1
|
Andres J, Schmunk LJ, Grau-Enguix F, Braguy J, Samodelov SL, Blomeier T, Ochoa-Fernandez R, Weber W, Al-Babili S, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA, Zurbriggen MD. Ratiometric gibberellin biosensors for the analysis of signaling dynamics and metabolism in plant protoplasts. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:927-939. [PMID: 38525669 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are major regulators of developmental and growth processes in plants. Using the degradation-based signaling mechanism of GAs, we have built transcriptional regulator (DELLA)-based, genetically encoded ratiometric biosensors as proxies for hormone quantification at high temporal resolution and sensitivity that allow dynamic, rapid and simple analysis in a plant cell system, i.e. Arabidopsis protoplasts. These ratiometric biosensors incorporate a DELLA protein as a degradation target fused to a firefly luciferase connected via a 2A peptide to a renilla luciferase as a co-expressed normalization element. We have implemented these biosensors for all five Arabidopsis DELLA proteins, GA-INSENSITIVE, GAI; REPRESSOR-of-ga1-3, RGA; RGA-like1, RGL1; RGL2 and RGL3, by applying a modular design. The sensors are highly sensitive (in the low pm range), specific and dynamic. As a proof of concept, we have tested the applicability in three domains: the study of substrate specificity and activity of putative GA-oxidases, the characterization of GA transporters, and the use as a discrimination platform coupled to a GA agonists' chemical screening. This work demonstrates the development of a genetically encoded quantitative biosensor complementary to existing tools that allow the visualization of GA in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Andres
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa J Schmunk
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Federico Grau-Enguix
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Justine Braguy
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- The BioActives Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophia L Samodelov
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Blomeier
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rocio Ochoa-Fernandez
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The BioActives Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEPLAS-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fehér A. A Common Molecular Signature Indicates the Pre-Meristematic State of Plant Calli. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13122. [PMID: 37685925 PMCID: PMC10488067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to different degrees of mechanical injury, certain plant cells re-enter the division cycle to provide cells for tissue replenishment, tissue rejoining, de novo organ formation, and/or wound healing. The intermediate tissue formed by the dividing cells is called a callus. Callus formation can also be induced artificially in vitro by wounding and/or hormone (auxin and cytokinin) treatments. The callus tissue can be maintained in culture, providing starting material for de novo organ or embryo regeneration and thus serving as the basis for many plant biotechnology applications. Due to the biotechnological importance of callus cultures and the scientific interest in the developmental flexibility of somatic plant cells, the initial molecular steps of callus formation have been studied in detail. It was revealed that callus initiation can follow various ways, depending on the organ from which it develops and the inducer, but they converge on a seemingly identical tissue. It is not known, however, if callus is indeed a special tissue with a defined gene expression signature, whether it is a malformed meristem, or a mass of so-called "undifferentiated" cells, as is mostly believed. In this paper, I review the various mechanisms of plant regeneration that may converge on callus initiation. I discuss the role of plant hormones in the detour of callus formation from normal development. Finally, I compare various Arabidopsis gene expression datasets obtained a few days, two weeks, or several years after callus induction and identify 21 genes, including genes of key transcription factors controlling cell division and differentiation in meristematic regions, which were upregulated in all investigated callus samples. I summarize the information available on all 21 genes that point to the pre-meristematic nature of callus tissues underlying their wide regeneration potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Fehér
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 62 Temesvári Körút, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; or
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52 Közép Fasor, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Yuan M, Dang S, Zhou J, Zhang Y. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of transcription factors and hormones during flower bud differentiation in 'Red Globe' grape under red‒blue light. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8932. [PMID: 37264033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Grape is a globally significant fruit-bearing crop, and the grape flower bud differentiation essential to fruit production is closely related to light quality. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of grape flower bud differentiation under red‒blue light, the transcriptome and hormone content were determined at four stages of flower bud differentiation. The levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in grape flower buds at all stages of differentiation under red‒blue light were higher than those in the control. However, the levels of cytokinins (CKs) and gibberellic acid (giberellins, GAs) fluctuated continuously over the course of flower bud differentiation. Moreover, many differentially expressed genes were involved in auxin, CK, GA, and the ABA signal transduction pathways. There were significant differences in the AUX/IAA, SAUR, A-RR, and ABF gene expression levels between the red‒blue light treatment and the control buds, especially in regard to the ABF genes, the expression levels of which were completely different between the two groups. The expression of GBF4 and AI5L2 in the control was always low, while the expression under red‒blue light increased. AI5L7 and AI5L5 expression levels showed an upwards trend in the control plant buds and gradually decreased in red‒blue light treatment plant buds. Through weighted gene coexpression network analysis, we determined that the transcription factors WRK48 (WRKY family), EF110 (ERF family), ABR1, CAMTA3 (CAMTA family), and HSFA3 (HSF family) may be involved in the regulation of the GBF4 gene. This study lays a foundation for further analysis of grape flower bud differentiation regulation under red‒blue light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Miao Yuan
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Shizhuo Dang
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh R, Shankar R, Yadav SK, Kumar V. Transcriptome analysis of ovules offers early developmental clues after fertilization in Cicer arietinum L.. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:177. [PMID: 37188294 PMCID: PMC10175530 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds are valued for their nutritional scores and limited information on the molecular mechanisms of chickpea fertilization and seed development is available. In the current work, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed on two different stages of chickpea ovules (pre- and post-fertilization) to identify key regulatory transcripts. Two-staged transcriptome sequencing was generated and over 208 million reads were mapped to quantify transcript abundance during fertilization events. Mapping to the reference genome showed that the majority (92.88%) of high-quality Illumina reads were aligned to the chickpea genome. Reference-guided genome and transcriptome assembly yielded a total of 28,783 genes. Of these, 3399 genes were differentially expressed after the fertilization event. These involve upregulated genes including a protease-like secreted in CO(2) response (LOC101500970), amino acid permease 4-like (LOC101506539), and downregulated genes MYB-related protein 305-like (LOC101493897), receptor like protein 29 (LOC101491695). WGCNA analysis and pairwise comparison of datasets, successfully constructed four co-expression modules. Transcription factor families including bHLH, MYB, MYB-related, C2H2 zinc finger, ERF, WRKY and NAC transcription factor were also found to be activated after fertilization. Activation of these genes and transcription factors results in the accumulation of carbohydrates and proteins by enhancing their trafficking and biosynthesis. Total 17 differentially expressed genes, were randomly selected for qRT-PCR for validation of transcriptome analysis and showed statistically significant correlations with the transcriptome data. Our findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying changes in fertilized chickpea ovules. This work may come closer to a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that initiate developmental events in chickpea seeds after fertilization. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03599-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetu Singh
- Department of Botany, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001 India
| | - Rama Shankar
- Department of Paediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | | | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Botany, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tian Y, Xin W, Lin J, Ma J, He J, Wang X, Xu T, Tang W. Auxin Coordinates Achene and Receptacle Development During Fruit Initiation in Fragaria vesca. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:929831. [PMID: 35873981 PMCID: PMC9301465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.929831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In strawberries, fruit set is considered as the transition from the quiescent ovary to a rapidly growing fruit. Auxin, which is produced from the fertilized ovule in the achenes, plays a key role in promoting the enlargement of receptacles. However, detailed regulatory mechanisms for fruit set and the mutual regulation between achenes and receptacles are largely unknown. In this study, we found that pollination promoted fruit development (both achene and receptacle), which could be stimulated by exogenous auxin treatment. Interestingly, auxin was highly accumulated in achenes, but not in receptacles, after pollination. Further transcriptome analysis showed that only a small portion of the differentially expressed genes induced by pollination overlapped with those by exogenous auxin treatment. Auxin, but not pollination, was able to activate the expression of growth-related genes, especially in receptacles, which resulted in fast growth. Meanwhile, those genes involved in the pathways of other hormones, such as GA and cytokinin, were also regulated by exogenous auxin treatment, but not pollination. This suggested that pollination was not able to activate auxin responses in receptacles but produced auxin in fertilized achenes, and then auxin might be able to transport or transduce from achenes to receptacles and promote fast fruit growth at the early stage of fruit initiation. Our work revealed a potential coordination between achenes and receptacles during fruit set, and auxin might be a key coordinator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Tian
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Xin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Ecology and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Juncheng Lin
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Tang
