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Rosa ME, Tristão DC, Barbosa H, Mendes VM, Tempone AG, Lago JHG, Caseli L. Exploring the antileishmanial activity of dicentrine from Ocotea puberula (Lauraceae) using biomembrane models. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107408. [PMID: 38678776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the antiprotozoal efficacy of dicentrine, an aporphine alkaloid isolated from Ocotea puberula, against amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) infantum. Our findings reveal that dicentrine demonstrated a notable EC50 value of 10.3 μM, comparable to the positive control miltefosine (EC50 of 10.4 μM), while maintaining moderate toxicity to macrophages (CC50 of 51.9 μM). Utilizing an in silico methodology, dicentrine exhibited commendable adherence to various parameters, encompassing lipophilicity, water solubility, molecule size, polarity, and flexibility. Subsequently, we conducted additional investigations to unravel the mechanism of action, employing Langmuir monolayers as models for protozoan cell membranes. Tensiometry analyses unveiled that dicentrine disrupts the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of the monolayer by expanding it to higher areas and increasing the fluidity of the film. The molecular disorder was further corroborated through dilatational rheology and infrared spectroscopy. These results contribute insights into the role of dicentrine as a potential antiprotozoal drug in its interactions with cellular membranes. Beyond elucidating the mechanism of action at the plasma membrane's external surface, our study sheds light on drug-lipid interface interactions, offering implications for drug delivery and other pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus E Rosa
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Tristão
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Barbosa
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Mendes
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05508-040, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05508-040, SP, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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Camargo PG, Dos Santos CR, Girão Albuquerque M, Rangel Rodrigues C, Lima CHDS. Py-CoMFA, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis arginase inhibitors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11575. [PMID: 38773273 PMCID: PMC11109165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, affecting millions of people, mainly in tropical countries, due to poor social conditions and low economic development. First-line chemotherapeutic agents involve highly toxic pentavalent antimonials, while treatment failure is mainly due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Leishmania arginase (ARG) enzyme is vital in pathogenicity and contributes to a higher infection rate, thus representing a potential drug target. This study helps in designing ARG inhibitors for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Py-CoMFA (3D-QSAR) models were constructed using 34 inhibitors from different chemical classes against ARG from L. (L.) amazonensis (LaARG). The 3D-QSAR predictions showed an excellent correlation between experimental and calculated pIC50 values. The molecular docking study identified the favorable hydrophobicity contribution of phenyl and cyclohexyl groups as substituents in the enzyme allosteric site. Molecular dynamics simulations of selected protein-ligand complexes were conducted to understand derivatives' interaction modes and affinity in both active and allosteric sites. Two cinnamide compounds, 7g and 7k, were identified, with similar structures to the reference 4h allosteric site inhibitor. These compounds can guide the development of more effective arginase inhibitors as potential antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Goes Camargo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carine Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular (LabMMol), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Magaly Girão Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular (LabMMol), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rangel Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Camilo Henrique da Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular (LabMMol), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Khairnar P, Saathoff JM, Cook DW, Hochstetler SR, Pandya U, Robinson SJ, Satam V, Donsbach KO, Gupton BF, Jin LM, Shanahan CS. Practical Synthesis of 6-Amino-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborolane: A Key Intermediate of DNDI-6148. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1213-1223. [PMID: 38660377 PMCID: PMC11036395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a parasitic, poverty-linked, neglected disease, is endemic across multiple regions of the world and fatal if untreated. There is an urgent need for a better and more affordable treatment for VL. DNDI-6148 is a promising drug candidate being evaluated for the treatment of VL; however, the current process for producing the key intermediate of DNDI-6148, 6-amino-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborolane, is expensive and difficult to scale up. Herein, we describe two practical approaches to synthesizing 6-amino-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborolane from inexpensive and readily available raw materials. Starting with 4-tolunitrile, the first approach is a five-step sequence involving a Hofmann rearrangement, resulting in an overall yield of 40%. The second approach utilizes 2-methyl-5-nitroaniline as the starting material and features borylation of aniline and continuous flow hydrogenation as the key steps, with an overall yield of 46%. Both routes bypass the nitration of 1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborolane, which is challenging and expensive to scale. In particular, the second approach is more practical and scalable because of the mild operating conditions and facile isolation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj
V. Khairnar
- Medicines
for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - John M. Saathoff
- Medicines
for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - Daniel W. Cook
- Medicines
