM, Lee WW, Lum FM, Ng LF, Rénia L. Co-infection with Chikungunya virus alters trafficking of pathogenic CD8 + T cells into the brain and prevents Plasmodium-induced neuropathology. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:121-138. [PMID: 29113976 PMCID: PMC5760855 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviral diseases have risen significantly over the last 40 years, increasing the risk of co-infection with other endemic disease such as malaria. However, nothing is known about the impact arboviruses have on the host response toward heterologous pathogens during co-infection. Here, we investigate the effects of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) co-infection on the susceptibility and severity of malaria infection. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model, we show that concurrent co-infection induced the most prominent changes in ECM manifestation. Concurrent co-infection protected mice from ECM mortality without affecting parasite development in the blood. This protection was mediated by the alteration of parasite-specific CD8+ T-cell trafficking through an IFNγ-mediated mechanism. Co-infection with CHIKV induced higher splenic IFNγ levels that lead to high local levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10. This induced retention of CXCR3-expressing pathogenic CD8+ T cells in the spleen and prevented their migration to the brain. This then averts all downstream pathogenic events such as parasite sequestration in the brain and disruption of blood-brain barrier that prevents ECM-induced mortality in co-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sin Yee Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chek Meng Poh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wendy Wl Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa Fp Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore .,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5258797. [PMID: 30515051 PMCID: PMC6236699 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5258797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is the major complication associated with death in malaria patients, and its pathogenesis is associated with excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Notably, the severity and mortality of natural infections with Plasmodium are higher in males than females, suggesting that sexual hormones influence both the pathogenesis of and immune response in CM. However, no studies on inflammation mediators in the brains of both sexes have been reported. In this work, the mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 were measured in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, and lateral cortex regions of gonadectomized female and male CBA/Ca mice infected with P. berghei ANKA (a recognized experimental CM model). Our findings demonstrate that both infection with P. berghei ANKA and gonadectomy trigger a cerebral sex dimorphic mRNA expression pattern of the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2. This dimorphic cytokine pattern was different in each brain region analysed. In most cases, infected males exhibited higher mRNA expression levels than females, suggesting that sexual hormones differentially regulate the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and the potential use of gonadal steroids or their derivates in the immunomodulation of cerebral malaria.
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Lo AC, Faye B, Gyan BA, Amoah LE. Plasmodium and intestinal parasite perturbations of the infected host's inflammatory responses: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:387. [PMID: 29970128 PMCID: PMC6031113 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of malaria and intestinal parasites is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and causes severe disease especially among the poorest populations. It has been shown that an intestinal parasite (helminth), mixed intestinal helminth or Plasmodium parasite infection in a human induces a wide range of cytokine responses, including anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory as well as regulatory cytokines. Although immunological interactions have been suggested to occur during a concurrent infection of helminths and Plasmodium parasites, different conclusions have been drawn on the influence this co-infection has on cytokine production. This review briefly discusses patterns of selected cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and INF-γ) responses associated with infections caused by Plasmodium, intestinal parasites as well as a Plasmodium-helminth co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata Colle Lo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,University Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ben Adu Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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Genetic analysis of cerebral malaria in the mouse model infected with Plasmodium berghei. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:488-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Moussa E, Huang H, Ahras M, Lall A, Thezenas ML, Fischer R, Kessler BM, Pain A, Billker O, Casals-Pascual C. Proteomic profiling of the brain of mice with experimental cerebral malaria. J Proteomics 2018; 180:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Gamma Interferon Mediates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Signaling within Both the Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Compartments. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.01035-16. [PMID: 28874445 PMCID: PMC5649021 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01035-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) is a gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-dependent syndrome. However, whether IFN-γ promotes ECM through direct and synergistic targeting of multiple cell populations or by acting primarily on a specific responsive cell type is currently unknown. Here, using a panel of cell- and compartment-specific IFN-γ receptor 2 (IFN-γR2)-deficient mice, we show that IFN-γ causes ECM by signaling within both the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments. Mechanistically, hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartment-specific IFN-γR signaling exerts additive effects in orchestrating intracerebral inflammation, leading to the development of ECM. Surprisingly, mice with specific deletion of IFN-γR2 expression on myeloid cells, T cells, or neurons were completely susceptible to terminal ECM. Utilizing a reductionist in vitro system, we show that synergistic IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation promotes strong activation of brain blood vessel endothelial cells. Combined, our data show that within the hematopoietic compartment, IFN-γ causes ECM by acting redundantly or by targeting non-T cell or non-myeloid cell populations. Within the nonhematopoietic compartment, brain endothelial cells, but not neurons, may be the major target of IFN-γ leading to ECM development. Collectively, our data provide information on how IFN-γ mediates the development of cerebral pathology during malaria infection.
