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Yang Y, Chen YZ, Xia T. Optimizing antigen selection for the development of tuberculosis vaccines. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100163. [PMID: 38572176 PMCID: PMC10987857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a prevalent global infectious disease caused by genetically closely related tubercle bacilli in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). For a century, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been the primary preventive measure against TB. While it effectively protects against extrapulmonary forms of pediatric TB, it lacks consistent efficacy in providing protection against pulmonary TB in adults. Consequently, the exploration and development of novel TB vaccines, capable of providing broad protection to populations, have consistently constituted a prominent area of interest in medical research. This article presents a concise overview of the novel TB vaccines currently undergoing clinical trials, discussing their classification, protective efficacy, immunogenicity, advantages, and limitations. In vaccine development, the careful selection of antigens that can induce strong and diverse specific immune responses is essential. Therefore, we have summarized the molecular characteristics, biological function, immunogenicity, and relevant studies associated with the chosen antigens for TB vaccines. These insights gained from vaccines and immunogenic proteins will inform the development of novel mycobacterial vaccines, particularly mRNA vaccines, for effective TB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
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2
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Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Nguyenla X, Anastas A, Gurmessa SK, Merutka IR, Dixon SD, Shumate A, Groncki AR, Parson MAH, Ingram JR, Barklis E, Burke JE, Shinde U, Ploegh HL, Tafesse FG. ESAT-6 undergoes self-association at phagosomal pH and an ESAT-6-specific nanobody restricts M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. eLife 2024; 12:RP91930. [PMID: 38805257 PMCID: PMC11132683 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is known to survive within macrophages by compromising the integrity of the phagosomal compartment in which it resides. This activity primarily relies on the ESX-1 secretion system, predominantly involving the protein duo ESAT-6 and CFP-10. CFP-10 likely acts as a chaperone, while ESAT-6 likely disrupts phagosomal membrane stability via a largely unknown mechanism. we employ a series of biochemical analyses, protein modeling techniques, and a novel ESAT-6-specific nanobody to gain insight into the ESAT-6's mode of action. First, we measure the binding kinetics of the tight 1:1 complex formed by ESAT-6 and CFP-10 at neutral pH. Subsequently, we demonstrate a rapid self-association of ESAT-6 into large complexes under acidic conditions, leading to the identification of a stable tetrameric ESAT-6 species. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we pinpoint the most probable interaction interface. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasmic expression of an anti-ESAT-6 nanobody blocks Mtb replication, thereby underlining the pivotal role of ESAT-6 in intracellular survival. Together, these data suggest that ESAT-6 acts by a pH-dependent mechanism to establish two-way communication between the cytoplasm and the Mtb-containing phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Xammy Nguyenla
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Aidan Anastas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Sintayehu K Gurmessa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Ilaria R Merutka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Shandee D Dixon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Anthony Shumate
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Abigail R Groncki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Matthew AH Parson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of VictoriaVictoriaCanada
| | - Jessica R Ingram
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of VictoriaVictoriaCanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences UniversityPortlandUnited States
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3
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Sinha PR, Balasubramanian R, Hegde SR. Integrated sequence and -omic features reveal novel small proteome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1335310. [PMID: 38812687 PMCID: PMC11133741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1335310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatic studies on small proteins are under-represented due to difficulties in annotation posed by their small size. However, recent discoveries emphasize the functional significance of small proteins in cellular processes including cell signaling, metabolism, and adaptation to stress. In this study, we utilized a Random Forest classifier trained on sequence features, RNA-Seq, and Ribo-Seq data to uncover small proteins (smORFs) in M. tuberculosis. Independent predictions for the exponential and starvation conditions resulted in 695 potential smORFs. We examined the functional implications of these smORFs using homology searches, LC-MS/MS, and ChIP-seq data, testing their expression in diverse growth conditions, and identifying protein domains. We provide evidence that some of these smORFs could be part of operons, or exist as upstream ORFs. This expanded data resource for the proteins of M. tuberculosis would aid in fine-tuning the existing protein and gene regulatory networks, thereby improving system-wide studies. The primary goal of this study was to uncover and characterize smORFs in M. tuberculosis through bioinformatic analysis, shedding light on their functional roles and genomic organization. Further investigation of these potential smORFs would provide valuable insights into the genome organization and functional diversity of the M. tuberculosis proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shubhada R. Hegde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, India
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4
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Ullah H, Shi X, Taj A, Cheng L, Yan Q, Sha S, Ahmad, Kang J, Haris M, Ma X, Ma Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS38 Enhances Intracellular Survival of Mycobacteria by Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB-Dependent Inflammation and Apoptosis of the Host. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:313. [PMID: 38785795 PMCID: PMC11118070 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) ranks as the most lethal human pathogen, able to fend off repeated attacks by the immune system or medications. PE_PGRS proteins are hallmarks of the pathogenicity of Mtb and contribute to its antigenic diversity, virulence, and persistence during infection. M. smegmatis is a nonpathogenic mycobacterium that naturally lacks PE_PGRS and is used as a model to express Mtb proteins. PE_PGRS has the capability to evade host immune responses and enhance the intracellular survival of M. smegmatis. Despite the intense investigations into PE_PGRS proteins, their role in tuberculosis remains elusive. We engineered the recombinant M. smegmatis strain Ms-PE_PGRS38. The result shows that PE_PGRS38 is expressed in the cell wall of M. smegmatis. PE_PGRS38 contributes to biofilm formation, confers permeability to the cell wall, and shows variable responses to exogenous stresses. PE_PGRS38 downregulated TLR4/NF-κB signaling in RAW264.7 macrophages and lung tissues of infected mice. In addition, PE_PGRS38 decreased NLRP3-dependent IL-1β release and limited pathogen-mediated inflammasome activity during infection. Moreover, PE_PGRS38 inhibited the apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells by downregulating the expression of apoptotic markers including Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3, and caspase-9. In a nutshell, our findings demonstrate that PE_PGRS38 is a virulence factor for Mtb that enables recombinant M. smegmatis to survive by resisting and evading the host's immune responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayan Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.U.); (A.T.); (L.C.); (S.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.)
- Department of Microbiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China;
| | - Xiaoxia Shi
- Department of Experimental Teaching Center of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China;
| | - Ayaz Taj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.U.); (A.T.); (L.C.); (S.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.U.); (A.T.); (L.C.); (S.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Qiulong Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China;
| | - Shanshan Sha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.U.); (A.T.); (L.C.); (S.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China;
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.U.); (A.T.); (L.C.); (S.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Muhammad Haris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.U.); (A.T.); (L.C.); (S.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yufang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.U.); (A.T.); (L.C.); (S.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.)
- Department of Microbiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China;
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5
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Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Nguyenla X, Anastas A, Gurmessa SK, Merutka IR, Dixon SD, Shumate A, Groncki AR, Parson MAH, Ingram JR, Barklis E, Burke JE, Shinde U, Ploegh HL, Tafesse FG. ESAT-6 undergoes self-association at phagosomal pH and an ESAT-6 specific nanobody restricts M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.16.553641. [PMID: 37645775 PMCID: PMC10462100 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.16.553641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is known to survive within macrophages by compromising the integrity of the phagosomal compartment in which it resides. This activity primarily relies on the ESX-1 secretion system, predominantly involving the protein duo ESAT-6 and CFP-10. CFP-10 likely acts as a chaperone, while ESAT-6 likely disrupts phagosomal membrane stability via a largely unknown mechanism. we employ a series of biochemical analyses, protein modeling techniques, and a novel ESAT-6-specific nanobody to gain insight into the ESAT-6's mode of action. First, we measure the binding kinetics of the tight 1:1 complex formed by ESAT-6 and CFP-10 at neutral pH. Subsequently, we demonstrate a rapid self-association of ESAT-6 into large complexes under acidic conditions, leading to the identification of a stable tetrameric ESAT-6 species. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we pinpoint the most probable interaction interface. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasmic expression of an anti-ESAT-6 nanobody blocks Mtb replication, thereby underlining the pivotal role of ESAT-6 in intracellular survival. Together, these data suggest that ESAT-6 acts by a pH dependent mechanism to establish two-way communication between the cytoplasm and the Mtb-containing phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Xammy Nguyenla
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Aidan Anastas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Sintayehu K Gurmessa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ilaria R Merutka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Shandee D Dixon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Anthony Shumate
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Abigail R Groncki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Matthew AH Parson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Jessica R Ingram
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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6
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Ghoshal A, Verma A, Bhaskar A, Dwivedi VP. The uncharted territory of host-pathogen interaction in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339467. [PMID: 38312835 PMCID: PMC10834760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) effectively manipulates the host processes to establish the deadly respiratory disease, Tuberculosis (TB). M.tb has developed key mechanisms to disrupt the host cell health to combat immune responses and replicate efficaciously. M.tb antigens such as ESAT-6, 19kDa lipoprotein, Hip1, and Hsp70 destroy the integrity of cell organelles (Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleus, Phagosomes) or delay innate/adaptive cell responses. This is followed by the induction of cellular stress responses in the host. Such cells can either undergo various cell death processes such as apoptosis or necrosis, or mount effective immune responses to clear the invading pathogen. Further, to combat the infection progression, the host secretes extracellular vesicles such as exosomes to initiate immune signaling. The exosomes can contain M.tb as well as host cell-derived peptides that can act as a double-edged sword in the immune signaling event. The host-symbiont microbiota produces various metabolites that are beneficial for maintaining healthy tissue microenvironment. In juxtaposition to the above-mentioned mechanisms, M.tb dysregulates the gut and respiratory microbiome to support its replication and dissemination process. The above-mentioned interconnected host cellular processes of Immunometabolism, Cellular stress, Host Microbiome, and Extracellular vesicles are less explored in the realm of exploration of novel Host-directed therapies for TB. Therefore, this review highlights the intertwined host cellular processes to control M.tb survival and showcases the important factors that can be targeted for designing efficacious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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7
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Sun F, Li J, Cao L, Yan C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence protein ESAT-6 influences M1/M2 polarization and macrophage apoptosis to regulate tuberculosis progression. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:37-47. [PMID: 37971619 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and it remains one of the major threats to human health worldwide. To our knowledge, the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages were critical innate immune cells which play important roles in regulating the immune response during TB progression. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of M1/M2 macrophage polarization in TB development. METHODS THP-1 macrophages were treated with early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) protein for an increasing time. The polarization profiles, apoptosis levels of M1 and M2 macrophages were detected by RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, Western blot and flow cytometry. RESULTS ESAT-6 initially promoted the generation of pro-inflammatory M1-polarized macrophages in THP-1 cells within 24 h, which were suppressed by further ESAT-6 treatment at 30-42 h. Interestingly, ESAT-6 continuously promoted M2 polarization of THP-1 cells, thereby maintaining the anti-inflammatory response in a time-dependent manner. In addition, ESAT-6 promoted apoptotic cell death in M1-polarized macrophages, which had little effects on apoptosis of M2-phenotype of macrophages. Then, the potential underlying mechanisms were uncovered, and we verified that ESAT-6 increased the protein levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB to activate the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway within 24 h, and this signal pathway was significantly inactivated at 36 h post-treatment. Interestingly, the following experiments confirmed that ESAT-6 TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway-dependently regulated M1/M2 polarization and apoptosis of macrophage in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION Our study investigated the detailed effects and mechanisms of M1/M2 macrophages in regulating innate responses during TB development, which provided a new perspective on the development of treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, China
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, South Liyu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Jiangbo Li
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Inspection Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Cunzi Yan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, South Liyu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, China.
