1
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Zhang T, Aipire A, Li Y, Guo C, Li J. Antigen cross-presentation in dendric cells: From bench to bedside. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115758. [PMID: 37866002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation (XPT) is an adaptation of the cellular process in which dendritic cells (DCs) present exogenous antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules for recognition of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in immunity or tolerance. Recent advances in DCs have broadened our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of XPT and strengthened their application in tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized the known mechanisms of XPT, including the receptor-mediated internalization of exogenous antigens, endosome escape, engagement of the other XPT-related proteins, and adjuvants, which significantly enhance the XPT capacity of DCs. Consequently, various strategies to enhance XPT can be adopted and optimized to improve outcomes of DC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Adila Aipire
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yijie Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Changying Guo
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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2
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Kingstad-Bakke B, Cleven T, Bussan H, Yount BL, Uraki R, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Koga M, Yamamoto S, Yotsuyanagi H, Park H, Mishra JS, Kumar S, Baric RS, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. Airway surveillance and lung viral control by memory T cells induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172510. [PMID: 37796612 PMCID: PMC10721330 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 evolution seeds a continuous stream of antibody-evasive viral variants, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines provide robust protection against severe disease and hospitalization. Here, we asked whether mRNA vaccine-induced memory T cells limit lung SARS-CoV-2 replication and severe disease. We show that mice and humans receiving booster BioNTech mRNA vaccine developed potent CD8 T cell responses and showed similar kinetics of expansion and contraction of granzyme B/perforin-expressing effector CD8 T cells. Both monovalent and bivalent mRNA vaccines elicited strong expansion of a heterogeneous pool of terminal effectors and memory precursor effector CD8 T cells in spleen, inguinal and mediastinal lymph nodes, pulmonary vasculature, and most surprisingly in the airways, suggestive of systemic and regional surveillance. Furthermore, we document that: (a) CD8 T cell memory persists in multiple tissues for > 200 days; (b) following challenge with pathogenic SARS-CoV-2, circulating memory CD8 T cells rapidly extravasate to the lungs and promote expeditious viral clearance, by mechanisms that require CD4 T cell help; and (c) adoptively transferred splenic memory CD8 T cells traffic to the airways and promote lung SARS-CoV-2 clearance. These findings provide insights into the critical role of memory T cells in preventing severe lung disease following breakthrough infections with antibody-evasive SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas Cleven
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hailey Bussan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Michiko Koga
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongtae Park
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jay S. Mishra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter J. Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- The University of Tokyo, Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Golden JW, Fitzpatrick CJ, Suschak JJ, Clements TL, Ricks KM, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Garrison AR. Induced protection from a CCHFV-M DNA vaccine requires CD8 + T cells. Virus Res 2023; 334:199173. [PMID: 37459918 PMCID: PMC10388194 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a World Health Organization prioritized disease because its broad distribution and severity of disease make it a global health threat. Despite advancements in preclinical vaccine development for CCHF virus (CCHFV), including multiple platforms targeting multiple antigens, a clear definition of the adaptive immune correlates of protection is lacking. Levels of neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated animal models do not necessarily correlate with protection, suggesting that cellular immunity, such as CD8+ T cells, might have an important role in protection in this model. Using a well-established IFN-I antibody blockade mouse model (IS) and a DNA-based vaccine encoding the CCHFV M-segment glycoprotein precursor, we investigated the role of humoral and T cell immunity in vaccine-mediated protection in mice genetically devoid of these immune compartments. We found that in the absence of the B-cell compartment (µMT knockout mice), protection provided by the vaccine was not reduced. In contrast, in the absence of CD8+ T cells (CD8+ knockout mice) the vaccine-mediated protection was significantly diminished. Importantly, humoral responses to the vaccine in CD8+ T-cell knockout mice were equivalent to wild-type mice. These findings indicated that CD8+ T-cell responses are necessary and sufficient to promote protection in mice vaccinated with the M-segment DNA vaccine. Identifying a crucial role of the cellular immunity to protect against CCHFV should help guide the development of CCHFV-targeting vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Golden
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States.
| | - Collin J Fitzpatrick
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - John J Suschak
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Tamara L Clements
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Keersten M Ricks
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, Molecular Biology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Aura R Garrison
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States.
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4
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Krug PW, Wang L, Shi W, Kong WP, Moss DL, Yang ES, Fisher BE, Morabito KM, Mascola JR, Kanekiyo M, Graham BS, Ruckwardt TJ. EV-D68 virus-like particle vaccines elicit cross-clade neutralizing antibodies that inhibit infection and block dissemination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6076. [PMID: 37196074 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes severe respiratory illness in children and can result in a debilitating paralytic disease known as acute flaccid myelitis. No treatment or vaccine for EV-D68 infection is available. Here, we demonstrate that virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines elicit a protective neutralizing antibody against homologous and heterologous EV-D68 subclades. VLP based on a B1 subclade 2014 outbreak strain elicited comparable B1 EV-D68 neutralizing activity as an inactivated viral particle vaccine in mice. Both immunogens elicited weaker cross-neutralization against heterologous viruses. A B3 VLP vaccine elicited more robust neutralization of B3 subclade viruses with improved cross-neutralization. A balanced CD4+ T helper response was achieved using a carbomer-based adjuvant, Adjuplex. Nonhuman primates immunized with this B3 VLP Adjuplex formulation generated robust neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous subclade viruses. Our results suggest that both vaccine strain and adjuvant selection are critical elements for improving the breadth of protective immunity against EV-D68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Krug
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Moss
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian E Fisher
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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5