for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - Samuel R. Hochstetler
- Medicines
for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - Urvish Pandya
- Drugs
for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Camille-Vidart, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J. Robinson
- Drugs
for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Camille-Vidart, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vijay Satam
- Drugs
for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Camille-Vidart, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kai O. Donsbach
- Medicines
for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Medicines
for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - Li-Mei Jin
- Medicines
for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - Charles S. Shanahan
- Medicines
for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
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Singh-Phulgenda S, Kumar R, Dahal P, Munir A, Rashan S, Chhajed R, Naylor C, Maguire BJ, Siddiqui NA, Harriss E, Rahi M, Alves F, Sundar S, Stepniewska K, Musa A, Guerin PJ, Pandey K. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) drug efficacy study landscape: A systematic scoping review of clinical trials and observational studies to assess the feasibility of establishing an individual participant-level data (IPD) platform. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011635. [PMID: 38626228 PMCID: PMC11051605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a dermatosis which can occur after successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and is a public health problem in VL endemic areas. We conducted a systematic scoping review to assess the characteristics of published PKDL clinical studies, understand the scope of research and explore the feasibility and value of developing a PKDL individual patient data (IPD) platform. METHODS A systematic review of published literature was conducted to identify PKDL clinical studies by searching the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, WHO Global Index Medicus, PASCAL, Clinicaltrials.gov, Ovid Global Health, Cochrane Database and CENTRAL, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Only prospective studies in humans with PKDL diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up measurements between January 1973 and March 2023 were included. Extracted data includes variables on patient characteristics, treatment regimens, diagnostic methods, geographical locations, efficacy endpoints, adverse events and statistical methodology. RESULTS A total of 3,418 records were screened, of which 56 unique studies (n = 2,486 patients) were included in this review. Out of the 56 studies, 36 (64.3%) were from India (1983-2022), 12 (21.4%) from Sudan (1992-2021), 6 (10.7%) were from Bangladesh (1991-2019), and 2 (3.6%) from Nepal (2001-2007). Five (8.9%) studies were published between 1981-1990 (n = 193 patients), 10 (17.9%) between 1991-2000 (n = 230 patients), 10 (17.9%) between 2001-2010 (n = 198 patients), and 31 (55.4%) from 2011 onwards (n = 1,865 patients). Eight (14.3%) were randomised clinical trials, and 48 (85.7%) were non-randomised studies. The median post-treatment follow-up duration was 365 days (range: 90-540 days) in 8 RCTs and 360 days (range: 28-2,373 days) in 48 non-randomised studies. Disease diagnosis was based on clinical criterion in 3 (5.4%) studies, a mixture of clinical and parasitological methods in 47 (83.9%) and was unclear in 6 (10.7%) studies. Major drugs used for treatment were miltefosine (n = 636 patients), liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) (n = 508 patients), and antinomy regimens (n = 454 patients). Ten other drug regimens were tested in 270 patients with less than 60 patients per regimen. CONCLUSIONS Our review identified studies with very limited sample size for the three major drugs (miltefosine, L-AmB, and pentavalent antimony), while the number of patients combined across studies suggest that the IPD platform would be valuable. With the support of relevant stakeholders, the global PKDL community and sufficient financing, a PKDL IPD platform can be realised. This will allow for exploration of different aspects of treatment safety and efficacy, which can potentially guide future healthcare decisions and clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauman Singh-Phulgenda
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rishikesh Kumar
- ICMR—Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Prabin Dahal
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Abdalla Munir
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sumayyah Rashan
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rutuja Chhajed
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Naylor
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brittany J. Maguire
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Niyamat Ali Siddiqui
- ICMR—Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Eli Harriss
- The Knowledge Centre, Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kasia Stepniewska
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Musa
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Philippe J. Guerin
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna Pandey
- ICMR—Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
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Grigoryan M, Manukyan V, Hovhannisyan S, Apresyan H. A Case Series of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: An Atypical Presentation of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Cureus 2024; 16:e58237. [PMID: 38745796 PMCID: PMC11091941 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic vector-borne disease endemic in Armenia. Its complications include hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which is a potentially fatal syndrome if misdiagnosed or left untreated. Higher clinical caution is required for the prompt diagnosis of HLH since the clinical findings associated with systemic inflammation overlap with those of many other pathological conditions, such as sepsis or Kawasaki disease. This study aims to provide an overview of the most common presentations that should prompt consideration of HLH. We described a case series of three pediatric patients with VL who developed HLH during antiparasitic treatment and received total doses of 40 mg/kg of liposomal amphotericin B for complete elimination of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Grigoryan