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8
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Yuan M, Hu X, Xing W, Wu X, Pu C, Guo W, Zhu X, Yao M, Ao L, Li Z, Xu X. B2M is a Biomarker Associated With Immune Infiltration In High Altitude Pulmonary Edema. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:168-185. [PMID: 37165489 PMCID: PMC10804239 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230510095840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a serious mountain sickness with certain mortality. Its early diagnosis is very important. However, the mechanism of its onset and progression is still controversial. AIM This study aimed to analyze the HAPE occurrence and development mechanism and search for prospective biomarkers in peripheral blood. METHODS The difference genes (DEGs) of the Control group and the HAPE group were enriched by gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and then GSEA analysis was performed. After identifying the immune-related hub genes, QPCR was used to verify and analyze the hub gene function and diagnostic value with single-gene GSEA and ROC curves, and the drugs that acted on the hub gene was found in the CTD database. Immune infiltration and its association with the hub genes were analyzed using CIBERSORT. Finally, WGCNA was employed to investigate immune invasion cells' significantly related gene modules, following enrichment analysis of their GO and KEGG. RESULTS The dataset enrichment analysis, immune invasion analysis and WGCNA analysis showed that the occurrence and early progression of HAPE were unrelated to inflammation. The hub genes associated with immunity obtained with MCODE algorithm of Cytoscape were JAK2 and B2M.. RT-qPCR and ROC curves confirmed that the hub gene B2M was a specific biomarker of HAPE and had diagnostic value, and single-gene GSEA analysis confirmed that it participated in MHC I molecule-mediated antigen presentation ability decreased, resulting in reduced immunity. CONCLUSION Occurrence and early progression of high altitude pulmonary edema may not be related to inflammation. B2M may be a new clinical potential biomarker for HAPE for early diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation as well as therapeutic targets, and its decrease may be related to reduced immunity due to reduced ability of MCH I to participate in antigen submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yuan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueting Hu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xing
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengxiu Pu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiyan Zhu
- Department of Military Traffic Injury Prevention and Treatment, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengwei Yao
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Luoquan Ao
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Central Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
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9
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Bisht MK, Pal R, Dahiya P, Naz S, Sanyal P, Nandicoori VK, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. The PPE2 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is secreted during infection and facilitates mycobacterial survival inside the host. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102421. [PMID: 37879126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis secrets various effector proteins to evade host immune responses for facilitating its intracellular survival. The bacterial genome encodes several unique PE/PPE family proteins, which have been implicated to play important role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. A member of this family, PPE2 have been shown to contain a monopartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a DNA binding domain. In this study, we demonstrate that PPE2 protein is present in the sera of mice infected with either M. smegmatis expressing PPE2 or a clinical strain of M. tuberculosis (CDC1551). It was found that exogenously added PPE2 can permeate through the macrophage cell membrane and eventually translocate into the nucleus which requires the presence of NLS which showed considerable homology to HIV-tat like cell permeable peptides. Exogenously added PPE2 could inhibit NO production and decreased mycobacterial survival in macrophages. PPE2-null mutant of M. tuberculosis failed to inhibit NO production and had poor survival in macrophages which could be rescued by complementation with full-length PPE2. PPE2-null mutants also had poor survival in the lungs of infected mice indicating that PPE2 even when present in the bloodstream can confer a survival advantage to mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Bisht
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India; Graduate Studies, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Haryana, India
| | - Ravi Pal
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India; Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyanka Dahiya
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India; Graduate Studies, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Haryana, India
| | - Saba Naz
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Sudip Ghosh
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.
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10
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Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Michael U. Shiloh
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11
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Wang X, Wei X, van der Zalm MM, Zhang Z, Subramanian N, Demers AM, Walters EG, Hesseling A, Liu C. Quantitation of Circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens by Nanopore Biosensing in Children Evaluated for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in South Africa. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21093-21104. [PMID: 37643288 PMCID: PMC10668583 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanopore sensing of proteomic biomarkers lacks accuracy due to the ultralow abundance of targets, a wide variety of interferents in clinical samples, and the mismatch between pore and analyte sizes. By converting antigens to DNA probes via click chemistry and quantifying their characteristic signals, we show a nanopore assay with several amplification mechanisms to achieve an attomolar level limit of detection that enables quantitation of the circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigen ESAT-6/CFP-10 complex in human serum. The assay's nonsputum-based feature and low-volume sample requirements make it particularly well-suited for detecting pediatric tuberculosis (TB) disease, where establishing an accurate diagnosis is greatly complicated by the paucibacillary nature of respiratory secretions, nonspecific symptoms, and challenges with sample collection. In the clinical assessment, the assay was applied to analyze ESAT-6/CFP-10 levels in serum samples collected during baseline investigation for TB in 75 children, aged 0-12 years, enrolled in a diagnostic study conducted in Cape Town, South Africa. This nanopore assay showed superior sensitivity in children with confirmed TB (94.4%) compared to clinical "gold standard" diagnostic technologies (Xpert MTB/RIF 44.4% and Mtb culture 72.2%) and filled the diagnostic gap for children with unconfirmed TB, where these traditional technologies fell short. We envision that, in combination with automated sample processing and portable nanopore devices, this methodology will offer a powerful tool to support the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Xiaojun Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Marieke M. van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Nandhini Subramanian
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Demers
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Elisabetta Ghimenton Walters
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Anneke Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
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12
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Fan X, Zhao X, Wang R, Li M, Luan X, Wang R, Wan K, Liu H. A novel multistage antigens ERA005f confer protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by driving Th-1 and Th-17 type T cell immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276887. [PMID: 38022539 PMCID: PMC10662081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to human health. In 2021, TB was the second leading cause of death after COVID-19 among infectious diseases. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, is ineffective against adult TB. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new effective vaccines. Methods In this study, we developed a novel multistage subunit vaccine (ERA005f) comprising various proteins expressed in metabolic states, based on three immunodominant antigens (ESAT-6, Rv2628, and Ag85B). We utilized the E. coli prokaryotic expression system to express ERA005f and subsequently purified the protein using nickel affinity chromatography and anion exchange. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of ERA005f and ERA005m were evaluated in BALB/c mice. Results ERA005f was consistently expressed as an inclusion body in a prokaryotic expression system, and a highly pure form of the protein was successfully obtained. Both ERA005f and ERA005m significantly improved IgG titers in the serum. In addition, mice immunized with ERA005f and ERA005m generated higher titers of antigen-specific IgG2a than the other groups. Elispot results showed that, compared with other groups, ERA005f increased the numbers of IFN-γ-secreting and IL-4-secreting T cells, especially the number of IFN-γ-secreting T cells. Meanwhile, ERA005f induced a higher number of IFN-γ+ T lymphocytes than ERA005m did. In addition, ERA005f improved the expression of cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-17, and GM-CSF and so on. Importantly, both ERA005f and ERA005m significantly inhibited the growth of Mtb. Conclusion The novel multistage antigen ERA005f elicited a strong antigen-specific humoral response and Th-1 and Th-17 cell-mediated immunity in mice. Meanwhile, it can effectively inhibit H37Rv growth in vitro, and represents a correlate of protection in vivo, indicating that ERA005f may exhibit excellent protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection. Our study suggests that ERA005f has the potential to be a promising multistage tuberculosis vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruibai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Machao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Luan
- Department of Tuberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kanglin Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haican Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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13
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Malakar B, Chauhan K, Sanyal P, Naz S, Kalam H, Vivek-Ananth RP, Singh LV, Samal A, Kumar D, Nandicoori VK. Phosphorylation of CFP10 modulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. mBio 2023; 14:e0123223. [PMID: 37791794 PMCID: PMC10653824 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01232-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Secreted virulence factors play a critical role in bacterial pathogenesis. Virulence effectors not only help bacteria to overcome the host immune system but also aid in establishing infection. Mtb, which causes tuberculosis in humans, encodes various virulence effectors. Triggers that modulate the secretion of virulence effectors in Mtb are yet to be fully understood. To gain mechanistic insight into the secretion of virulence effectors, we performed high-throughput proteomic studies. With the help of system-level protein-protein interaction network analysis and empirical validations, we unravelled a link between phosphorylation and secretion. Taking the example of the well-known virulence factor of CFP10, we show that the dynamics of CFP10 phosphorylation strongly influenced bacterial virulence and survival ex vivo and in vivo. This study presents the role of phosphorylation in modulating the secretion of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanti Malakar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Komal Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyadarshini Sanyal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saba Naz