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Barnwal A, Basu B, Tripathi A, Soni N, Mishra D, Banerjee A, Kumar R, Vrati S, Bhattacharyya J. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Activated Dendritic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce Antiviral Immunity in Mice. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:5338-5348. [PMID: 36445062 PMCID: PMC9717688 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The onset and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have created an unprecedented universal crisis. Although vaccines have been developed against the parental SARS-CoV-2, outbreaks of the disease still occur through the appearance of different variants, suggesting a continuous need for improved and effective therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we developed a novel nanovesicle presenting Spike protein on the surface of the dendritic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (DEVs) for use as a potential vaccine platform against SARS-CoV-2. DEVs express peptide/MHC-I (pMHC-I) complexes, CCR-7, on their surface. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the Spike-activated DEVs were tested in mice and compared with free Spike protein. A 1/10 Spike equivalent dose of DEVs showed a superior potency in inducing anti-Spike IgG titers in blood of mice when compared to dendritic cells or free Spike protein treatment. Moreover, DEV-induced sera effectively reduced viral infection by 55-60% within 15 days of booster dose administration. Furthermore, a 1/10 Spike equivalent dose of DEV-treated mice was found to be equally effective in inducing CD19+CD38+ T-cells in the spleen and lymph node; CD8 cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node; and CD4+CD25+ T-cells in the spleen and lymph node after 90 days of treatment. Thus, our results support the immunogenic nature of DEVs, demonstrating that a low dose of DEVs induces antibodies to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, therefore warranting further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Barnwal
- Centre for Biomedical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute
of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Brohmomoy Basu
- Laboratory
of Virology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Aarti Tripathi
- Laboratory
of Virology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Naina Soni
- Laboratory
of Virology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Debasish Mishra
- Laboratory
of Virology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Arup Banerjee
- Laboratory
of Virology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational
Health Science & Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Laboratory
of Virology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Biomedical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute
of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
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6
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Hua T, Chang C, Zhang X, Huang Y, Wang H, Zhang D, Tang B. Protective efficacy of intranasal inactivated pseudorabies vaccine is improved by combination adjuvant in mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:976220. [PMID: 36187997 PMCID: PMC9520748 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.976220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) not only causes great economic loss to the pig industry but also seriously threatens the biosafety of other mammals, including humans. Since 2011, PRV mutant strains have emerged widely in China, and the classical Bartha-K61 vaccine cannot confer complete protection for pigs. PRV mainly infects pigs via the respiratory tract. Intranasal immunization with PRV has received more attention because intranasal vaccination elicits systemic and mucosal immune responses. To induce systemic and mucosal immune responses against PRV, we developed a combination adjuvant as a delivery system for intranasal vaccine, which was formulated with MONTANIDE™ Gel 01 and CVCVA5. In comparison to naked antigen of inactivated PRV, single Gel 01 adjuvanted inactivated antigen and single CVCVA5 adjuvanted inactivated antigen, intranasal inactivated PRV vaccine formulated with the combination adjuvant induced greater mucosal IgA immunity and serum antibody responses (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a). Furthermore, the production of the Th1-type cytokine IFN-γ and the Th2-type cytokine IL-4 indicated that the cellular and humoral responses to the intranasal vaccine were improved by the combination adjuvant. In addition, the intranasal vaccine formulated with the combination adjuvant induced long-term T lymphocyte memory with increased central (CD62L+CD44+) and effector (CD62L–CD44+) memory subsets of both CD4 and CD8 T cells in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. Intranasal challenge with virulent PRV in mice showed that the protective efficacy of the intranasal PRV vaccine was improved by the combination adjuvant compared with the other single-adjuvanted vaccines. In summary, these data demonstrated that Gel 01 combined with the CVCVA5 adjuvant induced a synergistic effect to improve mucosal immunity and protective efficacy of the intranasally inactivated PRV vaccine in mice. It represents a promising vaccination approach against PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hua
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daohua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Tang,
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7
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Lee W, Suresh M. Vaccine adjuvants to engage the cross-presentation pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940047. [PMID: 35979365 PMCID: PMC9376467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines for stimulating optimal immune responses to non-replicating, inactivated and subunit antigens. Eliciting balanced humoral and T cell-mediated immunity is paramount to defend against diseases caused by complex intracellular pathogens, such as tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS. However, currently used vaccines elicit strong antibody responses, but poorly stimulate CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. To elicit potent CTL memory, vaccines need to engage the cross-presentation pathway, and this requirement has been a crucial bottleneck in the development of subunit vaccines that engender effective T cell immunity. In this review, we focus on recent insights into DC cross-presentation and the extent to which clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants, such as aluminum-based nanoparticles, water-in oil emulsion (MF59) adjuvants, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands modulate DC cross-presentation efficiency. Further, we discuss the feasibility of using carbomer-based adjuvants as next generation of adjuvant platforms to elicit balanced antibody- and T-cell based immunity. Understanding of the molecular mechanism of DC cross-presentation and the mode of action of adjuvants will pave the way for rational design of vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer that require balanced antibody- and T cell-based immunity.
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8
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Vereecke N, Kvisgaard LK, Baele G, Boone C, Kunze M, Larsen LE, Theuns S, Nauwynck H. Molecular Epidemiology of Porcine Parvovirus Type 1 (PPV1) and the Reactivity of Vaccine-Induced Antisera Against Historical and Current PPV1 Strains. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac053. [PMID: 35815310 PMCID: PMC9252332 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Parvovirus Type 1 (PPV1) contributes to important losses in the swine industry worldwide. During a PPV1 infection, embryos and fetuses are targeted, resulting in stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI syndrome). Even though vaccination is common in gilts and sows, strains mainly belonging to the 27a-like group have been spreading in Europe since early 2000s, resulting in SMEDI problems and requiring in-depth studies into the molecular epidemiology and vaccination efficacy of commercial vaccines. Here, we show that PPV1 has evolved since 1855 [1737, 1933] at a rate of 4.71 × 10−5 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. Extensive sequencing allowed evaluating and reassessing the current PPV1 VP1-based classifications, providing evidence for the existence of four relevant phylogenetic groups. While most European strains belong to the PPV1a (G1) or PPV1b (G2 or 27a-like) group, most Asian and American G2 strains and some European strains were divided into virulent PPV1c (e.g. NADL-8) and attenuated PPV1d (e.g. NADL-2) groups. The increase in the swine population, vaccination degree, and health management (vaccination and biosafety) influenced the spread of PPV1. The reactivity of anti-PPV1 antibodies from sows vaccinated with Porcilis© Parvo, Eryseng© Parvo, or ReproCyc© ParvoFLEX against different PPV1 field strains was the highest upon vaccination with ReproCyc© ParvoFLEX, followed by Eryseng© Parvo, and Porcilis© Parvo. Our findings contribute to the evaluation of the immunogenicity of existing vaccines and support the development of new vaccine candidates. Finally, the potential roles of cluster-specific hallmark amino acids in elevated pathogenicity and viral entry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV , Lier, Belgium