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan FS, Gan ZM, Li EQ, Ren MK, Hu CG, Zhang JZ. Transcriptomic and physiological analysis reveals interplay between salicylic acid and drought stress in citrus tree floral initiation. PLANTA 2021; 255:24. [PMID: 34928452 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and drought stress promote more flowering in sweet orange. The physiological response and molecular mechanism underlying stress-induced floral initiation were discovered by transcriptome profiling. Numerous flowering-regulated genes were identified, and ectopically expressed CsLIP2A promotes early flowering in Arabidopsis. Floral initiation is a critical developmental mechanism associated with external factors, and citrus flowering is mainly regulated by drought stress. However, little is known about the intricate regulatory network involved in stress-induced flowering in citrus. To understand the molecular mechanism of floral initiation in citrus, flower induction was performed on potted Citrus sinensis trees under the combined treatment of salicylic acid (SA) and drought (DR). Physiological analysis revealed that SA treatment significantly normalized the drastic effect of drought stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT), relative leaf water content, total chlorophyll, and proline contents and promoting more flowering than drought treatment. Analysis of transcriptome changes in leaves from different treatments showed that 1135, 2728 and 957 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were revealed in response to DR, SD (SA + DR), and SA (SA + well water) treatments in comparison with the well watered plants, respectively. A total of 2415, 2318 and 1933 DEGs were expressed in DR, SD, and SA in comparison with water recovery, respectively. Some key flowering genes were more highly expressed in SA-treated drought plants than in DR-treated plants. GO enrichment revealed that SA treatment enhances the regulation and growth of meristem activity under drought conditions, but no such a pathway was found to be highly enriched in the control. Furthermore, we focused on various hormones, sugars, starch metabolism, and biosynthesis-related genes. The KEGG analysis demonstrated that DEGs enriched in starch sucrose metabolism and hormonal signal transduction pathways probably account for stress-induced floral initiation in citrus. In addition, a citrus LIPOYLTRANSFERSAE 2A homologous (LIP2A) gene was upregulated by SD treatment. Ectopic expression of CsLIP2A exhibited early flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis. Taken together, this study provides new insight that contributes to citrus tree floral initiation under the SA-drought scenario as well as an excellent reference for stress-induced floral initiation in woody trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Shafique Khan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi-Meng Gan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - En-Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng-Ke Ren
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chun-Gen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iqbal S, Pan Z, Hayat F, Bai Y, Coulibaly D, Ali S, Ni X, Shi T, Gao Z. Comprehensive transcriptome profiling to identify genes involved in pistil abortion of Japanese apricot. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1191-1204. [PMID: 34177144 PMCID: PMC8212332 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flower development exists as a key period in the angiosperms life cycle and the proper development is considered with its reproductive success. Pistil abortion is one of the widely distributed aspects of berry plants and its basic mechanism in Japanese apricot is quite unclear and needs thorough investigation. The present study was carried out to get a deep insight into the pistil abortion mechanism in Japanese apricot using a transcriptomic approach. A large number of DEGs were identified from different development stages of normal and abortive pistils. Pair-wise comparison analysis was performed as LY1 vs DQD1, LY2 vs DQD2, and LY3 vs DQD3 and produced 3590, 2085, and 2286 transcripts, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) showed that different metabolic processes, plant hormones, developmental processes, and photosystem-related genes were involved in pistil abortion. The pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of plant hormone's signal transduction and circadian rhythm pathways. Furthermore, transcription factors such as MYB, MADS-box, and NAC family showed lower expression in abortive pistils. The current study presents a new strategy for advanced research and understanding of the pistil abortion process in Japanese apricot and provides a possible reference for other deciduous fruit trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Iqbal
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Zhenpeng Pan
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Faisal Hayat
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yang Bai
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Daouda Coulibaly
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan
| | - Xiaopeng Ni
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ting Shi
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Zhang Y, Khan R, Wu X, Zhou L, Xu N, Du S, Ma X. Exogenous application of brassinosteroids regulates tobacco leaf size and expansion via modulation of endogenous hormones content and gene expression. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:847-860. [PMID: 33967467 PMCID: PMC8055801 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brassinosteroids (BR) play diverse roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. BR promotes plant growth by triggering cell division and expansion. However, the effect of exogenous BR application on the leaf size and expansion of tobacco is unknown. Tobacco seedlings are treated with different concentrations of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBL) [control (CK, 0 mol L-1), T1 (0.5 × 10-7 mol L-1), and T2 (0.5 × 10-4 mol L-1)]. The results show that T1 has 17.29% and T2 has 25.99% more leaf area than control. The epidermal cell area is increased by 24.40% and 17.13% while the number of epidermal cells is 7.06% and 21.06% higher in T1 and T2, respectively, relative to control. So the exogenous EBL application improves the leaf area by increasing cell numbers and cell area. The endogenous BR (7.5 times and 68.4 times), auxin (IAA) (4.03% and 25.29%), and gibberellin (GA3) contents (84.42% and 91.76%) are higher in T1 and T2, respectively, in comparison with control. Additionally, NtBRI1, NtBIN2, and NtBES1 are upregulated showing that the brassinosteroid signaling pathway is activated. Furthermore, the expression of the key biosynthesis-related genes of BR (NtDWF4), IAA (NtYUCCA6), and GA3 (NtGA3ox-2) are all upregulated under EBL application. Finally, the exogenous EBL application also upregulated the expression of cell growth-related genes (NtCYCD3;1, NtARGOS, NtGRF5, NtGRF8, and NtXTH). The results reveal that the EBL application increases the leaf size and expansion by promoting the cell expansion and division through higher BR, IAA, and GA3 contents along with the upregulation of cell growth-related genes. The results of the study provide a scientific basis for the effect of EBL on tobacco leaf growth at morphological, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular levels. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Rayyan Khan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Na Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Shasha Du
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xinghua Ma
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Di Marzo M, Herrera-Ubaldo H, Caporali E, Novák O, Strnad M, Balanzà V, Ezquer I, Mendes MA, de Folter S, Colombo L. SEEDSTICK Controls Arabidopsis Fruit Size by Regulating Cytokinin Levels and FRUITFULL. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2846-2857.e3. [PMID: 32101756 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon fertilization, the ovary increases in size and undergoes a complex developmental process to become a fruit. We show that cytokinins (CKs), which are required to determine ovary size before fertilization, have to be degraded to facilitate fruit growth. The expression of CKX7, which encodes a cytosolic CK-degrading enzyme, is directly positively regulated post-fertilization by the MADS-box transcription factor STK. Similar to stk, two ckx7 mutants possess shorter fruits than wild type. Quantification of CKs reveals that stk and ckx7 mutants have high CK levels, which negatively control cell expansion during fruit development, compromising fruit growth. Overexpression of CKX7 partially complements the stk fruit phenotype, confirming a role for CK degradation in fruit development. Finally, we show that STK is required for the expression of FUL, which is essential for valve elongation. Overall, we provide insights into the link between CKs and molecular pathways that control fruit growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Elisabetta Caporali
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Vicente Balanzà
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Milan 20133, Italy; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigacione Cientificas, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Marta A Mendes
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Milan 20133, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu XM, Cheng SY, Ye JB, Chen ZX, Liao YL, Zhang WW, Kim SU, Xu F. Screening and identification of miRNAs related to sexual differentiation of strobili in Ginkgo biloba by integration analysis of small RNA, RNA, and degradome sequencing. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:387. [PMID: 32842951 PMCID: PMC7446137 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba, a typical dioecious plant, is a traditional medicinal plant widely planted. However, it has a long juvenile period, which severely affected the breeding and cultivation of superior ginkgo varieties. RESULTS In order to clarify the complex mechanism of sexual differentiation in G. biloba strobili. Here, a total of 3293 miRNAs were identified in buds and strobili of G. biloba, including 1085 known miRNAs and 2208 novel miRNAs using the three sequencing approaches of transcriptome, small RNA, and degradome. Comparative transcriptome analysis screened 4346 and 7087 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in male buds (MB) _vs_ female buds (FB) and microstrobilus (MS) _vs_ ovulate strobilus (OS), respectively. A total of 6032 target genes were predicted for differentially expressed miRNA. The combined analysis of both small RNA and transcriptome datasets identified 51 miRNA-mRNA interaction pairs that may be involved in the process of G. biloba strobili sexual differentiation, of which 15 pairs were verified in the analysis of degradome sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive analysis of the small RNA, RNA and degradome sequencing data in this study provided candidate genes and clarified the regulatory mechanism of sexual differentiation of G. biloba strobili from multiple perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Shui-Yuan Cheng
- National R&D for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 Hubei China
- National Selenium Rich Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Enshi, 445000 Hubei China
| | - Jia-Bao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Ze-Xiong Chen
- Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences 402160, ChongQing, China
| | - Yong-Ling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Soo-Un Kim
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
- National R&D for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jing D, Chen W, Hu R, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Wang S, He Q, Guo Q, Liang G. An Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome, Proteome and Hormones Reveals Key Differentially Expressed Genes and Metabolic Pathways Involved in Flower Development in Loquat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5107. [PMID: 32698310 PMCID: PMC7404296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flower development is a vital developmental process in the life cycle of woody perennials, especially fruit trees. Herein, we used transcriptomic, proteomic, and hormone analyses to investigate the key candidate genes/proteins in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) at the stages of flower bud differentiation (FBD), floral bud elongation (FBE), and floral anthesis (FA). Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways of hormone signal transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism. Importantly, the DEGs of hormone signal transduction were significantly involved in the signaling pathways of auxin, gibberellins (GAs), cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. Meanwhile, key floral integrator genes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) and floral meristem identity genes SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING LIKE (SPL), LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1), and AP2 were significantly upregulated at the FBD stage. However, key floral organ identity genes AGAMOUS (AG), AP3, and PISTILLATA (PI) were significantly upregulated at the stages of FBE and FA. Furthermore, transcription factors (TFs) such as bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix), NAC (no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor (ATAF1/2) and cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC2)), MYB_related (myeloblastosis_related), ERF (ethylene response factor), and C2H2 (cysteine-2/histidine-2) were also significantly differentially expressed. Accordingly, comparative proteomic analysis of differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) and combined enrichment of DEGs and DAPs showed that starch and sucrose metabolism was also significantly enriched. Concentrations of GA3 and zeatin were high before the FA stage, but ABA concentration remained high at the FA stage. Our results provide abundant sequence resources for clarifying the underlying mechanisms of the flower development in loquat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danlong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ruoqian Hu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qiao He