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Nardos A, Makonnen E. In vivo antiplasmodial activity and toxicological assessment of hydroethanolic crude extract of Ajuga remota. Malar J 2017; 16:25. [PMID: 28086782 PMCID: PMC5237349 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the most life-threatening health problems worldwide and treatment has been compromised by drug resistance. Identifying lead molecules from natural products might help to find better anti-malarial drugs, since those obtained from natural sources are still effective against malarial parasites. This study aimed at investigating the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of crude extract of the leaves of Ajuga remota together with its safety in mice models. METHODS In vivo parasite growth inhibitory effect of crude extract was assessed in mice inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain). The in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the test extract was performed against early infection (4-day suppressive test), curative effect against established infection and prophylactic effect against residual infection. Acute and sub-acute toxicity were carried out according to OECD guidelines. RESULTS In vivo parasite growth inhibition effect of hydroethanolic crude extract of A. remota was evaluated at 30, 50 and 100 mg/kg dose levels. It suppressed parasitaemia by 77.34% at 100 mg/kg dose level in the 4-day test. In curative and prophylactic potential tests, it suppressed parasitaemia by 66.67 and 59.66% at 100 mg/kg dose level, respectively. In vivo toxicity tests revealed no toxicity. All parasitaemia suppressions were statistically significant at P < 0.05 as compared to the vehicle-treated group. The crude extract also prolonged survival time in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The investigation results suggest that the leave extract of Ajuga remota possesses antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aschalew Nardos
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Hawassa University, P O Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Capuccini B, Lin J, Talavera-López C, Khan SM, Sodenkamp J, Spaccapelo R, Langhorne J. Transcriptomic profiling of microglia reveals signatures of cell activation and immune response, during experimental cerebral malaria. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39258. [PMID: 27991544 PMCID: PMC5171943 DOI: 10.1038/srep39258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a pathology involving inflammation in the brain. There are many immune cell types activated during this process, but there is little information on the response of microglia, in this severe complication. We examined microglia by genome wide transcriptomic analysis in a model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), in which C57BL/6 mice are infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Thousands of transcripts were differentially expressed in microglia at two different time points during infection. Proliferation of microglia was a dominant feature before the onset of ECM, and supporting this, we observed an increase in numbers of these cells in the brain. When cerebral malaria symptoms were manifest, genes involved in immune responses and chemokine production were upregulated, which were possibly driven by Type I Interferon. Consistent with this hypothesis, in vitro culture of a microglial cell line with Interferon-β, but not infected red blood cells, resulted in production of several of the chemokines shown to be upregulated in the gene expression analysis. It appears that these responses are associated with ECM, as microglia from mice infected with a mutant P. berghei parasite (ΔDPAP3), which does not cause ECM, did not show the same level of activation or proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingwen Lin
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Shahid M. Khan
- Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Hansen DS, Obeng-Adjei N, Ly A, Ioannidis LJ, Crompton PD. Emerging concepts in T follicular helper cell responses to malaria. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:105-110. [PMID: 27866903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses to malaria and candidate malaria vaccines are short-lived in children, leaving them susceptible to repeated malaria episodes. Because T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide critical help to B cells to generate long-lived antibody responses, they have become the focus of recent studies of Plasmodium-infected mice and humans. The emerging data converge on common themes, namely, that malaria-induced TH1 cytokines are associated with the activation of (i) T-like memory TFH cells with impaired B cell helper function, and (ii) pre-TFH cells that acquire Th1-like features (T-bet expression, IFN-γ production), which impede their differentiation into fully functional TFH cells, thus resulting in germinal center dysfunction and suboptimal antibody responses. Deeper knowledge of TFH cells in malaria could illuminate strategies to improve vaccines through modulating TFH cell responses. This review summarizes emerging concepts in TFH cell responses to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nyamekye Obeng-Adjei