- Infectious Diseases, Muratsan University Hospital Complex, Yerevan, ARM
- Infectious Diseases, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, ARM
| | - Violeta Manukyan
- Infectious Diseases, Muratsan University Hospital Complex, Yerevan, ARM
| | - Saten Hovhannisyan
- Pediatric Oncology, Yeolyan Hematology and Oncology Center, Yerevan, ARM
| | - Hripsime Apresyan
- Infectious Diseases, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, ARM
- Infectious Diseases, Muratsan University Hospital Complex, Yerevan, ARM
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Izquierdo-Condoy JS, Vásconez-Gonzáles J, Morales-Lapo E, Tello-De-la-Torre A, Naranjo-Lara P, Fernández R, Hidalgo MR, Escobar A, Yépez VH, Díaz AM, Oliva C, Ortiz-Prado E. Beyond the acute phase: a comprehensive literature review of long-term sequelae resulting from infectious diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1293782. [PMID: 38357446 PMCID: PMC10864624 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1293782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases have consistently served as pivotal influences on numerous civilizations, inducing morbidity, mortality, and consequently redirecting the course of history. Their impact extends far beyond the acute phase, characterized by the majority of symptom presentations, to a multitude of adverse events and sequelae that follow viral, parasitic, fungal, or bacterial infections. In this context, myriad sequelae related to various infectious diseases have been identified, spanning short to long-term durations. Although these sequelae are known to affect thousands of individuals individually, a comprehensive evaluation of all potential long-term effects of infectious diseases has yet to be undertaken. We present a comprehensive literature review delineating the primary sequelae attributable to major infectious diseases, categorized by systems, symptoms, and duration. This compilation serves as a crucial resource, illuminating the long-term ramifications of infectious diseases for healthcare professionals worldwide. Moreover, this review highlights the substantial burden that these sequelae impose on global health and economies, a facet often overshadowed by the predominant focus on the acute phase. Patients are frequently discharged following the resolution of the acute phase, with minimal long-term follow-up to comprehend and address potential sequelae. This emphasizes the pressing need for sustained vigilance, thorough patient monitoring, strategic health management, and rigorous research to understand and mitigate the lasting economic and health impacts of infectious diseases more fully.
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Fermiano MH, das Neves AR, da Silva F, Barros MSA, Vieira CB, Stein AL, Frizon TEA, Braga AL, de Arruda CCP, Parisotto EB, Saba S, Rafique J, Riul TB. Selenium-Containing (Hetero)Aryl Hybrids as Potential Antileishmanial Drug Candidates: In Vitro Screening against L. amazonensis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:213. [PMID: 38255318 PMCID: PMC10812941 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a significant global health concern, with current treatments relying on outdated drugs associated with high toxicity, lengthy administration, elevated costs, and drug resistance. Consequently, the urgent need for safer and more effective therapeutic options in leishmaniasis treatment persists. Previous research has highlighted selenium compounds as promising candidates for innovative leishmaniasis therapy. In light of this, a library of 10 selenium-containing diverse compounds was designed and evaluated in this study. These compounds included selenium-substituted indole, coumarin, chromone, oxadiazole, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, and oxazole, among others. These compounds were screened against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, and their cytotoxicity was assessed in peritoneal macrophages, NIH/3T3, and J774A.1 cells. Among the tested compounds, MRK-106 and MRK-108 displayed the highest potency against L. amazonensis promastigotes with reduced cytotoxicity. Notably, MRK-106 and MRK-108 exhibited IC50 values of 3.97 µM and 4.23 µM, respectively, and most of the tested compounds showed low cytotoxicity in host cells (CC50 > 200 µM). Also, compounds MRK-107 and MRK-113 showed activity against intracellular amastigotes (IC50 18.31 and 15.93 µM and SI 12.55 and 10.92, respectively). In conclusion, the identified selenium-containing compounds hold potential structures as antileishmanial drug candidates to be further explored in subsequent studies. These findings represent a significant step toward the development of safer and more effective therapies for leishmaniasis, addressing the pressing need for novel and improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Fermiano
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil (A.R.d.N.)
| | - Amarith Rodrigues das Neves
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil (A.R.d.N.)
| | - Fernanda da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências (INBIO), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Barbosa Vieira
- LABSO, Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil (S.S.)
| | - André L. Stein
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá 78060-900, MT, Brazil
| | - Tiago Elias Allievi Frizon
- Departamento de Energia e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Araranguá, Araranguá 88905-120, SC, Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz Braga
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla Cardozo Pinto de Arruda
- Instituto de Biociências (INBIO), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Benedetti Parisotto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil (A.R.d.N.)
| | - Sumbal Saba
- LABSO, Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil (S.S.)
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto de Química (INQUI), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79074-460, MS, Brazil;
- LABSO, Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil (S.S.)
| | - Thalita Bachelli Riul
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil (A.R.d.N.)