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang Z, Bao K, Jing Z, Wang Q, Duan H, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Wu Q. Small Auxin Up RNAs influence the distribution of indole-3-acetic acid and play a potential role in increasing seed size in Euryale ferox Salisb. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:311. [PMID: 32620077 PMCID: PMC7333270 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquatic Euryale ferox Salisb. is an economically important crop in China and India. Unfortunately, low yield limitations seriously hinder market growth. Unveiling the control of seed size is of remarkable importance in improvement of crops. Here, we generated a new hybrid line (HL) with larger seeds by crossing South Gordon Euryale and North Gordon Euryale (WT) which hasn't been reported before. However, the functional genes and molecular mechanisms controlling the seed size in Euryale ferox Salisb. remain unclear. In this study, we focused on the differentially expressed genes in the auxin signal transduction pathway during fruit development between HL and WT to explore candidate regulatory genes participated in regulating seed size. RESULTS Both concentration and localization of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at two growth stages of fruits of WT and HL were detected by LC-MS and immunofluorescence. Although IAA content between the two lines did not differ, IAA distribution was significantly different. To elucidate the mechanism and to seek the key genes underlying this difference, RNA-seq was performed on young fruits at the two selected growth stages, and differentially expressed genes related to the auxin transduction pathway were selected for further analysis. CONCLUSION Hybrid Euryale ferox Salisb. expressed significant heterosis, resulting in non-prickly, thin-coated, large seeds, which accounted for the significantly larger yield of HL than that of WT. Our study indicated that Small Auxin Up RNAs (SAURs) -mediated localization of IAA regulates seed size in Euryale ferox Salisb. We found that some SAURs may act as a positive mediator of the auxin transduction pathway, thereby contributing to the observed heterosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zonghui Jing
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huifang Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaying Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dai Y, Zhang S, Sun X, Li G, Yuan L, Li F, Zhang H, Zhang S, Chen G, Wang C, Sun R. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Gene Expression and Regulatory Characteristics Associated with Different Vernalization Periods in Brassica rapa. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E392. [PMID: 32260536 PMCID: PMC7231026 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica rapa is an important Chinese vegetable crop that is beneficial to human health. The primary factor affecting B. rapa yield is low temperature, which promotes bolting and flowering, thereby lowering its commercial value. However, quickened bolting and flowering can be used for rapid breeding. Therefore, studying the underlying molecular mechanism of vernalization in B.rapa is crucial for solving production-related problems. Here, the transcriptome of two B. rapa accessions were comprehensively analyzed during different vernalization periods. During vernalization, a total of 974,584,022 clean reads and 291.28 Gb of clean data were obtained. Compared to the reference genome of B. rapa, 44,799 known genes and 2280 new genes were identified. A self-organizing feature map analysis of 21,035 differentially expressed genes was screened in two B. rapa accessions, 'Jin Wawa' and 'Xiao Baojian'. The analysis indicated that transcripts related to the plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, photoperiod and circadian clock, and vernalization pathways changed notably at different vernalization periods. Moreover, different expression patterns of TPS, UGP, CDF, VIN1, and seven hormone pathway genes were observed during vernalization between the two accessions. The transcriptome results of this study provide a new perspective on the changes that occur during B. rapavernalization, as well as serve as an excellent reference for B. rapa breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (X.S.); (G.L.); (F.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Shujiang Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (X.S.); (G.L.); (F.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xiao Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (X.S.); (G.L.); (F.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Guoliang Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (X.S.); (G.L.); (F.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (X.S.); (G.L.); (F.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (X.S.); (G.L.); (F.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shifan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (X.S.); (G.L.); (F.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Guohu Chen
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Rifei Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.D.); (S.Z.); (X.S.); (G.L.); (F.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jing D, Chen W, Xia Y, Shi M, Wang P, Wang S, Wu D, He Q, Liang G, Guo Q. Homeotic transformation from stamen to petal in Eriobotrya japonica is associated with hormone signal transduction and reduction of the transcriptional activity of EjAG. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:893-908. [PMID: 31587280 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Double-flower loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a new germplasm with homeotic transformation of stamen into petal in whorl 3. However, little information is available on the molecular mechanism of this transformation. Herein, we analyzed the transcriptome, candidate genes and endogenous hormones to investigate the mechanisms underlying this homeotic transformation. Some transcription factors, such as MADS-box, TCP and MYB, were significantly differentially expressed. Importantly, we confirmed that one of these (DN39625_c0_g1), which encoded a C-class floral homeotic protein referred to as AGAMOUS ortholog (EjAG), was significantly downregulated. Subcellular localization of EjAG was found to be in the nucleus. Ectopic expression of EjAG rescued the development of stamens and carpels from the double-flower phenotype in an Arabidopsis ag mutant, suggesting that EjAG expression is associated with double-flower formation. Meanwhile, enrichment analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in the metabolic pathways of hormone signal transduction. The DEGs of auxin, gibberellin A (GA) and cytokinin signaling pathways were mainly upregulated. However, the DEGs of abscisic acid (ABA) and the ethylene signaling pathway were mainly downregulated. Accordingly, the concentrations of indoleacetic acid, kinetin and GA3 were high at the petaloid stamen stage, but the ABA concentration remained low. The identified genes and pathways provide abundant sequence resources for studying the mechanisms underlying the homeotic transformation in loquat and other Rosaceae species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danlong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao He
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Amini S, Rosli K, Abu-Bakar MF, Alias H, Mat-Isa MN, Juhari MAA, Haji-Adam J, Goh HH, Wan KL. Transcriptome landscape of Rafflesia cantleyi floral buds reveals insights into the roles of transcription factors and phytohormones in flower development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226338. [PMID: 31851702 PMCID: PMC6919626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rafflesia possesses unique biological features and known primarily for producing the world’s largest and existing as a single flower. However, to date, little is known about key regulators participating in Rafflesia flower development. In order to further understand the molecular mechanism that regulates Rafflesia cantleyi flower development, RNA-seq data from three developmental stages of floral bud, representing the floral organ primordia initiation, floral organ differentiation, and floral bud outgrowth, were analysed. A total of 89,890 transcripts were assembled of which up to 35% could be annotated based on homology search. Advanced transcriptome analysis using K-mean clustering on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was able to identify 12 expression clusters that reflect major trends and key transitional states, which correlate to specific developmental stages. Through this, comparative gene expression analysis of different floral bud stages identified various transcription factors related to flower development. The members of WRKY, NAC, bHLH, and MYB families are the most represented among the DEGs, suggesting their important function in flower development. Furthermore, pathway enrichment analysis also revealed DEGs that are involved in various phytohormone signal transduction events such as auxin and auxin transport, cytokinin and gibberellin biosynthesis. Results of this study imply that transcription factors and phytohormone signalling pathways play major role in Rafflesia floral bud development. This study provides an invaluable resource for molecular studies of the flower development process in Rafflesia and other plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safoora Amini
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khadijah Rosli
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Halimah Alias
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd-Afiq-Aizat Juhari
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jumaat Haji-Adam
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ripoll JJ, Zhu M, Brocke S, Hon CT, Yanofsky MF, Boudaoud A, Roeder AHK. Growth dynamics of the Arabidopsis fruit is mediated by cell expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25333-25342. [PMID: 31757847 PMCID: PMC6911193 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914096116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit have evolved a sophisticated tissue and cellular architecture to secure plant reproductive success. Postfertilization growth is perhaps the most dramatic event during fruit morphogenesis. Several studies have proposed that fertilized ovules and developing seeds initiate signaling cascades to coordinate and promote the growth of the accompanying fruit tissues. This dynamic process allows the fruit to conspicuously increase its size and acquire its final shape and means for seed dispersal. All these features are key for plant survival and crop yield. Despite its importance, we lack a high-resolution spatiotemporal map of how postfertilization fruit growth proceeds at the cellular level. In this study, we have combined live imaging, mutant backgrounds in which fertilization can be controlled, and computational modeling to monitor and predict postfertilization fruit growth in Arabidopsis We have uncovered that, unlike leaves, sepals, or roots, fruit do not exhibit a spatial separation of cell division and expansion domains; instead, there is a separation into temporal stages with fertilization as the trigger for transitioning to cell expansion, which drives postfertilization fruit growth. We quantified the coordination between fertilization and fruit growth by imaging no transmitting tract (ntt) mutants, in which fertilization fails in the bottom half of the fruit. By combining our experimental data with computational modeling, we delineated the mobility properties of the seed-derived signaling cascades promoting growth in the fruit. Our study provides the basis for generating a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing fruit growth and shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-José Ripoll