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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29
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USP15 regulates type I interferon response and is required for pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:54-63. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Brant F, Miranda AS, Esper L, Gualdrón-López M, Cisalpino D, de Souza DDG, Rachid MA, Tanowitz HB, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL, Machado FS. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 modulates the immune response profile and development of experimental cerebral malaria. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:73-85. [PMID: 26765997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection results in severe malaria in humans, affecting various organs, including the liver, spleen and brain, and resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in mice closely recapitulates many aspects of human cerebral malaria (CM); thus, this model has been used to investigate the pathogenesis of CM. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), an intracellular protein induced by cytokines and hormones, modulates the immune response, neural development, neurogenesis and neurotrophic pathways. However, the role of SOCS2 during CM remains unknown. SOCS2 knockout (SOCS2(-/-)) mice infected with PbA show an initial resistance to infection with reduced parasitemia and production of TNF, TGF-β, IL-12 and IL-17 in the brain. Interestingly, in the late phase of infection, SOCS2(-/-) mice display increased parasitemia and reduced Treg cell infiltration, associated with enhanced levels of Th1 and Th17 cells and related cytokines IL-17, IL-6, and TGF-β in the brain. A significant reduction in protective neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), was also observed. Moreover, the molecular alterations in the brain of infected SOCS2(-/-) mice were associated with anxiety-related behaviors and cognition impairment. Mechanistically, these results revealed enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production in PbA-infected SOCS2(-/-) mice, and the inhibition of NO synthesis through l-NAME led to a marked decrease in survival, the disruption of parasitemia control and more pronounced anxiety-like behavior. Treatment with l-NAME also shifted the levels of Th1, Th7 and Treg cells in the brains of infected SOCS2(-/-) mice to the background levels observed in infected WT, with remarkable exception of increased CD8(+)IFN(+) T cells and inflammatory monocytes. These results indicate that SOCS2 plays a dual role during PbA infection, being detrimental in the control of the parasite replication but crucial in the regulation of the immune response and production of neurotrophic factors. Here, we provided strong evidence of a critical relationship between SOCS2 and NO in the orchestration of the immune response and development of CM during PbA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Brant
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline S Miranda
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lisia Esper
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Melisa Gualdrón-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Cisalpino
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle da Gloria de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Herbert B Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lucio Teixeira
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Abstract
Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases with ~250 million clinical cases annually. Most cases of severe disease are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The blood stage of Plasmodium parasite is entirely responsible for malaria-associated pathology. Disease syndromes range from fever to more severe complications, including respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, pulmonary oedema and cerebral malaria. The most susceptible population to severe malaria is children under the age of 5, with low levels of immunity. It is only after many years of repeated exposure, that individuals living in endemic areas develop clinical immunity. This form of protection does not result in sterilizing immunity but prevents clinical episodes by substantially reducing parasite burden. Naturally acquired immunity predominantly targets blood-stage parasites and it is known to require antibody responses. A large body of epidemiological evidence suggests that antibodies to Plasmodium antigens are inefficiently generated and rapidly lost in the absence of ongoing exposure, which suggests a defect in the development of B cell immunological memory. This review summarizes the main findings to date contributing to our understanding on cellular processes underlying the slow acquisition of humoral immunity to malaria. Some of the key outstanding questions in the field are discussed.