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Haroon Kalam
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - R. P. Vivek-Ananth
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Chennai, India
| | - Lakshya Veer Singh
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Chennai, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Campus, Hyderabad, India
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14
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Ramalingam G, Jayaraman S, Khan JM, Ahmed MZ, Ahmad A, Manickan E, Rajagopal P. Exploring recombinant secretory proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis to develop a serological platform for tuberculosis diagnosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126769. [PMID: 37678677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The lack of a sensitive diagnostic tool for tuberculosis (TB) is the main reason for increasing cause of death in many developing countries. The routine diagnostic tests are either time-consuming or equivocal in terms of results. Hence, there is a need for quicker and accurate diagnostic tests. Certain studies have documented the usage of proteins secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in developing a sensitive tool for diagnosing TB. The study aimed to employ PPE41, MPT53, LPQH, CFP10, ESAT6 and TB18.5 proteins and analyze their usage as early diagnostic markers. The proteins were cloned, expressed, purified and applied in ELISA platforms in separate as well as combined systems to assess their early diagnostic features. The results of our study revealed that a cocktail of all six antigen combinations was identified in the maximum number of TB cases. Thus, proteins such as PPE41, MPT53, LPQH, CFP10, ESAT6, and TB18.5 incorporated detection tools could be optimized for an improvised early detection of MTB infections. Moreover, the results suggested that 95.7 % of the MTB-positive serum samples reacted with all the selected antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while the control serum samples did not react with those antigens. The hexavalent antigen system yielded a novel ELISA platform for better diagnosing MTB infections. Our study yielded a novel technology to diagnose TB, which warrants testing in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Ramalingam
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Z Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elanchezhiyan Manickan
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospitals, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Deemed to be University, Chennai 600 095, India.
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15
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Krishnan V, Nath S, Nair P, Das B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its clever approaches to escape the deadly macrophage. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:300. [PMID: 37667129 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt.b), a deadly disease causer, is a facultative parasite. This microorganism has developed several methods to defend itself, once internalized within specialised vacuoles in the macrophages. A wide array of receptors like the complement receptor mannose receptors, scavenger receptor assists the entry of the microbe within the phagocytic macrophages. However, Mt.b is clever enough to protect itself from the hostile environment of the macrophage thereby prevailing within it. The microbe can efficiently inhibit processes like phagosome-lysosome fusion, acidification of phagosomes, release of proinflammatory cytokines and stop crucial events like apoptosis. Additionally, it also adopts resistance to killing by reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates. There are multiple genes both in host and the pathogen which are involved in this successful survival of Mt.b. The regulation of phagolysosome fusion is mediated by proteins such as Coronin, TlyA, SapM, PnkG, EsxH. The microbe has certain mechanisms to even acquire iron from the host cell, to withstand iron deprivation as a mode of host's defence mechanism. This review focuses on the various defensive adaptations acquired by Mt.b for fighting against the deprived conditions existing within the macrophages and their capability of proliferating successfully within it, thereby resulting in a diseased condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India
| | | | - Preetha Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India
| | - Bannhi Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India.
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16
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Büyükbayraktar HK, Pelit Arayıcı P, Ihlamur M, Gökkaya D, Karahan M, Abamor EŞ, Topuzoğulları M. Effect of polycation coating on the long-term pulsatile release of antigenic ESAT-6 1-20 peptide from PLGA nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 228:113421. [PMID: 37356137 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel vaccine formulations against tuberculosis is necessary to reduce the number of new cases worldwide. Polymeric nanoparticles offer great potential as antigen delivery and immunostimulant systems for such purposes. In the study, we have encapsulated the antigenic peptide epitope of ESAT-6 protein of M. tuberculosis into PLGA nanoparticles and coated these nanoparticles with the cationic polymer of quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) (QPVP) to obtain a positively charged system as a potential nasal vaccine prototype. The produced spherical nanoparticles had hydrodynamic diameters between 180 and 240 nm with a narrow size distribution. The non-coated nanoparticle exhibited a 3-phase in vitro release profile that was completed in more than 4 months. In this release study, 5% of the peptide was released in the first 6 h and the nanoparticle remained silent until the 70th day. Then, an additional 5% of the peptide was released in 45 days. After coating the nanoparticle with QPVP, the release periods and peptide amounts dramatically changed. The antigenic peptide-loaded nanoparticles coated with the polycation stimulated the macrophages in vitro to release more nitric oxide (NO) compared to the free peptide and non-coated nanoparticle, which reveals the immunostimulant activity of the produced nanoparticle systems. The produced non-coated nanoparticles with the prolonged pulsatile release of the antigenic peptide can be used in the development of single injection self-boosting vaccine formulations. By coating these nanoparticles, both the release profile and immunogenicity can be changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Kübra Büyükbayraktar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkiye
| | - Pelin Pelit Arayıcı
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkiye
| | - Murat Ihlamur
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkiye
| | - Damla Gökkaya
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkiye
| | - Mesut Karahan
- Vocational School of Health Sciences Services, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkiye
| | - Emrah Şefik Abamor
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkiye
| | - Murat Topuzoğulları
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkiye.
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17
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Anes E, Pires D, Mandal M, Azevedo-Pereira JM. ESAT-6 a Major Virulence Factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:968. [PMID: 37371548 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), is one of the most successfully adapted human pathogens. Human-to-human transmission occurs at high rates through aerosols containing bacteria, but the pathogen evolved prior to the establishment of crowded populations. Mtb has developed a particular strategy to ensure persistence in the host until an opportunity for transmission arises. It has refined its lifestyle to obviate the need for virulence factors such as capsules, flagella, pili, or toxins to circumvent mucosal barriers. Instead, the pathogen uses host macrophages, where it establishes intracellular niches for its migration into the lung parenchyma and other tissues and for the induction of long-lived latency in granulomas. Finally, at the end of the infection cycle, Mtb induces necrotic cell death in macrophages to escape to the extracellular milieu and instructs a strong inflammatory response that is required for the progression from latency to disease and transmission. Common to all these events is ESAT-6, one of the major virulence factors secreted by the pathogen. This narrative review highlights the recent advances in understanding the role of ESAT-6 in hijacking macrophage function to establish successful infection and transmission and its use as a target for the development of diagnostic tools and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Yadav J, Phogat S, Chaudhary D, Jaiwal R, Jaiwal PK. Synthesis of plant-based, self-adjuvanted, dual antigen specific to Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a novel tuberculosis subunit vaccine that elicits immunogenicity in rabbit. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:703-717. [PMID: 37074553 PMCID: PMC10113735 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The only approved vaccine, Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) used in global tuberculosis (TB) immunization programmes has been very effective in childhood TB but not in adult pulmonary and latent TB. Moreover, the emergence of multi-drug resistance-TB cases demands either to increase efficiency of BCG or replace it with the one with improved efficacy. RESULTS A novel combination of two most effective secreted protein antigens specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), ESAT-6 and MPT-64 (but not present in BCG strains) fused with a cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and tagged with 6xHis was expressed for the first time in Escherichia coli as well as in transgenic cucumber plants developed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The recombinant fusion protein (His6x.CTB-ESAT6-MPT64) expressed in E. coli was purified by a single-step affinity chromatography and used to produce polyclonal antibodies in rabbit. The transgenic cucumber lines were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot hybridization, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and expression of recombinant fusion protein by western blot analysis and its quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A maximum value of the fusion protein, 478 ng.g-1 (0.030% of the total soluble protein) was obtained in a transgenic cucumber line. Rabbit immunized orally showed a significant increase in serum IgG levels against the fusion protein as compared to the non-immunized rabbit. CONCLUSIONS Stable expression of Mtb antigens with CTB in edible cucumber plants (whose fruits are eaten raw) in sufficient amount possibly would facilitate development of a safe, affordable and orally delivered self-adjuvanted, novel dual antigen based subunit vaccine against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Supriya Phogat
- Department of Zoology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
- Centre for Biotechnology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | | | - Ranjana Jaiwal
- Department of Zoology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Pawan K Jaiwal
- Centre for Biotechnology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India.
