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Hartmann JA, Cardoso MR, Talarico MCR, Kenney DJ, Leone MR, Reese DC, Turcinovic J, O'Connell AK, Gertje HP, Marino C, Ojeda PE, De Paula EV, Orsi FA, Velloso LA, Cafiero TR, Connor JH, Ploss A, Hoelzemer A, Carrington M, Barczak AK, Crossland NA, Douam F, Boucau J, Garcia-Beltran WF. Evasion of NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic immunity by sarbecoviruses. Cell 2024; 187:2393-2410.e14. [PMID: 38653235 PMCID: PMC11088510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and other sarbecoviruses continue to threaten humanity, highlighting the need to characterize common mechanisms of viral immune evasion for pandemic preparedness. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are vital for antiviral immunity and express NKG2D, an activating receptor conserved among mammals that recognizes infection-induced stress ligands (e.g., MIC-A/B). We found that SARS-CoV-2 evades NKG2D recognition by surface downregulation of MIC-A/B via shedding, observed in human lung tissue and COVID-19 patient serum. Systematic testing of SARS-CoV-2 proteins revealed that ORF6, an accessory protein uniquely conserved among sarbecoviruses, was responsible for MIC-A/B downregulation via shedding. Further investigation demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells efficiently killed SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and limited viral spread. However, inhibition of MIC-A/B shedding with a monoclonal antibody, 7C6, further enhanced NK-cell activity toward SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Our findings unveil a strategy employed by SARS-CoV-2 to evade cytotoxic immunity, identify the culprit immunevasin shared among sarbecoviruses, and suggest a potential novel antiviral immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Hartmann
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Devin J Kenney
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madison R Leone
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dagny C Reese
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aoife K O'Connell
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans P Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pedro E Ojeda
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erich V De Paula
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Orsi
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Licio Augusto Velloso
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas R Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John H Connor
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Infection and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Douam
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Li H, Fletcher-Etherington A, Hunter LM, Keshri S, Fielding CA, Nightingale K, Ravenhill B, Nobre L, Potts M, Antrobus R, Crump CM, Rubinsztein DC, Stanton RJ, Weekes MP. Human cytomegalovirus degrades DMXL1 to inhibit autophagy, lysosomal acidification, and viral assembly. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:466-478.e11. [PMID: 38479395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important human pathogen that regulates host immunity and hijacks host compartments, including lysosomes, to assemble virions. We combined a quantitative proteomic analysis of HCMV infection with a database of proteins involved in vacuolar acidification, revealing Dmx-like protein-1 (DMXL1) as the only protein that acidifies vacuoles yet is degraded by HCMV. Systematic comparison of viral deletion mutants reveals the uncharacterized 7 kDa US33A protein as necessary and sufficient for DMXL1 degradation, which occurs via recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Kip1 ubiquitination-promoting complex (KPC). US33A-mediated DMXL1 degradation inhibits lysosome acidification and autophagic cargo degradation. Formation of the virion assembly compartment, which requires lysosomes, occurs significantly later with US33A-expressing virus infection, with reduced viral replication. These data thus identify a viral strategy for cellular remodeling, with the potential to employ US33A in therapies for viral infection or rheumatic conditions, in which inhibition of lysosome acidification can attenuate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqi Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Alice Fletcher-Etherington
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Leah M Hunter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Swati Keshri
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Institute, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ceri A Fielding
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Katie Nightingale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Martin Potts
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Colin M Crump
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Institute, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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3
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Hunter LM, Kite J, Fletcher-Etherington A, Nightingale K, Nobre L, Antrobus R, Fielding CA, Stanton RJ, Weekes MP. HCMV US2 co-opts TRC8 to degrade the endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein LMAN2L. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001980. [PMID: 38687323 PMCID: PMC11083459 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pUS2 glycoprotein exploits the host's endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway to degrade major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and prevent antigen presentation. Beyond MHC-I, pUS2 has been shown to target a range of cellular proteins for degradation, preventing their cell surface expression. Here we have identified a novel pUS2 target, ER-resident protein lectin mannose binding 2 like (LMAN2L). pUS2 expression was both necessary and sufficient for the downregulation of LMAN2L, which was dependent on the cellular E3 ligase TRC8. Given the hypothesized role of LMAN2L in the trafficking of glycoproteins, we employed proteomic plasma membrane profiling to measure LMAN2L-dependent changes at the cell surface. A known pUS2 target, integrin alpha-6 (ITGA6), was downregulated from the surface of LMAN2L-deficient cells, but not other integrins. Overall, these results suggest a novel strategy of pUS2-mediated protein degradation whereby pUS2 targets LMAN2L to impair trafficking of ITGA6. Given that pUS2 can directly target other integrins, we propose that this single viral protein may exhibit both direct and indirect mechanisms to downregulate key cell surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Hunter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Joanne Kite
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Alice Fletcher-Etherington
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Katie Nightingale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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4
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Stempel M, Maier O, Mhlekude B, Drakesmith H, Brinkmann MM. Novel role of bone morphogenetic protein 9 in innate host responses to HCMV infection. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1106-1129. [PMID: 38308064 PMCID: PMC10933439 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses modulate immune control to secure lifelong infection. The mechanisms Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) employs in this regard can reveal unanticipated aspects of cellular signaling involved in antiviral immunity. Here, we describe a novel relationship between the TGF-β family cytokine BMP9 and HCMV infection. We identify a cross-talk between BMP9-induced and IFN receptor-mediated signaling, showing that BMP9 boosts the transcriptional response to and antiviral activity of IFNβ, thereby enhancing viral restriction. We also show that BMP9 is secreted by human fibroblasts upon HCMV infection. However, HCMV infection impairs BMP9-induced enhancement of the IFNβ response, indicating that this signaling role of BMP9 is actively targeted by HCMV. Indeed, transmembrane proteins US18 and US20, which downregulate type I BMP receptors, are necessary and sufficient to cause inhibition of BMP9-mediated boosting of the antiviral response to IFNβ. HCMV lacking US18 and US20 is more sensitive to IFNβ. Thus, HCMV has a mutually antagonistic relationship with BMP9, which extends the growing body of evidence that BMP signaling is an underappreciated modulator of innate immunity in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Maier
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baxolele Mhlekude
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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5
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Schinstock CA, Agrawal A, Valenzuela NM. The Significance of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-related Molecule A in Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Comprehensive Overview. Transplantation 2024; 108:115-126. [PMID: 37218026 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Improving long-term allograft survival and minimizing recipient morbidity is of key importance in all of transplantation. Improved matching of classical HLA molecules and avoiding HLA donor-specific antibody has been a major focus; however, emerging data suggest the relevance of nonclassical HLA molecules, major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA) and B, in transplant outcomes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the structure, function, polymorphisms, and genetics of the MICA molecule and relates this to clinical outcomes in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The tools available for genotyping and antibody detection will be reviewed combined with a discussion of their shortcomings. Although data supporting the relevance of MICA molecules have accumulated, key knowledge gaps exist and should be addressed before widespread implementation of MICA testing for recipients pre- or posttransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Schinstock
- Von Liebig Center for Transplant and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amogh Agrawal
- Von Liebig Center for Transplant and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Nicole M Valenzuela
- UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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6
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Vlachava VM, Seirafian S, Fielding CA, Kollnberger S, Aicheler RJ, Hughes J, Baker A, Weekes MP, Forbes S, Wilkinson GWG, Wang ECY, Stanton RJ. HCMV-secreted glycoprotein gpUL4 inhibits TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and NK cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309077120. [PMID: 38011551 PMCID: PMC10710050 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309077120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a paradigm of pathogen immune evasion and sustains lifelong persistent infection in the face of exceptionally powerful host immune responses through the concerted action of multiple immune-evasins. These reduce NK cell activation by inhibiting ligands for activating receptors, expressing ligands for inhibitory receptors, or inhibiting synapse formation. However, these functions only inhibit direct interactions with the infected cell. To determine whether the virus also expresses soluble factors that could modulate NK function at a distance, we systematically screened all 170 HCMV canonical protein-coding genes. This revealed that UL4 encodes a secreted and heavily glycosylated protein (gpUL4) that is expressed with late-phase kinetics and is capable of inhibiting NK cell degranulation. Analyses of gpUL4 binding partners by mass spectrometry identified an interaction with TRAIL. gpUL4 bound TRAIL with picomolar affinity and prevented TRAIL from binding its receptor, thus acting as a TRAIL decoy receptor. TRAIL is found in both soluble and membrane-bound forms, with expression of the membrane-bound form strongly up-regulated on NK cells in response to interferon. gpUL4 inhibited apoptosis induced by soluble TRAIL, while also binding to the NK cell surface in a TRAIL-dependent manner, where it blocked NK cell degranulation and cytokine secretion. gpUL4 therefore acts as an immune-evasin by inhibiting both soluble and membrane-bound TRAIL and is a viral-encoded TRAIL decoy receptor. Interestingly, gpUL4 could also suppress NK responses to heterologous viruses, suggesting that it may act as a systemic virally encoded immunosuppressive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia-Maria Vlachava
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Sepehr Seirafian
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kollnberger
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Aicheler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, CardiffCF5 2YB, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection & Immunity, Glasgow University, GlasgowG61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Baker
