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Hulen J, Kenny D, Black R, Hallgren J, Hammond KG, Bredahl EC, Wickramasekara RN, Abel PW, Stessman HAF. KMT5B is required for early motor development. Front Genet 2022; 13:901228. [PMID: 36035149 PMCID: PMC9411648 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.901228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptive variants in lysine methyl transferase 5B (KMT5B/SUV4-20H1) have been identified as likely-pathogenic among humans with neurodevelopmental phenotypes including motor deficits (i.e., hypotonia and motor delay). However, the role that this enzyme plays in early motor development is largely unknown. Using a Kmt5b gene trap mouse model, we assessed neuromuscular strength, skeletal muscle weight (i.e., muscle mass), neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure, and myofiber type, size, and distribution. Tests were performed over developmental time (postnatal days 17 and 44) to represent postnatal versus adult structures in slow- and fast-twitch muscle types. Prior to the onset of puberty, slow-twitch muscle weight was significantly reduced in heterozygous compared to wild-type males but not females. At the young adult stage, we identified decreased neuromuscular strength, decreased skeletal muscle weights (both slow- and fast-twitch), increased NMJ fragmentation (in slow-twitch muscle), and smaller myofibers in both sexes. We conclude that Kmt5b haploinsufficiency results in a skeletal muscle developmental deficit causing reduced muscle mass and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hulen
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Dorothy Kenny
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Rebecca Black
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jodi Hallgren
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kelley G. Hammond
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Eric C. Bredahl
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Rochelle N. Wickramasekara
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Peter W. Abel
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Holly A. F. Stessman
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
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2
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The mechanism of Megalobrama amblycephala muscle injury repair based on RNA-seq. Gene X 2022; 827:146455. [PMID: 35395368 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle myogenesis and injury-induced muscle regeneration contribute to muscle formation. Skeletal muscle stem cells, termed satellite cells (SCs), proliferate to repair injured muscle. To identify the molecular mechanism of regeneration after muscle injury as well as the genes related to muscle development in fish, in this study, the immunohistochemistry and the high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis were performed after Megalobrama amblycephala muscle was injured by needle stab. The results showed that paired box7-positive (Pax7+) SCs increased, and peaked at 96 to 144 h-post injury (hpi). The 6729 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 2125 up-regulated and 4604 down-regulated genes were found. GO terms significantly enriched by DEGs contained intercellular connections, signaling transduction and enzyme activity. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that most of the pathways were related to immunity, metabolism and cells related molecules, including actin skeleton regulation, Epstein Barr virus infection and plaque adhesion. The WGCNA results revealed that actin cytoskeleton and lipid metabolism related genes probably played crucial roles during repair after muscle injury. Collectively, all these results will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle injury repair of fish.
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Guo Y, Ding SJ, Ding X, Liu Z, Wang JL, Chen Y, Liu PP, Li HX, Zhou GH, Tang CB. Effects of selected flavonoids on cell proliferation and differentiation of porcine muscle stem cells for cultured meat production. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Barrett P, Quick TJ, Mudera V, Player DJ. Neuregulin 1 Drives Morphological and Phenotypical Changes in C2C12 Myotubes: Towards De Novo Formation of Intrafusal Fibres In Vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:760260. [PMID: 35087826 PMCID: PMC8787273 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle spindles are sensory organs that detect and mediate both static and dynamic muscle stretch and monitor muscle position, through a specialised cell population, termed intrafusal fibres. It is these fibres that provide a key contribution to proprioception and muscle spindle dysfunction is associated with multiple neuromuscular diseases, aging and nerve injuries. To date, there are few publications focussed on de novo generation and characterisation of intrafusal muscle fibres in vitro. To this end, current models of skeletal muscle focus on extrafusal fibres and lack an appreciation for the afferent functions of the muscle spindle. The goal of this study was to produce and define intrafusal bag and chain myotubes from differentiated C2C12 myoblasts, utilising the addition of the developmentally associated protein, Neuregulin 1 (Nrg-1). Intrafusal bag myotubes have a fusiform shape and were assigned using statistical morphological parameters. The model was further validated using immunofluorescent microscopy and western blot analysis, directed against an extensive list of putative intrafusal specific markers, as identified in vivo. The addition of Nrg-1 treatment resulted in a 5-fold increase in intrafusal bag myotubes (as assessed by morphology) and increased protein and gene expression of the intrafusal specific transcription factor, Egr3. Surprisingly, Nrg-1 treated myotubes had significantly reduced gene and protein expression of many intrafusal specific markers and showed no specificity towards intrafusal bag morphology. Another novel finding highlights a proliferative effect for Nrg-1 during the serum starvation-initiated differentiation phase, leading to increased nuclei counts, paired with less myotube area per myonuclei. Therefore, despite no clear collective evidence for specific intrafusal development, Nrg-1 treated myotubes share two inherent characteristics of intrafusal fibres, which contain increased satellite cell numbers and smaller myonuclear domains compared with their extrafusal neighbours. This research represents a minimalistic, monocellular C2C12 model for progression towards de novo intrafusal skeletal muscle generation, with the most extensive characterisation to date. Integration of intrafusal myotubes, characteristic of native, in vivo intrafusal skeletal muscle into future biomimetic tissue engineered models could provide platforms for developmental or disease state studies, pre-clinical screening, or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Barrett
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom J Quick
- Peripheral Nerve Injury Research Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Mudera
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Player
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Qiao J, Wang S, Zhou J, Tan B, Li Z, Zheng E, Cai G, Wu Z, Hong L, Gu T. ITGB6 inhibits the proliferation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:96-105. [PMID: 34519117 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation of embryonic muscle fibers determines the amount of postnatal muscles and is regulated by a variety of signaling pathways and transcription factors. Previously, by using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and RNA-Seq techniques, we identified a large number of genes that are regulated by H3K27me3 in porcine embryonic skeletal muscles. Among these genes, we found that ITGB6 is regulated by H3K27me3. However, its function in muscle development is unknown. In this study, we first verified that ITGB6 was differentially regulated by H3K27me3 and that its expression levels were upregulated in porcine skeletal muscles at embryonic Days 33, 65, and 90. Then, we performed gain- or loss-of-function studies on porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells to study the role of ITGB6 in porcine skeletal muscle development. The proliferation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells was studied through real-time polymerase chain reaction, Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining, Western blot, and flow cytometry analyses. We found that the ITGB6 gene was regulated by H3K27me3 during muscle development and had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Qiao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baohua Tan
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zicong Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Yunfu, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Yunfu, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Yunfu, China
| | - Linjun Hong