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Ryg-Cornejo V, Ioannidis L, Ly A, Chiu C, Tellier J, Hill D, Preston S, Pellegrini M, Yu D, Nutt S, Kallies A, Hansen D. Severe Malaria Infections Impair Germinal Center Responses by Inhibiting T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Ha YR, Kang YJ, Lee SJ. In vivo study on splenomegaly inhibition by genistein in Plasmodium berghei -infected mice. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:369-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Canavese M, Dottorini T, Crisanti A. VEGF and LPS synergistically silence inflammatory response to Plasmodium berghei infection and protect against cerebral malaria. Pathog Glob Health 2015; 109:255-65. [PMID: 26392042 DOI: 10.1179/2047773215y.0000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection induces, alongside endothelial damage and obstruction hypoxia, a potent inflammatory response similar to that observed in other systemic diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. Accordingly, it is increasingly recognised that cerebral malaria (CM), the most severe and life threatening complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection, bears a number of similarities with sepsis, an often fatal condition associated with a misregulated inflammatory response triggered by systemic microbial infections. Using a Plasmodium berghei ANKA mouse model, histology, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis, we showed that lipopolysaccharide S (LPS), at doses that normally induce inflammation tolerance, protects P. berghei infected mice against experimental CM (ECM). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preserved blood vessel integrity, and the combination with LPS resulted in a strong synergistic effect. Treated mice did not develop ECM, showed a prolonged survival and failed to develop a significant inflammatory response and splenomegaly in spite of normal parasite loads. The protective role of VEGF was further confirmed by the observation that the treatment of P. berghei infected C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice with the VEGF receptor inhibitor axitinib exacerbates cerebral pathology and aggravates the course of infection. Infected mice treated with VEGF and LPS showed an induction of the anti-inflammatory genes Nrf2 and HO-1 and a suppression to basal levels of the genes IFN-γ and TNF-α. These results provide the rationale for developing new therapeutic approaches against CM and shed new light on how the inflammatory process can be modulated in the presence of systemic infectious diseases.
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Xu H, Feng Y, Chen G, Zhu X, Pang W, Du Y, Wang Q, Qi Z, Cao Y. L-arginine exacerbates experimental cerebral malaria by enhancing pro-inflammatory responses. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 236:21-31. [PMID: 25925198 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.236.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine (L-Arg), the substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase, has been used to treat malaria to reverse endothelial dysfunction in adults. However, the safety and efficacy of L-Arg remains unknown in malaria patients under the age of five, who are at the greatest risk of developing cerebral malaria (CM), a severe malaria complication. Here, we tested effects of L-Arg treatment on the outcomes of CM using a mouse model. Experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) was induced in female C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, and L-Arg was administrated either prophylactically or after parasite infection. Surprisingly, both types of L-Arg administration caused a decline in survival time and raised CM clinical scores. L-Arg treatment increased the population of CD4(+)T-bet(+)IFN-γ(+) Th1 cells and the activated macrophages (F4/80(+)CD36(+)) in the spleen. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ and TNF-α, in splenocyte cultures were also increased by L-Arg treatment. The above changes were accompanied with a rise in the number of dendritic cells (DCs) and an increase in their maturation. However, L-Arg did not affect the population of regulatory T cells or the level of IL-10 in the spleen. Taken together, these data suggest that L-Arg may enhance the Th1 immune response, which is essential for a protective response in uncomplicated malaria but could be lethal in CM patients. Therefore, the prophylactic use of L-Arg to treat CM, based on the assumption that restoring the bioavailability of endothelial NO improves the outcome of CM, may need to be reconsidered especially for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Xu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University
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36
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Matz JM, Kooij TWA. Towards genome-wide experimental genetics in the in vivo malaria model parasite Plasmodium berghei. Pathog Glob Health 2015; 109:46-60. [PMID: 25789828 DOI: 10.1179/2047773215y.0000000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium berghei was identified as a parasite of thicket rats (Grammomys dolichurus) and Anopheles dureni mosquitoes in African highland forests. Successful adaptation to a range of rodent and mosquito species established P. berghei as a malaria model parasite. The introduction of stable transfection technology, permitted classical reverse genetics strategies and thus systematic functional profiling of the gene repertoire. In the past 10 years following the publication of the P. berghei genome sequence, many new tools for experimental genetics approaches have been developed and existing ones have been improved. The infection of mice is the principal limitation towards a genome-wide repository of mutant parasite lines. In the past few years, there have been some promising and most welcome developments that allow rapid selection and isolation of recombinant parasites while simultaneously minimising animal usage. Here, we provide an overview of all the currently available tools and methods.