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Forbes
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W. G. Wilkinson
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie C. Y. Wang
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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7
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Momayyezi P, Bilev E, Ljunggren HG, Hammer Q. Viral escape from NK-cell-mediated immunosurveillance: A lesson for cancer immunotherapy? Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350465. [PMID: 37526136 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that participate in immune responses against virus-infected cells and tumors. As a countermeasure, viruses and tumors employ strategies to evade NK-cell-mediated immunosurveillance. In this review, we examine immune evasion strategies employed by viruses, focusing on examples from human CMV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We explore selected viral evasion mechanisms categorized into three classes: (1) providing ligands for the inhibitory receptor NKG2A, (2) downregulating ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D, and (3) inducing the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. For each class, we draw parallels between immune evasion by viruses and tumors, reviewing potential opportunities for overcoming evasion in cancer therapy. We suggest that in-depth investigations of host-pathogen interactions between viruses and NK cells will not only deepen our understanding of viral immune evasion but also shed light on how NK cells counter such evasion attempts. Thus, due to the parallels of immune evasion by viruses and tumors, we propose that insights gained from antiviral NK-cell responses may serve as valuable lessons that can be leveraged for designing future cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Momayyezi
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Bilev
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Razizadeh MH, Zafarani A, Taghavi-Farahabadi M, Khorramdelazad H, Minaeian S, Mahmoudi M. Natural killer cells and their exosomes in viral infections and related therapeutic approaches: where are we? Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:261. [PMID: 37749597 PMCID: PMC10519079 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of the host immune system to fight against infections. Natural killer cells are the innate immunity lymphocytes responsible for fighting against virus-infected and cancerous cells. They have various mechanisms to suppress viral infections. On the other hand, viruses have evolved to utilize different ways to evade NK cell-mediated responses. Viruses can balance the response by regulating the cytokine release pattern and changing the proportion of activating and inhibitory receptors on the surface of NK cells. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that are involved in intercellular communication. Most cell populations can release these nano-sized vesicles, and it was shown that these vesicles produce identical outcomes to the originating cell from which they are released. In recent years, the role of NK cell-derived exosomes in various diseases including viral infections has been highlighted, drawing attention to utilizing the therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles. In this article, the role of NK cells in various viral infections and the mechanisms used by viruses to evade these important immune system cells are initially examined. Subsequently, the role of NK cell exosomes in controlling various viral infections is discussed. Finally, the current position of these cells in the treatment of viral infections and the therapeutic potential of their exosomes are reviewed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zafarani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Taghavi-Farahabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Luganini A, Serra V, Scarpellino G, Bhat SM, Munaron L, Fiorio Pla A, Gribaudo G. The US21 viroporin of human cytomegalovirus stimulates cell migration and adhesion. mBio 2023; 14:e0074923. [PMID: 37477430 PMCID: PMC10470750 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00749-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US12 gene family contributes to virus-host interactions by regulating the virus' cell tropism and its evasion of host innate immune responses. US21, one of the 10 US12 genes (US12-US21), is a descendant of a captured cellular transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif-containing gene. It encodes a 7TMD endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident viroporin (pUS21) capable of reducing the Ca2+ content of ER stores, which, in turn, protects cells against apoptosis. Since regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis affects a broad range of cellular responses, including cell motility, we investigated whether pUS21 might also interfere with this cytobiological consequence of Ca2+ signaling. Indeed, deletion of the US21 gene impaired the ability of HCMV-infected cells to migrate, whereas expression of US21 protein stimulated cell migration and adhesion, as well as focal adhesion (FA) dynamics, in a way that depended on its ability to manipulate ER Ca2+ content. Mechanistic studies revealed pUS21-mediated cell migration to involve calpain 2 activation since its inhibition prevented the viroporin's effects on cell motility. Pertinently, pUS21 expression stimulated a store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mechanism that may determine the activation of calpain 2 by promoting Ca2+ entry. Furthermore, pUS21 was observed to interact with talin-1, a calpain 2 substrate, and crucial protein component of FA complexes. A functional consequence of this interaction was confirmed by talin-1 knockdown, which abrogated the pUS21-mediated increase in cell migration. Together, these results indicate the US21-encoded viroporin to be a viral regulator of cell adhesion and migration in the context of HCMV infection. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic pathogen that owes part of its success to the capture, duplication, and tuning of cellular genes to generate modern viral proteins which promote infection and persistence in the host by interfering with many cell biochemical and physiological pathways. The US21 viral protein provides an example of this evolutionary strategy: it is a cellular-derived calcium channel that manipulates intracellular calcium homeostasis to confer edges to HCMV replication. Here, we report on the characterization of a novel function of the US21 protein as a viral regulator of cell migration and adhesion through mechanisms involving its calcium channel activity. Characterization of HCMV multifunctional regulatory proteins, like US21, supports the better understanding of viral pathogenesis and may open avenues for the design of new antiviral strategies that exploit their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Scarpellino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Shree Madhu Bhat
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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10
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Rubina A, Patel M, Nightingale K, Potts M, Fielding CA, Kollnberger S, Lau B, Ladell K, Miners KL, Nichols J, Nobre L, Roberts D, Trinca TM, Twohig JP, Vlahava VM, Davison AJ, Price DA, Tomasec P, Wilkinson GWG, Weekes MP, Stanton RJ, Wang ECY. ADAM17 targeting by human cytomegalovirus remodels the cell surface proteome to simultaneously regulate multiple immune pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303155120. [PMID: 37561786 PMCID: PMC10438378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303155120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major human pathogen whose life-long persistence is enabled by its remarkable capacity to systematically subvert host immune defenses. In exploring the finding that HCMV infection up-regulates tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), a ligand for the pro-inflammatory antiviral cytokine TNFα, we found that the underlying mechanism was due to targeting of the protease, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). ADAM17 is the prototype 'sheddase', a family of proteases that cleaves other membrane-bound proteins to release biologically active ectodomains into the supernatant. HCMV impaired ADAM17 surface expression through the action of two virally-encoded proteins in its UL/b' region, UL148 and UL148D. Proteomic plasma membrane profiling of cells infected with an HCMV double-deletion mutant for UL148 and UL148D with restored ADAM17 expression, combined with ADAM17 functional blockade, showed that HCMV stabilized the surface expression of 114 proteins (P < 0.05) in an ADAM17-dependent fashion. These included reported substrates of ADAM17 with established immunological functions such as TNFR2 and jagged1, but also numerous unreported host and viral targets, such as nectin1, UL8, and UL144. Regulation of TNFα-induced cytokine responses and NK inhibition during HCMV infection were dependent on this impairment of ADAM17. We therefore identify a viral immunoregulatory mechanism in which targeting a single sheddase enables broad regulation of multiple critical surface receptors, revealing a paradigm for viral-encoded immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzelika Rubina
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mihil Patel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Nightingale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Potts
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kollnberger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Betty Lau
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L. Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Roberts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Terrence M. Trinca
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P. Twohig
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia-Maria Vlahava
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tomasec
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W. G. Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie C. Y. Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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11
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Zeng J, Cao D, Yang S, Jaijyan DK, Liu X, Wu S, Cruz-Cosme R, Tang Q, Zhu H. Insights into the Transcriptome of Human Cytomegalovirus: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1703. [PMID: 37632045 PMCID: PMC10458407 DOI: 10.3390/v15081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that poses significant risks to immunocompromised individuals. Its genome spans over 230 kbp and potentially encodes over 200 open-reading frames. The HCMV transcriptome consists of various types of RNAs, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), with emerging insights into their biological functions. HCMV mRNAs are involved in crucial viral processes, such as viral replication, transcription, and translation regulation, as well as immune modulation and other effects on host cells. Additionally, four lncRNAs (RNA1.2, RNA2.7, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0) have been identified in HCMV, which play important roles in lytic replication like bypassing acute antiviral responses, promoting cell movement and viral spread, and maintaining HCMV latency. CircRNAs have gained attention for their important and diverse biological functions, including association with different diseases, acting as microRNA sponges, regulating parental gene expression, and serving as translation templates. Remarkably, HCMV encodes miRNAs which play critical roles in silencing human genes and other functions. This review gives an overview of human cytomegalovirus and current research on the HCMV transcriptome during lytic and latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songbin Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Ruth Cruz-Cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
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12