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Barrett P, Quick TJ, Mudera V, Player DJ. Generating intrafusal skeletal muscle fibres in vitro: Current state of the art and future challenges. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420985205. [PMID: 34956586 PMCID: PMC8693220 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420985205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrafusal fibres are a specialised cell population in skeletal muscle, found within the muscle spindle. These fibres have a mechano-sensory capacity, forming part of the monosynaptic stretch-reflex arc, a key component responsible for proprioceptive function. Impairment of proprioception and associated dysfunction of the muscle spindle is linked with many neuromuscular diseases. Research to-date has largely been undertaken in vivo or using ex vivo preparations. These studies have provided a foundation for our understanding of muscle spindle physiology, however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms which underpin physiological changes are yet to be fully elucidated. Therefrom, the use of in vitro models has been proposed, whereby intrafusal fibres can be generated de novo. Although there has been progress, it is predominantly a developing and evolving area of research. This narrative review presents the current state of art in this area and proposes the direction of future work, with the aim of providing novel pre-clinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Barrett
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom J Quick
- Peripheral Nerve Injury Research Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vivek Mudera
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Darren J Player
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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7
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Gonzalez ML, Busse NI, Waits CM, Johnson SE. Satellite cells and their regulation in livestock. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5807489. [PMID: 32175577 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are the myogenic stem and progenitor population found in skeletal muscle. These cells typically reside in a quiescent state until called upon to support repair, regeneration, or muscle growth. The activities of satellite cells are orchestrated by systemic hormones, autocrine and paracrine growth factors, and the composition of the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. Several key intracellular signaling events are initiated in response to changes in the local environment causing exit from quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation. Signals emanating from Notch, wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family members, and transforming growth factor-β proteins mediate the reversible exit from growth 0 phase while those initiated by members of the fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor families direct proliferation and differentiation. Many of these pathways impinge upon the myogenic regulatory factors (MRF), myogenic factor 5, myogenic differentiation factor D, myogenin and MRF4, and the lineage determinate, Paired box 7, to alter transcription and subsequent satellite cell decisions. In the recent past, insight into mouse transgenic models has led to a firm understanding of regulatory events that control satellite cell metabolism and myogenesis. Many of these niche-regulated functions offer subtle differences from their counterparts in livestock pointing to the existence of species-specific controls. The purpose of this review is to examine the mechanisms that mediate large animal satellite cell activity and their relationship to those present in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L Gonzalez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Nicolas I Busse
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
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Tanaka KI, Kanazawa I, Richards JB, Goltzman D, Sugimoto T. Modulators of Fam210a and Roles of Fam210a in the Function of Myoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:533-540. [PMID: 31980842 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fam210a is a novel protein regulating muscle mass and strength in mice in vivo. However, detailed effects of Fam210a on the function of myoblasts as well as modulators of Fam210a are still unknown. We, thus, investigated (1) the roles of Fam210a in myoblast differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and degradation, and (2) the factors that regulate Fam210a expression in murine C2C12 cells. We found that the level of Fam210a mRNA was reduced during myoblast differentiation. Reduction in endogenous Fam210a levels by siRNA suppressed mRNA levels of myogenic factors (Pax7, Myf5, Myogenin, and Mhc) and a muscle degradation factor (Murf1). On the other hand, Fam210a siRNA did not affect mRNA encoding the apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and Bax and the extent of apoptosis as measured by ELISA in C2C12 cells. In contrast, Fam210a siRNA increased the mRNA level of Mmp-12, which induces osteoclastogenesis. Interestingly, insulin and 1,25(OH)2D, which are known to affect cell metabolism and muscle function, significantly increased the level of Fam210a mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, a PI3-kinase inhibitor and reduction in endogenous levels of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) by siRNA suppressed insulin- and 1,25(OH)2D-induced expression of Fam210a, respectively. In conclusion, Fam210a might enhance myoblast differentiation and proteolysis. Moreover, insulin and 1,25(OH)2D may induce myoblast differentiation and degradation by enhancing the expression of Fam210a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ippei Kanazawa
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - J Brent Richards
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Toshitsugu Sugimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
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Lewandowski D, Dubińska-Magiera M, Migocka-Patrzałek M, Niedbalska-Tarnowska J, Haczkiewicz-Leśniak K, Dzięgiel P, Daczewska M. Everybody wants to move-Evolutionary implications of trunk muscle differentiation in vertebrate species. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 104:3-13. [PMID: 31759871 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In our review we have completed current knowledge on myotomal myogenesis in model and non-model vertebrate species (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) at morphological and molecular levels. Data obtained from these studies reveal distinct similarities and differences between amniote and anamniote species. Based on the available data, we decided to present evolutionary implications in vertebrate trunk muscle development. Despite the fact that in all vertebrates muscle fibres are multinucleated, the pathways leading to them vary between vertebrate taxa. In fishes during early myogenesis myoblasts differentiate into multinucleated lamellae or multinucleate myotubes. In amphibians, myoblasts fuse to form multinucleated myotubes or, bypassing fusion, directly differentiate into mononucleated myotubes. Furthermore, mononucleated myotubes were also observed during primary myogenesis in amniotes. The mononucleated state of myogenic cells could be considered as an old phylogenetic, plesiomorphic feature, whereas direct multinuclearity of myotubes has a synapomorphic character. On the other hand, the explanation of this phenomenon could also be linked to the environmental conditions in which animals develop. The similarities observed in vertebrate myogenesis might result from a conservative myogenic programme governed by the Pax3/Pax7 and myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) network, whereas differences in anamniotes and amniotes are established by spatiotemporal pattern expression of MRFs during muscle differentiation and/or environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Lewandowski
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Niedbalska-Tarnowska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Department of Tumor Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 6a, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
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PAX3 Confers Functional Heterogeneity in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cell Responses to Environmental Stress. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:958-973.e9. [PMID: 31006622 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) are the quiescent muscle stem cells required for adult skeletal muscle repair. The impact of environmental stress such as pollution on MuSC behavior remains unexplored. We evaluated the impact of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure, a ubiquitous and highly toxic pollutant, on MuSCs by combining in vivo mouse molecular genetic models with ex vivo studies. While all MuSCs express the transcription factor PAX7, we show that a subset also express PAX3 and exhibit resistance to environmental stress. Upon systemic TCDD treatment, PAX3-negative MuSCs display impaired survival, atypical activation, and sporadic differentiation through xenobiotic aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. We further show that PAX3-positive MuSCs become sensitized to environmental stress when PAX3 function is impaired and that PAX3-mediated induction of mTORC1 is required for protection. Our study, therefore, identifies a functional heterogeneity of MuSCs in response to environmental stress controlled by PAX3.