| | - Lise Kirstine Kvisgaard
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Boone
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marius Kunze
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH , Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
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9
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Abstract
Immunity induced by the first-generation COVID-19 vaccines may not provide effective and durable protection, either due to waning immunity or due to poor antibody cross-reactivity to new variants. Typically, T cells recognize conserved nonmutable viral epitopes and development of T cell–based vaccines might provide broad immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this study, we show that adjuvanted spike protein–based experimental vaccines elicited potent respiratory or systemic CD4 and CD8 T cell memory and protected against SARS-CoV-2, in the absence of virus-neutralizing antibodies. Thus, development of T cell–based vaccines might be key to protect against antibody-escape SARS-CoV-2 variants that can potentially overcome immunity induced by current vaccines. The first-generation COVID-19 vaccines have been effective in mitigating severe illness and hospitalization, but recurring waves of infections are associated with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that display progressive abilities to evade antibodies, leading to diminished vaccine effectiveness. The lack of clarity on the extent to which vaccine-elicited mucosal or systemic memory T cells protect against such antibody-evasive SARS-CoV-2 variants remains a critical knowledge gap in our quest for broadly protective vaccines. Using adjuvanted spike protein–based vaccines that elicit potent T cell responses, we assessed whether systemic or lung-resident CD4 and CD8 T cells protected against SARS-CoV-2 variants in the presence or absence of virus-neutralizing antibodies. We found that 1) mucosal or parenteral immunization led to effective viral control and protected against lung pathology with or without neutralizing antibodies, 2) protection afforded by mucosal memory CD8 T cells was largely redundant in the presence of antibodies that effectively neutralized the challenge virus, and 3) “unhelped” mucosal memory CD8 T cells provided no protection against the homologous SARS-CoV-2 without CD4 T cells and neutralizing antibodies. Significantly, however, in the absence of detectable virus-neutralizing antibodies, systemic or lung-resident memory CD4 and “helped” CD8 T cells provided effective protection against the relatively antibody-resistant B1.351 (β) variant, without lung immunopathology. Thus, induction of systemic and mucosal memory T cells directed against conserved epitopes might be an effective strategy to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants that evade neutralizing antibodies. Mechanistic insights from this work have significant implications in the development of T cell–targeted immunomodulation or broadly protective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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10
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Mergaert AM, Denny MF, Kingstad-Bakke B, Bawadekar M, Bashar SJ, Warner TF, Suresh M, Shelef MA. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 in Murine Antiviral and Autoimmune Antibody Responses. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5258221. [PMID: 35083342 PMCID: PMC8786467 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5258221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and the citrullinated proteins that they generate have key roles in innate immunity and rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory arthritis with antibodies that target citrullinated proteins. However, the importance of PADs, particularly PAD2, in the adaptive immune response, both normal and pathogenic, is newly emerging. In this study, we evaluated a requirement for PAD2 in the antibody response in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a T and B cell-driven murine model of rheumatoid arthritis, and in the protective antibody response to murine influenza infection. Using PAD2-/- and PAD2+/+ mice on the DBA/1J background, we found that PAD2 is required for maximal anti-collagen antibody levels, but not collagen-specific plasma cell numbers, T cell activation or polarization, or arthritis severity in CIA. Also, we found that PAD2 is required not just for normal levels of persistent hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies but also for full protection from lethal influenza rechallenge. Together, these data provide evidence for a novel modest requirement for PAD2 in a normal antiviral antibody response and in an abnormal autoantibody response in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M. Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael F. Denny
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S. Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F. Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marulasiddappa Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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11
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Abstract
Elicitation of lung tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRMs) is a goal of T cell-based vaccines against respiratory viral pathogens, such as influenza A virus (IAV). C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-dependent monocyte trafficking plays an essential role in the establishment of CD8 TRMs in lungs of IAV-infected mice. Here, we used a combination adjuvant-based subunit vaccine strategy that evokes multifaceted (TC1/TC17/TH1/TH17) IAV nucleoprotein-specific lung TRMs to determine whether CCR2 and monocyte infiltration are essential for vaccine-induced TRM development and protective immunity to IAV in lungs. Following intranasal vaccination, neutrophils, monocytes, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), and monocyte-derived dendritic cells internalized and processed vaccine antigen in lungs. We found that basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 3 (BATF3)-dependent DCs were essential for eliciting T cell responses, but CCR2 deficiency enhanced the differentiation of CD127hi, KLRG-1lo, OX40+ve CD62L+ve, and mucosally imprinted CD69+ve CD103+ve effector and memory CD8 T cells in lungs and airways of vaccinated mice. Mechanistically, increased development of lung TRMs induced by CCR2 deficiency was linked to dampened expression of T-bet but not altered TCF-1 levels or T cell receptor signaling in CD8 T cells. T1/T17 functional programming, parenchymal localization of CD8/CD4 effector and memory T cells, recall T cell responses, and protective immunity to a lethal IAV infection were unaffected in CCR2-deficient mice. Taken together, we identified a negative regulatory role for CCR2 and monocyte trafficking in mucosal imprinting and differentiation of vaccine-induced TRMs. Mechanistic insights from this study may aid the development of T-cell-based vaccines against respiratory viral pathogens, including IAV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). IMPORTANCE While antibody-based immunity to influenza A virus (IAV) is type and subtype specific, lung- and airway-resident memory T cells that recognize conserved epitopes in the internal viral proteins are known to provide heterosubtypic immunity. Hence, broadly protective IAV vaccines need to elicit robust T cell memory in the respiratory tract. We have developed a combination adjuvant-based IAV nucleoprotein vaccine that elicits strong CD4 and CD8 T cell memory in lungs and protects against H1N1 and H5N1 strains of IAV. In this study, we examined the mechanisms that control vaccine-induced protective memory T cells in the respiratory tract. We found that trafficking of monocytes into lungs might limit the development of antiviral lung-resident memory T cells following intranasal vaccination. These findings suggest that strategies that limit monocyte infiltration can potentiate vaccine-induced frontline T-cell immunity to respiratory viruses, such as IAV and SARS-CoV-2.