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Kim HJ, Lee Y, Lee S, Park B. HCMV-encoded viral protein US12 promotes autophagy by inducing autophagy flux. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 654:94-101. [PMID: 36898229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded US12 gene family is a group of ten predicted seven-transmembrane domain proteins that are structurally similar to G-protein-coupled receptors or transmembrane Bax inhibitor-1 motif-containing proteins; however, the roles of US12 family proteins in virus-host interactions remain to be discovered. Here, we suggest a new function of the US12 protein in regulating cellular autophagy. US12 is predominantly located to the lysosome and interacts with the lysosomal membrane protein 2 (LAMP2). A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS-based targeted proteomics analysis shows that US12 is tightly correlated with autophagy. US12 induces autophagy via upregulating ULK1 phosphorylation and subsequent LC3-II conversion, thereby accelerating autophagic flux. Moreover, HeLa cells overexpressing US12 displays intense LC3-specific staining and autolysosome formation even under nutrient-sufficient conditions. Furthermore, the physical interaction of p62/SQSTM1 with US12 is involved in the resistance to the degradation of p62/SQSTM1 by autophagy, despite the induction of both autolysosome formation and autophagic flux. Although the effect of US12 expression in HCMV infection on autophagy remains undetermined, these findings provide new insights into the viral drivers of host autophagy during HCMV evolution and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yoora Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sungwook Lee
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, South Korea
| | - Boyoun Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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13
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Ashley CL, McSharry BP, McWilliam HEG, Stanton RJ, Fielding CA, Mathias RA, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Villadangos JA, Rossjohn J, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Suppression of MR1 by human cytomegalovirus inhibits MAIT cell activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107497. [PMID: 36845106 PMCID: PMC9950634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antigen presentation molecule MHC class I related protein-1 (MR1) is best characterized by its ability to present bacterially derived metabolites of vitamin B2 biosynthesis to mucosal-associated invariant T-cells (MAIT cells). Methods Through in vitro human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the presence of MR1 ligand we investigate the modulation of MR1 expression. Using coimmunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, expression by recombinant adenovirus and HCMV deletion mutants we investigate HCMV gpUS9 and its family members as potential regulators of MR1 expression. The functional consequences of MR1 modulation by HCMV infection are explored in coculture activation assays with either Jurkat cells engineered to express the MAIT cell TCR or primary MAIT cells. MR1 dependence in these activation assays is established by addition of MR1 neutralizing antibody and CRISPR/Cas-9 mediated MR1 knockout. Results Here we demonstrate that HCMV infection efficiently suppresses MR1 surface expression and reduces total MR1 protein levels. Expression of the viral glycoprotein gpUS9 in isolation could reduce both cell surface and total MR1 levels, with analysis of a specific US9 HCMV deletion mutant suggesting that the virus can target MR1 using multiple mechanisms. Functional assays with primary MAIT cells demonstrated the ability of HCMV infection to inhibit bacterially driven, MR1-dependent activation using both neutralizing antibodies and engineered MR1 knockout cells. Discussion This study identifies a strategy encoded by HCMV to disrupt the MR1:MAIT cell axis. This immune axis is less well characterized in the context of viral infection. HCMV encodes hundreds of proteins, some of which regulate the expression of antigen presentation molecules. However the ability of this virus to regulate the MR1:MAIT TCR axis has not been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L. Ashley
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P. McSharry
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish E. G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology (Bio21), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jose A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology (Bio21), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Lee MJ, Leong MW, Rustagi A, Beck A, Zeng L, Holmes S, Qi LS, Blish CA. SARS-CoV-2 escapes direct NK cell killing through Nsp1-mediated downregulation of ligands for NKG2D. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111892. [PMID: 36543165 PMCID: PMC9742201 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic effector cells that target and lyse virally infected cells; many viruses therefore encode mechanisms to escape such NK cell killing. Here, we interrogate the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to modulate NK cell recognition and lysis of infected cells. We find that NK cells exhibit poor cytotoxic responses against SARS-CoV-2-infected targets, preferentially killing uninfected bystander cells. We demonstrate that this escape is driven by downregulation of ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D (NKG2D-L). Indeed, early in viral infection, prior to NKG2D-L downregulation, NK cells are able to target and kill infected cells; however, this ability is lost as viral proteins are expressed. Finally, we find that SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) mediates downregulation of NKG2D-L and that Nsp1 alone is sufficient to confer resistance to NK cell killing. Collectively, our work demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 evades direct NK cell cytotoxicity and describes a mechanism by which this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J Lee
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle W Leong
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aimee Beck
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leiping Zeng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan Chem-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94157, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94157, USA; Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Statkute E, Wang ECY, Stanton RJ. An Optimized CRISPR/Cas9 Adenovirus Vector (AdZ-CRISPR) for High-Throughput Cloning of sgRNA, Using Enhanced sgRNA and Cas9 Variants. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:990-1001. [PMID: 35196879 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus vectors enable highly efficient gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. As a result, they are widely used in gene therapy, vaccination, and anticancer applications. We have previously developed the AdZ vector system, which uses recombineering to permit high-throughput cloning of transgenes into Adenovirus vectors, simplifies alteration of the vector backbone, and enables rapid recovery of infectious virus, even if a transgene is incompatible with vector replication. In this study, we adapt this vector system to enable high-throughput cloning of sequences for CRISPR/Cas9 editing. Vectors were optimized to ensure efficient cloning, and high editing efficiency using spCas9 and single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequences in a single vector. Using a multiplicity of infection of 50, knockout efficiencies of up to 80% could be achieved with a single sgRNA. Vectors were further enhanced by altering the spCas9 sequence to match that of SniperCas9, which has reduced off-target activity, but maintains on-target efficiency, and by applying modifications to the sgRNA sequence that significantly enhance editing efficiency. Thus, the AdZ-CRISPR vectors offer highly efficient knockout, even in hard to transfect cells, and enables large-scale CRISPR/Cas9 projects to be undertaken easily and quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Statkute
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie C Y Wang
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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16
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Tumors and Cytomegalovirus: An Intimate Interplay. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040812. [PMID: 35458542 PMCID: PMC9028007 DOI: 10.3390/v14040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that alternates lytic and latent infection, infecting between 40 and 95% of the population worldwide, usually without symptoms. During its lytic cycle, HCMV can result in fever, asthenia, and, in some cases, can lead to severe symptoms such as hepatitis, pneumonitis, meningitis, retinitis, and severe cytomegalovirus disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Usually, the host immune response keeps the virus in a latent stage, although HCMV can reactivate in an inflammatory context, which could result in sequential lytic/latent viral cycles during the lifetime and thereby participate in the HCMV genomic diversity in humans and the high level of HCMV intrahost genomic variability. The oncomodulatory role of HCMV has been reported, where the virus will favor the development and spread of cancerous cells. Recently, an oncogenic role of HCMV has been highlighted in which the virus will directly transform primary cells and might therefore be defined as the eighth human oncovirus. In light of these new findings, it is critical to understand the role of the immune landscape, including the tumor microenvironment present in HCMV-harboring tumors. Finally, the oncomodulatory/oncogenic potential of HCMV could lead to the development of novel adapted therapeutic approaches against HCMV, especially since immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer therapeutic strategies and new therapeutic approaches are actively needed, particularly to fight tumors of poor prognosis.
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17
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Dong Y, Liu J, Lu N, Zhang C. Enterovirus 71 Antagonizes Antiviral Effects of Type III Interferon and Evades the Clearance of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:806084. [PMID: 35185830 PMCID: PMC8848745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.806084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen causing severe neurological complications and hand, foot, and mouth disease. The intestinal mucosal immune system has a complete immune response and immune regulation mechanism, consisting of densely arranged monolayer intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) distributed among the IECs, which constitute the first line of intestinal mucosa against infection of foreign pathogens. As an enterovirus, EV71 is transmitted by the intestinal tract; however, the mechanisms it uses to evade the immunosurveillance of the intestinal mucosal immune system are still incompletely clarified. The present study investigated how EV71 evades from recognizing and eliminating IECs, iIELs, and iNK cells. We found that EV71 infection induced a higher level of type III interferons (IFN-λ) than type I interferons (IFN-β) in IECs, and the addition of IFN-λ markedly restricted EV71 replication in IECs. These results indicate that IFN-λ plays a more important role in anti-EV71 intestinal infection. However, EV71 infection could markedly attenuate the antiviral responses of IFN-λ. Mechanistically, 2A protease (2Apro) and 3C protease (3Cpro) of EV71 inhibited the IFN-λ production and IFN-λ receptor expression and further decreased the response of IECs to IFN-λ. In addition, we found that EV71-infected IECs were less susceptible to the lysis of intestinal NK (iNK) cells and CD3+iIELs. We revealed that the viral 2Apro and 3Cpro could significantly reduce the expression of the ligands of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) and promote the expression of PD-L1 on IECs, rendering them to evade the recognition and killing of iNK and CD3+iIELs. These results provide novel evasion mechanisms of EV71 from intestinal mucosal innate immunity and may give new insights into antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmin Dong
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Institute of Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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18
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Human cytomegalovirus protein RL1 degrades the antiviral factor SLFN11 via recruitment of the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2108173119. [PMID: 35105802 PMCID: PMC8832970 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108173119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important human pathogen and a paradigm of viral immune evasion, targeting intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immunity. We have employed two orthogonal multiplexed tandem mass tag-based proteomic screens to identify host proteins down-regulated by viral factors expressed during the latest phases of viral infection. This approach revealed that the HIV-1 restriction factor Schlafen-11 (SLFN11) was degraded by the poorly characterized, late-expressed HCMV protein RL1, via recruitment of the Cullin4-RING E3 Ubiquitin Ligase (CRL4) complex. SLFN11 potently restricted HCMV infection, inhibiting the formation and spread of viral plaques. Overall, we show that a restriction factor previously thought only to inhibit RNA viruses additionally restricts HCMV. We define the mechanism of viral antagonism and also describe an important resource for revealing additional molecules of importance in antiviral innate immunity and viral immune evasion.