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19
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Mangiante L, Alcala N, Sexton-Oates A, Di Genova A, Gonzalez-Perez A, Khandekar A, Bergstrom EN, Kim J, Liu X, Blazquez-Encinas R, Giacobi C, Le Stang N, Boyault S, Cuenin C, Tabone-Eglinger S, Damiola F, Voegele C, Ardin M, Michallet MC, Soudade L, Delhomme TM, Poret A, Brevet M, Copin MC, Giusiano-Courcambeck S, Damotte D, Girard C, Hofman V, Hofman P, Mouroux J, Cohen C, Lacomme S, Mazieres J, de Montpreville VT, Perrin C, Planchard G, Rousseau N, Rouquette I, Sagan C, Scherpereel A, Thivolet F, Vignaud JM, Jean D, Ilg AGS, Olaso R, Meyer V, Boland-Auge A, Deleuze JF, Altmuller J, Nuernberg P, Ibáñez-Costa A, Castaño JP, Lantuejoul S, Ghantous A, Maussion C, Courtiol P, Hernandez-Vargas H, Caux C, Girard N, Lopez-Bigas N, Alexandrov LB, Galateau-Salle F, Foll M, Fernandez-Cuesta L. Multiomic analysis of malignant pleural mesothelioma identifies molecular axes and specialized tumor profiles driving intertumor heterogeneity. Nat Genet 2023; 55:607-618. [PMID: 36928603 PMCID: PMC10101853 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer with rising incidence and challenging clinical management. Through a large series of whole-genome sequencing data, integrated with transcriptomic and epigenomic data using multiomics factor analysis, we demonstrate that the current World Health Organization classification only accounts for up to 10% of interpatient molecular differences. Instead, the MESOMICS project paves the way for a morphomolecular classification of MPM based on four dimensions: ploidy, tumor cell morphology, adaptive immune response and CpG island methylator profile. We show that these four dimensions are complementary, capture major interpatient molecular differences and are delimited by extreme phenotypes that-in the case of the interdependent tumor cell morphology and adapted immune response-reflect tumor specialization. These findings unearth the interplay between MPM functional biology and its genomic history, and provide insights into the variations observed in the clinical behavior of patients with MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Mangiante
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Alcala
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Sexton-Oates
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Alex Di Genova
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Abel Gonzalez-Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Azhar Khandekar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik N Bergstrom
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jaehee Kim
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xiran Liu
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Blazquez-Encinas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Colin Giacobi
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Nolwenn Le Stang
- UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, MESOPATH-MESOBANK, Department of Biopathology, Cancer Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Boyault
- Cancer Genomic Platform, Translational Research and Innovation Department, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Cuenin
- EpiGenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Severine Tabone-Eglinger
- UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, MESOPATH-MESOBANK, Department of Biopathology, Cancer Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Francesca Damiola
- UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, MESOPATH-MESOBANK, Department of Biopathology, Cancer Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Voegele
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Maude Ardin
- Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cecile Michallet
- Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Lorraine Soudade
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tiffany M Delhomme
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnaud Poret
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Marie-Christine Copin
- University of Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut de Pathologie, Tumorothèque du Centre de Référence Régional en Cancérologie, Lille, France
| | | | - Diane Damotte
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inflammation, Complement and Cancer Team, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Hôpitaux Universitaire Paris Centre, Tumorothèque/CRB Cancer, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Girard
- Tumorothèque Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Veronique Hofman
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Nice Center Hospital, FHU OncoAge, Biobank BB-0033-00025 and IRCAN Inserm U1081/CNRS 7284, Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Nice Center Hospital, FHU OncoAge, Biobank BB-0033-00025 and IRCAN Inserm U1081/CNRS 7284, Nice, France
| | - Jérôme Mouroux
- Université Côte d'Azur, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nice Center Hospital, FHU OncoAge and IRCAN Inserm U1081/CNRS 7284, Nice, France
| | - Charlotte Cohen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, FHU OncoAge, Nice Pasteur Hospital, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Stephanie Lacomme
- Nancy Regional University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, CRB BB-0033-00035, INSERM U1256, Nancy, France
| | - Julien Mazieres
- Toulouse University Hospital, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Corinne Perrin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut de Pathologie, Centre de Ressources Biologiques des HCL, Tissu-Tumorothèque Est, Lyon, France
| | - Gaetane Planchard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, MESOPATH Regional Center, Caen, France
| | - Nathalie Rousseau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, MESOPATH Regional Center, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Rouquette
- Centre de Pathologie des Côteaux, Centre de Ressources Biologiques (CRB Cancer), IUCT Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Sagan
- Tumorothèque Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Scherpereel
- University of Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, INSERM, OncoThAI, NETMESO Network, Lille, France
| | - Francoise Thivolet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut de Pathologie, Centre de Ressources Biologiques des HCL, Tissu-Tumorothèque Est, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vignaud
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- BRC, BB-0033-00035, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Didier Jean
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Paris, France
| | | | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Vincent Meyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland-Auge
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | | | | | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sylvie Lantuejoul
- UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, MESOPATH-MESOBANK, Department of Biopathology, Cancer Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Grenoble Alpes University, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Akram Ghantous
- EpiGenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, UCBL1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Girard
- Institut Curie, Institut du Thorax Curie Montsouris, Paris, France
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Nuria Lopez-Bigas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Françoise Galateau-Salle
- UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, MESOPATH-MESOBANK, Department of Biopathology, Cancer Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Matthieu Foll
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France.
| | - Lynnette Fernandez-Cuesta
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France.
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20
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Moseley P, Klenerman P, Kadambari S. Indirect effects of cytomegalovirus infection: Implications for vaccine development. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2405. [PMID: 36378563 PMCID: PMC10078107 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine is a high priority due to its significant global impact-contributing to mortality in immunosuppressed individuals, neurodevelopmental delay in infected neonates and non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss. The impact of CMV on the general population has been less well studied; however, a wide range of evidence indicates that CMV may increase the risk of atherosclerosis, cancer, immunosenescence, and progression of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus. Due to the high seroprevalence of CMV worldwide, any modulation of risk by CMV is likely to have a significant impact on the epidemiology of these diseases. This review will evaluate how CMV may cause morbidity and mortality outside of the neonatal and immunosuppressed populations and consider the potential impact of a CMV vaccine on these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Moseley
- Department of Paediatrics, Horton General Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Banbury, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Seilesh Kadambari
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Nisa A, Kipper FC, Panigrahy D, Tiwari S, Kupz A, Subbian S. Different modalities of host cell death and their impact on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1444-C1474. [PMID: 36189975 PMCID: PMC9662802 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00246.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB), a leading infectious disease of humans worldwide. One of the main histopathological hallmarks of TB is the formation of granulomas comprised of elaborately organized aggregates of immune cells containing the pathogen. Dissemination of Mtb from infected cells in the granulomas due to host and mycobacterial factors induces multiple cell death modalities in infected cells. Based on molecular mechanism, morphological characteristics, and signal dependency, there are two main categories of cell death: programmed and nonprogrammed. Programmed cell death (PCD), such as apoptosis and autophagy, is associated with a protective response to Mtb by keeping the bacteria encased within dead macrophages that can be readily phagocytosed by arriving in uninfected or neighboring cells. In contrast, non-PCD necrotic cell death favors the pathogen, resulting in bacterial release into the extracellular environment. Multiple types of cell death in the PCD category, including pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, ETosis, parthanatos, and PANoptosis, may be involved in Mtb infection. Since PCD pathways are essential for host immunity to Mtb, therapeutic compounds targeting cell death signaling pathways have been experimentally tested for TB treatment. This review summarizes different modalities of Mtb-mediated host cell deaths, the molecular mechanisms underpinning host cell death during Mtb infection, and its potential implications for host immunity. In addition, targeting host cell death pathways as potential therapeutic and preventive approaches against Mtb infection is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Franciele C Kipper
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas, El Paso, Texas
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
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22
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Chawla R, Rani V, Mishra M. Changing paradigms in the treatment of tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 2022; 69:389-403. [PMID: 36460368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a disease long dealt with, but still remains the second leading cause of death world-wide. The current anti-tubercular chemotherapy primarily targets the microbial pathogenesis, which however, is failing due to the development of drug resistance. Moreover, with fewer new drugs reaching the market, there is a need to focus on alternate treatment approaches that could be used as stand-alone or adjunct therapy and the existing drugs, referred to as Track II chemotherapy. This article is an attempt to review the changing global patterns of tuberculosis and its treatment. Further, newer drug delivery approaches like multi-particulate drug carriers which increase the therapeutic efficacy and bring down the systemic toxicity associated with drugs have also been discussed. There is also a need to use interventions which can be used as Track II therapy. Host-directed therapeutics (HDT) is an emerging area concept in which host cell functions and hence the response to pathogens can be modulated, which can help manage TB. HDT decreases damage induced due to inflammation and necrosis in the lungs and other parts of the body due to the disease. Various immuno-modulatory pathways have been discussed in this review which could be explored further to treat TB. An in-depth understanding of multi-particulate drug carriers and HDT could help in dealing with tuberculosis; however, there is still a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India.