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12
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Combination Adjuvants Affect the Magnitude of Effector-Like Memory CD8 T Cells and Protection against Listeriosis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0076820. [PMID: 33782151 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00768-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of T cell-based subunit protein vaccines against diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria remains a challenge for immunologists. Here, we have identified a nanoemulsion adjuvant, Adjuplex (ADJ), which enhanced dendritic cell (DC) cross-presentation and elicited effective memory T cell-based immunity to Listeria monocytogenes. We further evaluated whether cross-presentation induced by ADJ can be combined with the immunomodulatory effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (CpG or glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant [GLA]) to evoke systemic CD8 T cell-based immunity to L. monocytogenes. Mechanistically, vaccination with ADJ, alone or in combination with CpG or GLA, augmented activation and antigen uptake by CD103+ migratory and CD8α+ resident DCs and upregulated CD69 expression on B and T lymphocytes in vaccine-draining lymph nodes. By engaging basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 3-dependent cross-presenting DCs, ADJ potently elicited effector CD8 T cells that differentiated into granzyme B-expressing CD27LO effector-like memory CD8 T cells, which provided effective immunity to L. monocytogenes in the spleen and liver. CpG or GLA alone did not elicit effector-like memory CD8 T cells and induced moderate protection in the spleen but not in the liver. Surprisingly, combining CpG or GLA with ADJ reduced the number of ADJ-induced memory CD8 T cells and compromised protective immunity to L. monocytogenes, especially in the liver. Taken together, the data presented in this study provide a glimpse of protective CD8 T cell memory differentiation induced by a nanoemulsion adjuvant and demonstrate the unexpected negative effects of TLR signaling on the magnitude of CD8 T cell memory and protective immunity to L. monocytogenes, a model intracellular pathogen.
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13
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LeibundGut-Landmann S. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Antifungal Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693055. [PMID: 34113356 PMCID: PMC8185520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are an integral part of the mammalian microbiota colonizing most if not all mucosal surfaces and the skin. Maintaining stable colonization on these surfaces is critical for preventing fungal dysbiosis and infection, which in some cases can lead to life threatening consequences. The epithelial barriers are protected by T cells and additional controlling immune mechanisms. Noncirculating memory T cells that reside stably in barrier tissues play an important role for host protection from commensals and recurrent pathogens due to their fast response and local activity, which provides them a strategic advantage. So far, only a few specific examples of tissue resident memory T cells (TRMs) that act against fungi have been reported. This review provides an overview of the characteristics and functional attributes of TRMs that have been established based on human and mouse studies with various microbes. It highlights what is currently known about fungi specific TRMs mediating immunosurveillance, how they have been targeted in preclinical vaccination approaches and how they can promote immunopathology, if not controlled. A better appreciation of the host protective and damaging roles of TRMs might accelerate the development of novel tissue specific preventive strategies against fungal infections and fungi-driven immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Clemen R, Freund E, Mrochen D, Miebach L, Schmidt A, Rauch BH, Lackmann J, Martens U, Wende K, Lalk M, Delcea M, Bröker BM, Bekeschus S. Gas Plasma Technology Augments Ovalbumin Immunogenicity and OT-II T Cell Activation Conferring Tumor Protection in Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003395. [PMID: 34026437 PMCID: PMC8132054 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS/RNS) are produced during inflammation and elicit protein modifications, but the immunological consequences are largely unknown. Gas plasma technology capable of generating an unmatched variety of ROS/RNS is deployed to mimic inflammation and study the significance of ROS/RNS modifications using the model protein chicken ovalbumin (Ova vs oxOva). Dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism spectroscopy reveal structural modifications in oxOva compared to Ova. T cells from Ova-specific OT-II but not from C57BL/6 or SKH-1 wild type mice presents enhanced activation after Ova addition. OxOva exacerbates this activation when administered ex vivo or in vivo, along with an increased interferon-gamma production, a known anti-melanoma agent. OxOva vaccination of wild type mice followed by inoculation of syngeneic B16F10 Ova-expressing melanoma cells shows enhanced T cell number and activation, decreased tumor burden, and elevated numbers of antigen-presenting cells when compared to their Ova-vaccinated counterparts. Analysis of oxOva using mass spectrometry identifies three hot spots regions rich in oxidative modifications that are associated with the increased T cell activation. Using Ova as a model protein, the findings suggest an immunomodulating role of multi-ROS/RNS modifications that may spur novel research lines in inflammation research and for vaccination strategies in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Clemen
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Eric Freund
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
- Department of GeneralVisceralThoracicand Vascular SurgeryUniversity Medicine GreifswaldSauerbruchstr. DZ7Greifswald17475Germany
| | - Daniel Mrochen
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldSauerbruchstr. DZ7Greifswald17475Germany
| | - Lea Miebach
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
- Department of GeneralVisceralThoracicand Vascular SurgeryUniversity Medicine GreifswaldSauerbruchstr. DZ7Greifswald17475Germany
| | - Anke Schmidt
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Bernhard H. Rauch
- Institute of Pharmacology (C_Dat)University Medicine GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 1Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Jan‐Wilm Lackmann
- CECAD proteomics facilityUniversity of CologneJoseph‐Stelzmann‐Str. 26Cologne50931Germany
| | - Ulrike Martens
- ZIK HIKEUniversity of GreifswaldFleischmannstr. 42–44Greifswald17489Germany
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Kristian Wende
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Mihaela Delcea
- ZIK HIKEUniversity of GreifswaldFleischmannstr. 42–44Greifswald17489Germany
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldSauerbruchstr. DZ7Greifswald17475Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
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15
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Lee W, Kingstad-Bakke B, Kedl RM, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. CCR2 Regulates Vaccine-Induced Mucosal T-Cell Memory to Influenza A Virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33791695 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.24.436901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of lung tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (T RM s) is a goal of T-cell based vaccines against respiratory viral pathogens such as influenza A virus (IAV). Chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)-dependent monocyte trafficking plays an essential role in the establishment of CD8 T RM s in lungs of IAV-infected mice. Here, we used a combination adjuvant-based subunit vaccine strategy that evokes multifaceted (T C 1/T C 17/T H 1/T H 17) IAV nucleoprotein-specific lung T RM s, to determine whether CCR2 and monocyte infiltration are essential for vaccine-induced T RM development and protective immunity to IAV in lungs. Following intranasal vaccination, neutrophils, monocytes, conventional dendrtitic cells (DCs) and monocyte-derived DCs internalized and processed vaccine antigen in lungs. We also found that Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor 3 (BATF-3)-dependent DCs were essential for eliciting T cell responses, but CCR2 deficiency enhanced the differentiation of CD127 HI /KLRG-1 LO , OX40 +ve CD62L +ve and mucosally imprinted CD69 +ve CD103 +ve effector and memory CD8 T cells in lungs and airways of vaccinated mice. Mechanistically, increased development of lung T RM s, induced by CCR2 deficiency was linked to dampened expression of T-bet, but not altered TCF-1 levels or T cell receptor signaling in CD8 T cells. T1/T17 functional programming, parenchymal localization of CD8/CD4 effector and memory T cells, recall T cell responses and protective immunity to a lethal IAV infection were unaffected in CCR2-deficient mice. Taken together, we identified a negative regulatory role for CCR2 and monocyte trafficking in mucosal imprinting and differentiation of vaccine-induced T RM s. Mechanistic insights from this study may aid the development of T-cell-based vaccines against respiratory viral pathogens including IAV and SARS-CoV-2. Importance While antibody-based immunity to influenza A virus (IAV) is type and sub-type specific, lung and airway-resident memory T cells that recognize conserved epitopes in the internal viral proteins are known to provide heterosubtypic immunity. Hence, broadly protective IAV vaccines need to elicit robust T-cell memory in the respiratory tract. We have developed a combination adjuvant-based IAV nucleoprotein vaccine that elicits strong CD4 and CD8 T cell memory in lungs and protects against H1N1 and H5N1 strains of IAV. In this study, we examined the mechanisms that control vaccine-induced protective memory T cells in the respiratory tract. We found that trafficking of monocytes into lungs might limit the development of anti-viral lung-resident memory T cells, following intranasal vaccination. These findings suggested that strategies that limit monocyte infiltration can potentiate vaccine-induced frontline T-cell immunity to respiratory viruses such as IAV and SARS-CoV-2.