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116;
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Stephanie Brocke
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Cindy T Hon
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| | - Martin F Yanofsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Claud Bernard University Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Galimba KD, Bullock DG, Dardick C, Liu Z, Callahan AM. Gibberellic acid induced parthenocarpic 'Honeycrisp' apples ( Malus domestica) exhibit reduced ovary width and lower acidity. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:41. [PMID: 30962935 PMCID: PMC6441655 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set and development are dependent on auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin, which cause parthenocarpic development in many species when applied ectopically. Commercial sprays containing these hormones are used to improve apple fruit set, size, and shape, but have been implicated negatively in other aspects of fruit quality. We applied gibberellic acid (GA3), synthetic auxin (NAA), and the auxin-transport inhibitor NPA to 'Honeycrisp' apple flowers. Fruit retention and size were quantified throughout development, and seed number and fruit quality parameters were measured at maturity. GA3 alone caused the development of seedless parthenocarpic apples. At maturity, GA3-treated apples were narrower due to reduced ovary width, indicating that GA3 induced normal growth of the hypanthium, but not the ovary. GA3-treated fruits were also less acidic than hand-pollinated controls, but had similar firmness, starch, and sugar content. To further understand the regulation of parthenocarpy, we performed tissue-specific transcriptome analysis on GA3-treated, NAA-treated, and control fruits, at 18 days after treatment and again at maturity. Overall, transcriptome analysis showed GA3-treated and hand-pollinated fruits were highly similar in RNA expression profiles. Early expression differences in putative cell division, cytokinin degradation, and cell wall modification genes in GA3-treated ovaries correlated with the observed shape differences, while early expression differences in the acidity gene Ma1 may be responsible for the changes in pH. Taken together, our results indicate that GA3 triggers the development of parthenocarpic apple fruit with morphological deviations that correlate with a number of candidate gene expression differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey D. Galimba
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Daniel G. Bullock
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA
| | - Chris Dardick
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Ann M. Callahan
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lu T, Ke M, Lavoie M, Jin Y, Fan X, Zhang Z, Fu Z, Sun L, Gillings M, Peñuelas J, Qian H, Zhu YG. Rhizosphere microorganisms can influence the timing of plant flowering. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:231. [PMID: 30587246 PMCID: PMC6307273 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant phenology has crucial biological, physical, and chemical effects on the biosphere. Phenological drivers have largely been studied, but the role of plant microbiota, particularly rhizosphere microbiota, has not been considered. RESULTS We discovered that rhizosphere microbial communities could modulate the timing of flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana. Rhizosphere microorganisms that increased and prolonged N bioavailability by nitrification delayed flowering by converting tryptophan to the phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA), thus downregulating genes that trigger flowering, and stimulating further plant growth. The addition of IAA to hydroponic cultures confirmed this metabolic network. CONCLUSIONS We document a novel metabolic network in which soil microbiota influenced plant flowering time, thus shedding light on the key role of soil microbiota on plant functioning. This opens up multiple opportunities for application, from helping to mitigate some of the effects of climate change and environmental stress on plants (e.g. abnormal temperature variation, drought, salinity) to manipulating plant characteristics using microbial inocula to increase crop potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingjing Ke
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Michel Lavoie
- Quebec-Ocean and Takuvik Joint International Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, G1VOA6 Canada
| | - Yujian Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoji Fan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Michael Gillings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032 People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Ecoenvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fritz MA, Rosa S, Sicard A. Mechanisms Underlying the Environmentally Induced Plasticity of Leaf Morphology. Front Genet 2018; 9:478. [PMID: 30405690 PMCID: PMC6207588 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary function of leaves is to provide an interface between plants and their environment for gas exchange, light exposure and thermoregulation. Leaves have, therefore a central contribution to plant fitness by allowing an efficient absorption of sunlight energy through photosynthesis to ensure an optimal growth. Their final geometry will result from a balance between the need to maximize energy uptake while minimizing the damage caused by environmental stresses. This intimate relationship between leaf and its surroundings has led to an enormous diversification in leaf forms. Leaf shape varies between species, populations, individuals or even within identical genotypes when those are subjected to different environmental conditions. For instance, the extent of leaf margin dissection has, for long, been found to inversely correlate with the mean annual temperature, such that Paleobotanists have used models based on leaf shape to predict the paleoclimate from fossil flora. Leaf growth is not only dependent on temperature but is also regulated by many other environmental factors such as light quality and intensity or ambient humidity. This raises the question of how the different signals can be integrated at the molecular level and converted into clear developmental decisions. Several recent studies have started to shed the light on the molecular mechanisms that connect the environmental sensing with organ-growth and patterning. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the influence of different environmental signals on leaf size and shape, their integration as well as their importance for plant adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie Rosa
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang F, Wu X, Hou X, Shao S, Liu T. Vernalization can regulate flowering time through microRNA mechanism in Brassica rapa. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:204-215. [PMID: 29345323 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vernalization is an important process that regulates the floral transition in plants. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNA (sRNA) molecules that function in plant growth and development. Despite that miRNAs related to flowering have previously been characterized, their roles in response to vernalization in pak-choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) has never been studied. Here, two sRNA libraries from B. rapa leaves (vernalized and non-vernalized plants) were constructed and sequenced. Two hundred eight known and 535 novel miRNAs were obtained, of which 20 known and 66 new miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed and considered as vernalization-related miRNAs. The corresponding targets were predicted on the basic of sequence homology search. In addition, 11 miRNAs and eight targets were selected for real-time quantitative PCR to confirm their expression profiles. Functional annotation of targets using gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes results suggested that most targets were significantly enriched in the hormone signaling pathway. Moreover, a decreased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and an increased GA3 hormone were detected after vernalization, indicating that the IAA and GA3 might response to vernalization. These results indicated that vernalization regulates flowering through microRNA mechanism by affecting endogenous hormone level in B. rapa. This study provides useful insights of promising miRNAs candidates involved in vernalization in B. rapa, and facilitates further investigation of the miRNA-mediated molecular mechanisms of vernalization in B. rapa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuaixu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tongkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abbas M, Hernández‐García J, Blanco‐Touriñán N, Aliaga N, Minguet EG, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. Reduction of indole-3-acetic acid methyltransferase activity compensates for high-temperature male sterility in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:272-279. [PMID: 28574629 PMCID: PMC5785359 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
High temperature is a general stress factor that causes a decrease in crop yield. It has been shown that auxin application reduces the male sterility caused by exposure to higher temperatures. However, widespread application of a hormone with vast effects on plant physiology may be discouraged in many cases. Therefore, the generation of new plant varieties that locally enhance auxin in reproductive organs may represent an alternative strategy. We have explored the possibility of increasing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in ovaries by reducing IAA methyltransferase1 (IAMT1) activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. The iamt1 mutant showed increased auxin signalling in funiculi, which correlated with a higher growth rate of wild-type pollen in contact with mutant ovaries and premature ovule fertilization. While the production of seeds per fruit was similar in the wild type and the mutant at 20 °C, exposure to 29 °C caused a more severe decrease in fertility in the wild type than in the mutant. Loss of IAMT1 activity was also associated with the production of more nodes after flowering and higher tolerance of the shoot apical meristem to higher temperatures. As a consequence, the productivity of the iamt1 mutant under higher temperatures was more than double of that of the wild type, with almost no apparent trade-off.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Abbas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- Present address:
Plant and Crop ScienceSutton Bonington CampusUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jorge Hernández‐García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Noel Blanco‐Touriñán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Norma Aliaga
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Eugenio G. Minguet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Approaches to Study Light Effects on Brassinosteroid Sensitivity. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1564:39-47. [PMID: 28124245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6813-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light perception and hormone signaling in plants are likely connected at multiple points. Light conditions, perceived by photoreceptors, control plant responses by altering hormone concentration, tissue sensitivity, or a combination of both. Whereas it is relatively straightforward to assess the light effects on hormone levels, hormone sensitivity is subjected to interpretation. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, hypocotyl length is strongly affected by light conditions. As hypocotyl elongation also depends on brassinosteroids (BRs), assaying this response provides a valuable and easy way to measure the responsiveness of seedlings to BRs and the impact of light. We describe a simple protocol to evaluate the responsiveness of hypocotyls to commercial BRs and/or BR inhibitors under a range of light conditions. These assays can be used to establish whether light affects BR sensitivity or whether BRs affect light sensitivity. Overall, our protocol can be easily applied for deetiolation (under polychromatic or monochromatic light) and simulated shade treatments combined with BR treatments.