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19
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Tyl MD, Betsinger CN, Cristea IM. Virus-host protein interactions as footprints of human cytomegalovirus replication. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:135-147. [PMID: 34923282 PMCID: PMC8844139 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a pervasive β-herpesvirus that causes lifelong infection. The lytic replication cycle of HCMV is characterized by global organelle remodeling and dynamic virus-host interactions, both of which are necessary for productive HCMV replication. With the advent of new technologies for investigating protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions, numerous critical interfaces between HCMV and host cells have been identified. Here, we review temporal and spatial virus-host interactions that support different stages of the HCMV replication cycle. Understanding how HCMV interacts with host cells during entry, replication, and assembly, as well as how it interfaces with host cell metabolism and immune responses promises to illuminate processes that underlie the biology of infection and the resulting pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Tyl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Cora N. Betsinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,Corresponding author and lead contact: Ileana M. Cristea, 210 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Tel: 6092589417, Fax: 6092584575,
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20
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microRNA, a Subtle Indicator of Human Cytomegalovirus against Host Immune Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020144. [PMID: 35214602 PMCID: PMC8874957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the β-herpesvirus family and infects 40–90% of the adult population worldwide. HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy individuals but causes serious problems in immunocompromised people. We restricted this narrative review (PubMed, January 2022) to demonstrate the interaction and molecular mechanisms between the virus and host immune cells with a focus on HCMV-encoded miRNAs. We found a series of HCMV-encoded miRNAs (e.g., miR-UL112 and miR-UL148D) are explicitly involved in the regulation of viral DNA replication, immune evasion, as well as host cell fate. MiRNA-targeted therapies have been explored for the treatment of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and hepatitis C virus infection. It is feasible to develop an alternative vaccine to restart peripheral immunity or to inhibit HCMV activity, which may contribute to the antiviral intervention for serious HCMV-related diseases.
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21
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The Current Challenges in Developing Biological and Clinical Predictors of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413487. [PMID: 34948284 PMCID: PMC8704566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may cause severe long-term sequelae. Recent studies have demonstrated that early antiviral therapy for infants with symptomatic congenital CMV (cCMV) infection may improve neurological outcomes; thus, accurate identification of newborns at high risk of cCMV infection may contribute to improved outcomes in affected children. However, maternal serological screening for cCMV infection by diagnosing primary infection during pregnancy, which is a popular screening strategy, is inefficient, because the number of cCMV infections with nonprimary causes, including reactivation of or reinfection with CMV, is larger than that of cCMV infections with primary causes. Low levels of neutralizing antibodies against pentameric complex and potent CMV-specific T cell-mediated immune responses are associated with an increased risk of cCMV infection. Conversely, our prospective cohort studies revealed that the presence of maternal fever/flu-like symptoms, threatened miscarriage/premature delivery, or actual premature delivery are risk factors for cCMV infection among both women with normal pregnancies and those with high-risk ones, regardless of whether the infection is primary or nonprimary. This review focused on host immune responses to human CMV and current knowledge of potential biological and clinical factors that are predictive of cCMV infection.
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22
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Jasinski-Bergner S, Mandelboim O, Seliger B. Molecular mechanisms of human herpes viruses inferring with host immune surveillance. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000841. [PMID: 32616556 PMCID: PMC7333871 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several human herpes viruses (HHVs) exert oncogenic potential leading to malignant transformation of infected cells and/or tissues. The molecular processes induced by viral-encoded molecules including microRNAs, peptides, and proteins contributing to immune evasion of the infected host cells are equal to the molecular processes of immune evasion mediated by tumor cells independently of viral infections. Such major immune evasion strategies include (1) the downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines as well as the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, (2) the downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia directly as well as indirectly by downregulation of the components involved in the antigen processing, and (3) the downregulation of stress-induced ligands for activating receptors on immune effector cells with NKG2D leading the way. Furthermore, (4) immune modulatory molecules like MHC class Ib molecules and programmed cell death1 ligand 1 can be upregulated on infections with certain herpes viruses. This review article focuses on the known molecular mechanisms of HHVs modulating the above-mentioned possibilities for immune surveillance and even postulates a temporal order linking regular tumor immunology with basic virology and offering putatively novel insights for targeting HHVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Immunology & Cancer Research Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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23
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El Baba R, Herbein G. Immune Landscape of CMV Infection in Cancer Patients: From "Canonical" Diseases Toward Virus-Elicited Oncomodulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730765. [PMID: 34566995 PMCID: PMC8456041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an immensely pervasive herpesvirus, persistently infecting high percentages of the world population. Despite the apparent robust host immune responses, HCMV is capable of replicating, evading host defenses, and establishing latency throughout life by developing multiple immune-modulatory strategies. HCMV has coexisted with humans mounting various mechanisms to evade immune cells and effectively win the HCMV-immune system battle mainly through maintaining its viral genome, impairing HLA Class I and II molecule expression, evading from natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity, interfering with cellular signaling, inhibiting apoptosis, escaping complement attack, and stimulating immunosuppressive cytokines (immune tolerance). HCMV expresses several gene products that modulate the host immune response and promote modifications in non-coding RNA and regulatory proteins. These changes are linked to several complications, such as immunosenescence and malignant phenotypes leading to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and oncomodulation. Hence, tumor survival is promoted by affecting cellular proliferation and survival, invasion, immune evasion, immunosuppression, and giving rise to angiogenic factors. Viewing HCMV-induced evasion mechanisms will play a principal role in developing novel adapted therapeutic approaches against HCMV, especially since immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer therapeutic strategies. Since tumors acquire immune evasion strategies, anti-tumor immunity could be prominently triggered by multimodal strategies to induce, on one side, immunogenic tumor apoptosis and to actively oppose the immune suppressive microenvironment, on the other side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranim El Baba
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Franche-Comté UBFC, Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Franche-Comté UBFC, Besançon, France
- Department of Virology, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Besançon (CHRU) Besançon, Besancon, France
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24
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Abstract
Like all herpesviruses, the roseoloviruses (HHV6A, -6B, and -7) establish lifelong infection within their host, requiring these viruses to evade host antiviral responses. One common host-evasion strategy is the downregulation of host-encoded, surface-expressed glycoproteins. Roseoloviruses have been shown to evade the host immune response by downregulating NK-activating ligands, class I MHC, and the TCR/CD3 complex. To more globally identify glycoproteins that are differentially expressed on the surface of HHV6A-infected cells, we performed cell surface capture of N-linked glycoproteins present on the surface of T cells infected with HHV6A, and compared these to proteins present on the surface of uninfected T cells. We found that the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is downregulated in T cells infected with HHV6A. We also demonstrated that CD45 is similarly downregulated in cells infected with HHV7. CD45 is essential for signaling through the T cell receptor and, as such, is necessary for developing a fully functional immune response. Interestingly, the closely related betaherpesviruses human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) have also separately evolved unique mechanisms to target CD45. While HCMV and MCMV target CD45 signaling and trafficking, HHV6A acts to downregulate CD45 transcripts. IMPORTANCE Human herpesviruses-6 and -7 infect essentially 100% of the world's population before the age of 5 and then remain latent or persistent in their host throughout life. As such, these viruses are among the most pervasive and stealthy of all viruses. Host immune cells rely on the presence of surface-expressed proteins to identify and target virus-infected cells. Here, we investigated the changes that occur to proteins expressed on the cell surface of T cells after infection with human herpesvirus-6A. We discovered that HHV-6A infection results in a reduction of CD45 on the surface of infected T cells and impaired activation in response to T cell receptor stimulation.