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8
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Khodabandeh M, Moradian E, Sarvari M, Khiabani MS. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Findings, Treatment Options and Outcome. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2024; 19:28-37. [PMID: 38654944 PMCID: PMC11033536 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v19i1.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Black disease, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a parasitic illness caused by various Leishmania species. The risk of morbidity and mortality increases with delayed diagnosis and treatment. Early VL diagnosis and fast appropriate treatment are critical issues in endemic areas. Methods This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study to investigate the diagnostic and therapeutic course of patients admitted with the diagnosis of VL in the Children's Medical Center (CMC) Hospital, Tehran, Iran. All cases of VL in patients under the age of 18 hospitalized between the years 2012 to 2022 were enrolled. Results Twenty-seven patients were enrolled with an average age of 28.13 months with the majority of females (51.8%). Common clinical signs were fever (96.2%) and splenomegaly (92.59%). However, lymphadenopathy was rare. The largest number of patients was from Tehran Province, followed by Ardabil, Khuzestan, Gilan, and Alborz provinces. The most common hematological abnormalities were anemia (85.1%) and thrombocytopenia (44.4%). In accordance with the treatment strategy, liposomal amphotericin B and amphotericin B deoxycholate were given to 11 and 5 patients, respectively. Eleven of them received glucantime. The average length of hospitalization for liposomal amphotericin B was 15.36 ± 12.49 days. In comparison with glucantime (18.38 ±10.26 days) and amphotericin B deoxycholate (20.20± 6.18 days), liposomal amphotericin B group hospitalization was shorter than others were. Conclusion VL should be included in the differential diagnosis of any child who presents with fever, splenomegaly, and anemia. Concerning the treatment strategy in this study, liposomal amphotericin B had more efficiency and shorter hospitalization duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Khodabandeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Moradian
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Sarvari
- School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mahsa Soti Khiabani
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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dos Anjos LR, de Souza VMR, Machado YAA, Partite VM, Aufy M, Dias Lopes G, Studenik C, Alves CR, Lubec G, Gonzalez ERP, Rodrigues KADF. Evidence of Guanidines Potential against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: Exploring In Vitro Effectiveness, Toxicities and of Innate Immunity Response Effects. Biomolecules 2023; 14:26. [PMID: 38254626 PMCID: PMC10813298 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex group of infectious and parasitic diseases that afflict many thousands of individuals across five continents. Leishmaniasis treatment remains a challenge because it relies on drugsknown for their high toxicity and limited efficacy, making itimperative to identify new molecules that offer greater effectiveness and safety. This study sought to explore the impact of seven synthetic guanidine derivatives (LQOF-G1, LQOF-G2, LQOF-G6, LQOF-G7, LQOF-G32, LQOF-G35 and LQOF-G36) onthe parasite Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and in vitro macrophage infection by this parasite, as well as cytotoxic approaches in vitro models of mammalian host cells and tissues. The synthesized compounds showed purity ≥ 99.65% and effectively inhibited parasite growth. LQOF-G1 proved the most potent, yielding the best half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against promastigotes (4.62 μmol/L), axenic amastigotes (4.27 μmol/L), and intracellular amastigotes (3.65 μmol/L). Notably, the antileishmanial activity of LQOF-G1, LQOF-G2, and LQOF-G6 was related to immunomodulatory effects, evidenced by alterations in TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the supernatant of culture macrophages infected with L. (V.) braziliensis and coincubated with these compounds. LQOF-G2 and LQOF-G36 compounds exhibited vasodilator and spasmolytic effects at higher concentrations (≥100 μmol/L). Generally, LQOF-G1, LQOF-G2, and LQOF-G32 compounds were found to be nontoxic to assessed organs and cells. No toxic effects were observed in human cell lines, such as HEK-293, CaCo-2 and A549, at concentrations ≥ 500 μmol/L. Collectively, data have shown unequivocal evidence of the effectiveness of these compounds against L. (V.) braziliensis parasite, one of the causative agents of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis in America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Ribeiro dos Anjos
- Fine Organic Chemistry Lab, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-080, Brazil; (L.R.d.A.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Vanessa Maria Rodrigues de Souza
- Infectious Disease Laboratory—LADIC, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta—UFDPar, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, São Benedito, Parnaíba 64202-020, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (Y.A.A.M.)
| | - Yasmim Alves Aires Machado
- Infectious Disease Laboratory—LADIC, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta—UFDPar, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, São Benedito, Parnaíba 64202-020, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (Y.A.A.M.)
| | - Vitor Moreira Partite
- Fine Organic Chemistry Lab, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-080, Brazil; (L.R.d.A.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Mohammed Aufy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Josef Holaubek Platz 2, UZAII (2D 259), 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.A.); (C.S.)
| | - Geovane Dias Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.D.L.); (C.R.A.)
| | - Christian Studenik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Josef Holaubek Platz 2, UZAII (2D 259), 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.A.); (C.S.)
| | - Carlos Roberto Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.D.L.); (C.R.A.)