| | - Varsha Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Mohini Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
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23
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Mir MA, Mir B, Kumawat M, Alkhanani M, Jan U. Manipulation and exploitation of host immune system by pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis for its advantage. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1171-1198. [PMID: 35924958 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can become a long-term infection by evading the host immune response. Coevolution of Mtb with humans has resulted in its ability to hijack the host's immune systems in a variety of ways. So far, every Mtb defense strategy is essentially dependent on a subtle balance that, if shifted, can promote Mtb proliferation in the host, resulting in disease progression. In this review, the authors summarize many important and previously unknown mechanisms by which Mtb evades the host immune response. Besides recently found strategies by which Mtb manipulates the host molecular regulatory machinery of innate and adaptive immunity, including the intranuclear regulatory machinery, costimulatory molecules, the ubiquitin system and cellular intrinsic immune components will be discussed. A holistic understanding of these immune-evasion mechanisms is of foremost importance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and will lead to new insights into tuberculosis pathogenesis and the development of more effective vaccines and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Bilkees Mir
- Department of Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Manoj Kumawat
- Department of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-NIREH, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Mustfa Alkhanani
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, P. O. Box 1803, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulfat Jan
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
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24
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Richard VR, Gaither C, Popp R, Chaplygina D, Brzhozovskiy A, Kononikhin A, Mohammed Y, Zahedi RP, Nikolaev EN, Borchers CH. Early Prediction of COVID-19 Patient Survival by Targeted Plasma Multi-Omics and Machine Learning. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100277. [PMID: 35931319 PMCID: PMC9345792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalizations severely challenges healthcare systems around the globe and has increased the demand for reliable tests predictive of disease severity and mortality. Using multiplexed targeted mass spectrometry assays on a robust triple quadrupole MS setup which is available in many clinical laboratories, we determined the precise concentrations of hundreds of proteins and metabolites in plasma from hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We observed a clear distinction between COVID-19 patients and controls and, strikingly, a significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors. With increasing length of hospitalization, the survivors' samples showed a trend toward normal concentrations, indicating a potential sensitive readout of treatment success. Building a machine learning multi-omic model that considers the concentrations of 10 proteins and five metabolites, we could predict patient survival with 92% accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.97) on the day of hospitalization. Hence, our standardized assays represent a unique opportunity for the early stratification of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
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Key Words
- acd, acid citrate dextrose
- acn, acetonitrile
- auc, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve
- bqc19, biobanque quebecoise de la covid-19
- bsa, bovine serum albumin covid-19
- cptac, clinical proteomic tumor analysis consortium
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- fa, formic acid
- fdr, false discovery rate
- icu, intensive care unit
- lc/mrm-ms, liquid chromatography/multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
- lc-ms, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- lloq, lower limit of quantitation
- lysopc, lysophosphatidylcholine
- maldi, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
- meoh, methanol
- ms, mass spectrometry
- pbs, phosphatase buffered saline
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- pitc, phenylisothiocyanate
- qc, quality control
- rp-uhplc, reversed phase ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography
- sis, stable-isotope-labeled internal standard
- spe, solid-phase extraction
- svm, support vector machine
- trishcl, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloride
- uniprot, the universal protein resource
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R. Richard
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Daria Chaplygina
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Brzhozovskiy
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kononikhin
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yassene Mohammed
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - René P. Zahedi
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, John Buhler Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Evgeny N. Nikolaev
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Division of Experimental Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,For correspondence: Christoph H. Borchers
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25
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Secretory proteins of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and their roles in modulation of host immune responses: focus on therapeutic targets. FEBS J 2022; 289:4146-4171. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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ECM proteins involved in cell migration and vessel formation compromise bovine cloned placentation. Theriogenology 2022; 188:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Zhou K, Xie L, Xu X, Sun J. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Type VII Secretion System in Streptococcus agalactiae Indicates Its Possible Sequence Type-Dependent Diversity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:880943. [PMID: 35663471 PMCID: PMC9160427 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.880943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae causes sepsis and meningitis in neonates, presenting substantial clinical challenges. Type VII secretion system (T7SS), an important secretion system identified in Mycobacterium sp. and Gram-positive bacteria, was recently characterized in S. agalactiae and considered to contribute to its virulence and pathogenesis. In the present study, 128 complete genomic sequences of S. agalactiae were retrieved from GenBank to build a public dataset, and their sequences, capsular types, and clonal complexes were determined. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening and genomic sequencing were conducted in an additional clinical dataset. STs and capsular types were determined using PCR. Eleven different types of T7SS were detected with similarities in gene order but differences in gene content. Strains with incomplete T7SS or lack of T7SS were also identified. Deletion, insertion, and segmentation of T7SS might be related to insertion sequences. The genetic environment of T7SS in S. agalactiae was also investigated and different patterns were identified downstream the T7SS, which were related to the diversity of T7SS putative effectors. The T7SS demonstrated possible sequence type (ST)-dependent diversity in both datasets. This work elucidated detailed genetic characteristics of T7SS and its genetic environment in S. agalactiae and further identified its possible ST-dependent diversity, which gave a clue of its mode of transmission. Further investigations are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Zhou
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianyan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaogang Xu, ; Jingyong Sun,
| | - Jingyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaogang Xu, ; Jingyong Sun,
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28
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Wang H, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Thymic Microenvironment: Interactions Between Innate Immune Cells and Developing Thymocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885280. [PMID: 35464404 PMCID: PMC9024034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a crucial organ for the development of T cells. T cell progenitors first migrate from the bone marrow into the thymus. During the journey to become a mature T cell, progenitors require interactions with many different cell types within the thymic microenvironment, such as stromal cells, which include epithelial, mesenchymal and other non-T-lineage immune cells. There are two crucial decision steps that are required for generating mature T cells: positive and negative selection. Each of these two processes needs to be performed efficiently to produce functional MHC-restricted T cells, while simultaneously restricting the production of auto-reactive T cells. In each step, there are various cell types that are required for the process to be carried out suitably, such as scavengers to clean up apoptotic thymocytes that fail positive or negative selection, and antigen presenting cells to display self-antigens during positive and negative selection. In this review, we will focus on thymic non-T-lineage immune cells, particularly dendritic cells and macrophages, and the role they play in positive and negative selection. We will also examine recent advances in the understanding of their participation in thymus homeostasis and T cell development. This review will provide a perspective on how the thymic microenvironment contributes to thymocyte differentiation and T cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker,
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29
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Rojas-Espinosa O, Beristain-Cornelio G, Santillán-Flores MA, Arce-Paredes P, Islas-Trujillo S, Rivero-Silva MÁ. A neutrophil-based test as an auxiliary tool for substantiating the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol 2022; 11:190-198. [PMID: 35775552 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_71_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is still a prominent threat to animal health; lacking an efficient vaccine, other than BCG to get rid of tuberculosis, the most effective way for this is culling and slaughtering the infected animals. There are several cellular, serological, and molecular tests for the diagnosis of the disease but the most practical one at the field level is the double skin testing with bovine and aviary tuberculins. This is not a very specific test but is sensitive enough to identify most diseased animals; adjunct practical tests are desirable to strengthen the utility of skin tests. All lymphoid and myeloid cells participate, in diverse grades, in the immune response to tuberculosis with neutrophils playing an unintended pathologic role. The study aimed to investigate the response of neutrophils to agents present in the sera of tuberculous cows. Methods We have developed a neutrophil-based test (N BT) to identify diseased cows within a herd suspected of having tuberculosis; a positive N BT correlates with a positive double skin test. In this test, healthy neutrophils are incubated with the sera of healthy or tuberculous cows for 3 and 6 h, and the nuclear morphologic changes are recorded and analyzed. Results Sera from tuberculous but not from healthy cows induce nuclear alterations including pyknosis, swelling, apoptosis, and sometimes NETosis, in healthy neutrophils, and CFP 10 and ESAT 6 participate in the phenomenon. Conclusion We propose the N BT as an auxiliary tool for substantiating the diagnosis of bTB reinforcing the PPD test outcome to help decide whether or not a cow should be sacrificed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rojas-Espinosa
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, México
| | - Guadalupe Beristain-Cornelio
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Patricia Arce-Paredes
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, México
| | - Sergio Islas-Trujillo
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, México
| | - Miguel Ángel Rivero-Silva
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, México
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30
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Sontyana B, Shrivastava R, Battu S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Phagosome maturation and modulation of macrophage effector function by intracellular pathogens: target for therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:59-76. [PMID: 34877879 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells that regulate various innate functions. Macrophages after engulfment of pathogens proceed for phagosome maturation and finally fuse with lysosomes to kill pathogens. Although pathogen degradation is one of the important functions of phagosomes, various immune-effector functions of macrophages are also dependent on the phagosome maturation process. This review discusses signaling processes regulating phagosome maturation as well as various effector functions of macrophages such as apoptosis, antigen presentation, autophagy and inflammasome that are dependent on the phagosome maturation process. It also discusses strategies adopted by various intracellular pathogens to counteract these functions to evade intracellular destruction mechanisms. These studies may give direction for the development of new therapeutics to control various intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmaji Sontyana
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohini Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikanth Battu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
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31