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NKG2D Natural Killer Cell Receptor-A Short Description and Potential Clinical Applications. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061420. [PMID: 34200375 PMCID: PMC8229527 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are natural cytotoxic, effector cells of the innate immune system. They can recognize transformed or infected cells. NK cells are armed with a set of activating and inhibitory receptors which are able to bind to their ligands on target cells. The right balance between expression and activation of those receptors is fundamental for the proper functionality of NK cells. One of the best known activating receptors is NKG2D, a member of the CD94/NKG2 family. Due to a specific NKG2D binding with its eight different ligands, which are overexpressed in transformed, infected and stressed cells, NK cells are able to recognize and attack their targets. The NKG2D receptor has an enormous significance in various, autoimmune diseases, viral and bacterial infections as well as for transplantation outcomes and complications. This review focuses on the NKG2D receptor, the mechanism of its action, clinical relevance of its gene polymorphisms and a potential application in various clinical settings.
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Lis N, Hein Z, Ghanwat SS, Ramnarayan VR, Chambers BJ, Springer S. The murine cytomegalovirus immunoevasin gp40/m152 inhibits NKG2D receptor RAE-1γ by intracellular retention and cell surface masking. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:269012. [PMID: 34085696 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D (also known as KLRK1) is a crucial natural killer (NK) cell-activating receptor, and the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) employs multiple immunoevasins to avoid NKG2D-mediated activation. One of the MCMV immunoevasins, gp40 (m152), downregulates the cell surface NKG2D ligand RAE-1γ (also known as Raet1c) thus limiting NK cell activation. This study establishes the molecular mechanism by which gp40 retains RAE-1γ in the secretory pathway. Using flow cytometry and pulse-chase analysis, we demonstrate that gp40 retains RAE-1γ in the early secretory pathway, and that this effect depends on the binding of gp40 to a host protein, TMED10, a member of the p24 protein family. We also show that the TMED10-based retention mechanism can be saturated, and that gp40 has a backup mechanism as it masks RAE-1γ on the cell surface, blocking the interaction with the NKG2D receptor and thus NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lis
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
| | - Zeynep Hein
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
| | - Swapnil S Ghanwat
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
| | - Venkat R Ramnarayan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Springer
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
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Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061179. [PMID: 34070716 PMCID: PMC8227491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.
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Seidel E, Dassa L, Schuler C, Oiknine-Djian E, Wolf DG, Le-Trilling VTK, Mandelboim O. The human cytomegalovirus protein UL147A downregulates the most prevalent MICA allele: MICA*008, to evade NK cell-mediated killing. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008807. [PMID: 33939764 PMCID: PMC8118558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes capable of killing target cells without prior sensitization. One pivotal activating NK receptor is NKG2D, which binds a family of eight ligands, including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related chain A (MICA). Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus causing morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients and congenitally infected infants. HCMV encodes multiple antagonists of NK cell activation, including many mechanisms targeting MICA. However, only one of these mechanisms, the HCMV protein US9, counters the most prevalent MICA allele, MICA*008. Here, we discover that a hitherto uncharacterized HCMV protein, UL147A, specifically downregulates MICA*008. UL147A primarily induces MICA*008 maturation arrest, and additionally targets it to proteasomal degradation, acting additively with US9 during HCMV infection. Thus, UL147A hinders NKG2D-mediated elimination of HCMV-infected cells by NK cells. Mechanistic analyses disclose that the non-canonical GPI anchoring pathway of immature MICA*008 constitutes the determinant of UL147A specificity for this MICA allele. These findings advance our understanding of the complex and rapidly evolving HCMV immune evasion mechanisms, which may facilitate the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common pathogen that usually causes asymptomatic infection in the immunocompetent population, but the immunosuppressed and fetuses infected in utero suffer mortality and disability due to HCMV disease. Current HCMV treatments are limited and no vaccine has been approved, despite significant efforts. HCMV encodes many genes of unknown function, and virus-host interactions are only partially understood. Here, we discovered that a hitherto uncharacterized HCMV protein, UL147A, downregulates the expression of an activating immune ligand allele named MICA*008, thus hindering the elimination of HCMV-infected cells. Elucidating HCMV immune evasion mechanisms could aid in the development of novel HCMV treatments and vaccines. Furthermore, MICA*008 is a highly prevalent allele implicated in cancer immune evasion, autoimmunity and graft rejection. In this work we have shown that UL147A interferes with MICA*008’s poorly understood, nonstandard maturation pathway, and acts additively with a functionally homologous HCMV protein, US9. Study of UL147A may enable manipulation of its expression as a therapeutic measure against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Seidel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Dassa
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Corinna Schuler
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana G. Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le-Trilling
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (VTKL-T); (OM)
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail: (VTKL-T); (OM)
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29
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Galitska G, Coscia A, Forni D, Steinbrueck L, De Meo S, Biolatti M, De Andrea M, Cagliani R, Leone A, Bertino E, Schulz T, Santoni A, Landolfo S, Sironi M, Cerboni C, Dell'Oste V. Genetic Variability of Human Cytomegalovirus Clinical Isolates Correlates With Altered Expression of Natural Killer Cell-Activating Ligands and IFN-γ. Front Immunol 2021; 12:532484. [PMID: 33897679 PMCID: PMC8062705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.532484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection often leads to systemic disease in immunodeficient patients and congenitally infected children. Despite its clinical significance, the exact mechanisms contributing to HCMV pathogenesis and clinical outcomes have yet to be determined. One of such mechanisms involves HCMV-mediated NK cell immune response, which favors viral immune evasion by hindering NK cell-mediated cytolysis. This process appears to be dependent on the extent of HCMV genetic variation as high levels of variability in viral genes involved in immune escape have an impact on viral pathogenesis. However, the link between viral genome variations and their functional effects has so far remained elusive. Thus, here we sought to determine whether inter-host genetic variability of HCMV influences its ability to modulate NK cell responses to infection. For this purpose, five HCMV clinical isolates from a previously characterized cohort of pediatric patients with confirmed HCMV congenital infection were evaluated by next-generation sequencing (NGS) for genetic polymorphisms, phylogenetic relationships, and multiple-strain infection. We report variable levels of genetic characteristics among the selected clinical strains, with moderate variations in genome regions associated with modulation of NK cell functions. Remarkably, we show that different HCMV clinical strains differentially modulate the expression of several ligands for the NK cell-activating receptors NKG2D, DNAM-1/CD226, and NKp30. Specifically, the DNAM-1/CD226 ligand PVR/CD155 appears to be predominantly upregulated by fast-replicating (“aggressive”) HCMV isolates. On the other hand, the NGK2D ligands ULBP2/5/6 are downregulated regardless of the strain used, while other NK cell ligands (i.e., MICA, MICB, ULBP3, Nectin-2/CD112, and B7-H6) are not significantly modulated. Furthermore, we show that IFN-γ; production by NK cells co-cultured with HCMV-infected fibroblasts is directly proportional to the aggressiveness of the HCMV clinical isolates employed. Interestingly, loss of NK cell-modulating genes directed against NK cell ligands appears to be a common feature among the “aggressive” HCMV strains, which also share several gene variants across their genomes. Overall, even though further studies based on a higher number of patients would offer a more definitive scenario, our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the impact of HCMV genetic variability on NK cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Galitska
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Lars Steinbrueck
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simone De Meo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease - CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Agata Leone
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angela Santoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell'Oste
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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30
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A slowly cleaved viral signal peptide acts as a protein-integral immune evasion domain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2061. [PMID: 33824318 PMCID: PMC8024260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress can induce cell surface expression of MHC-like ligands, including MICA, that activate NK cells. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein US9 downregulates the activating immune ligand MICA*008 to avoid NK cell activation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that the N-terminal signal peptide is the major US9 functional domain targeting MICA*008 to proteasomal degradation. The US9 signal peptide is cleaved with unusually slow kinetics and this transiently retained signal peptide arrests MICA*008 maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and indirectly induces its degradation via the ER quality control system and the SEL1L-HRD1 complex. We further identify an accessory, signal peptide-independent US9 mechanism that directly binds MICA*008 and SEL1L. Collectively, we describe a dual-targeting immunoevasin, demonstrating that signal peptides can function as protein-integral effector domains. Glycoprotein US9 of human cytomegalovirus downregulates the activating immune ligand MICA*008 to avoid NK cell activation. Here, Seidel et al. show that the signal peptide of US9 is cleaved unusually slowly, causing MICA*008 to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and degraded via the ER quality control system.