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16
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dos Santos Dias L, Dobson HE, Bakke BK, Kujoth GC, Huang J, Kohn EM, Taira CL, Wang H, Supekar NT, Fites JS, Gates D, Gomez CL, Specht CA, Levitz SM, Azadi P, Li L, Suresh M, Klein BS, Wüthrich M. Structural basis of Blastomyces Endoglucanase-2 adjuvancy in anti-fungal and -viral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009324. [PMID: 33735218 PMCID: PMC8009368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe subunit vaccines requires adjuvants that augment immunogenicity of non-replicating protein-based antigens. Current vaccines against infectious diseases preferentially induce protective antibodies driven by adjuvants such as alum. However, the contribution of antibody to host defense is limited for certain classes of infectious diseases such as fungi, whereas animal studies and clinical observations implicate cellular immunity as an essential component of the resolution of fungal pathogens. Here, we decipher the structural bases of a newly identified glycoprotein ligand of Dectin-2 with potent adjuvancy, Blastomyces endoglucanase-2 (Bl-Eng2). We also pinpoint the developmental steps of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T responses augmented by Bl-Eng2 including expansion, differentiation and tissue residency. Dectin-2 ligation led to successful systemic and mucosal vaccination against invasive fungal infection and Influenza A infection, respectively. O-linked glycans on Bl-Eng2 applied at the skin and respiratory mucosa greatly augment vaccine subunit- induced protective immunity against lethal influenza and fungal pulmonary challenge. Fungal disease remains a challenging clinical and public health problem in part because there is no commercial vaccine available. The lack of suitable adjuvants is a critical barrier to developing safe and effective vaccines against fungal pathogens. Current adjuvants such as alum preferentially induce antibody responses which may be limited in mediating protection against fungi. Clinical observations and animal studies implicate cellular immunity as the essential component for the resolution of fungal infections. We have recently discovered an adjuvant that augments cell mediated immune responses and vaccine induced protection against fungi. Here, we identified the structural and mechanistic requirements by which this newly discovered adjuvant induces cell mediated immunity against fungi. As a proof of principle we also demonstrate that the adjuvant drives cellular immune responses against viruses such as influenza. We anticipate that our adjuvant can be used for vaccination with safe subunit vaccines against many microbial pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria, fungi and parasites that require cell mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas dos Santos Dias
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hannah E. Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brock Kingstad Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Kujoth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Junfeng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elaine M. Kohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cleison Ledesma Taira
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nitin T. Supekar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J. Scott Fites
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daisy Gates
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina L. Gomez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marulasiddappa Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bruce S. Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Deparment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ferrantelli F, Chiozzini C, Manfredi F, Giovannelli A, Leone P, Federico M. Simultaneous CD8 + T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and Lungs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:240. [PMID: 33801926 PMCID: PMC7999804 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most advanced vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 are designed to induce antibodies against spike (S) protein. Differently, we developed an original strategy to induce CD8+ T cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) immunity based on in vivo engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This is a new vaccination approach based on intramuscular injection of DNA expression vectors coding for a biologically inactive HIV-1 Nef protein (Nefmut) with an unusually high efficiency of incorporation into EVs, even when foreign polypeptides are fused to its C-terminus. Nanovesicles containing Nefmut-fused antigens released by muscle cells can freely circulate into the body and are internalized by antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, EV-associated antigens can be cross-presented to prime antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells. To apply this technology to a strategy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, we designed DNA vectors expressing the products of fusion between Nefmut and different viral antigens, namely N- and C-terminal moieties of S (referred to as S1 and S2), M, and N. We provided evidence that all fusion products are efficiently uploaded in EVs. When the respective DNA vectors were injected in mice, a strong antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immunity became detectable in spleens and, most important, in lung airways. Co-injection of DNA vectors expressing the diverse SARS-CoV-2 antigens resulted in additive immune responses in both spleen and lungs. Hence, DNA vectors expressing Nefmut-based fusion proteins can be proposed for new anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Andrea Giovannelli
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
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18
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Kingstad-Bakke B, Toy R, Lee W, Pradhan P, Vogel G, Marinaik CB, Larsen A, Gates D, Luu T, Pandey B, Kawaoka Y, Roy K, Suresh M. Polymeric Pathogen-Like Particles-Based Combination Adjuvants Elicit Potent Mucosal T Cell Immunity to Influenza A Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 11:559382. [PMID: 33767689 PMCID: PMC7986715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting durable and protective T cell-mediated immunity in the respiratory mucosa remains a significant challenge. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based cationic pathogen-like particles (PLPs) loaded with TLR agonists mimic biophysical properties of microbes and hence, simulate pathogen-pattern recognition receptor interactions to safely and effectively stimulate innate immune responses. We generated micro particle PLPs loaded with TLR4 (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant, GLA) or TLR9 (CpG) agonists, and formulated them with and without a mucosal delivery enhancing carbomer-based nanoemulsion adjuvant (ADJ). These adjuvants delivered intranasally to mice elicited high numbers of influenza nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8+ and CD4+ effector and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in lungs and airways. PLPs delivering TLR4 versus TLR9 agonists drove phenotypically and functionally distinct populations of effector and memory T cells. While PLPs loaded with CpG or GLA provided immunity, combining the adjuvanticity of PLP-GLA and ADJ markedly enhanced the development of airway and lung TRMs and CD4 and CD8 T cell-dependent immunity to influenza virus. Further, balanced CD8 (Tc1/Tc17) and CD4 (Th1/Th17) recall responses were linked to effective influenza virus control. These studies provide mechanistic insights into vaccine-induced pulmonary T cell immunity and pave the way for the development of a universal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Randall Toy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Woojong Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Pallab Pradhan
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gabriela Vogel
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chandranaik B Marinaik
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Autumn Larsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Daisy Gates
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tracy Luu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bhawana Pandey