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11
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Parenté A, Pèrié L, Magnol L, Bouhouche K, Blanquet V. A siRNA Mediated Screen During C2C12 Myogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1889:229-243. [PMID: 30367417 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8897-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myogenesis is a multistep process taking place during pre- and postnatal stages for muscle formation, growth, and regeneration. It is a highly regulated process involving many molecular factors which act during myoblast proliferation and differentiation. To provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms and interactions behind the regulation of these different steps, RNA interference is an efficient methodology to implement. We developed a high-throughput siRNA screen in C2C12 murine myoblast cells for identification of genes relevant to signaling pathways controlling muscle growth. The proposed protocol is based on (1) the analyses of a maximum number of cells/myotubes to detect and quantify both clear and subtle phenotypes during proliferation/fusion cells and (2) the use of two cellular fluorescent markers, DAPI and myosin, decorating nuclei and myotubes respectively. Four phenotypic criteria were quantitatively assessed: cellular density, myotubes quantity, fusion index, and size and morphology of myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Parenté
- INRA, PEIRENE EA7500, USC1061 GAMAA, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Luce Pèrié
- INRA, PEIRENE EA7500, USC1061 GAMAA, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laetitia Magnol
- INRA, PEIRENE EA7500, USC1061 GAMAA, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Khaled Bouhouche
- INRA, PEIRENE EA7500, USC1061 GAMAA, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Véronique Blanquet
- INRA, PEIRENE EA7500, USC1061 GAMAA, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
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Adachi N, Pascual-Anaya J, Hirai T, Higuchi S, Kuratani S. Development of hypobranchial muscles with special reference to the evolution of the vertebrate neck. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:5. [PMID: 29468087 PMCID: PMC5816939 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extant vertebrates include cyclostomes (lamprey and hagfish) and crown gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), but there are various anatomical disparities between these two groups. Conspicuous in the gnathostomes is the neck, which occupies the interfacial domain between the head and trunk, including the occipital part of the cranium, the shoulder girdle, and the cucullaris and hypobranchial muscles (HBMs). Of these, HBMs originate from occipital somites to form the ventral pharyngeal and neck musculature in gnathostomes. Cyclostomes also have HBMs on the ventral pharynx, but lack the other neck elements, including the occipital region, the pectoral girdle, and cucullaris muscles. These anatomical differences raise questions about the evolution of the neck in vertebrates. RESULTS In this study, we observed developing HBMs as a basis for comparison between the two groups and show that the arrangement of the head-trunk interface in gnathostomes is distinct from that of lampreys. Our comparative analyses reveal that, although HBM precursors initially pass through the lateral side of the pericardium in both groups, the relative positions of the pericardium withrespect to the pharyngeal arches differ between the two, resulting in diverse trajectories of HBMs in gnathostomes and lampreys. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that a heterotopic rearrangement of early embryonic components, including the pericardium and pharyngeal arches, may have played a fundamental role in establishing the gnathostome HBMs, which would also have served as the basis for neck formation in the jawed vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Adachi
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Higuchi
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
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13
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Proskorovski-Ohayon R, Kadir R, Michalowski A, Flusser H, Perez Y, Hershkovitz E, Sivan S, Birk OS. PAX7mutation in a syndrome of failure to thrive, hypotonia, and global neurodevelopmental delay. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:1671-1683. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Proskorovski-Ohayon
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics; National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Rotem Kadir
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics; National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Analia Michalowski
- Zussman Child Development Center; Division of Pediatrics; Soroka University Medical Center; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Hagit Flusser
- Zussman Child Development Center; Division of Pediatrics; Soroka University Medical Center; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Yonatan Perez
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics; National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Eli Hershkovitz
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit; Division of Pediatrics; Soroka University Medical Center; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Sara Sivan
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics; National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Ohad S. Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics; National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
- Genetics Institute; Soroka University Medical Center; affiliated to Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
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14
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body and loss of its function or its regenerative properties results in debilitating musculoskeletal disorders. Understanding the mechanisms that drive skeletal muscle formation will not only help to unravel the molecular basis of skeletal muscle diseases, but also provide a roadmap for recapitulating skeletal myogenesis in vitro from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSCs have become an important tool for probing developmental questions, while differentiated cell types allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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15
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Lewandowski D, Dubińska-Magiera M, Posyniak E, Rupik W, Daczewska M. Does the grass snake (Natrix natrix) (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricinae) fit the amniotes-specific model of myogenesis? PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1507-1516. [PMID: 27834030 PMCID: PMC5487930 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the grass snake (Natrix natrix), the newly developed somites form vesicles that are located on both sides of the neural tube. The walls of the vesicles are composed of tightly connected epithelial cells surrounding the cavity (the somitocoel). Also, in the newly formed somites, the Pax3 protein can be observed in the somite wall cells. Subsequently, the somite splits into three compartments: the sclerotome, dermomyotome (with the dorsomedial [DM] and the ventrolateral [VL] lips) and the myotome. At this stage, the Pax3 protein is detected in both the DM and VL lips of the dermomyotome and in the mononucleated cells of the myotome, whereas the Pax7 protein is observed in the medial part of the dermomyotome and in some of the mononucleated cells of the myotome. The mononucleated cells then become elongated and form myotubes. As myogenesis proceeds, the myotome is filled with multinucleated myotubes accompanied by mononucleated, Pax7-positive cells (satellite cells) that are involved in muscle growth. The Pax3-positive progenitor muscle cells are no longer observed. Moreover, we have observed unique features in the differentiation of the muscles in these snakes. Specifically, our studies have revealed the presence of two classes of muscles in the myotomes. The first class is characterised by fast muscle fibres, with myofibrils equally distributed throughout the sarcoplasm. In the second class, composed of slow muscle fibres, the sarcoplasm is filled with lipid droplets. We assume that their storage could play a crucial role during hibernation in the adult snakes. We suggest that the model of myotomal myogenesis in reptiles, birds and mammals shows the same morphological and molecular character. We therefore believe that the grass snake, in spite of the unique features of its myogenesis, fits into the amniotes-specific model of trunk muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Lewandowski
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Posyniak
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Rupik
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland.
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16
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Khannoon ER, Rupik W, Lewandowski D, Dubińska-Magiera M, Swadźba E, Daczewska M. Unique features of myogenesis in Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) (Squamata: Serpentes: Elapidae). PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:625-33. [PMID: 26025263 PMCID: PMC4783446 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During early stages of myotomal myogenesis, the myotome of Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) is composed of homogenous populations of mononucleated primary myotubes. At later developmental phase, primary myotubes are accompanied by closely adhering mononucleated cells. Based on localization and morphology, we assume that mononucleated cells share features with satellite cells involved in muscle growth. An indirect morphological evidence of the fusion of mononucleated cells with myotubes is the presence of numerous vesicles in the subsarcolemmal region of myotubes adjacent to mononucleated cell. As differentiation proceeded, secondary muscle fibres appeared with considerably smaller diameter as compared to primary muscle fibre. Studies on N. haje myotomal myogenesis revealed some unique features of muscle differentiation. TEM analysis showed in the N. haje myotomes two classes of muscle fibres. The first class was characterized by typical for fast muscle fibres regular distribution of myofibrils which fill the whole volume of muscle fibre sarcoplasm. White muscle fibres in studied species were a prominent group of muscles in the myotome. The second class showed tightly paced myofibrils surrounding the centrally located nucleus accompanied by numerous vesicles of different diameter. The sarcoplasm of these cells was characterized by numerous lipid droplets. Based on morphological features, we believe that muscle capable of lipid storage belong to slow muscle fibres and the presence of lipid droplets in the sarcoplasm of these muscles during myogenesis might be a crucial adaptive mechanisms for subsequent hibernation in adults. This phenomenon was, for the first time, described in studies on N. haje myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraqi R Khannoon
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Weronika Rupik
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, 9 Bankowa Str., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Damian Lewandowski
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, 21 Sienkiewicza Str., 53-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, 21 Sienkiewicza Str., 53-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elwira Swadźba
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, 9 Bankowa Str., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, 21 Sienkiewicza Str., 53-335, Wrocław, Poland.