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Eduardo Rene Perez Gonzalez
- Fine Organic Chemistry Lab, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-080, Brazil; (L.R.d.A.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Klinger Antonio da Franca Rodrigues
- Infectious Disease Laboratory—LADIC, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta—UFDPar, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, São Benedito, Parnaíba 64202-020, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (Y.A.A.M.)
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Jesus JA, da Silva TNF, Sousa IMO, Ferreira AF, Laurenti MD, da Costa PC, de Carvalho Ferreira D, Passero LFD. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as Robust Systems for Lupeol Delivery in the Treatment of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1646. [PMID: 38139773 PMCID: PMC10747346 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people around the world. Available therapy causes severe side effects, has unacceptable prices for some specific formulations, and the existence of drug-resistant parasites limits the use of the currently available arsenal of antiparasitic drugs. Therefore, natural products serve as one of the main sources to develop new and effective alternative drugs against leishmaniasis. In this sense, the present study evaluated the potential of the triterpene Lupeol (Lu) entrapped in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. The therapeutic efficacy of Lu or Lu entrapped in NLC (Lu-NLC) was investigated in golden hamsters infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Lu-NLC presented a mean particle size of 265.3 ± 4.6 nm, a polydispersity index of <0.25 and a zeta potential of -37.2 ± 0.84 mV; the efficacy of encapsulation was 84.04 ± 0.57%. Studies on hamsters showed that Lu-NLC (5 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally for 10 consecutive days caused a reduction of 99.9% in the number of parasites in the spleen and liver compared to the untreated infected control. On the contrary, Lu-treated animals (5 mg/kg) had 94.4 and 90.2% less parasites in the spleen and liver, respectively, than the infected group. Additionally, a significant preservation of splenic and hepatic tissues was observed in animals treated with Lu-NLC or Lu. Furthermore, Lu-NLC-treated animals produced high levels of anti-Leishmania IgG2 isotype. These data indicate that NLC potentialized Lu efficacy in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. This work suggests that Lu and nanoformulations carrying this compound may be considered as an important tool to be included in the alternative therapy of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Adriana Jesus
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil;
- Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua João Francisco Bensdorp, 1178, São Vicente 11350-011, SP, Brazil
| | - Thays Nicolli Fragoso da Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica, Departamento de Patologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (T.N.F.d.S.); (A.F.F.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Ilza Maria Oliveira Sousa
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas 13083-871, SP, Brazil;
| | - Aurea Favero Ferreira
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica, Departamento de Patologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (T.N.F.d.S.); (A.F.F.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica, Departamento de Patologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (T.N.F.d.S.); (A.F.F.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Paulo Cardoso da Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.C.d.C.); (D.d.C.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Domingos de Carvalho Ferreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.C.d.C.); (D.d.C.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil;
- Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua João Francisco Bensdorp, 1178, São Vicente 11350-011, SP, Brazil
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11
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de Lima SKS, Cavallone ÍN, Serrano DR, Anaya BJ, Lalatsa A, Laurenti MD, Lago JHG, da Silva Souza DC, Marinsek GP, Lopes BS, de Britto Mari R, Passero LFD. Therapeutic Activity of a Topical Formulation Containing 8-Hydroxyquinoline for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2602. [PMID: 38004580 PMCID: PMC10675550 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations; however, only a limited number of drugs are available and include Glucantime® and amphotericin B, which induce unacceptable side effects in patients, limiting their use. Thus, there is an urgent demand to develop a treatment for leishmaniasis. Recently, it was demonstrated that 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) showed significant leishmanicidal effects in vitro and in vivo. Based on that, this work aimed to develop a topical formulation containing 8-HQ and assess its activity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. 8-HQ was formulated using a Beeler base at 1 and 2% and showed an emulsion size with a D50 of 25 and 51.3 µm, respectively, with a shear-thinning rheological behaviour. The creams were able to permeate artificial Strat-M membranes and excised porcine skin without causing any morphological changes in the porcine skin or murine skin tested. In BALB/c mice infected with L. (L.) amazonensis, topical treatment with creams containing 1 or 2% of 8-HQ was found to reduce the parasite burden and lesion size compared to infected controls with comparable efficacy to Glucantime® (50 mg/kg) administered at the site of the cutaneous lesion. In the histological section of the skin from infected controls, a diffuse inflammatory infiltrate with many heavily infected macrophages that were associated with areas of necrosis was observed. On the other hand, animals treated with both creams showed only moderate inflammatory infiltrate, characterised by few infected macrophages, while tissue necrosis was not observed. These histological characteristics in topically treated animals were associated with an increase in the amount of IFN-γ and a reduction in IL-4 levels. The topical use of 8-HQ was active in decreasing tissue parasitism and should therefore be considered an interesting alternative directed to the treatment of leishmaniasis, considering that this type of treatment is non-invasive, painless, and, importantly, does not require hospitalisation, improving patient compliance by allowing the treatment to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kymberly Santos de Lima
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil; (S.K.S.d.L.); (Í.N.C.); (G.P.M.); (B.S.L.); (R.d.B.M.)