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yoshihoro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Lee W, Kingstad-Bakke B, Paulson B, Larsen A, Overmyer K, Marinaik CB, Dulli K, Toy R, Vogel G, Mueller KP, Tweed K, Walsh AJ, Russell J, Saha K, Reyes L, Skala MC, Sauer JD, Shayakhmetov DM, Coon J, Roy K, Suresh M. Carbomer-based adjuvant elicits CD8 T-cell immunity by inducing a distinct metabolic state in cross-presenting dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009168. [PMID: 33444400 PMCID: PMC7840022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for adjuvants that can safely elicit potent and durable T cell-based immunity to intracellular pathogens. Here, we report that parenteral vaccination with a carbomer-based adjuvant, Adjuplex (ADJ), stimulated robust CD8 T-cell responses to subunit antigens and afforded effective immunity against respiratory challenge with a virus and a systemic intracellular bacterial infection. Studies to understand the metabolic and molecular basis for ADJ's effect on antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) revealed several unique and distinctive mechanisms. ADJ-stimulated DCs produced IL-1β and IL-18, suggestive of inflammasome activation, but in vivo activation of CD8 T cells was unaffected in caspase 1-deficient mice. Cross-presentation induced by TLR agonists requires a critical switch to anabolic metabolism, but ADJ enhanced cross presentation without this metabolic switch in DCs. Instead, ADJ induced in DCs, an unique metabolic state, typified by dampened oxidative phosphorylation and basal levels of glycolysis. In the absence of increased glycolytic flux, ADJ modulated multiple steps in the cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation by enabling accumulation of degraded antigen, reducing endosomal acidity and promoting antigen localization to early endosomes. Further, by increasing ROS production and lipid peroxidation, ADJ promoted antigen escape from endosomes to the cytosol for degradation by proteasomes into peptides for MHC I loading by TAP-dependent pathways. Furthermore, we found that induction of lipid bodies (LBs) and alterations in LB composition mediated by ADJ were also critical for DC cross-presentation. Collectively, our model challenges the prevailing metabolic paradigm by suggesting that DCs can perform effective DC cross-presentation, independent of glycolysis to induce robust T cell-dependent protective immunity to intracellular pathogens. These findings have strong implications in the rational development of safe and effective immune adjuvants to potentiate robust T-cell based immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojong Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brett Paulson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Autumn Larsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katherine Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chandranaik B. Marinaik
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kelly Dulli
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Randall Toy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Vogel
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katherine P. Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Tweed
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Walsh
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jason Russell
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dmitry M. Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joshua Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Marinaik CB, Kingstad-Bakke B, Lee W, Hatta M, Sonsalla M, Larsen A, Neldner B, Gasper DJ, Kedl RM, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. Programming Multifaceted Pulmonary T Cell Immunity by Combination Adjuvants. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100095. [PMID: 32984856 PMCID: PMC7508055 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of protective mucosal T cell memory remains a formidable challenge to vaccinologists. Using a combination adjuvant strategy that elicits potent CD8 and CD4 T cell responses, we define the tenets of vaccine-induced pulmonary T cell immunity. An acrylic-acid-based adjuvant (ADJ), in combination with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) or CpG, promotes mucosal imprinting but engages distinct transcription programs to drive different degrees of terminal differentiation and disparate polarization of TH1/TC1/TH17/TC17 effector/memory T cells. Combination of ADJ with GLA, but not CpG, dampens T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, mitigates terminal differentiation of effectors, and enhances the development of CD4 and CD8 TRM cells that protect against H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses. Mechanistically, vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells play a vital role in optimal programming of CD8 TRM and viral control. Taken together, these findings provide further insights into vaccine-induced multifaceted mucosal T cell immunity with implications in the development of vaccines against respiratorypathogens, including influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Combination adjuvants stimulate potent TRM cell immunity in the respiratory tract Differentiation and functional programming depend on adjuvant and TCR signaling Vaccine-induced T cell immunity to influenza requires CD4 and CD8 T cells CD4 T cells regulate optimal positioning and programming of CD8 TRM in lungs
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandranaik B Marinaik
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Woojong Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Masato Hatta
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle Sonsalla
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Autumn Larsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brandon Neldner
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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21
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Garinot M, Piras-Douce F, Probeck P, Chambon V, Varghese K, Liu Y, Luna E, Drake D, Haensler J. A potent novel vaccine adjuvant based on straight polyacrylate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2020; 2:100054. [PMID: 32776001 PMCID: PMC7398942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A structure-activity study was conducted to identify the structural characteristics underlying the adjuvant activity of straight (i.e. non-crosslinked) polyacrylate polymers (PAAs) in order to select a new PAA adjuvant candidate for future clinical development. The study revealed that the adjuvant effect of PAA was mainly influenced by polymer size (Mw) and dose. Maximal effects were obtained with large PAAs above 350 kDa and doses above 100 μg in mice. Small PAAs below 10 kDa had virtually no adjuvant effect. HPSEC analysis revealed that PAA polydispersity index and ramification had less impact on adjuvanticity. Heat stability studies indicated that residual persulfate could be detrimental to PAA stability. Hence, this impurity was systematically eliminated by diafiltration along with small Mw PAAs and residual acrylic acid that could potentially affect product safety, potency and stability. The selected PAA, termed SPA09, displayed an adjuvant effect that was superior to that of a standard emulsion adjuvant when tested with CMV-gB in mice, even in the absence of binding to the antigen. The induced immune response was dominated by strong IFNγ, IgG2c and virus neutralizing titers. The activity of SPA09 was then confirmed on human cells via the innate immune module of the human MIMIC® system. Straight polyacrylate (350 kDa < Mw < 650 kDa; termed SPA09) is a strong adjuvant easy to formulate with vaccine antigens SPA09 induces Th-1 type immune responses in mice, dominated by strong IFN-γ, IgG2c and virus neutralizing titers SPA09 can activate human antigen presenting cells when tested via the innate immune module (PTE) of the human MIMIC® system SPA09 constitutes a straightforward new adjuvant candidate for future clinical development
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Garinot
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | - Kucku Varghese
- Global Clinical Immunology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Jean Haensler
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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22