Collapse
|
23
|
Briones-Moreno A, Hernández-García J, Vargas-Chávez C, Romero-Campero FJ, Romero JM, Valverde F, Blázquez MA. Evolutionary Analysis of DELLA-Associated Transcriptional Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:626. [PMID: 28487716 PMCID: PMC5404181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins are transcriptional regulators present in all land plants which have been shown to modulate the activity of over 100 transcription factors in Arabidopsis, involved in multiple physiological and developmental processes. It has been proposed that DELLAs transduce environmental information to pre-wired transcriptional circuits because their stability is regulated by gibberellins (GAs), whose homeostasis largely depends on environmental signals. The ability of GAs to promote DELLA degradation coincides with the origin of vascular plants, but the presence of DELLAs in other land plants poses at least two questions: what regulatory properties have DELLAs provided to the behavior of transcriptional networks in land plants, and how has the recruitment of DELLAs by GA signaling affected this regulation. To address these issues, we have constructed gene co-expression networks of four different organisms within the green lineage with different properties regarding DELLAs: Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum (both with GA-regulated DELLA proteins), Physcomitrella patens (with GA-independent DELLA proteins) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a green alga without DELLA), and we have examined the relative evolution of the subnetworks containing the potential DELLA-dependent transcriptomes. Network analysis indicates a relative increase in parameters associated with the degree of interconnectivity in the DELLA-associated subnetworks of land plants, with a stronger effect in species with GA-regulated DELLA proteins. These results suggest that DELLAs may have played a role in the coordination of multiple transcriptional programs along evolution, and the function of DELLAs as regulatory 'hubs' became further consolidated after their recruitment by GA signaling in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asier Briones-Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Hernández-García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Vargas-Chávez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Romero-Campero
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Federico Valverde
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel A. Blázquez,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu K, Feng S, Pan Y, Zhong J, Chen Y, Yuan C, Li H. Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Genes Associated with Floral Transition and Flower Development in Sugar Apple ( Annona squamosa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1695. [PMID: 27881993 PMCID: PMC5101194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) is a semi-deciduous subtropical tree that progressively sheds its leaves in the spring. However, little information is available on the mechanism involved in flower developmental pattern. To gain a global perspective on the floral transition and flower development of sugar apple, cDNA libraries were prepared independently from inflorescent meristem and three flowering stages. Illumina sequencing generated 107,197,488 high quality reads that were assembled into 71,948 unigenes, with an average sequence length of 825.40 bp. Among the unigenes, various transcription factor families involved in floral transition and flower development were elucidated. Furthermore, a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that unigenes exhibiting differential expressions were involved in various phytohormone signal transduction events and circadian rhythms. In addition, 147 unigenes exhibiting sequence similarities to known flowering-related genes from other plants were differentially expressed during flower development. The expression patterns of 20 selected genes were validated using quantitative-PCR. The expression data presented in our study is the most comprehensive dataset available for sugar apple so far and will serve as a resource for investigating the genetics of the flowering process in sugar apple and other Annona species.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chandler JW, Werr W. Cytokinin-auxin crosstalk in cell type specification. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:291-300. [PMID: 25805047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Auxin and cytokinin affect cell fate specification transcriptionally and non-transcriptionally, and their roles have been characterised in several founder cell specification and activation contexts. Similarly to auxin, local cytokinin synthesis and response gradients are instructive, and the roles of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 7/15 (ARR7/15) and the negative cytokinin response regulator ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 6, as well as auxin signalling via MONOPTEROS/BODENLOS, are functionally conserved across different developmental processes. Auxin and cytokinin crosstalk is tissue- and context-specific, and may be synergistic in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) but antagonistic in the root. We review recent advances in understanding the interactions between auxin and cytokinin in pivotal developmental processes, and show that feedback complexity and the multistep nature of specification processes argue against a single morphogenetic signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John William Chandler
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Werr
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang D, Ren L, Yue JH, Shi YB, Zhuo LH, Wang L, Shen XH. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of stem development and dwarfing regulation in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis (Leighton) Leighton. Gene 2015; 565:252-67. [PMID: 25865295 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Agapanthus praecox is a monocotyledonous ornamental bulb plant. Generally, the scape (inflorescence stem) length can develop more than 1m, however application 400 mg·L(-1) paclobutrazol can shorten the length beyond 70%. To get a deeper insight into its dwarfism mechanism, de novo RNA-Seq technology has been employed, for the first time, to describe the scape transcriptome of A. praecox. We got 71,258 assembled unigenes, and 45,597 unigenes obtained protein functional annotation. Take the above sequencing results as a reference gene set, using RNA-seq (quantification) technology analyzed gene expression profiles between the control and paclobutrazol-treated samples, and screened 2838 differentially expressed genes. GO, KEGG and MapMan pathway analyses indicated that these differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in response to stimulus, hormonal signaling, carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall, cell size, and cell cycle related biological process. To validate the expression profiles obtained by RNA-Seq, real-time qPCR was performed on 24 genes selected from key significantly enriched pathways. Comprehensive analysis suggested that paclobutrazol blocks GA signal that can effectively inhibit scape elongation; the GA signal interact with other hormonal signals including auxin, ethylene, brassinosteroid and cytokinins, and trigger downstream signaling cascades leading to metabolism, cell wall biosynthesis, cell division and the cycle decreased obviously, and finally induced dwarfism trait. Furthermore, AP2/EREBP, bHLH, C2H2, ARR, WRKY and ARF family's transcription factors were involved in the regulation of scape development in A. praecox. This transcriptome dataset will serve as an important public information platform to accelerate research on the gene expression and functional genomics of Agapanthus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Li Ren
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Yue
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yu-Bo Shi
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Li-Huan Zhuo
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang M, Xu X, Zhang X, Sun S, Wu C, Hou W, Wang Q, Han T. Functional analysis of GmCPDs and investigation of their roles in flowering. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118476. [PMID: 25734273 PMCID: PMC4348418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of floral development is a pivotal switch in the life of soybean. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a group of steroidal phytohormones with essential roles in plant growth and development, are associated with flowering induction. Genes involved in BR biosynthesis have been studied to a great extent in Arabidopsis, but the study of these genes has been limited in soybean. In this study, four CPD homologs (GmCPDs) catalyzing BR synthesis were isolated from soybean. Transcripts were mainly confined to cotyledons and leaves and were down-regulated in response to exogenous BR. Bioinformatic analysis showed strong sequence and structure similarity between GmCPDs and AtCPD as well as CPDs of other species. Overexpression of GmCPDs in an Arabidopsis BR-deficient mutant rescued the phenotype by restoring the biosynthesis pathway, revealing the functional roles of each GmCPDs in. Except for the rescue of root development, leaf expansion and plant type architecture, GmCPDs in expression also complemented the late flowering phenotype of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in CPD. Further evidence in soybean plants is that the expression levels of GmCPDs in are under photoperiod control in Zigongdongdou, a photoperiod-sensitive variety, and show a sudden peak upon floral meristem initiation. Together with increased GmCPDs in expression in the leaves and cotyledons of photoperiod-insensitive early-maturity soybean, it is clear that GmCPDs in contribute to flowering development and are essential in the early stages of flowering regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shi Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cunxiang Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sotelo-Silveira M, Chauvin AL, Marsch-Martínez N, Winkler R, de Folter S. Metabolic fingerprinting of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:365. [PMID: 26074932 PMCID: PMC4444734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era much effort has been put on the discovery of gene function using functional genomics. Despite the advances achieved by these technologies in the understanding of gene function at the genomic and proteomic level, there is still a big genotype-phenotype gap. Metabolic profiling has been used to analyze organisms that have already been characterized genetically. However, there is a small number of studies comparing the metabolic profile of different tissues of distinct accessions. Here, we report the detection of over 14,000 and 17,000 features in inflorescences and leaves, respectively, in two widely used Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. A predictive Random Forest Model was developed, which was able to reliably classify tissue type and accession of samples based on LC-MS profile. Thereby we demonstrate that the morphological differences among A. thaliana accessions are reflected also as distinct metabolic phenotypes within leaves and inflorescences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Sotelo-Silveira
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN)Irapuato, México
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anne-Laure Chauvin
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN)Irapuato, México
| | | | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Unidad IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Robert Winkler, Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, México
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN)Irapuato, México
- Stefan de Folter, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang HN, Wei YZ, Shen JY, Lai B, Huang XM, Ding F, Su ZX, Chen HB. Transcriptomic analysis of floral initiation in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) based on de novo RNA sequencing. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1723-35. [PMID: 25023873 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Comparative transcriptome analysis of litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) buds at two developmental stages revealed multiple processes involving various phytohormones regulating floral initiation, and expression of numerous flowering-related genes. Floral initiation is a critical and complicated plant developmental process involving interactions of numerous endogenous and environmental factors, but little is known about the complex network regulating floral initiation in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Illumina second-generation sequencing is an efficient method for obtaining massive transcriptional information resulting from phase changes in plant development. In this study, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed with resting and emerging panicle stage buds, to gain further understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in floral initiation in litchi. Abundance analysis identified 5,928 unigenes exhibiting at least twofold differences in expression between the two bud stages. Of these, 4,622 unigenes were up-regulated and 1,306 were down-regulated in panicle-emerging buds compared with resting buds. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that unigenes exhibiting differential expression were involved in the metabolism and signal transduction of various phytohormones. The expression levels of unigenes annotated as auxin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid biosynthesis were up-regulated, whereas those unigenes annotated as abscisic acid biosynthesis were down-regulated during floral initiation. In addition, 188 unigenes exhibiting sequence similarities to known flowering-related genes from other plants were differentially expressed during floral initiation. Thirteen genes were selected for confirmation of expression levels using quantitative-PCR. Our results provide abundant sequence resources for studying mechanisms underlying floral initiation in litchi and establish a platform for further studies of litchi and other evergreen fruit trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Na Zhang