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THEMIS is required for pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and protection against pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2014; 83:759-68. [PMID: 25452553 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02586-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced I23N mutation in the THEMIS protein that causes protection against experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) caused by infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Themis(I23N) homozygous mice show reduced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte numbers. ECM resistance in P. berghei ANKA-infected Themis(I23N) mice is associated with decreased cerebral cellular infiltration, retention of blood-brain barrier integrity, and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production. THEMIS(I23N) protein expression is absent from mutant mice, concurrent with the decreased THEMIS(I23N) stability observed in vitro. Biochemical studies in vitro and functional complementation in vivo in Themis(I23N/+):Lck(-/+) doubly heterozygous mice demonstrate that functional coupling of THEMIS to LCK tyrosine kinase is required for ECM pathogenesis. Damping of proinflammatory responses in Themis(I23N) mice causes susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. Thus, THEMIS is required for the development and ultimately the function of proinflammatory T cells. Themis(I23N) mice can be used to study the newly discovered association of THEMIS (6p22.33) with inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis.
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Kennedy JM, Fodil N, Torre S, Bongfen SE, Olivier JF, Leung V, Langlais D, Meunier C, Berghout J, Langat P, Schwartzentruber J, Majewski J, Lathrop M, Vidal SM, Gros P. CCDC88B is a novel regulator of maturation and effector functions of T cells during pathological inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2519-35. [PMID: 25403443 PMCID: PMC4267237 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kennedy et al. identify a mutation in coiled-coil domain containing protein 88b (Ccdc88b) that confers protection against lethal neuroinflammation during experimental cerebral malaria. CCDC88B is expressed in immune cells and regulates T cell maturation and effector functions. In humans, the CCDC88B gene maps to a locus associated with susceptibility to several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. We used a genome-wide screen in mutagenized mice to identify genes which inactivation protects against lethal neuroinflammation during experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). We identified an ECM-protective mutation in coiled-coil domain containing protein 88b (Ccdc88b), a poorly annotated gene that is found expressed specifically in spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and thymus. The CCDC88B protein is abundantly expressed in immune cells, including both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and in myeloid cells, and loss of CCDC88B protein expression has pleiotropic effects on T lymphocyte functions, including impaired maturation in vivo, significantly reduced activation, reduced cell division as well as impaired cytokine production (IFN-γ and TNF) in response to T cell receptor engagement, or to nonspecific stimuli in vitro, and during the course of P. berghei infection in vivo. This identifies CCDC88B as a novel and important regulator of T cell function. The human CCDC88B gene maps to the 11q13 locus that is associated with susceptibility to several inflammatory and auto-immune disorders. Our findings strongly suggest that CCDC88B is the morbid gene underlying the pleiotropic effect of the 11q13 locus on inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Nassima Fodil
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Sabrina Torre
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Silayuv E Bongfen
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Jean-Frédéric Olivier
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Vicki Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Charles Meunier
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Joanne Berghout
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Pinky Langat
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Jeremy Schwartzentruber
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Department of Human Genetics, McGill and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
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Guha SK, Tillu R, Sood A, Patgaonkar M, Nanavaty IN, Sengupta A, Sharma S, Vaidya VA, Pathak S. Single episode of mild murine malaria induces neuroinflammation, alters microglial profile, impairs adult neurogenesis, and causes deficits in social and anxiety-like behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:123-37. [PMID: 24953429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is associated with cerebrovascular damage and neurological sequelae. However, the neurological consequences of uncomplicated malaria, the most prevalent form of the disease, remain uninvestigated. Here, using a mild malaria model, we show that a single Plasmodium chabaudi adami infection in adult mice induces neuroinflammation, neurogenic, and behavioral changes in the absence of a blood-brain barrier breach. Using cytokine arrays we show that the infection induces differential serum and brain cytokine profiles, both at peak parasitemia and 15days post-parasite clearance. At the peak of infection, along with the serum, the brain also exhibited a definitive pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, and gene expression analysis revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines were also produced locally in the hippocampus, an adult neurogenic niche. Hippocampal microglia numbers were enhanced, and we noted a shift to an activated profile at this time point, accompanied by a striking redistribution of the microglia to the subgranular zone adjacent to hippocampal neuronal progenitors. In the hippocampus, a distinct decline in progenitor turnover and survival was observed at peak parasitemia, accompanied by a shift from neuronal to glial fate specification. Studies in transgenic Nestin-GFP reporter mice demonstrated a decline in the Nestin-GFP(+)/GFAP(+) quiescent neural stem cell pool at peak parasitemia. Although these cellular changes reverted to normal 15days post-parasite clearance, specific brain cytokines continued to exhibit dysregulation. Behavioral analysis revealed selective deficits in social and anxiety-like behaviors, with no change observed in locomotor, cognitive, and depression-like behaviors, with a return to baseline at recovery. Collectively, these findings indicate that even a single episode of mild malaria results in alterations of the brain cytokine profile, causes specific behavioral dysfunction, is accompanied by hippocampal microglial activation and redistribution, and a definitive, but