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17
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Czerwinska AM, Grabowska I, Archacka K, Bem J, Swierczek B, Helinska A, Streminska W, Fogtman A, Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Koblowska M, Ciemerych MA. Myogenic Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells That Lack a Functional Pax7 Gene. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:285-300. [PMID: 26649785 PMCID: PMC4761802 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax7 plays a key role during embryonic myogenesis and sustains the proper function of satellite cells, which serve as adult skeletal muscle stem cells. Overexpression of Pax7 has been shown to promote the myogenic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. However, the effects of the absence of functional Pax7 in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have not yet been directly tested. Herein, we studied mouse stem cells that lacked a functional Pax7 gene and characterized the differentiation of these stem cells under conditions that promoted the derivation of myoblasts in vitro. We analyzed the expression of myogenic factors, such as myogenic regulatory factors and muscle-specific microRNAs, in wild-type and mutant cells. Finally, we compared the transcriptome of both types of cells and did not find substantial differences in the expression of genes related to the regulation of myogenesis. As a result, we showed that the absence of functional Pax7 does not prevent the in vitro myogenic differentiation of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areta M Czerwinska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bem
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Swierczek
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Helinska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- 2 Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roksana Iwanicka-Nowicka
- 2 Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland .,3 Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Koblowska
- 2 Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland .,3 Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Chao Z, Zheng XL, Sun RP, Liu HL, Huang LL, Cao ZX, Deng CY, Wang F. Characterization of the Methylation Status of Pax7 and Myogenic Regulator Factors in Cell Myogenic Differentiation. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 29:1037-43. [PMID: 26954143 PMCID: PMC4932581 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes in the development of skeletal muscle have been appreciated for over a decade. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification important for regulating gene expression and suppressing spurious transcription. Up to now, the importance of epigenetic marks in the regulation of Pax7 and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) expression is far less explored. In the present study, semi-quantitative the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses showed MyoD and Myf5 were expressed in activated and quiescent C2C12 cells. MyoG was expressed in a later stage of myogenesis. Pax7 was weakly expressed in differentiated C2C12 cells. To further understand the regulation of expression of these genes, the DNA methylation status of Pax7, MyoD, and Myf5 was determined by bisulfite sequencing PCR. During the C2C12 myoblasts fusion process, the changes of promoter and exon 1 methylation of Pax7, MyoD, and Myf5 genes were observed. In addition, an inverse relationship of low methylation and high expression was found. These results suggest that DNA methylation may be an important mechanism regulating Pax7 and MRFs transcription in cell myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chao
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Xin-Li Zheng
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Rui-Ping Sun
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Hai-Long Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Zong-Xi Cao
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Chang-Yan Deng
- College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
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19
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Lozano-Velasco E, Vallejo D, Esteban FJ, Doherty C, Hernández-Torres F, Franco D, Aránega AE. A Pitx2-MicroRNA Pathway Modulates Cell Proliferation in Myoblasts and Skeletal-Muscle Satellite Cells and Promotes Their Commitment to a Myogenic Cell Fate. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2892-909. [PMID: 26055324 PMCID: PMC4525317 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00536-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of a proliferating-cell status from a quiescent state as well as the shift between proliferation and differentiation are key developmental steps in skeletal-muscle stem cells (satellite cells) to provide proper muscle regeneration. However, how satellite cell proliferation is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we report that the c-isoform of the transcription factor Pitx2 increases cell proliferation in myoblasts by downregulating microRNA 15b (miR-15b), miR-23b, miR-106b, and miR-503. This Pitx2c-microRNA (miRNA) pathway also regulates cell proliferation in early-activated satellite cells, enhancing Myf5(+) satellite cells and thereby promoting their commitment to a myogenic cell fate. This study reveals unknown functions of several miRNAs in myoblast and satellite cell behavior and thus may have future applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Daniel Vallejo
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco J Esteban
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Chris Doherty
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco Hernández-Torres
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Amelia Eva Aránega
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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20
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Wu CH, Huang TY, Chen BS, Chiou LL, Lee HS. Long-duration muscle dedifferentiation during limb regeneration in axolotls. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116068. [PMID: 25671422 PMCID: PMC4324932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although still debated, limb regeneration in salamanders is thought to depend on the dedifferentiation of remnant tissue occurring early after amputation and generating the progenitor cells that initiate regeneration. This dedifferentiation has been demonstrated previously by showing the fragmentation of muscle fibers into mononucleated cells and by revealing the contribution of mature muscle fibers to the regenerates by using lineage-tracing studies. Here, we provide additional evidence of dedifferentiation by showing that Pax7 (paired-box protein-7) transcripts are expressed at the ends of remnant muscle fibers in axolotls by using in situ hybridization and by demonstrating the presence of Pax7+ muscle-fiber nuclei in the early bud and mid-bud stages by means of immunohistochemical staining. During the course of regeneration, the remnant muscles did not progress; instead, muscle progenitors migrated out from the remnants and proliferated and differentiated in the new tissues at an early stage of differentiation. The regenerating muscles and remnant muscles were largely disconnected, and this left a gap between them until extremely late in the late stage of differentiation, at which point the new and old muscles connected together. Notably, Pax7 transcripts were detected in the regions of muscles that faced these gaps; thus, Pax7 expression might indicate dedifferentiation in the remnant-muscle ends and partial differentiation in the regenerating muscles. The roles of this long-duration dedifferentiation in the remnants remain unknown. However, the results presented here could support the hypothesis that long-duration muscle dedifferentiation facilitates the connection and fusion between the new and old muscles that are both in an immature state; this is because immature Pax7+ myoblasts readily fuse during developmental myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Sung Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chiou
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Shu Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
Skeletal muscles in vertebrates have a phenomenal regenerative capacity. A muscle that has been crushed can regenerate fully both structurally and functionally within a month. Remarkably, efficient regeneration continues to occur following repeated injuries. Thousands of muscle precursor cells are needed to accomplish regeneration following acute injury. The differentiated muscle cells, the multinucleated contractile myofibers, are terminally withdrawn from mitosis. The source of the regenerative precursors is the skeletal muscle stem cells-the mononucleated cells closely associated with myofibers, which are known as satellite cells. Satellite cells are mitotically quiescent or slow-cycling, committed to myogenesis, but undifferentiated. Disruption of the niche after muscle damage results in their exit from quiescence and progression towards commitment. They eventually arrest proliferation, differentiate, and fuse to damaged myofibers or make de novo myofibers. Satellite cells are one of the well-studied adult tissue-specific stem cells and have served as an excellent model for investigating adult stem cells. They have also emerged as an important standard in the field of ageing and stem cells. Several recent reviews have highlighted the importance of these cells as a model to understand stem cell biology. This chapter begins with the discovery of satellite cells as skeletal muscle stem cells and their developmental origin. We discuss transcription factors and signalling cues governing stem cell function of satellite cells and heterogeneity in the satellite cell pool. Apart from satellite cells, a number of other stem cells have been shown to make muscle and are being considered as candidate stem cells for amelioration of muscle degenerative diseases. We discuss these "offbeat" muscle stem cells and their status as adult skeletal muscle stem cells vis-a-vis satellite cells. The ageing context is highlighted in the concluding section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India,
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22
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Gurevich D, Siegel A, Currie PD. Skeletal myogenesis in the zebrafish and its implications for muscle disease modelling. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 56:49-76. [PMID: 25344666 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44608-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that post-embryonic muscle growth and regeneration in amniotes is mediated almost entirely by stem cells derived from muscle progenitor cells (MPCs), known as satellite cells. Exhaustion and impairment of satellite cell activity is involved in the severe muscle loss associated with degenerative muscle diseases such as Muscular Dystrophies and is the main cause of age-associated muscle wasting. Understanding the molecular and cellular basis of satellite cell function in muscle generation and regeneration (myogenesis) is critical to the broader goal of developing treatments that may ameliorate such conditions. Considerable knowledge exists regarding the embryonic stages of amniote myogenesis. Much less is known about how post-embryonic amniote myogenesis proceeds, how adult myogenesis relates to embryonic myogenesis on a cellular or genetic level. Of the studies focusing on post-embryonic amniote myogenesis, most are post-mortem and in vitro analyses, precluding the understanding of cellular behaviours and genetic mechanisms in an undisturbed in vivo setting. Zebrafish are optically clear throughout much of their post-embryonic development, facilitating their use in live imaging of cellular processes. Zebrafish also possess a compartment of MPCs, which appear similar to satellite cells and persist throughout the post-embryonic development of the fish, permitting their use in examining the contribution of these cells to muscle tissue growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gurevich