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gallego-Giraldo C, Hu J, Urbez C, Gomez MD, Sun TP, Perez-Amador MA. Role of the gibberellin receptors GID1 during fruit-set in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:1020-1032. [PMID: 24961590 PMCID: PMC4403254 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) play a critical role in fruit-set and fruit growth. Gibberellin is perceived by its nuclear receptors GA INSENSITIVE DWARF1s (GID1s), which then trigger degradation of downstream repressors DELLAs. To understand the role of the three GA receptor genes (GID1A, GID1B and GID1C) in Arabidopsis during fruit initiation, we have examined their temporal and spatial localization, in combination with analysis of mutant phenotypes. Distinct expression patterns are revealed for each GID1: GID1A is expressed throughout the whole pistil, while GID1B is expressed in ovules, and GID1C is expressed in valves. Functional study of gid1 mutant combinations confirms that GID1A plays a major role during fruit-set and growth, whereas GID1B and GID1C have specific roles in seed development and pod elongation, respectively. Therefore, in ovules, GA perception is mediated by GID1A and GID1B, while GID1A and GID1C are involved in GA perception in valves. To identify tissue-specific interactions between GID1s and DELLAs, we analyzed spatial expression patterns of four DELLA genes that have a role in fruit initiation (GAI, RGA, RGL1 and RGL2). Our data suggest that GID1A can interact with RGA and GAI in all tissues, whereas GID1C-RGL1 and GID1B-RGL2 interactions only occur in valves and ovules, respectively. These results uncover specific functions of each GID1-DELLA in the different GA-dependent processes that occur upon fruit-set. In addition, the distribution of GA receptors in valves along with lack of expression of GA biosynthesis genes in this tissue, strongly suggests transport of GAs from the developing seeds to promote fruit growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gallego-Giraldo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Cristina Urbez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Gomez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Tai-ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Miguel A. Perez-Amador
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang D, Ren L, Yue JH, Wang L, Zhuo LH, Shen XH. GA4 and IAA were involved in the morphogenesis and development of flowers in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:966-76. [PMID: 24913054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth represents a major phase change in angiosperms. Hormones play important roles in this process. In this study, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CKs), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) were analyzed during the flowering in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis. Eleven types of endogenous gibberellins in addition to GA1 were detected in various organs. GA9 was detected with the highest concentrations, followed by GA5, GA8, and GA19. However, GA4 was the main bioactive GA that was involved in the regulation of flowering. Eight types of endogenous cytokinins were detected in A. praecox ssp. orientalis, and zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin-O-glucoside, and N(6)-isopentenyladenosine-5-monophosphate were present at higher levels throughout the study, of which zeatin plays an important role in the development of various organs. IAA increased by 581% in the shoot tips from the vegetative to inflorescence bud stages and had the most significant changes during flowering. Phytohormone immunolocalization analysis suggested that IAA involved in differentiation and development of each floral organs, GA and zeatin play important roles in floret primordia differentiation and ovule development. Using exogenous plant growth regulators proved that GA signaling regulate the scape elongation and stimulate early-flowering, and IAA signaling is involved in the pedicel and corolla elongation and delay flowering slightly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jian-hua Yue
- Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Li-huan Zhuo
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiao-hui Shen
- Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sotelo-Silveira M, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Unraveling the signal scenario of fruit set. PLANTA 2014; 239:1147-58. [PMID: 24659051 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-term goals to impact or modify fruit quality and yield have been the target of researchers for many years. Different approaches such as traditional breeding,mutation breeding, and transgenic approaches have revealed a regulatory network where several hormones concur in a complex way to regulate fruit set and development,and these networks are shared in some way among species with different kinds of fruits. Understanding the molecular and biochemical networks of fruit set and development could be very useful for breeders to meet the current and future challenges of agricultural problems.
Collapse
|
33
|
Martínez-Fernández I, Sanchís S, Marini N, Balanzá V, Ballester P, Navarrete-Gómez M, Oliveira AC, Colombo L, Ferrándiz C. The effect of NGATHA altered activity on auxin signaling pathways within the Arabidopsis gynoecium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:210. [PMID: 24904608 PMCID: PMC4033193 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The four NGATHA genes (NGA) form a small subfamily within the large family of B3-domain transcription factors of Arabidopsis thaliana. NGA genes act redundantly to direct the development of the apical tissues of the gynoecium, the style, and the stigma. Previous studies indicate that NGA genes could exert this function at least partially by directing the synthesis of auxin at the distal end of the developing gynoecium through the upregulation of two different YUCCA genes, which encode flavin monooxygenases involved in auxin biosynthesis. We have compared three developing pistil transcriptome data sets from wildtype, nga quadruple mutants, and a 35S::NGA3 line. The differentially expressed genes showed a significant enrichment for auxin-related genes, supporting the idea of NGA genes as major regulators of auxin accumulation and distribution within the developing gynoecium. We have introduced reporter lines for several of these differentially expressed genes involved in synthesis, transport and response to auxin in NGA gain- and loss-of-function backgrounds. We present here a detailed map of the response of these reporters to NGA misregulation that could help to clarify the role of NGA in auxin-mediated gynoecium morphogenesis. Our data point to a very reduced auxin synthesis in the developing apical gynoecium of nga mutants, likely responsible for the lack of DR5rev::GFP reporter activity observed in these mutants. In addition, NGA altered activity affects the expression of protein kinases that regulate the cellular localization of auxin efflux regulators, and thus likely impact auxin transport. Finally, protein accumulation in pistils of several ARFs was differentially affected by nga mutations or NGA overexpression, suggesting that these accumulation patterns depend not only on auxin distribution but could be also regulated by transcriptional networks involving NGA factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martínez-Fernández
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV)Valencia, Spain
| | - Sofía Sanchís
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV)Valencia, Spain
| | - Naciele Marini
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV)Valencia, Spain
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Universidade Federal de PelotasPelotas, Brasil
| | - Vicente Balanzá
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV)Valencia, Spain
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italia
| | - Patricia Ballester
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV)Valencia, Spain
| | - Marisa Navarrete-Gómez
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV)Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio C. Oliveira
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Universidade Federal de PelotasPelotas, Brasil
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italia
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV)Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Ferrándiz, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Campus de la UPV- Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación edif 8E, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Slater SMH, Yuan HY, Lulsdorf MM, Vandenberg A, Zaharia LI, Han X, Abrams SR. Comprehensive hormone profiling of the developing seeds of four grain legumes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1939-52. [PMID: 24062013 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Developmental context and species-specific hormone requirements are of key importance in the advancement of in vitro protocols and manipulation of seed development. Improvement of in vitro tissue and cell culture protocols in grain legumes such as embryo rescue, interspecific hybridization, and androgenesis requires an understanding of the types, activity, and balance of hormones within developing seeds. Towards this goal, the concentration of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, and abscisic acid (ABA) and their precursors and derivatives were measured in the developing seeds of field pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) from 4 days after anthesis until 8 days after reaching maximum fresh weight. The importance of developmental context (developmental time and space) is demonstrated in both the differences and similarities between species for hormone profiles, especially with regard to cytokinin and ABA biosynthesis during the embryo formation. Auxin and its conjugates are significant during the pattern formation stage of all legumes; however, IAA-Asparagine appears important in the Vicieae species and its concentrations are greater than IAA from the globular stage of embryo development on in multi-seed fruits. Finally, the significance of non-polar gibberellins during lentil seed development is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M H Slater
- Crop Development Centre (CDC), University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abbas M, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. Differential growth at the apical hook: all roads lead to auxin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:441. [PMID: 24204373 PMCID: PMC3817370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The apical hook is a developmentally regulated structure that appears in dicotyledonous seedlings when seeds germinate buried in the soil. It protects the shoot apical meristem and cotyledons from damage while the seedling is pushing upwards seeking for light, and it is formed by differential cell expansion between both sides of the upper part of the hypocotyl. Its apparent simplicity and the fact that it is dispensable when seedlings are grown in vitro have converted the apical hook in one of the favorite experimental models to study the regulation of differential growth. The involvement of hormones -especially auxin-in this process was manifested already in the early studies. Remarkably, a gradient of this hormone across the hook curvature is instrumental to complete its development, similar to what has been proposed for other processes involving the bending of an organ, such as tropic responses. In agreement with this, other hormones-mainly gibberellins and ethylene-and the light, regulate in a timely and interconnected manner the auxin gradient to promote hook development and its opening, respectively. Here, we review the latest findings obtained mainly with the apical hook of Arabidopsis thaliana, paying special attention to the molecular mechanisms for the cross-regulation between the different hormone signaling pathways that underlie this developmental process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Alabadí