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Olbrich L, Stockdale L, Basu Roy R, Song R, Cicin-Sain L, Whittaker E, Prendergast AJ, Fletcher H, Seddon JA. Understanding the interaction between cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis in children: The way forward. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010061. [PMID: 34882748 PMCID: PMC8659711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 1 million children develop tuberculosis (TB) each year, with a quarter dying. Multiple factors impact the risk of a child being exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the risk of progressing to TB disease, and the risk of dying. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that coinfection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous herpes virus, impacts the host response to Mtb, potentially influencing the probability of disease progression, type of TB disease, performance of TB diagnostics, and disease outcome. It is also likely that infection with Mtb impacts CMV pathogenesis. Our current understanding of the burden of these 2 diseases in children, their immunological interactions, and the clinical consequence of coinfection is incomplete. It is also unclear how potential interventions might affect disease progression and outcome for TB or CMV. This article reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological literature on CMV and TB in children and explores how the 2 pathogens interact, while also considering the impact of HIV on this relationship. It outlines areas of research uncertainty and makes practical suggestions as to potential studies that might address these gaps. Current research is hampered by inconsistent definitions, study designs, and laboratory practices, and more consistency and collaboration between researchers would lead to greater clarity. The ambitious targets outlined in the World Health Organization End TB Strategy will only be met through a better understanding of all aspects of child TB, including the substantial impact of coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Olbrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, The Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robindra Basu Roy
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rinn Song
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Whittaker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Helen Fletcher
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Seddon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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32
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Albutti A. An integrated computational framework to design a multi-epitopes vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21929. [PMID: 34753983 PMCID: PMC8578660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious disease that mostly affects the lungs and is caused by a bacterial pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The associated mortality rate of TB is much higher compared to any other disease and the situation is more worrisome by the rapid emergence of drug resistant strains. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only licensed attenuated vaccine available for use in humans however, many countries have stopped its use as it fails to confer protective immunity. Therefore, urgent efforts are required to identify new and safe vaccine candidates that are not only provide high immune protection but also have broad spectrum applicability. Considering this, herein, I performed an extensive computational vaccine analysis to investigate 200 complete sequenced genomes of M. tuberculosis to identify core vaccine candidates that harbor safe, antigenic, non-toxic, and non-allergic epitopes. To overcome literature reported limitations of epitope-based vaccines, I carried out additional analysis by designing a multi-epitopes vaccine to achieve maximum protective immunity as well as to make experimental follow up studies easy by selecting a vaccine that can be easily analyzed because of its favorable physiochemical profile. Based on these analyses, I identified two potential vaccine proteins that fulfill all required vaccine properties. These two vaccine proteins are diacylglycerol acyltransferase and ESAT-6-like protein. Epitopes: DSGGYNANS from diacylglycerol acyltransferase and AGVQYSRAD, ADEEQQQAL, and VSRADEEQQ from ESAT-6-like protein were found to cover all necessary parameters and thus used in a multi-epitope vaccine construct. The designed vaccine is depicting a high binding affinity for different immune receptors and shows stable dynamics and rigorous van der Waals and electrostatic binding energies. The vaccine also simulates profound primary, secondary, tertiary immunoglobulin production as well as high interleukins and interferons count. In summary, the designed vaccine is ideal to be evaluated experimentally to decipher its real biological efficacy in controlling drug resistant infections of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqel Albutti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
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33
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Russo G, Di Salvatore V, Sgroi G, Parasiliti Palumbo GA, Reche PA, Pappalardo F. A multi-step and multi-scale bioinformatic protocol to investigate potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine targets. Brief Bioinform 2021; 23:6381250. [PMID: 34607353 PMCID: PMC8500048 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to come out with quick interventional solutions that can now be obtained through the application of different bioinformatics software to actively improve the success rate. Technological advances in fields such as computer modeling and simulation are enriching the discovery, development, assessment and monitoring for better prevention, diagnosis, treatment and scientific evidence generation of specific therapeutic strategies. The combined use of both molecular prediction tools and computer simulation in the development or regulatory evaluation of a medical intervention, are making the difference to better predict the efficacy and safety of new vaccines. An integrated bioinformatics pipeline that merges the prediction power of different software that act at different scales for evaluating the elicited response of human immune system against every pathogen is proposed. As a working example, we applied this problem solving protocol to predict the cross-reactivity of pre-existing vaccination interventions against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Russo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Sgroi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Pedro A Reche
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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34
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Guan Q, Garbati M, Mfarrej S, AlMutairi T, Laval T, Singh A, Fagbo S, Smyth A, Browne J, urRahman M, Alruwaili A, Hoosen A, Meehan C, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Demangel C, Bhatt A, Gordon S, AlAsmari F, Pain A. Insights into the ancestry evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from analysis of Mycobacterium riyadhense. NAR Genom Bioinform 2021; 3:lqab070. [PMID: 34396095 PMCID: PMC8356964 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evolutionary scenarios posit the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from an environmental saprophyte through a cumulative process of genome adaptation. Mycobacterium riyadhense, a related bacillus, is being increasingly isolated from human clinical cases with tuberculosis-like symptoms in various parts of the world. To elucidate the evolutionary relationship between M. riyadhense and other mycobacterial species, including members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC), eight clinical isolates of M. riyadhense were sequenced and analyzed. We show, among other features, that M. riyadhense shares a large number of conserved orthologs with M. tuberculosis and shows the expansion of toxin/antitoxin pairs, PE/PPE family proteins compared with other non-tuberculous mycobacteria. We observed M. riyadhense lacks wecE gene which may result in the absence of lipooligosaccharides (LOS) IV. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of infected macrophages reveals genes encoding inducers of Type I IFN responses, such as cytosolic DNA sensors, were relatively less expressed by macrophages infected with M. riyadhense or M. kansasii, compared to BCG or M. tuberculosis. Overall, our work sheds new light on the evolution of M. riyadhense, its relationship to the MTBC, and its potential as a system for the study of mycobacterial virulence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Guan
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musa Garbati
- King Fahad Medical City (KFMC), Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Thomas Laval
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 CEDEX 13, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - John A Browne
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | | | - Alya Alruwaili
- King Fahad Medical City (KFMC), Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Hoosen
- King Fahad Medical City (KFMC), Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Conor J Meehan
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1AZ, UK
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Arnab Pain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +966 54 470 0687;
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35
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Srivastava S, Abraham PR, Mukhopadhyay S. Aptamers: An Emerging Tool for Diagnosis and Therapeutics in Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:656421. [PMID: 34277465 PMCID: PMC8280756 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.656421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been plaguing human civilization for centuries, and currently around one-third of the global population is affected with TB. Development of novel intervention tools for early diagnosis and therapeutics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is the main thrust area in today's scenario. In this direction global efforts were made to use aptamers, the chemical antibodies as tool for TB diagnostics and therapeutics. This review describes the various aptamers introduced for targeting M.tb and highlights the need for development of novel aptamers to selectively target virulent proteins of M.tb for vaccine and anti-TB drugs. The objective of this review is to highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic application of aptamers used for tuberculosis. The discovery of aptamers, SELEX technology, different types of SELEX development processes, DNA and RNA aptamers reported for diseases and pathogenic agents as well have also been described in detail. But the emphasis of this review is on the development of aptamers which can block the function of virulent mycobacterial components for developing newer TB vaccine candidates and/or drug targets. Aptamers designed to target M.tb cell wall proteins, virulent factors, secretory proteins, or combination could orchestrate advanced diagnosis and therapeutic measures for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Srivastava
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Philip Raj Abraham
- Unit of OMICS, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
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36
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Ma G, Wang P, Yang Y, Wang W, Ma J, Zhou L, Ouyang J, Li R, Zhang S. emPAI-assisted strategy enhances screening and assessment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection serological markers. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1827-1838. [PMID: 34173722 PMCID: PMC8313264 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovering new serological markers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and establishing a rapid and efficient detection technology is of great significance for the prevention and control of tuberculosis. In this study, we established an exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) value-assisted strategy to investigate and improve the screening efficiency of serological biomarkers of tuberculosis. First, we used LC-MS/MS to analyse MTB culture filtrate proteins (MTB-CFPs), and 632 MTB proteins were identified. Then, the characteristic values of MTB-CFPs - including emPAI value, molecular weight (Mw), isoelectric point (pI), grand average of hydropathy (GRAVY), transmembrane domain (TMD) and functional groups were calculated. Next, we successfully prepared 10 MTB proteins with emPAI value > 1.0 and recombinantly expressed these proteins in Escherichia coli. At the same time, 3 MTB proteins with emPAI between 0.1 and 0.5 were randomly selected as the control groups, and the immunogenicity of the recombinant MTB proteins was detected using ELISA. The sensitivity and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for each recombinant MTB protein. The results showed that the areas under the curve (AUC) value of Rv2031c, Rv0577, Rv0831c, Rv0934 and Rv3248c were all higher than those of Rv3875 (AUC, 0.6643). Further analysis of the relationship between emPAI value and antibody sensitivity, AUC value and antibody affinity in mice immunized with recombinant MTB protein showed that emPAI values were positively correlated with them, and R-squared value ranged from 0.64 to 0.79. The only exception was ESAT-6 (encoded by the Rv3875 gene), which AUC value was relatively low owing to its strong immunosuppressive properties. This study provides a rationale for the serological marker screening of emPAI-assisted tuberculosis clinical test. The results also provide new technical support for the screening of candidate serological markers of infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Ma
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious DiseasesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious DiseasesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringNorthern University for NationalitiesYinchuan750021China
| | - Jinhua Ma
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious DiseasesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious DiseasesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
| | - Junlin Ouyang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious DiseasesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750004China
| | - Rongxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismSchool of Life Sciences & BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologySchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
- Tuberculosis Research CenterSchool of MedicineShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterShanghai201508China
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A Small Protein but with Diverse Roles: A Review of EsxA in Mycobacterium-Host Interaction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071645. [PMID: 34209120 PMCID: PMC8305481 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major effector of the ESX-1 secretion system, EsxA is essential for the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium marinum (Mm). EsxA possesses an acidic pH-dependent membrane permeabilizing activity and plays an essential role by mediating mycobacterial escape from the phagosome and translocation to the cytosol for intracellular replication. Moreover, EsxA regulates host immune responses as a potent T-cell antigen and a strong immunoregulator. EsxA interacts with multiple cellular proteins and stimulates several signal pathways, such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, and antigen presentation. Interestingly, there is a co-dependency in the expression and secretion of EsxA and other mycobacterial factors, which greatly increases the complexity of dissecting the precise roles of EsxA and other factors in mycobacterium-host interaction. In this review, we summarize the current understandings of the roles and functions of EsxA in mycobacterial infection and discuss the challenges and future directions.