transient, suppression of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman K Guha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Rucha Tillu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankit Sood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ishira N Nanavaty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhona Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sulabha Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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Storm J, Craig AG. Pathogenesis of cerebral malaria--inflammation and cytoadherence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:100. [PMID: 25120958 PMCID: PMC4114466 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research on cerebral malaria (CM) there is still a paucity of knowledge about what actual causes CM and why certain people develop it. Although sequestration of P. falciparum infected red blood cells has been linked to pathology, it is still not clear if this is directly or solely responsible for this clinical syndrome. Recent data have suggested that a combination of parasite variant types, mainly defined by the variant surface antigen, P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), its receptors, coagulation and host endothelial cell activation (or inflammation) are equally important. This makes CM a multi-factorial disease and a challenge to unravel its causes to decrease its detrimental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Storm
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool, UK ; Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (MLW), University of Malawi College of Medicine Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Alister G Craig
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool, UK
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Reduction of experimental cerebral malaria and its related proinflammatory responses by the novel liposome-based β-methasone nanodrug. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:292471. [PMID: 25126550 PMCID: PMC4121993 DOI: 10.1155/2014/292471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of and a leading cause of death due to Plasmodium falciparum infection. CM is likely the result of interrelated events, including mechanical obstruction due to parasite sequestration in the microvasculature, and upregulation of Th1 immune responses. In parallel, blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown and damage or death of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons occurs. We found that a novel formulation of a liposome-encapsulated glucocorticosteroid, β-methasone hemisuccinate (nSSL-BMS), prevents experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in a murine model and creates a survival time-window, enabling administration of an antiplasmodial drug before severe anemia develops. nSSL-BMS treatment leads to lower levels of cerebral inflammation, expressed by altered levels of corresponding cytokines and chemokines. The results indicate the role of integrated immune responses in ECM induction and show that the new steroidal nanodrug nSSL-BMS reverses the balance between the Th1 and Th2 responses in malaria-infected mice so that the proinflammatory processes leading to ECM are prevented. Overall, because of the immunopathological nature of CM, combined immunomodulator/antiplasmodial treatment should be considered for prevention/treatment of human CM and long-term cognitive damage.
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Hansen DS, Ryg-Cornejo V, Ioannidis LJ, Chiu CY, Ly A, Nie CQ, Scalzo AA, Schofield L. The contribution of natural killer complex loci to the development of experimental cerebral malaria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93268. [PMID: 24691125 PMCID: PMC3972225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Natural Killer Complex (NKC) is a genetic region of highly linked genes encoding several receptors involved in the control of NK cell function. The NKC is highly polymorphic and allelic variability of various NKC loci has been demonstrated in inbred mice, providing evidence for NKC haplotypes. Using BALB.B6-Cmv1r congenic mice, in which NKC genes from C57BL/6 mice were introduced into the BALB/c background, we have previously shown that the NKC is a genetic determinant of malarial pathogenesis. C57BL/6 alleles are associated with increased disease-susceptibility as BALB.B6-Cmv1r congenic mice had increased cerebral pathology and death rates during P. berghei ANKA infection than cerebral malaria-resistant BALB/c controls. Methods To investigate which regions of the NKC are involved in susceptibility to experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), intra-NKC congenic mice generated by backcrossing recombinant F2 progeny from a (BALB/c x BALB.B6-Cmv1r) F1 intercross to BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA. Results Our results revealed that C57BL/6 alleles at two locations in the NKC contribute to the development of ECM. The increased severity to severe disease in intra-NKC congenic mice was not associated with higher parasite burdens but correlated with a significantly enhanced systemic IFN-γ response to infection and an increased recruitment of CD8+ T cells to the brain of infected animals. Conclusions Polymorphisms within the NKC modulate malarial pathogenesis and acquired immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria Ryg-Cornejo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa J. Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Y. Chiu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Anthony A. Scalzo
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louis Schofield
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
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Experimental Models of Microvascular Immunopathology: The Example of Cerebral Malaria. JOURNAL OF NEUROINFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 5:134. [PMID: 26430675 PMCID: PMC4586166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Human cerebral malaria is a severe and often lethal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Complex host and parasite interactions should the precise mechanisms involved in the onset of this neuropathology. Adhesion of parasitised red blood cells and host cells to endothelial cells lead to profound endothelial alterations that trigger immunopathological changes, varying degrees of brain oedema and can compromise cerebral blood flow, cause cranial nerve dysfunction and hypoxia. Study of the cerebral pathology in human patients is limited to clinical and genetic field studies in endemic areas, thus cerebral malaria (CM) research relies heavily on experimental models. The availability of malaria models allows study from the inoculation of Plasmodium to the onset of disease and permit invasive experiments. Here, we discuss some aspects of our current understanding of CM, the experimental models available and some important recent findings extrapolated from these models.