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Ma J, He JJ, Hou JL, Zhou CX, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Reveals Metabolic Alterations in the Mouse Cerebellum During Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1555. [PMID: 32765450 PMCID: PMC7381283 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a remarkable neurotropism. We recently showed that T. gondii infection can alter the global metabolism of the cerebral cortex of mice. However, the impact of T. gondii infection on the metabolism of the cerebellum remains unknown. Here we apply metabolomic profiling to discover metabolic changes associated with T. gondii infection of the mouse cerebellum using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Multivariate statistics revealed differences in the metabolic profiles between the infected and control mouse groups and between the infected mouse groups as infection advanced. We also detected 10, 22, and 42 significantly altered metabolites (SAMs) in the infected cerebellum at 7, 14, and 21 days post infection (dpi), respectively. Four metabolites [tabersonine, arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid, and oleic acid] were identified as potential biomarker or responsive metabolites to T. gondii infection in the mouse cerebellum. Three of these metabolites (AA, docosahexaenoic acid, and oleic acid) play roles in the regulation of host behavior and immune response. Pathway analysis showed that T. gondii infection of the cerebellum involves reprogramming of amino acid and lipid metabolism. These results showcase temporal metabolomic changes during cerebellar infection by T. gondii in mice. The study provides new insight into the neuropathogenesis of T. gondii infection and reveals new metabolites and pathways that mediate the interplay between T. gondii and the mouse cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chun-Xue Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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23
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Dobson HE, Dias LDS, Kohn EM, Fites S, Wiesner DL, Dileepan T, Kujoth GC, Abraham A, Ostroff GR, Klein BS, Wüthrich M. Antigen discovery unveils resident memory and migratory cell roles in antifungal resistance. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:518-529. [PMID: 31900406 PMCID: PMC7183437 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Priming at the site of natural infection typically elicits a protective T cell response against subsequent pathogen encounter. Here, we report the identification of a novel fungal antigen that we harnessed for mucosal vaccination and tetramer generation to test whether we can elicit protective, antigen-specific tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD4+ T cells in the lung parenchyma. In contrast to expectations, CD69+, CXCR3+, CD103- Trm cells failed to protect against a lethal pulmonary fungal infection. Surprisingly, systemic vaccination induced a population of tetramer+ CD4+ T cells enriched within the pulmonary vasculature, and expressing CXCR3 and CX3CR1, that migrated to the lung tissue upon challenge and efficiently protected mice against infection. Mucosal vaccine priming of Trm may not reliably protect against mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Dobson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lucas Dos Santos Dias
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elaine M Kohn
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott Fites
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Darin L Wiesner
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gregory C Kujoth
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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24
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Garcia-Morante B, Noguera M, Kraft C, Bridger P. Field evaluation of the safety and compatibility of a combined vaccine against porcine parvovirus 1 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in breeding animals. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:28. [PMID: 31890252 PMCID: PMC6916098 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) are two common causes of reproductive failure. ReproCyc® ParvoFLEX is a novel subunit vaccine based on the protective viral protein (VP) 2 of PPV1 that has been recently licensed in the European (EU) market, whereas ReproCyc® PRRS EU is a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) modified live virus (MLV) vaccine authorized in 2015. The present work sought to evaluate the safety and compatibility of the combined administration of the abovementioned vaccines in target animals under the context of a field PRRSV (experiment A) and PPV1 (experiment B) infection. To achieve this objective, safety and lack of vaccines' antigen interference were established according to the absence of significant differences between the combined vaccinated animals (PPRSV+PPV1) and the single vaccinated animals against PRRSV or PPV1. In both experiments, gilts and sows were evaluated for local and systemic reactions after vaccination as well as for reproductive and productive performance. In addition, tissues from abortions, mummified fetuses and stillborn piglets were analyzed for the presence of PRRSV and PPV1. Lastly, serology and viremia were determined in experiment B. RESULTS No relevant differences in terms of safety, reproductive and productive performance between the single vaccinated and the combined vaccinated animals in either experiment were observed. CONCLUSIONS ReproCyc® PRRS EU mixed with ReproCyc® ParvoFLEX can be used as a safe method of protection against the detrimental effects of PRRSV and PPV1 infections in breeding female pigs in one single injection. The present results also open up opportunities to tackle reproductive problems as a whole by combining control programs against swine reproductive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Noguera
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Kraft
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Philip Bridger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Straβe 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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25
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Pizzolla A, Wakim LM. Memory T Cell Dynamics in the Lung during Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:374-381. [PMID: 30617119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is highly contagious, infecting 5-15% of the global population every year. It causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised and at-risk individuals. Influenza virus is constantly evolving, undergoing continuous, rapid, and unpredictable mutation, giving rise to novel viruses that can escape the humoral immunity generated by current influenza virus vaccines. Growing evidence indicates that influenza-specific T cells resident along the respiratory tract are highly effective at providing potent and rapid protection against this inhaled pathogen. As these T cells recognize fragments of the virus that are highly conserved and less prone to mutation, they have the potential to provide cross-strain protection against a wide breadth of influenza viruses, including newly emerging strains. In this review, we will discuss how influenza-specific memory T cells in the lung are established and maintained and how we can harness this knowledge to design broadly protective influenza A virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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26
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Caminschi I, Lahoud MH, Pizzolla A, Wakim LM. Zymosan by-passes the requirement for pulmonary antigen encounter in lung tissue-resident memory CD8 + T cell development. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:403-412. [PMID: 30664708 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the lung provide a frontline defence against respiratory pathogens. Vaccination models that lodge CD8+ Trm populations in the lung have been developed, all of which incorporate the local delivery of antigen plus adjuvant into the airways; a necessary approach as local cognate antigen recognition is required for optimal lung Trm development. Although pulmonary delivery of antigen is important for lung Trm development, the impact the co-administered adjuvant has on Trm differentiation is unclear. We show that while altering the adjuvant co-administered with the pulmonary delivered antigen does not impact the size of the lung Trm population, a particular adjuvant, zymosan, when administered into the airways without antigen can drive effector CD8+ T cells to differentiate into lung Trm. Zymosan signalling via dectin-1 receptor was sufficient to promote antigen-independent lung Trm development. When combined with an injectable influenza vaccination regime, intranasal zymosan delivery significantly boosted the size of the influenza virus-specific lung Trm population. Our results highlight that eliciting the appropriate local inflammatory milieu can by-pass the requirement for local antigen recognition in lung Trm development and emphasises that the appropriate selection of adjuvant can greatly improve vaccines that aim to elicit pulmonary Trm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Caminschi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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27