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31
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McSharry BP, Samer C, McWilliam HEG, Ashley CL, Yee MB, Steain M, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Kinchington PR, McCluskey J, Abendroth A, Villadangos JA, Rossjohn J, Slobedman B. Virus-Mediated Suppression of the Antigen Presentation Molecule MR1. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2948-2962.e4. [PMID: 32130899 PMCID: PMC7798347 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecule MR1 presents microbial metabolites related to vitamin B2 biosynthesis to mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells). Although bacteria and fungi drive the MR1 biosynthesis pathway, viruses have not previously been implicated in MR1 expression or its antigen presentation. We demonstrate that several herpesviruses inhibit MR1 cell surface upregulation, including a potent inhibition by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This virus profoundly suppresses MR1 cell surface expression and targets the molecule for proteasomal degradation, whereas ligand-induced cell surface expression of MR1 prior to infection enables MR1 to escape HSV-1-dependent targeting. HSV-1 downregulation of MR1 is dependent on de novo viral gene expression, and we identify the Us3 viral gene product as functioning to target MR1. Furthermore, HSV-1 downregulation of MR1 disrupts MAIT T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Accordingly, virus-mediated targeting of MR1 defines an immunomodulatory strategy that functionally disrupts the MR1-MAIT TCR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carolyn Samer
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline L Ashley
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael B Yee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Megan Steain
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Denaeghel S, De Pelsmaeker S, Van Waesberghe C, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies Virus Infection Causes Downregulation of Ligands for the Activating NK Cell Receptor NKG2D. Viruses 2021; 13:266. [PMID: 33572245 PMCID: PMC7915010 DOI: 10.3390/v13020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses display a complex and carefully balanced interaction with important players in the antiviral immune response of immunocompetent natural hosts, including natural killer (NK) cells. With regard to NK cells, this delicate balance is illustrated on the one hand by severe herpesvirus disease reported in individuals with NK cell deficiencies and on the other hand by several NK cell evasion strategies described for herpesviruses. In the current study, we report that porcine cells infected with the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) display a rapid and progressive downregulation of ligands for the major activating NK cell receptor NKG2D. This downregulation consists both of a downregulation of NKG2D ligands that are already expressed on the cell surface of an infected cell and an inhibition of cell surface expression of newly expressed NKG2D ligands. Flow cytometry and RT-qPCR assays showed that PRV infection results in downregulation of the porcine NKG2D ligand pULBP1 from the cell surface and a very substantial suppression of mRNA expression of pULBP1 and of another potential NKG2D ligand, pMIC2. Furthermore, PRV-induced NKG2D ligand downregulation was found to be independent of late viral gene expression. In conclusion, we report that PRV infection of host cells results in a very pronounced downregulation of ligands for the activating NK cell receptor NKG2D, representing an additional NK evasion strategy of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.D.); (S.D.P.); (C.V.W.)
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Lin KM, Nightingale K, Soday L, Antrobus R, Weekes MP. Rapid Degradation Pathways of Host Proteins During HCMV Infection Revealed by Quantitative Proteomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:578259. [PMID: 33585265 PMCID: PMC7873559 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.578259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen in immunocompromised individuals and neonates, and a paradigm for viral immune evasion. We previously developed a quantitative proteomic approach that identified 133 proteins degraded during the early phase of HCMV infection, including known and novel antiviral factors. The majority were rescued from degradation by MG132, which is known to inhibit lysosomal cathepsins in addition to the proteasome. Global definition of the precise mechanisms of host protein degradation is important both to improve our understanding of viral biology, and to inform novel antiviral therapeutic strategies. We therefore developed and optimized a multiplexed comparative proteomic analysis using the selective proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in addition to MG132, to provide a global mechanistic view of protein degradation. Of proteins rescued from degradation by MG132, 34-47 proteins were also rescued by bortezomib, suggesting both that the predominant mechanism of protein degradation employed by HCMV is via the proteasome, and that alternative pathways for degradation are nevertheless important. Our approach and data will enable improved mechanistic understanding of HCMV and other viruses, and provide a shortlist of candidate restriction factors for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Baugh R, Khalique H, Seymour LW. Convergent Evolution by Cancer and Viruses in Evading the NKG2D Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3827. [PMID: 33352921 PMCID: PMC7766243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor and its family of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are key components in the innate immune system, triggering NK, γδ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses. While surface NKG2DL are rarely found on healthy cells, expression is significantly increased in response to various types of cellular stress, viral infection, and tumour cell transformation. In order to evade immune-mediated cytotoxicity, both pathogenic viruses and cancer cells have evolved various mechanisms of subverting immune defences and preventing NKG2DL expression. Comparisons of the mechanisms employed following virus infection or malignant transformation reveal a pattern of converging evolution at many of the key regulatory steps involved in NKG2DL expression and subsequent immune responses. Exploring ways to target these shared steps in virus- and cancer-mediated immune evasion may provide new mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities, for example, using oncolytic virotherapy to re-engage the innate immune system towards cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonard W. Seymour
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (R.B.); (H.K.)
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Kaminski H, Marsères G, Cosentino A, Guerville F, Pitard V, Fournié JJ, Merville P, Déchanet-Merville J, Couzi L. Understanding human γδ T cell biology toward a better management of cytomegalovirus infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:264-288. [PMID: 33091199 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, namely solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients, and can induce congenital infection in neonates. There is currently an unmet need for new management and treatment strategies. Establishment of an anti-CMV immune response is critical in order to control CMV infection. The two main human T cells involved in HCMV-specific response are αβ and non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that belong to γδ T cell compartment. CMV-induced non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells harbor a specific clonal expansion and a phenotypic signature, and display effector functions against CMV. So far, only two main molecular mechanisms underlying CMV sensing have been identified. Non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be activated either by stress-induced surface expression of the γδT cell receptor (TCR) ligand annexin A2, or by a multimolecular stress signature composed of the γδTCR ligand endothelial protein C receptor and co-stimulatory signals such as the ICAM-1-LFA-1 axis. All this basic knowledge can be harnessed to improve the clinical management of CMV infection in at-risk patients. In particular, non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cell monitoring could help better stratify the risk of infection and move forward a personalized medicine. Moreover, recent advances in cell therapy protocols open the way for a non-Vγ9Vδ2 T cell therapy in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kaminski
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gabriel Marsères
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anaïs Cosentino
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florent Guerville
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Pôle de gérontologie, Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Pitard
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, Université Toulouse III: Paul-Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Merville
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Lionel Couzi
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
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Elasifer H, Wang EC, Prod’homme V, Davies J, Forbes S, Stanton RJ, Patel M, Fielding CA, Roberts D, Traherne JA, Gruber N, Bugert JJ, Aicheler RJ, Wilkinson GWG. Downregulation of HLA-I by the molluscum contagiosum virus mc080 impacts NK-cell recognition and promotes CD8 + T-cell evasion. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:863-872. [PMID: 32510303 PMCID: PMC7641395 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a common cause of benign skin lesions in young children and currently the only endemic human poxvirus. Following the infection of primary keratinocytes in the epidermis, MCV induces the proliferation of infected cells and this results in the production of wart-like growths. Full productive infection is observed only after the infected cells differentiate. During this prolonged replication cycle the virus must avoid elimination by the host immune system. We therefore sought to investigate the function of the two major histocompatibility complex class-I-related genes encoded by the MCV genes mc033 and mc080. Following insertion into a replication-deficient adenovirus vector, codon-optimized versions of mc033 and mc080 were expressed as endoglycosidase-sensitive glycoproteins that localized primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum. MC080, but not MC033, downregulated cell-surface expression of endogenous classical human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I and non-classical HLA-E by a transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-independent mechanism. MC080 exhibited a capacity to inhibit or activate NK cells in autologous assays in a donor-specific manner. MC080 consistently inhibited antigen-specific T cells being activated by peptide-pulsed targets. We therefore propose that MC080 acts to promote evasion of HLA-I-restricted cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Elasifer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Eddie C.Y. Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Virginie Prod’homme
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- Present address: Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, University of Nice Sophia, Antipolis, France
| | - James Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Simone Forbes
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Mihil Patel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Dawn Roberts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - James A. Traherne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Nicole Gruber
- DKMS Life Science Lab, St. Petersburger Str. 2, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim J. Bugert
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- Present address: Institut für Mikrobiologie der Bundeswehr, München, Germany
| | - Rebecca J. Aicheler
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Gavin W. G. Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
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Forrest C, Gomes A, Reeves M, Male V. NK Cell Memory to Cytomegalovirus: Implications for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030394. [PMID: 32698362 PMCID: PMC7563466 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that recognize and eliminate virally-infected and cancerous cells. Members of the innate immune system are not usually considered to mediate immune memory, but over the past decade evidence has emerged that NK cells can do this in several contexts. Of these, the best understood and most widely accepted is the response to cytomegaloviruses, with strong evidence for memory to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and several lines of evidence suggesting that the same is likely to be true of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The importance of NK cells in the context of HCMV infection is underscored by the armory of NK immune evasion genes encoded by HCMV aimed at subverting the NK cell immune response. As such, ongoing studies that have utilized HCMV to investigate NK cell diversity and function have proven instructive. Here, we discuss our current understanding of NK cell memory to viral infection with a focus on the response to cytomegaloviruses. We will then discuss the implications that this will have for the development of a vaccine against HCMV with particular emphasis on how a strategy that can harness the innate immune system and NK cells could be crucial for the development of a vaccine against this high-priority pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Forrest
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (C.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Ariane Gomes
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (C.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Matthew Reeves
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (C.F.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Victoria Male
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, London SW10 9NH, UK
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (V.M.)