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Polimeni M, Prato M. Host matrix metalloproteinases in cerebral malaria: new kids on the block against blood-brain barrier integrity? Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:1. [PMID: 24467887 PMCID: PMC3905658 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of falciparum malaria, associated with high mortality rates, as well as neurological impairment in surviving patients. Despite disease severity, the etiology of CM remains elusive. Interestingly, although the Plasmodium parasite is sequestered in cerebral microvessels, it does not enter the brain parenchyma: so how does Plasmodium induce neuronal dysfunction? Several independent research groups have suggested a mechanism in which increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability might allow toxic molecules from the parasite or the host to enter the brain. However, the reported severity of BBB damage in CM is variable depending on the model system, ranging from mild impairment to full BBB breakdown. Moreover, the factors responsible for increased BBB permeability are still unknown. Here we review the prevailing theories on CM pathophysiology and discuss new evidence from animal and human CM models implicating BBB damage. Finally, we will review the newly-described role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and BBB integrity. MMPs comprise a family of proteolytic enzymes involved in modulating inflammatory response, disrupting tight junctions, and degrading sub-endothelial basal lamina. As such, MMPs represent potential innovative drug targets for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Prato
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Torino, C,so Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Solomon W, Wilson NO, Anderson L, Pitts S, Patrickson J, Liu M, Ford BD, Stiles JK. Neuregulin-1 attenuates mortality associated with experimental cerebral malaria. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:9. [PMID: 24433482 PMCID: PMC3906904 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral Malaria (CM) is a diffuse encephalopathy caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. Despite availability of antimalarial drugs, CM-associated mortality remains high at approximately 30% and a subset of survivors develop neurological and cognitive disabilities. While antimalarials are effective at clearing Plasmodium parasites they do little to protect against CM pathophysiology and parasite-induced brain inflammation that leads to seizures, coma and long-term neurological sequelae in CM patients. Thus, there is urgent need to explore therapeutics that can reduce or prevent CM pathogenesis and associated brain inflammation to improve survival. Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a neurotrophic growth factor shown to protect against brain injury associated with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and neurotoxin exposure. However, this drug has not been tested against CM-associated brain injury. Since CM-associated brain injuries and AIS share similar pathophysiological features, we hypothesized that NRG-1 will reduce or prevent neuroinflammation and brain damage as well as improve survival in mice with late-stage experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Methods We tested the effects of NRG-1 on ECM-associated brain inflammation and mortality in P. berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected mice and compared to artemether (ARM) treatment; an antimalarial currently used in various combination therapies against malaria. Results Treatment with ARM (25 mg/kg/day) effectively cleared parasites and reduced mortality in PbA-infected mice by 82%. Remarkably, NRG-1 therapy (1.25 ng/kg/day) significantly improved survival against ECM by 73% despite increase in parasite burden within NRG-1-treated mice. Additionally, NRG-1 therapy reduced systemic and brain pro-inflammatory factors TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-1alpha and CXCL10 and enhanced anti-inflammatory factors, IL-5 and IL-13 while decreasing leukocyte accumulation in brain microvessels. Conclusions This study suggests that NRG-1 attenuates ECM-associated brain inflammation and injuries and may represent a novel supportive therapy for the management of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Solomon
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for over 250 million clinical cases every year worldwide. Severe malaria cases might present with a range of disease syndromes including acute respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, hypoglycaemia, renal failure, anaemia, pulmonary oedema, cerebral malaria (CM) and placental malaria (PM) in pregnant women. Two main determinants of severe malaria have been identified: sequestration of parasitized red blood cells and strong pro-inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence from human studies and malaria infection animal models revealed the presence of host leucocytes at the site of parasite sequestration in brain blood vessels as well as placental tissue in complicated malaria cases. These observations suggested that apart from secreting cytokines, leucocytes might also contribute to disease by migrating to the site of parasite sequestration thereby exacerbating organ-specific inflammation. This evidence attracted substantial interest in identifying trafficking pathways by which inflammatory leucocytes are recruited to target organs during severe malaria syndromes. Chemo-attractant cytokines or chemokines are the key regulators of leucocyte trafficking and their potential contribution to disease has recently received considerable attention. This review summarizes the main findings to date, investigating the role of chemokines in severe malaria and the implication of these responses for the induction of pathogenesis and immunity to infection.