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Song S, Liu Z, Zhou J, Cai W, Yang H, Ma L, Gao J, Li W, Liao G. An adjuvant compound that enhances immunogenicity at fractional doses of the Sabin-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) with a long duration of protection in a rat model. J Med Virol 2018; 91:14-21. [PMID: 30168587 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the same dosage, the new generation of Sabin-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) is less immunogenic than the traditional oral polio vaccine (OPV) dosage in China. The useful adjuvant might be a necessary strategy to strengthen the immune protective effects. METHODS In this study, we produced an adjuvant compound (named KML05) that could promote immunogenicity and fractional doses of sIPV with a long duration of protection in a rat model. The compound adjuvant had both advantages and a function of MF59 and carbopol971P. RESULTS The effect seroconversion of experimental animals immunized with KML05 could be extended to one-eighth of the dose. According to the result of the geometric mean titers (GMTs), KML05 adjuvant could save eight times the amount of sIPV D-antigen usage, but aluminum hydroxide adjuvant could save twice at the same titers. Additionally, it was found that there was a significant difference in the GMT titer of poliovirus type 2 between animals immunized by KML05 and alum adjuvant (P < 0.05). At 12th-month postvaccination, the neutralization titers stimulated by IPV-KML05 were maintained over a longer time period in immunized animals. CONCLUSION Our research team developed KML05 adjuvant, which combined carbopol971P with MF59, increased antibody responses to sIPV for a longer duration of protection in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Song
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ze Liu
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- The Outreach Department of Certification with World Health Organization, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Cai
- The Fourth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- The Sixth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Ma
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jingxia Gao
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Weidong Li
- The Regulatory Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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28
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Muruganandah V, Sathkumara HD, Navarro S, Kupz A. A Systematic Review: The Role of Resident Memory T Cells in Infectious Diseases and Their Relevance for Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1574. [PMID: 30038624 PMCID: PMC6046459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resident memory T cells have emerged as key players in the immune response generated against a number of pathogens. Their ability to take residence in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues allows for the rapid deployment of secondary effector responses at the site of pathogen entry. This ability to provide enhanced regional immunity has gathered much attention, with the generation of resident memory T cells being the goal of many novel vaccines. Objectives This review aimed to systematically analyze published literature investigating the role of resident memory T cells in human infectious diseases. Known effector responses mounted by these cells are summarized and key strategies that are potentially influential in the rational design of resident memory T cell inducing vaccines have also been highlighted. Methods A Boolean search was applied to Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Studies that investigated the effector response generated by resident memory T cells and/or evaluated strategies for inducing these cells were included irrespective of published date. Studies must have utilized an established technique for identifying resident memory T cells such as T cell phenotyping. Results While over 600 publications were revealed by the search, 147 articles were eligible for inclusion. The reference lists of included articles were also screened for other eligible publications. This resulted in the inclusion of publications that studied resident memory T cells in the context of over 25 human pathogens. The vast majority of studies were conducted in mouse models and demonstrated that resident memory T cells mount protective immune responses. Conclusion Although the role resident memory T cells play in providing immunity varies depending on the pathogen and anatomical location they resided in, the evidence overall suggests that these cells are vital for the timely and optimal protection against a number of infectious diseases. The induction of resident memory T cells should be further investigated and seriously considered when designing new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visai Muruganandah
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Harindra D Sathkumara
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Severine Navarro
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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29
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Evaluation of carbopol as an adjuvant on the effectiveness of progressive atrophic rhinitis vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:4477-4484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Clemens EB, van de Sandt C, Wong SS, Wakim LM, Valkenburg SA. Harnessing the Power of T Cells: The Promising Hope for a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020018. [PMID: 29587436 PMCID: PMC6027237 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. However, multiple hurdles exist for the realisation of a universal T cell vaccine. Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. Further comprehensive human clinical data is needed during natural infection to validate the protective role T cells play during infection in the absence of antibodies. Furthermore, fundamental questions still exist regarding the site, longevity and duration, quantity, and phenotype of T cells needed for optimal protection. Standardised experimental methods, and eventually simplified commercial assays, to assess peripheral influenza-specific T cell responses are needed for larger-scale clinical studies of T cells as a correlate of protection against influenza infection. The design and implementation of a T cell-inducing vaccine will require a consensus on the level of protection acceptable in the community, which may not provide sterilizing immunity but could protect the individual from severe disease, reduce the length of infection, and potentially reduce transmission in the community. Therefore, increasing the standard of care potentially offered by T cell vaccines should be considered in the context of pandemic preparedness and zoonotic infections, and in combination with improved antibody vaccine targeting methods. Current pandemic vaccine preparedness measures and ongoing clinical trials under-utilise T cell-inducing vaccines, reflecting the myriad questions that remain about how, when, where, and which T cells are needed to fight influenza virus infection. This review aims to bring together basic fundamentals of T cell biology with human clinical data, which need to be considered for the implementation of a universal vaccine against influenza that harnesses the power of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Carolien van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Sook San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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