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Diab M, Schmiedel D, Seidel E, Bacharach E, Mandelboim O. Human Metapneumovirus Escapes NK Cell Recognition through the Downregulation of Stress-Induced Ligands for NKG2D. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070781. [PMID: 32698530 PMCID: PMC7412239 DOI: 10.3390/v12070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pneumoviridae family includes human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and human orthopneumovirus, which is also known as a respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). These are large enveloped, negative single-strand RNA viruses. HMPV and HRSV are the human members, which commonly infect children. HMPV, which was discovered in 2001, infects most children until the age of five, which causes an influenza-like illness. The interaction of this virus with immune cells is poorly understood. In this study, we show that HMPV evades natural killer (NK) cell attack by downregulating stress-induced ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D including: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I polypeptide-related sequences A and B (MICA, MICB), UL16 binding proteins ULBP2, and ULBP3, but not ULBP1. Mechanistically, we show that the viral protein G is involved in the downregulation of ULBP2 and that the viral protein M2.2 is required for MICA and MICB downregulation. These findings emphasize the importance of NK cells, in general, and NKG2D, in particular, in controlling HMPV infection, which opens new avenues for treating HMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Diab
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Einat Seidel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2675-7515
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Kennedy MA, Hofstadter WA, Cristea IM. TRANSPIRE: A Computational Pipeline to Elucidate Intracellular Protein Movements from Spatial Proteomics Data Sets. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1422-1439. [PMID: 32401031 PMCID: PMC7737664 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein localization is paramount to protein function, and the intracellular movement of proteins underlies the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Given advances in spatial proteomics, the investigation of protein localization at a global scale has become attainable. Also becoming apparent is the need for dedicated analytical frameworks that allow the discovery of global intracellular protein movement events. Here, we describe TRANSPIRE, a computational pipeline that facilitates TRanslocation ANalysis of SPatIal pRotEomics data sets. TRANSPIRE leverages synthetic translocation profiles generated from organelle marker proteins to train a probabilistic Gaussian process classifier that predicts changes in protein distribution. This output is then integrated with information regarding co-translocating proteins and complexes and enriched gene ontology associations to discern the putative regulation and function of movement. We validate TRANSPIRE performance for predicting nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling events. Analyzing an existing data set of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteomes during Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-induced cellular mRNA decay, we confirm that TRANSPIRE readily discerns expected translocations of RNA binding proteins. We next investigate protein translocations during infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a β-herpesvirus known to induce global organelle remodeling. We find that HCMV infection induces broad changes in protein localization, with over 800 proteins predicted to translocate during virus replication. Evident are protein movements related to HCMV modulation of host defense, metabolism, cellular trafficking, and Wnt signaling. For example, the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) translocates to the lysosome early in infection in conjunction with its degradation, which we validate by targeted mass spectrometry. Using microscopy, we also validate the translocation of the multifunctional kinase DAPK3, a movement that may contribute to HCMV activation of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - William A Hofstadter
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Abstract
The continuous interactions between host and pathogens during their coevolution have shaped both the immune system and the countermeasures used by pathogens. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are considered central players in the antiviral response. Not only do they express a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors to discriminate and eliminate target cells but they can also produce immunoregulatory cytokines to alert the immune system. Reciprocally, several unrelated viruses including cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, and dengue virus have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to evade NK cell function, such as the targeting of pathways for NK cell receptors and their ligands, apoptosis, and cytokine-mediated signaling. The studies discussed in this article provide further insights into the antiviral function of NK cells and the pathways involved, their constituent proteins, and ways in which they could be manipulated for host benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mancini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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Human Cytomegalovirus Decreases Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II by Regulating Class II Transactivator Transcript Levels in a Myeloid Cell Line. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01901-19. [PMID: 31915281 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01901-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that encodes many proteins to modulate the host immune response. Extensive efforts have led to the elucidation of multiple strategies employed by HCMV to effectively block NK cell targeting of virus-infected cells and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-primed CD8+ T cell response. However, viral regulation of the MHC class II-mediated CD4+ T cell response is understudied in endogenous MHC class II-expressing cells, largely because the popular cell culture systems utilized for studying HCMV do not endogenously express MHC class II. Of the many cell types infected by HCMV in the host, myeloid cells, such as monocytes, are of particular importance due to their role in latency and subsequent dissemination throughout the host. We investigated the impact of HCMV infection on MHC class II in Kasumi-3 cells, a myeloid-progenitor cell line that endogenously expresses the MHC class II gene, HLA-DR. We observed a significant reduction in the expression of surface and total HLA-DR at 72 h postinfection (hpi) and 120 hpi in infected cells. The decrease in HLA-DR expression was independent of the expression of previously described viral genes that regulate the MHC class II complex or the unique short (US) region of HCMV, a region expressing many immunomodulatory genes. The altered surface level of HLA-DR was not a result of increased endocytosis and degradation but was a result of a reduction in HLA-DR transcripts due to a decrease in the expression of the class II transactivator (CIITA).IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic herpesvirus that is asymptomatic for healthy individuals but that can lead to severe pathology in patients with congenital infections and immunosuppressed patients. Thus, it is important to understand the modulation of the immune response by HCMV, which is understudied in the context of endogenous MHC class II regulation. Using Kasumi-3 cells as a myeloid progenitor cell model endogenously expressing MHC class II (HLA-DR), this study shows that HCMV decreases the expression of HLA-DR in infected cells by reducing the transcription of HLA-DR transcripts early during infection independently of the expression of previously implicated genes. This is an important finding, as it highlights a mechanism of immune evasion utilized by HCMV to decrease the expression of MHC class II in a relevant cell system that endogenously expresses the MHC class II complex.
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42
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Griffiths P. The direct and indirect consequences of cytomegalovirus infection and potential benefits of vaccination. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104732. [PMID: 32081353 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Active infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) occurs in patients who are immunocompromised and may produce the high viral loads required to cause end-organ disease. Such patients have complex medical histories and many experienced physicians have speculated that CMV may, additionally, contribute to adverse clinical outcomes. In 1989, Dr Bob Rubin coined the term "indirect effects" to describe this potential relationship between virus and patient. Examples include accelerated atherosclerosis in patients after heart transplant or with underlying HIV infection, the number of days patients require ventilation after admission to intensive care units, the development of immunosenescence in the elderly and mortality in many groups of patients, including the general population. It is difficult to distinguish between CMV acting as causal contributor to such diverse pathology or simply having a benign bystander effect. However, recruitment of patients into placebo-controlled randomised trials of antiviral drugs with activity against CMV offers such a potential. This article describes the studies that have been conducted to date and emphasises that mortality after stem cell transplant (not attributed to CMV end-organ disease) has recently become the first proven indirect effect of CMV now that letermovir has significantly reduced non-relapse deaths. The implications for CMV vaccines are then discussed. Vaccines are already predicted to be highly cost-effective if they can reduce CMV end-organ disease. Health planners should now consider that cost effectiveness is likely to be enhanced further through reduction of the indirect effects of CMV. A prototype scheme for assessing this possibility is provided in order to stimulate discussion within the field. This article forms part of an online symposium on the prevention and therapy of DNA virus infections, dedicated to the memory of Mark Prichard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Griffiths
- Institute for Immunity & Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
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Nobre LV, Nightingale K, Ravenhill BJ, Antrobus R, Soday L, Nichols J, Davies JA, Seirafian S, Wang ECY, Davison AJ, Wilkinson GWG, Stanton RJ, Huttlin EL, Weekes MP. Human cytomegalovirus interactome analysis identifies degradation hubs, domain associations and viral protein functions. eLife 2019; 8:e49894. [PMID: 31873071 PMCID: PMC6959991 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) extensively modulates host cells, downregulating >900 human proteins during viral replication and degrading ≥133 proteins shortly after infection. The mechanism of degradation of most host proteins remains unresolved, and the functions of many viral proteins are incompletely characterised. We performed a mass spectrometry-based interactome analysis of 169 tagged, stably-expressed canonical strain Merlin HCMV proteins, and two non-canonical HCMV proteins, in infected cells. This identified a network of >3400 virus-host and >150 virus-virus protein interactions, providing insights into functions for multiple viral genes. Domain analysis predicted binding of the viral UL25 protein to SH3 domains of NCK Adaptor Protein-1. Viral interacting proteins were identified for 31/133 degraded host targets. Finally, the uncharacterised, non-canonical ORFL147C protein was found to interact with elements of the mRNA splicing machinery, and a mutational study suggested its importance in viral replication. The interactome data will be important for future studies of herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis V Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Katie Nightingale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lior Soday
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Sepehr Seirafian
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Eddie CY Wang
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Gavin WG Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward L Huttlin
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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44