- *Correspondence: David Alabadí, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Edificio E8, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain e-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bjerkan KN, Grini PE. The Arabidopsis DDB1 interacting protein WDR55 is required for vegetative development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25347. [PMID: 23803743 PMCID: PMC4002586 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The CULLIN family of E3 ubiquitin ligases are important regulators of plant development and function. A newly identified class of CULLIN4-RING-E3 ligases (CRL4s) interacts with substrate receptors referred to as DDB1-CUL4 ASSOCIATED FACTORS (DCAFs) via a DDB1 linker protein. We have previously reported that the WD40 protein WDR55 interacts with DDB1A and is thus a putative DCAF. Mutants of WDR55 are embryo lethal, suggesting that a DDB1(WDR55) complex could regulate embryo and endosperm development. Here we report that a weak allele homozygous for wdr55 display pleiotropic phenotypes in the seedling and adult stages, suggesting a novel regulatory role for WDR55 in vegetative development.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sotelo-Silveira M, Cucinotta M, Colombo L, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Toward understanding the role of CYP78A9 during Arabidopsis reproduction. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25160. [PMID: 23733073 PMCID: PMC4005799 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
After fertilization in Arabidopsis, auxin response in ovules triggers fruit development through the stimulation of gibberellin metabolism. In a recent work, we showed that this model could not explain why CYP78A9 overexpression can uncouple these processes. The specific expression pattern of CYP78A9 suggests its involvement during reproductive development. Moreover, controlled pollination showed that CYP78A9 responds to fertilization. The genetic evidence supports the idea that CYP78A9 and its closest paralogs participate in a pathway that control floral organ size and ovule integuments development as denoted by the phenotypes of es1-D overexpression and cyp78a8 cyp78a9 double mutants. Furthermore, according to previous predictions, perturbations in the flavonol biosynthesis pathway were detected in cyp78a9, cyp78a8 cyp78a9 and es1-D mutants. However, they do not cause the observed phenotypes. Our results add new insights into the role of CYP78A9 in plant reproduction and present the first characterization of metabolite differences between mutants in this gene family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Sotelo-Silveira
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, (CINVESTAV-IPN); Irapuato-León; Irapuato, Gto., México
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sotelo-Silveira M, Cucinotta M, Chauvin AL, Chávez Montes RA, Colombo L, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Cytochrome P450 CYP78A9 is involved in Arabidopsis reproductive development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:779-99. [PMID: 23610218 PMCID: PMC3668070 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.218214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Synchronized communication between gametophytic and sporophytic tissue is crucial for successful reproduction, and hormones seem to have a prominent role in it. Here, we studied the role of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cytochrome P450 CYP78A9 enzyme during reproductive development. First, controlled pollination experiments indicate that CYP78A9 responds to fertilization. Second, while CYP78A9 overexpression can uncouple fruit development from fertilization, the cyp78a8 cyp78a9 loss-of-function mutant has reduced seed set due to outer ovule integument development arrest, leading to female sterility. Moreover, CYP78A9 has a specific expression pattern in inner integuments in early steps of ovule development as well as in the funiculus, embryo, and integuments of developing seeds. CYP78A9 overexpression did not change the response to the known hormones involved in flower development and fruit set, and it did not seem to have much effect on the major known hormonal pathways. Furthermore, according to previous predictions, perturbations in the flavonol biosynthesis pathway were detected in cyp78a9, cyp78a8 cyp78a9, and empty siliques (es1-D) mutants. However, it appeared that they do not cause the observed phenotypes. In summary, these results add new insights into the role of CYP78A9 in plant reproduction and present, to our knowledge, the first characterization of metabolite differences between mutants in this gene family.
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang D, Ren L, Yue JH, Wang L, Zhuo LH, Shen XH. A comprehensive analysis of flowering transition in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis (Leighton) Leighton by using transcriptomic and proteomic techniques. J Proteomics 2013; 80:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
40
|
Sharma A. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: focus on soma to germline information transfer. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 113:439-46. [PMID: 23257323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In trangenerational epigenetic inheritance, phenotypic information not encoded in DNA sequence is transmitted across generations. In germline-dependent mode, memory of environmental exposure in parental generation is transmitted through gametes, leading to appearance of phenotypes in the unexposed future generations. The memory is considered to be encoded in epigenetic factors like DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulatory RNAs. Environmental exposure may cause epigenetic modifications in the germline either directly or indirectly through primarily affecting the soma. The latter possibility is most intriguing because it contradicts the established dogma that hereditary information flows only from germline to soma, not in reverse. As such, identification of the factor(s) mediating soma to germline information transfer in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance would be pathbreaking. Regulatory RNAs and hormone have previously been implicated or proposed to play a role in soma to germline communication in epigenetic inheritance. This review examines the recent examples of gametogenic transgenerational inheritance in plants and animals in order to assess if evidence of regulatory RNAs and hormones as mediators of information transfer is supported. Overall, direct evidence for both mobile regulatory RNAs and hormones is found to exist in plants. In animals, although involvement of mobile RNAs seems imminent, direct evidence of RNA-mediated soma to germline information transfer in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is yet to be obtained. Direct evidence is also lacking for hormones in animals. However, detailed examination of recently reported examples of transgenerational inheritance reveals circumstantial evidence supporting a role of hormones in information transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Marsch-Martínez N, Ramos-Cruz D, Irepan Reyes-Olalde J, Lozano-Sotomayor P, Zúñiga-Mayo VM, de Folter S. The role of cytokinin during Arabidopsis gynoecia and fruit morphogenesis and patterning. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:222-34. [PMID: 22640521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins have many essential roles in embryonic and post-embryonic growth and development, but their role in fruit morphogenesis is currently not really known. Moreover, information about the spatio-temporal localization pattern of cytokinin signaling in gynoecia and fruits is lacking. Therefore, the synthetic reporter line TCS::GFP was used to visualize cytokinin signaling during gynoecium and fruit development. Fluorescence was detected at medial regions of developing gynoecia, and, unexpectedly, at the valve margin in developing fruits, and was severely altered in mutants that lack or ectopically acquire valve margin identity. Comparison to developing gynoecia and fruits in a DR5rev::GFP line showed that the transcriptional responses to cytokinin and auxin are frequently present in complementary patterns. Moreover, cytokinin treatments in early gynoecia produced conspicuous changes, and treatment of valve margin mutant fruits restored this tissue. The results suggest that the phytohormone cytokinin is important in gynoecium and fruit patterning and morphogenesis, playing at least two roles: an early proliferation-inducing role at the medial tissues of the developing gynoecia, and a late role in fruit patterning and morphogenesis at the valve margin of developing fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ariel F, Brault-Hernandez M, Laffont C, Huault E, Brault M, Plet J, Moison M, Blanchet S, Ichanté JL, Chabaud M, Carrere S, Crespi M, Chan RL, Frugier F. Two direct targets of cytokinin signaling regulate symbiotic nodulation in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3838-52. [PMID: 23023168 PMCID: PMC3480306 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin regulates many aspects of plant development, and in legume crops, this phytohormone is necessary and sufficient for symbiotic nodule organogenesis, allowing them to fix atmospheric nitrogen. To identify direct links between cytokinins and nodule organogenesis, we determined a consensus sequence bound in vitro by a transcription factor (TF) acting in cytokinin signaling, the nodule-enhanced Medicago truncatula Mt RR1 response regulator (RR). Among genes rapidly regulated by cytokinins and containing this so-called RR binding site (RRBS) in their promoters, we found the nodulation-related Type-A RR Mt RR4 and the Nodulation Signaling Pathway 2 (NSP2) TF. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that RRBS cis-elements in the RR4 and NSP2 promoters are essential for expression during nodule development and for cytokinin induction. Furthermore, a microRNA targeting NSP2 (miR171 h) is also rapidly induced by cytokinins and then shows an expression pattern anticorrelated with NSP2. Other primary targets regulated by cytokinins depending on the Cytokinin Response1 (CRE1) receptor were a cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX1) and a basic Helix-Loop-Helix TF (bHLH476). RNA interference constructs as well as insertion of a Tnt1 retrotransposon in the bHLH gene led to reduced nodulation. Hence, we identified two TFs, NSP2 and bHLH476, as direct cytokinin targets acting at the convergence of phytohormonal and symbiotic cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ariel
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marianne Brault-Hernandez
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Emeline Huault
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Mathias Brault
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Julie Plet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Michael Moison
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Blanchet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Jean Laurent Ichanté
- Gif/Orsay DNA MicroArray Platform and Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Mireille Chabaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 2594/441, F-31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sébastien Carrere
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 2594/441, F-31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Martin Crespi
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Raquel L. Chan
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Molecular mechanism for the interaction between gibberellin and brassinosteroid signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13446-51. [PMID: 22847438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119992109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant development is modulated by the convergence of multiple environmental and endogenous signals, and the mechanisms that allow the integration of different signaling pathways is currently being unveiled. A paradigmatic case is the concurrence of brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) signaling in the control of cell expansion during photomorphogenesis, which is supported by physiological observations in several plants but for which no molecular mechanism has been proposed. In this work, we show that the integration of these two signaling pathways occurs through the physical interaction between the DELLA protein GAI, which is a major negative regulator of the GA pathway, and BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BZR1), a transcription factor that broadly regulates gene expression in response to BRs. We provide biochemical evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that GAI inactivates the transcriptional regulatory activity of BZR1 upon their interaction by inhibiting the ability of BZR1 to bind to target promoters. The physiological relevance of this interaction was confirmed by the observation that the dominant gai-1 allele interferes with BR-regulated gene expression, whereas the bzr1-1D allele displays enhanced resistance to DELLA accumulation during hypocotyl elongation. Because DELLA proteins mediate the response to multiple environmental signals, our results provide an initial molecular framework for the integration with BRs of additional pathways that control plant development.