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Level 1, Building 75, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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23
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Stuelsatz P, Shearer A, Li Y, Muir LA, Ieronimakis N, Shen QW, Kirillova I, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. Extraocular muscle satellite cells are high performance myo-engines retaining efficient regenerative capacity in dystrophin deficiency. Dev Biol 2014; 397:31-44. [PMID: 25236433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extraocular muscles (EOMs) are highly specialized skeletal muscles that originate from the head mesoderm and control eye movements. EOMs are uniquely spared in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and animal models of dystrophin deficiency. Specific traits of myogenic progenitors may be determinants of this preferential sparing, but very little is known about the myogenic cells in this muscle group. While satellite cells (SCs) have long been recognized as the main source of myogenic cells in adult muscle, most of the knowledge about these cells comes from the prototypic limb muscles. In this study, we show that EOMs, regardless of their distinctive Pax3-negative lineage origin, harbor SCs that share a common signature (Pax7(+), Ki67(-), Nestin-GFP(+), Myf5(nLacZ+), MyoD-positive lineage origin) with their limb and diaphragm somite-derived counterparts, but are remarkably endowed with a high proliferative potential as revealed in cell culture assays. Specifically, we demonstrate that in adult as well as in aging mice, EOM SCs possess a superior expansion capacity, contributing significantly more proliferating, differentiating and renewal progeny than their limb and diaphragm counterparts. These robust growth and renewal properties are maintained by EOM SCs isolated from dystrophin-null (mdx) mice, while SCs from muscles affected by dystrophin deficiency (i.e., limb and diaphragm) expand poorly in vitro. EOM SCs also retain higher performance in cell transplantation assays in which donor cells were engrafted into host mdx limb muscle. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive picture of EOM myogenic progenitors, showing that while these cells share common hallmarks with the prototypic SCs in somite-derived muscles, they distinctively feature robust growth and renewal capacities that warrant the title of high performance myo-engines and promote consideration of their properties for developing new approaches in cell-based therapy to combat skeletal muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Stuelsatz
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Shearer
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yunfei Li
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsey A Muir
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Ieronimakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qingwu W Shen
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Irina Kirillova
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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24
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Czajkowski MT, Rassek C, Lenhard DC, Bröhl D, Birchmeier C. Divergent and conserved roles of Dll1 signaling in development of craniofacial and trunk muscle. Dev Biol 2014; 395:307-16. [PMID: 25220152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial and trunk skeletal muscles are evolutionarily distinct and derive from cranial and somitic mesoderm, respectively. Different regulatory hierarchies act upstream of myogenic regulatory factors in cranial and somitic mesoderm, but the same core regulatory network - MyoD, Myf5 and Mrf4 - executes the myogenic differentiation program. Notch signaling controls self-renewal of myogenic progenitors as well as satellite cell homing during formation of trunk muscle, but its role in craniofacial muscles has been little investigated. We show here that the pool of myogenic progenitor cells in craniofacial muscle of Dll1(LacZ/Ki) mutant mice is depleted in early fetal development, which is accompanied by a major deficit in muscle growth. At the expense of progenitor cells, supernumerary differentiating myoblasts appear transiently and these express MyoD. The progenitor pool in craniofacial muscle of Dll1(LacZ/Ki) mutants is largely rescued by an additional mutation of MyoD. We conclude from this that Notch exerts its decisive role in craniofacial myogenesis by repression of MyoD. This function is similar to the one previously observed in trunk myogenesis, and is thus conserved in cranial and trunk muscle. However, in cranial mesoderm-derived progenitors, Notch signaling is not required for Pax7 expression and impinges little on the homing of satellite cells. Thus, Dll1 functions in satellite cell homing and Pax7 expression diverge in cranial- and somite-derived muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej T Czajkowski
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Rassek
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana C Lenhard
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Bröhl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Southard S, Low S, Li L, Rozo M, Harvey T, Fan CM, Lepper C. A series of Cre-ER(T2) drivers for manipulation of the skeletal muscle lineage. Genesis 2014; 52:759-70. [PMID: 24844572 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the generation of five mouse strains with the tamoxifen-inducible Cre (Cre-ER(T) (2) ; CE) gene cassette knocked into the endogenous loci of Pax3, Myod1, Myog, Myf6, and Myl1, collectively as a resource for the skeletal muscle research community. We characterized these CE strains using the Cre reporter mice, R26R(L) (acZ) , during embryogenesis and show that they direct tightly controlled tamoxifen-inducible reporter expression within the expected cell lineage determined by each myogenic gene. We also examined a few selected adult skeletal muscle groups for tamoxifen-inducible reporter expression. None of these new CE alleles direct reporter expression in the cardiac muscle. All these alleles follow the same knock-in strategy by replacing the first exon of each gene with the CE cassette, rendering them null alleles of the endogenous gene. Advantages and disadvantages of this design are discussed. Although we describe potential immediate use of these strains, their utility likely extends beyond foreseeable questions in skeletal muscle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Southard
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, Maryland
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27
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Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of the cell-fate regulator Myod, studies in skeletal myogenesis have inspired the search for cell-fate regulators of similar potential in other tissues and organs. It was perplexing that a similar transcription factor for other tissues was not found; however, it was later discovered that combinations of molecular regulators can divert somatic cell fates to other cell types. With the new era of reprogramming to induce pluripotent cells, the myogenesis paradigm can now be viewed under a different light. Here, we provide a short historical perspective and focus on how the regulation of skeletal myogenesis occurs distinctly in different scenarios and anatomical locations. In addition, some interesting features of this tissue underscore the importance of reconsidering the simple-minded view that a single stem cell population emerges after gastrulation to assure tissuegenesis. Notably, a self-renewing long-term Pax7+ myogenic stem cell population emerges during development only after a first wave of terminal differentiation occurs to establish a tissue anlagen in the mouse. How the future stem cell population is selected in this unusual scenario will be discussed. Recently, a wealth of information has emerged from epigenetic and genome-wide studies in myogenic cells. Although key transcription factors such as Pax3, Pax7, and Myod regulate only a small subset of genes, in some cases their genomic distribution and binding are considerably more promiscuous. This apparent nonspecificity can be reconciled in part by the permissivity of the cell for myogenic commitment, and also by new roles for some of these regulators as pioneer transcription factors acting on chromatin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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28
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Borchin B, Chen J, Barberi T. Derivation and FACS-mediated purification of PAX3+/PAX7+ skeletal muscle precursors from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:620-31. [PMID: 24371814 PMCID: PMC3871395 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) constitute a promising resource for use in cell-based therapies and a valuable in vitro model for studying early human development and disease. Despite significant advancements in the derivation of specific fates from hPSCs, the generation of skeletal muscle remains challenging and is mostly dependent on transgene expression. Here, we describe a method based on the use of a small-molecule GSK3β inhibitor to derive skeletal muscle from several hPSC lines. We show that early GSK3β inhibition is sufficient to create the conditions necessary for highly effective derivation of muscle cells. Moreover, we developed a strategy for stringent fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based purification of emerging PAX3+/PAX7+ muscle precursors that are able to differentiate in postsort cultures into mature myocytes. This transgene-free, efficient protocol provides an essential tool for producing myogenic cells for in vivo preclinical studies, in vitro screenings, and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Borchin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Joseph Chen
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tiziano Barberi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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29
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Identification of putative ortholog gene blocks involved in gestant and lactating mammary gland development: a rodent cross-species microarray transcriptomics approach. Int J Genomics 2013; 2013:624681. [PMID: 24288657 PMCID: PMC3830774 DOI: 10.1155/2013/624681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) undergoes functional and metabolic changes during the transition from pregnancy to lactation, possibly by regulation of conserved genes. The objective was to elucidate orthologous genes, chromosome clusters and putative conserved transcriptional modules during MG development. We analyzed expression of 22,000 transcripts using murine microarrays and RNA samples of MG from virgin, pregnant, and lactating rats by cross-species hybridization. We identified 521 transcripts differentially expressed; upregulated in early (78%) and midpregnancy (89%) and early lactation (64%), but downregulated in mid-lactation (61%). Putative orthologous genes were identified. We mapped the altered genes to orthologous chromosomal locations in human and mouse. Eighteen sets of conserved genes associated with key cellular functions were revealed and conserved transcription factor binding site search entailed possible coregulation among all eight block sets of genes. This study demonstrates that the use of heterologous array hybridization for screening of orthologous gene expression from rat revealed sets of conserved genes arranged in chromosomal order implicated in signaling pathways and functional ontology. Results demonstrate the utilization power of comparative genomics and prove the feasibility of using rodent microarrays to identification of putative coexpressed orthologous genes involved in the control of human mammary gland development.