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Geisler J, Touma J, Rahbar A, Söderberg-Nauclér C, Vetvik K. A Review of the Potential Role of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infections in Breast Cancer Carcinogenesis and Abnormal Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121842. [PMID: 31766600 PMCID: PMC6966479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously recognized classical human onco-viruses can regulate complex neoplastic events, and are estimated to play a role during carcinogenesis in 15-20% of cancer cases. Although the DNA and gene products of several viruses have been found in breast tumors, none of the classical onco-viruses have definitely been linked to the initiation of breast cancer. However, recent evidence shows that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene products are found in >90% of tumors and metastases of breast cancers, and their increased expression can be correlated to a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype. Supporting the active role of HCMV in breast cancer, a specific HCMV strain, HCMV-DB, was recently shown to exert oncogenic transformational activity in breast epithelial cells in vitro, and to give rise to fast-growing, triple-negative breast tumors when injected into immune deficient mice. The same observation holds true for clinical studies implying increased HCMV protein expression in triple negative breast cancer biopsies. In addition to functionally being able to hijack tumor-promoting cellular events, HCMV is known to exhibit a wide range of immunosuppressive effects, which can have radical impact on the tumor microenvironment. HCMV infected cells can avoid recognition and elimination by the immune system by orchestrating polarization of immunosuppressive type II macrophages, preventing antigen presentation, by expressing T cell inhibitory molecules, and possibly, by the induction of regulatory T (Treg) cell responses. These actions would be especially deleterious for the antigenic activation and proliferation of tumor specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), whose effector functions have recently been targeted by successful, experimental immunotherapy protocols. The recognition of alternative causes and drivers of breast cancer is a pivotal research topic for the development of diagnostics and novel, effective preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting both tumor cells and their microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Geisler
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (J.G.); (J.T.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Joel Touma
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (J.G.); (J.T.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery at Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (C.S.-N.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (C.S.-N.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katja Vetvik
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery at Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-95796638
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45
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Berry R, Watson GM, Jonjic S, Degli-Esposti MA, Rossjohn J. Modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by cytomegaloviruses. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:113-127. [PMID: 31666730 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated activities of innate and adaptive immunity are critical for effective protection against viruses. To counter this, some viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to circumvent immune cell recognition. In particular, cytomegaloviruses encode large arsenals of molecules that seek to subvert T cell and natural killer cell function via a remarkable array of mechanisms. Consequently, these 'immunoevasins' play a fundamental role in shaping the nature of the immune system by driving the evolution of new immune receptors and recognition mechanisms. Here, we review the diverse strategies adopted by cytomegaloviruses to target immune pathways and outline the host's response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berry
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle M Watson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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46
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Aslam Y, Williamson J, Romashova V, Elder E, Krishna B, Wills M, Lehner P, Sinclair J, Poole E. Human Cytomegalovirus Upregulates Expression of HCLS1 Resulting in Increased Cell Motility and Transendothelial Migration during Latency. iScience 2019; 20:60-72. [PMID: 31569051 PMCID: PMC6817630 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus establishes a lifelong, latent infection in the human host and can cause significant morbidity and mortality, particularly, in immunocompromised individuals. One established site of HCMV latency and reactivation is in cells of the myeloid lineage. In undifferentiated myeloid cells, such as CD14+ monocytes, virus is maintained latently. We have recently reported an analysis of the total proteome of latently infected CD14+ monocytes, which identified an increase in hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein (HCLS1). Here we show that this latency-associated upregulation of HCLS1 occurs in a US28-dependent manner and stabilizes actin structure in latently infected cells. This results in their increased motility and ability to transit endothelial cell layers. Thus, latency-associated increases in monocyte motility could aid dissemination of the latently infected reservoir, and targeting this increased motility could have an impact on the ability of latently infected monocytes to distribute to tissue sites of reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Aslam
- Cambridge University, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James Williamson
- Cambridge University, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Veronika Romashova
- Cambridge University, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Elder
- Cambridge University, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Krishna
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark Wills
- Cambridge University, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul Lehner
- Cambridge University, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Sinclair
- Cambridge University, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Emma Poole
- Cambridge University, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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47
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Li C, He H, Wang J, Xia X, Zhang M, Wu Q. Possible roles of exosomal miRNAs in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5313-5323. [PMID: 31632512 PMCID: PMC6789246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of oral lichen planus have not achieved a consensus yet. This study aimed to explore the possible roles of exosomal miRNAs in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Bioactive components from exosomes regulate intercellular communications that may be closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases, including oral lichen planus. Further, exosomes are expected to be a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of oral lichen planus. In this study, new advanced views about the biological characteristics, clinical significance, and involvement of exosomes in oral lichen planus were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Li
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University395 Yanan Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong He
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University395 Yanan Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiaqin Wang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University395 Yanan Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinyu Xia
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University395 Yanan Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengyun Zhang
- Zhenjiang Stomatology HospitalZhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingzhu Wu
- Haishu Stomatology HospitalNingbo 315000, Zhejiang Province, China
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48
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Manandhar T, Hò GGT, Pump WC, Blasczyk R, Bade-Doeding C. Battle between Host Immune Cellular Responses and HCMV Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153626. [PMID: 31344940 PMCID: PMC6695940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is ubiquitously prevalent. HCMV infection is typically asymptomatic and controlled by the immune system in healthy individuals, yet HCMV can be severely pathogenic for the fetus during pregnancy and in immunocompromised persons, such as transplant recipients or HIV infected patients. HCMV has co-evolved with the hosts, developed strategies to hide from immune effector cells and to successfully survive in the human organism. One strategy for evading or delaying the immune response is maintenance of the viral genome to establish the phase of latency. Furthermore, HCMV immune evasion involves the downregulation of human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-Ia molecules to hide infected cells from T-cell recognition. HCMV expresses several proteins that are described for downregulation of the HLA class I pathway via various mechanisms. Here, we review the wide range of immune evasion mechanisms of HCMV. Understanding the mechanisms of HCMV immune evasion will contribute to the development of new customized therapeutic strategies against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trishna Manandhar
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gia-Gia T Hò
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke C Pump
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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49
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Biassoni R, Malnati MS. Human Natural Killer Receptors, Co-Receptors, and Their Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 121:e47. [PMID: 30040219 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of human natural killer (NK) cells has moved from the first molecular characterizations of very few receptor molecules to the identification of a plethora of receptors displaying surprisingly divergent functions. We have contributed to the description of inhibitory receptors and their signaling pathways, important in fine regulation in many cell types, but unknown until their discovery in the NK cells. Inhibitory function is central to regulating NK-mediated cytolysis, with different molecular structures evolving during speciation to assure its persistence. More recently, it has become possible to characterize the NK triggering receptors mediating natural cytotoxicity, unveiling the existence of a network of cellular interactions between effectors of both natural and adaptive immunity. This unit reviews the contemporary history of molecular studies of receptors and ligands involved in NK cell function, characterizing the ligands of the triggering receptor and the mechanisms for finely regulating their expression in pathogen-infected or tumor cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biassoni
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro S Malnati
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy
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50
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Hwang S, Han J, Baek JS, Tak E, Song GW, Lee SG, Jung DH, Park GC, Ahn CS, Kim N. Cytotoxicity of Human Hepatic Intrasinusoidal CD56 bright Natural Killer Cells against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071564. [PMID: 30925759 PMCID: PMC6480584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic intrasinusoidal (HI) natural killer (NK) cells from liver perfusate have unique features that are similar to those of liver-resident NK cells. Previously, we have reported that HI CD56bright NK cells effectively degranulate against SNU398 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Thus, the aim of this study was to further investigate the phenotype and function of HI NK cells. We found that HI CD56bright NK cells degranulated much less to Huh7 cells. HI CD56bright NK cells expressed NKG2D, NKp46, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and FAS ligand (FASL) at higher levels than CD56dim cells. SNU398 cells expressed more NKG2D ligands and FAS and less PD-L1 than Huh7 cells. Blockade of NKG2D, TRAIL, and FASL significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of HI NK cells against SNU398 cells, but blockade of PD-L1 did not lead to any significant change. However, HI NK cells produced IFN-γ well in response to Huh7 cells. In conclusion, the cytotoxicity of HI CD56bright NK cells was attributed to the expression of NKG2D, TRAIL, and FASL. The results suggest the possible use of HI NK cells for cancer immunotherapy and prescreening of HCC cells to help identify the most effective NK cell therapy recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hwang
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Ji-Seok Baek
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hwan Jung
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Gil-Chun Park
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Chul-Soo Ahn
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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