Collapse
|
44
|
Lulsdorf M, Yuan HY, Slater S, Vandenberg A, Han X, Zaharia LI. Androgenesis-inducing stress treatments change phytohormone levels in anthers of three legume species (Fabaceae). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1255-67. [PMID: 22399205 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Legumes are recalcitrant to androgenesis and induction protocols were only recently developed for pea (Pisum sativum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), albeit with low regeneration frequencies. Androgenesis is thought to be mediated through abscisic acid (ABA) but other phytohormones, such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, have also been implicated. In view of improving induction protocols, the hormone content of pea, chickpea, and lentil anthers was measured after exposure to cold, centrifugation, electroporation, sonication, osmotic shock, or various combinations thereof using an analytical mass spectrometer. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) had a key function during the induction process. In pea, high concentrations of IAA-asparagine (IAA-Asp), a putative IAA metabolite, accumulated during the application of the different stresses. In chickpea, the IAA-Asp concentration increased 30-fold compared to pea but only during the osmotic shock treatment and likely as a result of the presence of exogenous IAA in the medium. In contrast, no treatment in lentil (Lens culinaris) invoked such an increase in IAA-Asp content. Of the various cytokinins monitored, only cis zeatin riboside increased after centrifugation and electroporation in pea and possibly chickpea. No bioactive gibberellins were detected in any species investigated, indicating that this hormone group is likely not linked to androgenesis in legumes. In contrast to the other stresses, osmotic shock treatment caused a reduction in the levels of all hormones analyzed, with the exception of IAA-Asp in chickpea. A short period of low hormone content might be a necessary transition phase for androgenesis induction of legumes. KEY MESSAGE Five androgenesis-inducing stress treatments changed content of ABA, auxin and cytokinin in anthers of three legumes. Osmotic shock treatment differed because it reduced hormone content to very low levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lulsdorf
- Crop Development Centre-CDC, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Orozco-Arroyo G, Vázquez-Santana S, Camacho A, Dubrovsky JG, Cruz-García F. Inception of maleness: auxin contribution to flower masculinization in the dioecious cactus Opuntia stenopetala. PLANTA 2012; 236:225-38. [PMID: 22328126 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In Opuntia stenopetala, flowers initiate as hermaphrodite; however, at maturity, only the stamens in male flowers and the gynoecium in female flowers become functional. At early developmental stages, growth and morphogenesis of the gynoecium in male flowers cease, forming a short style lacking stigmatic tissue at maturity. Here, an analysis of the masculinization process of this species and its relationship with auxin metabolism during gynoecium morphogenesis is presented. Histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy were performed; auxin levels were immunoanalyzed and exogenous auxin was applied to developing gynoecia. Male flower style-tissue patterning revealed morphological defects in the vascular bundles, stylar canal, and transmitting tissue. These features are similar to those observed in Arabidopsis thaliana mutant plants affected in auxin transport, metabolism, or signaling. Notably, when comparing auxin levels between male and female gynoecia from O. stenopetala at an early developmental stage, we found that they were particularly low in the male gynoecium. Consequently, exogenous auxin application on male gynoecia partially restored the defects of gynoecium development. We therefore hypothesize that, the arrest in male flower gynoecia patterning could be related to altered auxin homeostasis; alternatively, the addition of auxin could compensate for the lack of another unknown factor affecting male flower gynoecium development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Orozco-Arroyo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000. Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Besnard F, Vernoux T, Hamant O. Organogenesis from stem cells in planta: multiple feedback loops integrating molecular and mechanical signals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2885-906. [PMID: 21655916 PMCID: PMC11115100 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, the coordination of cell behaviors largely relies on biochemical and biophysical signals. Understanding how such signals control development is often challenging, because their distribution relies on the activity of individual cells and, in a feedback loop, on tissue behavior and geometry. This review focuses on one of the best-studied structures in biology, the shoot apical meristem (SAM). This tissue is responsible for the production of all the aerial parts of a plant. In the SAM, a population of stem cells continuously produces new cells that are incorporated in lateral organs, such as leaves, branches, and flowers. Organogenesis from stem cells involves a tight regulation of cell identity and patterning as well as large-scale morphogenetic events. The gene regulatory network controlling these processes is highly coordinated in space by various signals, such as plant hormones, peptides, intracellular mobile factors, and mechanical stresses. Many crosstalks and feedback loops interconnecting these pathways have emerged in the past 10 years. The plant hormone auxin and mechanical forces have received more attention recently and their role is more particularly detailed here. An integrated view of these signaling networks is also presented in order to help understanding how robust shape and patterning can emerge from these networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Besnard
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Laboratoire Joliot Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yoshimitsu Y, Tanaka K, Fukuda W, Asami T, Yoshida S, Hayashi KI, Kamiya Y, Jikumaru Y, Shigeta T, Nakamura Y, Matsuo T, Okamoto S. Transcription of DWARF4 plays a crucial role in auxin-regulated root elongation in addition to brassinosteroid homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23851. [PMID: 21909364 PMCID: PMC3166115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of DWARF4 (DWF4), which encodes a C-22 hydroxylase, is crucial for brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis and for the feedback control of endogenous BR levels. To advance our knowledge of BRs, we examined the effects of different plant hormones on DWF4 transcription in Arabidopsis thaliana. Semi-quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR showed that the amount of the DWF4 mRNA precursor either decreased or increased, similarly with its mature form, in response to an exogenously applied bioactive BR, brassinolide (BL), and a BR biosynthesis inhibitor, brassinazole (Brz), respectively. The response to these chemicals in the levels of β-glucuronidase (GUS) mRNA and its enzymatic activity is similar to the response of native DWF4 mRNA in DWF4::GUS plants. Contrary to the effects of BL, exogenous auxin induced GUS activity, but this enhancement was suppressed by anti-auxins, such as α-(phenylethyl-2-one)-IAA and α-tert-butoxycarbonylaminohexyl-IAA, suggesting the involvement of SCF(TIR1)-mediated auxin signaling in auxin-induced DWF4 transcription. Auxin-enhanced GUS activity was observed exclusively in roots; it was the most prominent in the elongation zones of both primary and lateral roots. Furthermore, auxin-induced lateral root elongation was suppressed by both Brz application and the dwf4 mutation, and this suppression was rescued by BL, suggesting that BRs act positively on root elongation under the control of auxin. Altogether, our results indicate that DWF4 transcription plays a novel role in the BR-auxin crosstalk associated with root elongation, in addition to its role in BR homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Yoshimitsu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wataru Fukuda
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- RIKEN, Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN, Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- RIKEN, Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shigeta
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakamura
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutritional Health, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuo
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Okamoto
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gallego-Bartolomé J, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. DELLA-induced early transcriptional changes during etiolated development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23918. [PMID: 21904598 PMCID: PMC3164146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormones gibberellins (GAs) control a wide variety of processes in plants, including stress and developmental responses. This task largely relies on the activity of the DELLA proteins, nuclear-localized transcriptional regulators that do not seem to have DNA binding capacity. The identification of early target genes of DELLA action is key not only to understand how GAs regulate physiological responses, but also to get clues about the molecular mechanisms by which DELLAs regulate gene expression. Here, we have investigated the global, early transcriptional response triggered by the Arabidopsis DELLA protein GAI during skotomorphogenesis, a developmental program tightly regulated by GAs. Our results show that the induction of GAI activity has an almost immediate effect on gene expression. Although this transcriptional regulation is largely mediated by the PIFs and HY5 transcription factors based on target meta-analysis, additional evidence points to other transcription factors that would be directly involved in DELLA regulation of gene expression. First, we have identified cis elements recognized by Dofs and type-B ARRs among the sequences enriched in the promoters of GAI targets; and second, an enrichment in additional cis elements appeared when this analysis was extended to a dataset of early targets of the DELLA protein RGA: CArG boxes, bound by MADS-box proteins, and the E-box CACATG that links the activity of DELLAs to circadian transcriptional regulation. Finally, Gene Ontology analysis highlights the impact of DELLA regulation upon the homeostasis of the GA, auxin, and ethylene pathways, as well as upon pre-existing transcriptional networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gallego-Bartolomé
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gallego-Bartolomé J, Arana MV, Vandenbussche F, Zádníková P, Minguet EG, Guardiola V, Van Der Straeten D, Benkova E, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. Hierarchy of hormone action controlling apical hook development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:622-34. [PMID: 21535259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The apical hook develops in the upper part of the hypocotyl when seeds buried in the soil germinate, and serves to protect cotyledons and the shoot apical meristem from possible damage caused by pushing through the soil. The curvature is formed through differential cell growth that occurs at the two opposite sides of the hypocotyl, and it is established by a gradient of auxin activity and refined by the coordinated action of auxin and ethylene. Here we show that gibberellins (GAs) promote hook development through the transcriptional regulation of several genes of the ethylene and auxin pathways in Arabidopsis. The level of GA activity determines the speed of hook formation and the extent of the curvature during the formation phase independently of ethylene, probably by modulating auxin transport and response through HLS1, PIN3, and PIN7. Moreover, GAs cooperate with ethylene in preventing hook opening, in part through the induction of ethylene production mediated by ACS5/ETO2 and ACS8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gallego-Bartolomé
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|