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Himeda CL, Barro MV, Emerson CP. Pax3 synergizes with Gli2 and Zic1 in transactivating the Myf5 epaxial somite enhancer. Dev Biol 2013; 383:7-14. [PMID: 24036067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Both Glis, the downstream effectors of hedgehog signaling, and Zic transcription factors are required for Myf5 expression in the epaxial somite. Here we demonstrate a novel synergistic interaction between members of both families and Pax3, a paired-domain transcription factor that is essential for both myogenesis and neural crest development. We show that Pax3 synergizes with both Gli2 and Zic1 in transactivating the Myf5 epaxial somite (ES) enhancer in concert with the Myf5 promoter. This synergy is dependent on conserved functional domains of the proteins, as well as on a novel homeodomain motif in the Myf5 promoter and the essential Gli motif in the ES enhancer. Importantly, overexpression of Zic1 and Pax3 in the 10T1/2 mesodermal cell model results in enrichment of these factors at the endogenous Myf5 locus and induction of Myf5 expression. In our previous work, we showed that by enhancing nuclear translocation of Gli factors, Zics provide spatiotemporal patterning for Gli family members in the epaxial induction of Myf5 expression. Our current study indicates a complementary mechanism in which association with DNA-bound Pax3 strengthens the ability of both Zic1 and Gli2 to transactivate Myf5 in the epaxial somite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis L Himeda
- The Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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31
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Ancestral Myf5 gene activity in periocular connective tissue identifies a subset of fibro/adipogenic progenitors but does not connote a myogenic origin. Dev Biol 2013; 385:366-79. [PMID: 23969310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extraocular muscles (EOM) represent a unique muscle group that controls eye movements and originates from head mesoderm, while the more typically studied body and limb muscles are somite-derived. Aiming to investigate myogenic progenitors (satellite cells) in EOM versus limb and diaphragm of adult mice, we have been using flow cytometry in combination with myogenic-specific Cre-loxP lineage marking for cell isolation. While analyzing cells from the EOM of mice that harbor Myf5(Cre)-driven GFP expression, we identified in addition to the expected GFP(+) myogenic cells (presumably satellite cells), a second dominant GFP(+) population distinguished as being Sca1(+), non-myogenic, and exhibiting a fibro/adipogenic potential. This unexpected population was not only unique to EOM compared to the other muscles but also specific to the Myf5(Cre)-driven reporter when compared to the MyoD(Cre) driver. Histological studies of periocular tissue preparations demonstrated the presence of Myf5(Cre)-driven GFP(+) cells in connective tissue locations adjacent to the muscle masses, including cells in the vasculature wall. These vasculature-associated GFP(+) cells were further identified as mural cells based on the presence of the specific XLacZ4 transgene. Unlike the EOM satellite cells that originate from a Pax3-negative lineage, these non-myogenic Myf5(Cre)-driven GFP(+) cells appear to be related to cells of a Pax3-expressing origin, presumably derived from the neural crest. In all, our lineage tracing based on multiple reporter lines has demonstrated that regardless of common ancestral expression of Myf5, there is a clear distinction between periocular myogenic and non-myogenic cell lineages according to their mutually exclusive antecedence of MyoD and Pax3 gene activity.
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32
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Lee ASJ, Harris J, Bate M, Vijayraghavan K, Fisher L, Tajbakhsh S, Duxson M. Initiation of primary myogenesis in amniote limb muscles. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1043-55. [PMID: 23765941 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate muscles are defined and patterned at the stage of primary myotube formation, but there is no clear description of how these cells form in vivo. Of particular interest is whether primary myotubes are "seeded" by a unique myoblast population that differentiates as mononucleated myocytes, similar to the founder myoblasts of insects. RESULTS We analyzed the cell populations and processes leading to initiation of primary myogenesis in limb buds of rats and mice. Pax3(+ve) myogenic precursors migrate into the limb bud and initially consolidate into dorsal and ventral muscle masses in the absence of Pax7 expression. Approximately a day later, Pax7(+ve) cells appear in the central aspect of the limb base and subsequently throughout the limb muscle masses. Primary myogenesis is initiated within each muscle mass at a time when only Pax3, and not Pax7, protein can be detected. Primary myotubes form initially as elongate mononucleated myocytes, well before cleavage of the muscle masses has occurred. Multinucleate myotubes appear approximately a day later. A similar process is seen during initiation of chick limb primary myogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Primary myotubes of vertebrate limb muscles are initiated by mononucleated myocytes, that appear structurally analogous to the founder myoblasts of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio S J Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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33
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Minchin JEN, Williams VC, Hinits Y, Low S, Tandon P, Fan CM, Rawls JF, Hughes SM. Oesophageal and sternohyal muscle fibres are novel Pax3-dependent migratory somite derivatives essential for ingestion. Development 2013; 140:2972-84. [PMID: 23760954 DOI: 10.1242/dev.090050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Striated muscles that enable mouth opening and swallowing during feeding are essential for efficient energy acquisition, and are likely to have played a fundamental role in the success of early jawed vertebrates. The developmental origins and genetic requirements of these muscles are uncertain. Here, we determine by indelible lineage tracing in mouse that fibres of sternohyoid muscle (SHM), which is essential for mouth opening during feeding, and oesophageal striated muscle (OSM), which is crucial for voluntary swallowing, arise from Pax3-expressing somite cells. In vivo Kaede lineage tracing in zebrafish reveals the migratory route of cells from the anteriormost somites to OSM and SHM destinations. Expression of pax3b, a zebrafish duplicate of Pax3, is restricted to the hypaxial region of anterior somites that generate migratory muscle precursors (MMPs), suggesting that Pax3b plays a role in generating OSM and SHM. Indeed, loss of pax3b function led to defective MMP migration and OSM formation, disorganised SHM differentiation, and inefficient ingestion and swallowing of microspheres. Together, our data demonstrate Pax3-expressing somite cells as a source of OSM and SHM fibres, and highlight a conserved role of Pax3 genes in the genesis of these feeding muscles of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E N Minchin
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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34
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Siegel AL, Gurevich DB, Currie PD. A myogenic precursor cell that could contribute to regeneration in zebrafish and its similarity to the satellite cell. FEBS J 2013; 280:4074-88. [PMID: 23607511 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cellular basis for mammalian muscle regeneration has been an area of intense investigation over recent decades. The consensus is that a specialized self-renewing stem cell, termed the satellite cell, plays a major role during the process of regeneration in amniotes. How broadly this mechanism is deployed within the vertebrate phylogeny remains an open question. A lack of information on the role of cells analogous to the satellite cell in other vertebrate systems is even more unexpected given the fact that satellite cells were first designated in frogs. An intriguing aspect of this debate is that a number of amphibia and many fish species exhibit epimorphic regenerative processes in specific tissues, whereby regeneration occurs by the dedifferentiation of the damaged tissue, without deploying specialized stem cell populations analogous to satellite cells. Hence, it is feasible that a cellular process completely distinct from that deployed during mammalian muscle regeneration could operate in species capable of epimorphic regeneration. In this minireview, we examine the evidence for the broad phylogenetic distribution of satellite cells. We conclude that, in the vertebrates examined so far, epimorphosis does not appear to be deployed during muscle regeneration, and that analogous cells expressing similar marker genes to satellite cells appear to be deployed during the regenerative process. However, the functional definition of these cells as self-renewing muscle stem cells remains a final hurdle to the definition of the satellite cell as a generic vertebrate cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Siegel
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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35
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Embryonic founders of adult muscle stem cells are primed by the determination gene Mrf4. Dev Biol 2013; 381:241-55. [PMID: 23623977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle satellite cells play a critical role during muscle growth, homoeostasis and regeneration. Selective induction of the muscle determination genes Myf5, Myod and Mrf4 during prenatal development can potentially impact on the reported functional heterogeneity of adult satellite cells. Accordingly, expression of Myf5 was reported to diminish the self-renewal potential of the majority of satellite cells. In contrast, virtually all adult satellite cells showed antecedence of Myod activity. Here we examine the priming of myogenic cells by Mrf4 throughout development. Using a Cre-lox based genetic strategy and novel highly sensitive Pax7 reporter alleles compared to the ubiquitous Rosa26-based reporters, we show that all adult satellite cells, independently of their anatomical location or embryonic origin, have been primed for Mrf4 expression. Given that Mrf4Cre and Mrf4nlacZ are active exclusively in progenitors during embryogenesis, whereas later expression is restricted to differentiated myogenic cells, our findings suggest that adult satellite cells emerge from embryonic founder cells in which the Mrf4 locus was activated. Therefore, this level of myogenic priming by induction of Mrf4, does not compromise the potential of the founder cells to assume an upstream muscle stem cell state. We propose that embryonic myogenic cells and the majority of adult muscle stem cells form a lineage continuum.