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Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Anti-Tubercular Leads: A Concise Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040323. [PMID: 33918182 PMCID: PMC8065624 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being considered a public health emergency for the last 25 years, tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the deadliest infectious diseases, responsible for over a million deaths every year. The length and toxicity of available treatments and the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis renders standard regimens increasingly inefficient and emphasizes the urgency to develop new approaches that are not only cost- and time-effective but also less toxic. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are small cationic and amphipathic molecules that play a vital role in the host immune system by acting as a first barrier against invading pathogens. The broad spectrum of properties that peptides possess make them one of the best possible alternatives for a new “post-antibiotic” era. In this context, research into AMP as potential anti-tubercular agents has been driven by the increasing danger revolving around the emergence of extremely-resistant strains, the innate resistance that mycobacteria possess and the low compliance of patients towards the toxic anti-TB treatments. In this review, we will focus on AMP from various sources, such as animal, non-animal and synthetic, with reported inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Qiang L, Zhang Y, Liu CH. Mycobacterium tuberculosis effector proteins: functional multiplicity and regulatory diversity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1343-1344. [PMID: 33772098 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Qiang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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40
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Computational Evolution of Beta-2-Microglobulin Binding Peptides for Nanopatterned Surface Sensors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020812. [PMID: 33467468 PMCID: PMC7831021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bottom-up design of smart nanodevices largely depends on the accuracy by which each of the inherent nanometric components can be functionally designed with predictive methods. Here, we present a rationally designed, self-assembled nanochip capable of capturing a target protein by means of pre-selected binding sites. The sensing elements comprise computationally evolved peptides, designed to target an arbitrarily selected binding site on the surface of beta-2-Microglobulin (β2m), a globular protein that lacks well-defined pockets. The nanopatterned surface was generated by an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based, tip force-driven nanolithography technique termed nanografting to construct laterally confined self-assembled nanopatches of single stranded (ss)DNA. These were subsequently associated with an ssDNA-peptide conjugate by means of DNA-directed immobilization, therefore allowing control of the peptide's spatial orientation. We characterized the sensitivity of such peptide-containing systems against β2m in solution by means of AFM-based differential topographic imaging and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. Our results show that the confined peptides are capable of specifically capturing β2m from the surface-liquid interface with micromolar affinity, hence providing a viable proof-of-concept for our approach to peptide design.
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Guo Q, Bi J, Wang H, Zhang X. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-1-secreted substrate protein EspC promotes mycobacterial survival through endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 10:19-36. [PMID: 33290182 PMCID: PMC7832037 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1861913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
EsxA, secreted by the ESAT-6 secretion system 1 (ESX-1) secretion system, is considered the major Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence determinant. However, the roles of the individual ESX-1 substrates, such as EspC, remain unclear due to their interdependency for secretion with EsxA. Here, we validated that EspC triggered ER stress-mediated apoptosis in macrophages. The EspC-mediated ER stress was involved in pro-inflammatory cytokines generation, intracellular Ca2+ release, and reactive oxygen species accumulation. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential dissipation and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization occurred in EspC-treated macrophages, causing apoptosis. Furthermore, ER stress-mediated apoptosis was effectively induced in EspC-overexpressing Mycobacterium smegmatis-infected macrophages and mice. EspC overexpression caused a significant increase in bacterial survival in the macrophages, spleens, and lungs, and accelerated mouse death was observed. Moreover, the increased viability of bacteria in the macrophages was significantly reduced by pretreatment with the apoptosis inhibitor. Overall, our results revealed that EspC is an essential ESX-1 protein for Mtb–host interactions and EspC-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis may be employed by Mtb to establish and spread infection. Given the critical roles of the ESX systems in Mtb pathogenesis and immunity, our findings offer new perspectives on the complex host-pathogen interactions and mechanisms underlying ESX-1-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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42
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Jha V, Pal R, Kumar D, Mukhopadhyay S. ESAT-6 Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Increases Holotransferrin-Mediated Iron Uptake in Macrophages by Downregulating Surface Hemochromatosis Protein HFE. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3095-3106. [PMID: 33148716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for Mycobacterium tuberculosis; it has at least 40 enzymes that require iron as a cofactor. Accessibility of iron at the phagosomal surface inside macrophage is crucial for survival and virulence of M. tuberculosis ESAT-6, a 6-kDa-secreted protein of region of difference 1, is known to play a crucial role in virulence and pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis In our earlier study, we demonstrated that ESAT-6 protein interacts with β-2-microglobulin (β2M) and affects class I Ag presentation through sequestration of β2M inside endoplasmic reticulum, which contributes toward inhibition of MHC class I:β2M:peptide complex formation. The 6 aa at C-terminal region of ESAT-6 are essential for ESAT6:β2M interaction. β2M is essential for proper folding of HFE, CD1, and MHC class I and their surface expression. It is known that M. tuberculosis recruit holotransferrin at the surface of the phagosome. But the upstream mechanism by which it modulates holotransferrin-mediated iron uptake at the surface of macrophage is not well understood. In the current study, we report that interaction of the ESAT-6 protein with β2M causes downregulation of surface HFE, a protein regulating iron homeostasis via interacting with transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1). We found that ESAT-6:β2M interaction leads to sequestration of HFE in endoplasmic reticulum, causing poorer surface expression of HFE and HFE:TFR1 complex (nonfunctional TFR1) in peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6 mice, resulting in increased holotransferrin-mediated iron uptake in these macrophages. These studies suggest that M. tuberculosis probably targets the ESAT-6 protein to increase iron uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Jha
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; and
| | - Ravi Pal
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; and
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India;
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Rodríguez-Hernández E, Quintas-Granados LI, Flores-Villalva S, Cantó-Alarcón JG, Milián-Suazo F. Application of antigenic biomarkers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:856-870. [PMID: 33150770 PMCID: PMC7670104 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The study and characterization of biomolecules involved in the interaction between mycobacteria and their hosts are crucial to determine their roles in the invasion process and provide basic knowledge about the biology and pathogenesis of disease. Promising new biomarkers for diagnosis and immunotherapy have emerged recently. Mycobacterium is an ancient pathogen that has developed complex strategies for its persistence in the host and environment, likely based on the complexity of the network of interactions between the molecules involved in infection. Several biomarkers have received recent attention in the process of developing rapid and reliable detection techniques for tuberculosis. Among the most widely investigated antigens are CFP-10 (10-kDa culture filtrate protein), ESAT-6 (6-kDa early secretory antigenic target), Ag85A, Ag85B, CFP-7, and PPE18. Some of these antigens have been proposed as biomarkers to assess the key elements of the response to infection of both the pathogen and host. The design of novel and accurate diagnostic methods is essential for the control of tuberculosis worldwide. Presently, the diagnostic methods are based on the identification of molecules in the humoral response in infected individuals. Therefore, these tests depend on the capacity of the host to develop an immune response, which usually is heterogeneous. In the last 20 years, special attention has been given to the design of multiantigenic diagnostic methods to improve the levels of sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we summarize the state of the art in the study and use of mycobacterium biomolecules with the potential to support novel tuberculosis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Rodríguez-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, Km. 1 Carretera a Colón, Ajuchitlán Colón, 76280, Colón, Querétaro, México
| | - Laura Itzel Quintas-Granados
- Universidad Mexiquense del Bicentenario, Unidad de Estudios Superiores de Tultitlán, Avenida Ex-Hacienda de Portales s/n, Villa Esmeralda, Tultitlán Estado de México, 54910, Tultitlán, México
| | - Susana Flores-Villalva
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, Km. 1 Carretera a Colón, Ajuchitlán Colón, 76280, Colón, Querétaro, México
| | - Jorge Germinal Cantó-Alarcón
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Feliciano Milián-Suazo
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, 76230, Querétaro, México