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CXCL10 gene promoter polymorphism -1447A>G correlates with plasma CXCL10 levels and is associated with male susceptibility to cerebral malaria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81329. [PMID: 24349056 PMCID: PMC3857834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk factors for cerebral malaria (CM) and the wide variation in clinical manifestations of malaria are poorly understood. Recent studies indicate that interferon gamma inducible chemokine, CXCL10, is a strong predictor of both human and experimental cerebral malaria. Increased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of CXCL10 were tightly associated with fatal CM in Indian and Ghanaian patients. In the present study, we hypothesized that in a subset of malaria patients, CM susceptibility is associated with variation in CXCL10 expression. We determined whether polymorphisms in the CXCL10 gene promoter region played a role in the clinical status of malaria patients and addressed the genetic basis of CXCL10 expression during malaria infection. Following extensive bioinformatics analyses, two reported single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CXCL10 promoter (-135G>A [rs56061981] and -1447A>G [rs4508917]) were identified among 66 CM and 69 non-CM Indian patients using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Individuals with the -1447(A/G) genotype were susceptible to CM (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.51-5.85, p = 0.021). In addition, individuals with the -1447(A/G) genotype had significantly higher plasma CXCL10 levels than individuals with the -1447(A/A) genotype. Stratifying patients according to gender, the observed association of CM with over expression of CXCL10 were more pronounced in males than in female patients (AOR = 5.47, 95% CI = 1.34-22.29, p = 0.018). Furthermore, -135G>A polymorphism conferred a decreased risk of CM among males (AOR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.05-0.78, p = 0.021). Polymorphisms in the CXCL10 gene promoter sequence were associated with increased CXCL10 production, which is linked to severity of CM. These results suggest that the -1447A>G polymorphism in CXCL10 gene promoter could be partly responsible for the reported variation underlying severity of CM outcomes particularly in males.
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Volz JC. Looking through a cranial window: intravital microscopy for in vivo study of cerebral malaria. Virulence 2013; 4:661-3. [PMID: 24152906 PMCID: PMC3925695 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Volz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research; Melbourne, VIC Australia; Department of Medical Biology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne, VIC Australia
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The Curative and Prophylactic Effects of Xylopic Acid on Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice. J Parasitol Res 2013; 2013:356107. [PMID: 23970953 PMCID: PMC3732589 DOI: 10.1155/2013/356107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts have been intensified to search for more effective antimalarial agents because of the observed failure of some artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) treatments of malaria in Ghana. Xylopic acid, a pure compound isolated from the fruits of the Xylopia aethiopica, was investigated to establish its attributable prophylactic, curative antimalarial, and antipyretic properties. The antimalarial properties were determined by employing xylopic acid (10-100 mg/kg) in ICR mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Xylopic acid exerted significant (P < 0.05) effects on P. berghei infection similar to artemether/lumefantrine, the standard drug. Furthermore, it significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced fever in Sprague-Dawley rats similar to prednisolone. Xylopic acid therefore possesses prophylactic and curative antimalarial as well as antipyretic properties which makes it an ideal antimalarial agent.
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