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ítalo Novaes Cavallone
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil; (S.K.S.d.L.); (Í.N.C.); (G.P.M.); (B.S.L.); (R.d.B.M.)
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Dolores Remedios Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.S.); (B.J.A.)
| | - Brayan J. Anaya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.S.); (B.J.A.)
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- CRUK Formulation Unit, Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
| | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - João Henrique Ghilardi Lago
- Center for Natural and Human Science (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (J.H.G.L.); (D.C.d.S.S.)
| | - Dalete Christine da Silva Souza
- Center for Natural and Human Science (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (J.H.G.L.); (D.C.d.S.S.)
| | - Gabriela Pustiglione Marinsek
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil; (S.K.S.d.L.); (Í.N.C.); (G.P.M.); (B.S.L.); (R.d.B.M.)
| | - Beatriz Soares Lopes
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil; (S.K.S.d.L.); (Í.N.C.); (G.P.M.); (B.S.L.); (R.d.B.M.)
| | - Renata de Britto Mari
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil; (S.K.S.d.L.); (Í.N.C.); (G.P.M.); (B.S.L.); (R.d.B.M.)
| | - Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil; (S.K.S.d.L.); (Í.N.C.); (G.P.M.); (B.S.L.); (R.d.B.M.)
- Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua João Francisco Bensdorp, 1178, São Vicente 11350-011, SP, Brazil
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12
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Spadari CDC, Borba-Santos LP, Rozental S, Ishida K. Miltefosine repositioning: A review of potential alternative antifungal therapy. J Mycol Med 2023; 33:101436. [PMID: 37774486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a global health problem with high mortality and morbidity rates. Available antifungal agents have high toxicity and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic limitations. Moreover, the increased incidence of antifungal-resistant isolates and the emergence of intrinsically resistant species raise concerns about seeking alternatives for efficient antifungal therapy. In this context, we review literature data addressing the potential action of miltefosine (MFS), an anti-Leishmania and anticancer agent, as a repositioning drug for antifungal treatment. Here, we highlight the in vitro and in vivo data, MFS possible mechanisms of action, case reports, and nanocarrier-mediated MFS delivery, focusing on fungal infection therapy. Finally, many studies have demonstrated the promising antifungal action of MFS in vitro, but there is little or no data on antifungal activity in vertebrate animal models and clinical trials, so have a need to develop more research for the repositioning of MFS as an antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Pereira Borba-Santos
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelly Ishida
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Vargas DA, Gregory DJ, Koren RN, Zilberstein D, Belew AT, El-Sayed NM, Gómez MA. Macrophage metallothioneins participate in the antileishmanial activity of antimonials. FRONTIERS IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 2:1242727. [PMID: 38239429 PMCID: PMC10795579 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2023.1242727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Host cell functions that participate in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of drugs against intracellular pathogen infections are critical for drug efficacy. In this study, we investigated whether macrophage mechanisms of xenobiotic detoxification contribute to the elimination of intracellular Leishmania upon exposure to pentavalent antimonials (SbV). Primary macrophages from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) (n=6) were exposed ex vivo to L. V. panamensis infection and SbV, and transcriptomes were generated. Seven metallothionein (MT) genes, potent scavengers of heavy metals and central elements of the mammalian cell machinery for xenobiotic detoxification, were within the top 20 up-regulated genes. To functionally validate the participation of MTs in drug-mediated killing of intracellular Leishmania, tandem knockdown (KD) of MT2-A and MT1-E, MT1-F, and MT1-X was performed using a pan-MT shRNA approach in THP-1 cells. Parasite survival was unaffected in tandem-KD cells, as a consequence of strong transcriptional upregulation of MTs by infection and SbV, overcoming the KD effect. Gene silencing of the metal transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) abrogated expression of MT1 and MT2-A genes, but not ZnT-1. Upon exposure to SbV, intracellular survival of Leishmania in MTF-1KD cells was significantly enhanced. Results from this study highlight the participation of macrophage MTs in Sb-dependent parasite killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deninson Alejandro Vargas
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - David J. Gregory
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roni Nitzan Koren
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dan Zilberstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ashton Trey Belew
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Najib M. El-Sayed
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - María Adelaida Gómez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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14