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36
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Acharya S, Peters AM, Norton AS, Murdoch GK, Hill RA. Change in Nox4 expression is accompanied by changes in myogenic marker expression in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1181-96. [PMID: 23503725 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast differentiation is mediated by a cascade of changes in gene expression including transcription factors such as myogenin. Subsequent to myoblast differentiation, there is an increase in expression of the transmembrane protein NADPH oxidase (Nox). Nox is one of the primary factors for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in myogenic (C2C12) cells. Recently, ROS have been shown to be important regulators of several intracellular signaling pathways, and the full extent of their regulatory roles is yet to be discovered. In the present study, qRT PCR analysis demonstrated that Nox4 isoform is primarily expressed in differentiating C2C12 cells and contributes to the generation of ROS in C2C12 myoblast during differentiation. Over-expression and silencing of Nox4 expression during myoblast differentiation was accompanied by a reduction in intracellular ROS concentrations and an alteration in the expression patterns of Myf5, Pax7, MyoD1, and myogenin. This modulation was found to be associated with ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In both over-expression and reduced expression of Nox4, we found significant reductions in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This indicates that cellular differentiation may be affected by Nox4-mediated endogenous ROS generation. These data suggest a new opportunity to study the temporal expression of Nox4 in the generation of ROS accompanying changes in myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Acharya
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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37
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Kuraitis D, Berardinelli MG, Suuronen EJ, Musarò A. A necrotic stimulus is required to maximize matrix-mediated myogenesis in mice. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:793-801. [PMID: 23471914 PMCID: PMC3634661 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials that are similar to skeletal muscle extracellular matrix have been shown to augment regeneration in ischemic muscle. In this study, treatment with a collagen-based matrix stimulated molecular myogenesis in an mdx murine model of necrosis. Matrix-treated animals ran ≥ 40% further, demonstrating functional regeneration, and expressed increased levels of myogenic transcripts. By contrast, matrix treatment was unable to induce transcriptional or functional changes in an MLC/SOD1(G93A) atrophic mouse model. In vitro, satellite cells were cultured under standard conditions, on matrix, in the presence of myocyte debris (to simulate a necrotic-like environment) or with both matrix and necrotic stimuli. Exposure to both matrix and necrotic stimuli induced the greatest increases in mef2c, myf5, myoD and myogenin transcripts. Furthermore, conditioned medium collected from satellite cells cultured with both stimuli contained elevated levels of factors that modulate satellite cell activation and proliferation, such as FGF-2, HGF and SDF-1. Application of the conditioned medium to C2C12 myoblasts accelerated maturation, as demonstrated by increased mef2c, myf5 and myogenin transcripts and fusion indexes. In summary, the collagen matrix required a necrotic stimulus to enhance the maturation of satellite cells and their secretion of a myogenic cocktail. Considering that matrix treatment supports myogenesis only in in vivo models that exhibit necrosis, this study demonstrates that a necrotic environment is required to maximize matrix-mediated myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Kuraitis
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Scarpa 14, Rome 00161, Italy
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38
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Relaix F, Zammit PS. Satellite cells are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration: the cell on the edge returns centre stage. Development 2012; 139:2845-56. [PMID: 22833472 DOI: 10.1242/dev.069088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following their discovery in 1961, it was speculated that satellite cells were dormant myoblasts, held in reserve until required for skeletal muscle repair. Evidence for this accumulated over the years, until the link between satellite cells and the myoblasts that appear during muscle regeneration was finally established. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that, when grafted, satellite cells could also self-renew, conferring on them the coveted status of 'stem cell'. The emergence of other cell types with myogenic potential, however, questioned the precise role of satellite cells. Here, we review recent recombination-based studies that have furthered our understanding of satellite cell biology. The clear consensus is that skeletal muscle does not regenerate without satellite cells, confirming their pivotal and non-redundant role.
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Reptilian myotomal myogenesis—lessons from the sand lizard Lacerta agilis L. (Reptilia, Lacertidae). ZOOLOGY 2012; 115:330-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Calhabeu F, Hayashi S, Morgan JE, Relaix F, Zammit PS. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma-associated proteins PAX3/FOXO1A and PAX7/FOXO1A suppress the transcriptional activity of MyoD-target genes in muscle stem cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:651-62. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Takagaki Y, Yamagishi H, Matsuoka R. Factors Involved in Signal Transduction During Vertebrate Myogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 296:187-272. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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Olguín HC, Patzlaff NE, Olwin BB. Pax7-FKHR transcriptional activity is enhanced by transcriptionally repressed MyoD. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1410-7. [PMID: 21321994 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) are characterized by the expression of chimeric transcription factors Pax3-FKHR and Pax7-FKHR, due to chromosomal translocations fusing PAX3 or PAX7 with the FKHR gene. Although ARMS exhibits a muscle lineage phenotype, the cells evade terminal differentiation despite expressing the potent myogenic transcriptional regulator MyoD. Here we show that while Pax7-FKHR inhibits MyoD-dependent transcription, MyoD enhances Pax7-FKHR activity in myogenic cell cultures. Importantly, this effect is not recapitulated by close related transcription factor myogenin and involves specific MyoD functional domains, distinct from those required for Pax7 to regulate MyoD during muscle formation. Together, these results suggest that although repressed as a myogenic regulatory factor, MyoD can play an active role in ARMS by augmenting Pax7-FKHR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Olguín
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
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43
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Daughters RS, Chen Y, Slack JMW. Origin of muscle satellite cells in the Xenopus embryo. Development 2011; 138:821-30. [PMID: 21270051 DOI: 10.1242/dev.056481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the origin of muscle satellite cells in embryos of Xenopus laevis. Fate mapping at the open neural plate stage was carried out using orthotopic grafts from transgenic embryos expressing GFP. This shows that most satellite cells originate from the dorsolateral plate rather than from the paraxial mesoderm. Specification studies were made by isolation of explants from the paraxial and dorsolateral regions of neurulae and these also indicated that the satellite cell progenitors arise from the dorsolateral plate. Muscle satellite cells express Pax7, but overexpression of Pax7 in blastomeres of whole embryos that populate the myogenic areas does not induce the formation of additional satellite cells. Moreover, a dominant-negative construct, Pax7EnR, does not reduce satellite cell formation. Neither Pax7 nor other myogenic transcription factor genes will induce satellite cell formation in animal caps treated with FGF. However, BMP RNA or protein will do so, both for FGF-treated animal caps and for paraxial neurula explants. Conversely, the induction of Noggin in dorsolateral explants from HGEM-Noggin transgenic neurulae will block formation of satellite cells, showing that BMP signaling is required in vivo for satellite cell formation. We conclude that satellite cell progenitors are initially specified in the dorsal part of the lateral plate mesoderm and later become incorporated into the myotomes. The initial specification occurs at the neurula stage and depends on the ventral-to-dorsal BMP gradient in the early embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Daughters