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Jafari A, Nagheli A, Foumani AA, Soltani B, Goswami R. The Role of Metallic Nanoparticles in Inhibition of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Enhances Phagosome Maturation into the Infected Macrophage. Oman Med J 2020; 35:e194. [PMID: 33214909 PMCID: PMC7658918 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2020.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of gallium (Ga) nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance phagosome maturation into the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophage and the role of magnetic iron NPs as nanocarriers of antituberculosis drugs. The literature shows that silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs with dimensions less than 10 nm can penetrate directly through the macrophage bilayer membrane. Ag NPs increase the permeability membrane by motiving the aggregation of proteins in the periplasmic space and forming nano-sized pores. ZnO NPs can interact with the membrane of M. tuberculosis, which leads to the formation of surface pores and the release of intracellular nucleotides. The colloidal Ag:ZnO mixture NPs with 1:1 ratio can eliminate M. tuberculosis and shows the lowest cytotoxicity effects on MCF-7 and THP-1 cell lines. Ag/ZnO nanocrystals are not able to kill M. tuberculosis alone ex-vivo. Hence, bimetallic gold (Au)/Ag NPs possessed high efficiency to inhibit M. tuberculosis in an ex-vivo THP-1 infection model. Co-delivery of mixed MeNPs into a polymeric carrier collaborated to selective uptake by macrophages through passive targeting, initial burst release of ions from the encapsulated metallic (Me) NPs, and eventually, reduction of MeNPs toxicity, and plays a pivotal role in increasing the antitubercular activity compared to use alone. In addition, Ga NPs can import drugs to the macrophage, inhibit M. tuberculosis growth, and reduce the inhibition of phagosome maturation. Magnetic encapsulated NPs exhibited good drug release properties and might be suitable as carriers of antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Urology Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Corresponding author: ✉
| | - Atabak Nagheli
- Inflammatory Lung Disease Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Alavi Foumani
- Inflammatory Lung Disease Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Bahram Soltani
- Cellular and molecular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Raj Goswami
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Augenstreich J, Briken V. Host Cell Targets of Released Lipid and Secreted Protein Effectors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595029. [PMID: 33194845 PMCID: PMC7644814 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a very successful pathogen, strictly adapted to humans and the cause of tuberculosis. Its success is associated with its ability to inhibit host cell intrinsic immune responses by using an arsenal of virulence factors of different nature. It has evolved to synthesize a series of complex lipids which form an outer membrane and may also be released to enter host cell membranes. In addition, secreted protein effectors of Mtb are entering the host cell cytosol to interact with host cell proteins. We briefly discuss the current model, involving the ESX-1 type seven secretion system and the Mtb lipid phthiocerol dimycoserosate (PDIM), of how Mtb creates pores in the phagosomal membrane to allow Mtb proteins to access to the host cell cytosol. We provide an exhaustive list of Mtb secreted proteins that have effector functions. They modify (mostly inhibit but sometimes activate) host cell pathways such as: phagosome maturation, cell death, cytokine response, xenophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) response via NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), nitric oxide (NO) response via NO Synthase 2 (NOS2) and antigen presentation via MHC class I and class II molecules. We discuss the host cell targets for each lipid and protein effector and the importance of the Mtb effector for virulence of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Shen BB, Zhang Z, Yuan JJ, Zheng A, Zeng S, Gao JQ, Bao W, Barnard J, Wang H, Fang WJ. Formation of an Unprecedented Impurity during CE-SDS Analysis of a Recombinant Protein. Pharm Res 2020; 37:228. [PMID: 33098017 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES The main purposes of this article are to describe an unprecedented phenomenon in which significant amount of a shoulder peak impurity was observed during normal non-reducing capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) analysis of a recombinant fusion protein X, and to evaluate the root cause for this phenomenon. METHODS A series of experiments were conducted to study the nature of this degradation. Effects of iodoacetamide (IAM), heating temperature, duration, and SDS on the formation of this specific impurity were evaluated using a variety of characterization techniques. RESULTS The formation of the impurity as observed in CE-SDS was actually due to alkylation of lysine and serine residues with IAM, as confirmed by peptide mapping and LC-MS/MS, which increased the molecular weight and therefore decreased the electrophoretic mobility. The amount of impurity was also strongly dependent on sample preparation conditions including the presence or absence of SDS. CONCLUSIONS Our study clearly suggested that even though IAM has been used extensively as an alkylation reagent in the traditional non-reducing CE-SDS analysis of monoclonal antibodies and other proteins, alkylation with IAM could potentially lead to additional impurity peak, and therefore complicating analysis. Therefore, before performing CE-SDS and other analyses, the effects of sample preparation procedures on analytical results must be evaluated. For protein X, IAM should be excluded for CE-SDS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yuan
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenhan Bao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - James Barnard
- Drug Product Development, Biological, Allergan, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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47
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Forrest S, Welch M. Arming the troops: Post-translational modification of extracellular bacterial proteins. Sci Prog 2020; 103:36850420964317. [PMID: 33148128 PMCID: PMC10450907 DOI: 10.1177/0036850420964317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein secretion is almost universally employed by bacteria. Some proteins are retained on the cell surface, whereas others are released into the extracellular milieu, often playing a key role in virulence. In this review, we discuss the diverse types and potential functions of post-translational modifications (PTMs) occurring to extracellular bacterial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Forrest
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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48
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Cai Q, Shen X, Li H, Yao C, Sun N, Wang J, Wu H, Yuan C, Xiang J, Xiang Y. Diagnostic performance of culture filtered protein 10-specific perforin in pediatric patients with active tuberculosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23477. [PMID: 32671908 PMCID: PMC7676199 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)‐specific perforin were significantly increased in patients with tuberculosis. This study aims to evaluate the diagnosis value of Mtb‐specific perforin in pediatric patients with tuberculosis. Methods Diagnostic performance of perforin levels induced by 6‐kDa early secreted antigen target (ESAT6) or culture filtered protein 10 (CFP10) were evaluated in eighty‐six samples from children participants by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of perforin and INF‐γ of CD4+, CD8+ T cells in response to CFP10 stimulation. Results After ex vivo stimulation, levels of ESAT6/CFP10‐specific perforin in LTBI patients were significantly higher than active TB (ATB) patients, non‐tuberculosis infection (non‐TB), and health control (HC) individuals. The diagnostic efficacy of CFP10‐specific perforin for TB diagnosis was significantly higher than ESAT6‐specific perforin and T‐SPOT assay, and when 0.74 ng/mL was taken as the cutoff value, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 97.83%, 87.5%, and 93.02%. CFP10‐specific perforin in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in ATB patients compared to HCs and further increased in LTBI patients. However, INF‐γ was mainly secreted by CD4+ T cells and showed no significant difference between LTBI and ATB patients. In addition, CFP10‐specific perforin can effectively distinguish between ATB and LTBI with the cutoff value of 1.80 ng/mL. Sensitivity and specificity were 88.46% and 85.62%, respectively. Conclusions CFP10‐specific perforin may be used as a novel cellular immunity‐based diagnostic marker of pediatric patients with tuberculosis, and with the potential for discriminating ATB from LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhen Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongze Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Yao
- Health Care Department, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunhui Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Rodrigues TS, Conti BJ, Fraga-Silva TFDC, Almeida F, Bonato VLD. Interplay between alveolar epithelial and dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1139-1156. [PMID: 32620048 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0520-112r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate response plays a crucial role in the protection against tuberculosis development. Moreover, the initial steps that drive the host-pathogen interaction following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are critical for the development of adaptive immune response. As alveolar Mϕs, airway epithelial cells, and dendritic cells can sense the presence of M. tuberculosis and are the first infected cells. These cells secrete mediators, which generate inflammatory signals that drive the differentiation and activation of the T lymphocytes necessary to clear the infection. Throughout this review article, we addressed the interaction between epithelial cells and M. tuberculosis, as well as the interaction between dendritic cells and M. tuberculosis. The understanding of the mechanisms that modulate those interactions is critical to have a complete view of the onset of an infection and may be useful for the development of dendritic cell-based vaccine or immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Silva Rodrigues
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno José Conti
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia Luiza Deperon Bonato
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Simonson AW, Aronson MR, Medina SH. Supramolecular Peptide Assemblies as Antimicrobial Scaffolds. Molecules 2020; 25:E2751. [PMID: 32545885 PMCID: PMC7355828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial discovery in the age of antibiotic resistance has demanded the prioritization of non-conventional therapies that act on new targets or employ novel mechanisms. Among these, supramolecular antimicrobial peptide assemblies have emerged as attractive therapeutic platforms, operating as both the bactericidal agent and delivery vector for combinatorial antibiotics. Leveraging their programmable inter- and intra-molecular interactions, peptides can be engineered to form higher ordered monolithic or co-assembled structures, including nano-fibers, -nets, and -tubes, where their unique bifunctionalities often emerge from the supramolecular state. Further advancements have included the formation of macroscopic hydrogels that act as bioresponsive, bactericidal materials. This systematic review covers recent advances in the development of supramolecular antimicrobial peptide technologies and discusses their potential impact on future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Simonson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Suite 122, CBE Building, University Park, PA 16802-4400, USA; (A.W.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Matthew R. Aronson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Suite 122, CBE Building, University Park, PA 16802-4400, USA; (A.W.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Scott H. Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Suite 122, CBE Building, University Park, PA 16802-4400, USA; (A.W.S.); (M.R.A.)
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-4400, USA
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