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Zaki L, Mohammadi M, Karimipoursaryazdi A, Baghkhani F, Badri M, Ghaffarifar F. In Vitro Activity of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles via Thymus Vulgaris Extract against Leishmania major. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2023; 18:494-504. [PMID: 38169531 PMCID: PMC10758087 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v18i4.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background We aimed to assess the in vitro effects of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) via Thymus vulgaris (thyme) against Leishmania major infection. Methods We have prepared T. vulgalis silver nanoparticles (TSNPs) by adding thyme extract to the silver nitrate aqueous solution (0.2 mM), and evaluated their antileishmanial activity. The viability of L. major promastigotes was assessed in the presence of various concentrations of TSNPs by direct counting after 24 h. The MTT assay was used to identify the viability of promastigotes. The same procedures were assessed in uninfected macrophage cells. The apoptotic effects of nanoparticles on L. major promastigotes were determined by flow cytometry assay using annexin staining. To evaluate anti-amastigotes activity of TSNPs, light microscopic observation was used to determine the number of parasites within the macrophages in each well. Results The effect of TSNPs on promastigotes and amastigotes of L. major was effective and had a reverse relationship with its concentration. TSNPs, inhibited the growth rate of L. major amastigotes and, the IC50 value of these nanoparticles was estimated 3.02 μg/mL (28 μM) after 72h. The results of flow cytometry showed that the toxic effects of TSNPs on promastigotes after 24 hours were statistically significant (P<0.05) and showed 69.51% of apoptosis. Conclusion TSNPs had an inhibitor effect on promastigote and amastigote forms of L. major in vitro. It might be considered as a candidate for the treatment of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zaki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science & Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Karimipoursaryazdi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Baghkhani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Marmo VLM, Ambrósio JAR, Gonçalves EP, Raniero LJ, Beltrame Junior M, Pinto JG, Ferreira-Strixino J, Simioni AR. Vaterite microparticle-loaded methylene blue for photodynamic activity in macrophages infected with Leishmania braziliensis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1977-1989. [PMID: 37115408 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) exhibits a variety of crystalline phases, including the anhydrous crystalline polymorphs calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. Developing porous calcium carbonate microparticles in the vaterite phase for the encapsulation of methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer (PS) for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) was the goal of this investigation. Using an adsorption approach, the PS was integrated into the CaCO3 microparticles. The vaterite microparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and steady-state techniques. The trypan blue exclusion method was used to measure the biological activity of macrophages infected with Leishmania braziliensis in vitro. The vaterite microparticles produced are highly porous, non-aggregated, and uniform in size. After encapsulation, the MB-loaded microparticles kept their photophysical characteristics. The carriers that were captured allowed for dye localization inside the cells. The results obtained in this study indicated that the MB-loaded vaterite microparticles show promising photodynamic activity in macrophages infected with Leishmania braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Luca Moura Marmo
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A R Ambrósio
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Erika Peterson Gonçalves
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro José Raniero
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Milton Beltrame Junior
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana G Pinto
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Andreza R Simioni
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil.
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16
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Demicheli C, Vallejos VMR, Lanza JS, Ramos GS, Do Prado BR, Pomel S, Loiseau PM, Frézard F. Supramolecular assemblies from antimony(V) complexes for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:751-765. [PMID: 37681109 PMCID: PMC10480371 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pentavalent meglumine antimoniate (MA) is still a first-line drug in the treatment of leishmaniasis in several countries. As an attempt to elucidate its mechanism of action and develop new antimonial drugs with improved therapeutic profile, Sb(V) complexes with different ligands, including β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), nucleosides and non-ionic surfactants, have been studied. Interestingly, Sb(V) oxide, MA, its complex with β-CD, Sb(V)-guanosine complex and amphiphilic Sb(V) complexes with N-alkyl-N-methylglucamide, have shown marked tendency to self-assemble in aqueous solutions, forming nanoaggregates, hydrogel or micelle-like nanoparticles. Surprisingly, the resulting assemblies presented in most cases slow dissociation kinetics upon dilution and a strong influence of pH, which impacted on their pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties against leishmaniasis. To explain this unique property, we raised the hypothesis that multiple pnictogen bonds could contribute to the formation of these assemblies and their kinetic of dissociation. The present article reviews our current knowledge on the structural organization and physicochemical characteristics of Sb-based supramolecular assemblies, as well as their pharmacological properties and potential for treatment of leishmaniasis. This review supports the feasibility of the rational design of new Sb(V) complexes with supramolecular assemblies for the safe and effective treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Demicheli
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Virgínia M. R. Vallejos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme S. Ramos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Bruno R. Do Prado
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Antiparasite Chemotherapy (PARACHEM), UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, University Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Antiparasite Chemotherapy (PARACHEM), UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, University Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
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17