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, MTRF, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Zacharias AL, Lewandoski M, Rudnicki MA, Gage PJ. Pitx2 is an upstream activator of extraocular myogenesis and survival. Dev Biol 2011; 349:395-405. [PMID: 21035439 PMCID: PMC3019256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors required to initiate myogenesis in branchial arch- and somite-derived muscles are known, but the comparable upstream factors required during extraocular muscle development have not been identified. We show Pax7 is dispensable for extraocular muscle formation, whereas Pitx2 is cell-autonomously required to prevent apoptosis of the extraocular muscle primordia. The survival requirement for Pitx2 is stage-dependent and ends following stable activation of genes for the muscle regulatory factors (e.g. Myf5, MyoD), which is reduced in the absence of Pitx2. Further, PITX2 binds and activates transcription of the Myf5 and MyoD promoters, indicating these genes are direct targets. Collectively, these data demonstrate that PITX2 is required at several steps in the development of extraocular muscles, acting first as an anti-apoptotic factor in pre-myogenic mesoderm, and subsequently to activate the myogenic program in these cells. Thus, Pitx2 is the first demonstrated upstream activator of myogenesis in the extraocular muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Zacharias
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Fredrick, Fredrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael A. Rudnicki
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, Canada K1H 8L6
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Philip J. Gage
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Abstract
Muscle development, growth, and regeneration take place throughout vertebrate life. In amniotes, myogenesis takes place in four successive, temporally distinct, although overlapping phases. Understanding how embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are formed from muscle progenitors and committed myoblasts is an area of active research. In this review we examine recent expression, genetic loss-of-function, and genetic lineage studies that have been conducted in the mouse, with a particular focus on limb myogenesis. We synthesize these studies to present a current model of how embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are formed in the limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malea Murphy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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46
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Lepper C, Fan CM. Inducible lineage tracing of Pax7-descendant cells reveals embryonic origin of adult satellite cells. Genesis 2010; 48:424-36. [PMID: 20641127 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have generated a mouse strain carrying a Cre-ER(T2) knock-in allele at the Pax7 locus, the Pax7(CE) allele (Lepper et al., 2009, Nature 460:627-631). Combining Pax7(CE) and the R26R(LacZ) Cre reporter allele, here we describe temporal-specific tamoxifen (tmx)-inducible lineage tracing of embryonic Pax7-expressing cells. In particular, we focus on the somitic lineage. Tmx-inducible Cre activity directed by the Pax7(CE) allele is similar to the endogenous Pax7 expression pattern. The somitic Pax7-expressing cells selectively marked at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) give rise to dorsal dermis and brown adipose tissue, in addition to dorsal aspects of trunk muscles and the diaphragm muscle. However, they do not contribute to ventral body wall and limb muscles. After E12.5, marked Pax7-expressing cells become lineage restricted to muscles. Descendants of these early marked Pax7-expressing cells begin to occupy sublaminal positions associated with the myofibers around E16.5, characteristic of embryonic satellite cells. Furthermore, they contribute to adult myofibers and regeneration competent satellite cells in the tibialis anterior muscle, providing evidence that some adult satellite cells are of embryonic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lepper
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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47
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Redshaw Z, McOrist S, Loughna P. Muscle origin of porcine satellite cells affects in vitro differentiation potential. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:403-11. [PMID: 20589736 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-natal muscle regeneration relies on the activation of tissue stem cells known as satellite cells, to repair damage following exercise trauma and disease. Satellite cells from individual muscles are known to be heterogeneous with regard to proliferation, fusion and transplantation abilities, although the muscle origin has rarely been considered pertinent to their differentiation capabilities. In this study we compared the potential of two functionally distinct skeletal muscle satellite cell populations from porcine diaphragm and hind-limb semi-membranosus muscles. These two muscles were chosen primarily for differences in metabolic and contractile properties: the diaphragm is more continuously active and has a greater oxidative capacity. Cells were induced to differentiate towards myogenic and adipogenic lineages, and here we have shown that cells from diaphragm exhibit a significantly greater degree of myogenesis compared with those from semi-membranosus, while the converse was true for adipogenesis. Unexpectedly, both conditions generated small numbers of cells with neuronal characteristics for both muscle types, although more so in cells derived from the diaphragm. With increased interest in muscle adiposity with age and disease, these findings suggest that muscle origin of satellite cells does affect lineage fate, however whether differences in developmental origin or metabolic activity of the parent tissue govern this, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Redshaw
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK.
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48
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Kirkpatrick LJ, Yablonka-Reuveni Z, Rosser BWC. Retention of Pax3 expression in satellite cells of muscle spindles. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 58:317-27. [PMID: 20026670 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.954792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrafusal fibers within muscle spindles retain features characteristic of immaturity, unlike the larger and more numerous extrafusal fibers constituting the bulk of skeletal muscle. Satellite cells (SCs), myogenic progenitors, are detected on the surfaces of both intrafusal and extrafusal fibers, but little is known of spindle SCs. We have recently demonstrated that, like their extrafusal counterparts, SCs in muscle spindles of posthatch chickens express paired box transcription factor 7 (Pax7) protein. During vertebrate embryogenesis, myogenic progenitors express both Pax7 and Pax3 proteins. In postnatal mice, Pax3 appears in rare SC subsets, whereas Pax7 is expressed by all SCs within extrafusal fibers. Here we test the hypothesis that Pax3 protein maintains localized expression within SCs of muscle spindles. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify SCs by their Pax7 expression within anterior latissimus dorsi muscle excised from posthatch chickens of various ages. A greater percentage of SCs express Pax3 within intrafusal than extrafusal fibers at each age, and the proportion of SCs expressing Pax3 declines with aging. This is the first study to localize Pax3 expression in posthatch avian muscle and within SCs of muscle spindles. We suggest that Pax3-positive SCs are involved in fiber maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Kirkpatrick
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Distinct regulatory cascades govern extraocular and pharyngeal arch muscle progenitor cell fates. Dev Cell 2009; 16:810-21. [PMID: 19531352 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic regulatory networks governing skeletal myogenesis in the body are well understood, yet their hierarchical relationships in the head remain unresolved. We show that either Myf5 or Mrf4 is necessary for initiating extraocular myogenesis. Whereas Mrf4 is dispensable for pharyngeal muscle progenitor fate, Tbx1 and Myf5 act synergistically for governing myogenesis in this location. As in the body, Myod acts epistatically to the initiating cascades in the head. Thus, complementary pathways, governed by Pax3 for body, and Tbx1 for pharyngeal muscles, but absent for extraocular muscles, activate the core myogenic network. These diverse muscle progenitors maintain their respective embryonic regulatory signatures in the adult. However, these signatures are not sufficient to ensure the specific muscle phenotypes, since the expected differentiated phenotype is not manifested when satellite cells are engrafted heterotopically. These findings identify novel genetic networks that may provide insights into myopathies which often affect only subsets of muscles.
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Messina G, Cossu G. The origin of embryonic and fetal myoblasts: a role of Pax3 and Pax7. Genes Dev 2009; 23:902-5. [PMID: 19390084 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1797009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of individual muscle fibers, diversified in size, shape, and contractile protein content, to fulfill the different functional needs of the vertebrate body. This heterogeneity derives from and depends at least in part on distinct classes of myogenic progenitors; i.e., embryonic and fetal myoblasts and satellite cells whose origin and lineage relationship have been elusive so far. In this issue of Genes & Development, Hutcheson and colleagues (pp. 997-1013) provide a first answer to this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Messina
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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