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Afonso RC, Yien RMK, de Siqueira LBDO, Simas NK, Dos Santos Matos AP, Ricci-Júnior E. Promising natural products for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Exp Parasitol 2023; 251:108554. [PMID: 37268108 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although there are available treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the drugs used are far from ideal, toxic, and costly, in addition to the challenge faced by the development of resistance. Plants have been used as a source of natural compounds with antileishmanial action. However, few have reached the market and become phytomedicines with registration in regulatory agencies. Difficulties related to the extraction, purification, chemical identification, efficacy, safety, and production in sufficient quantity for clinical studies, hinder the emergence of new effective phytomedicines against leishmaniasis. Despite the difficulties reported, the major research centers in the world see that natural products are a trend concerning the treatment of leishmaniasis. The present work consists of a literature review of articles with in vivo studies, covering the period from January 2011 to December 2022, providing an overview of promising natural products for CL treatment. The papers show encouraging antileishmanial action of natural compounds with reduced parasite load and lesion size in animal models, suggesting new strategies for the treatment of the disease. The results reported in this review show advances in using natural products as safe and effective formulations, which can stimulate clinical studies to establish clinical therapy. In conclusion, the information in this review article serves as a preliminary basis for establishing a therapeutic protocol for future clinical trials that can validate the safety and efficacy of natural compounds, providing the development of affordable and safe phytomedicines for the treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhuane Coutinho Afonso
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Mara Kao Yien
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Department of Natural Products and Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Naomi Kato Simas
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Department of Natural Products and Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dos Santos Matos
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Júnior
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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18
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Freitas CS, Santiago SS, Lage DP, Antinarelli LMR, Oliveira FM, Vale DL, Martins VT, Magalhaes LND, Bandeira RS, Ramos FF, Pereira IAG, de Jesus MM, Ludolf F, Tavares GSV, Costa AV, Ferreira RS, Coimbra ES, Teixeira RR, Coelho EAF. In vitro evaluation of antileishmanial activity, mode of action and cellular response induced by vanillin synthetic derivatives against Leishmania species able to cause cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2023:108555. [PMID: 37247802 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The treatment against leishmaniasis presents problems, mainly due to their toxicity of the drugs, high cost and/or by the emergence of parasite resistant strains. In this context, new therapeutics should be searched. In this study, two novel synthetic derivatives from vanillin: [4-(2-hydroxy-3-(4-octyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propoxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde] or 3s and [4-(3-(4-decyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde] or 3t, were evaluated regarding their antileishmanial activity against distinct parasite species able to cause cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Results showed that compounds 3s and 3t were effective against Leishmania infantum, L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis promastigote and amastigote-like forms, showing selectivity index (SI) of 25.1, 18.2 and 22.9, respectively, when 3s was used against promastigotes, and of 45.2, 7.5 and 15.0, respectively, against amastigote-like stage. Using the compound 3t, SI values were 45.2, 53.0 and 80.0, respectively, against promastigotes, and of 35.9, 46.0 and 58.4, respectively, against amastigote-like forms. Amphotericin B (AmpB) showed SI values of 5.0, 7.5 and 15.0, respectively, against promastigotes, and of 3.8, 5.0 and 7.5, respectively, against amastigote-like stage. The treatment of infected macrophages and inhibition of the infection upon pre-incubation with the molecules showed that they were effective in reducing the infection degree and inhibiting the infection in pre-incubated parasites, respectively, as compared to data obtained using AmpB. The mechanism of action of 3s and 3t was evaluated in L. infantum, revealing that both 3s and 3t altered the parasite mitochondrial membrane potential leading to reactive oxygen species production, increase in lipid corps and changes in the cell cycle, causing the parasite' death. A preliminary assay using the cell culture supernatant from treated and infected macrophages showed that 3s and 3t induced higher IL-12 and lower IL-10 values; suggesting the development of an in vitro Th1-type response in the treated cells. In this context, data indicated that 3s and 3t could be considered therapeutic agents to be tested in future studies against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samira S Santiago
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs S/N, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana M R Antinarelli
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício M Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação de Minas Gerais, Rua Afonso Sardinha 90, Bairro Pioneiros, 36420-000, Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lícia N D Magalhaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela A G Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M de Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adilson V Costa
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, S/n Guararema, 29500-000, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine S Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Róbson R Teixeira
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs S/N, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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19
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Yadagiri G, Singh A, Arora K, Mudavath SL. Immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy in combating visceral leishmaniasis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1096458. [PMID: 37265481 PMCID: PMC10229823 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1096458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a vector-borne disease, is caused by an obligate intramacrophage, kinetoplastid protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Globally, VL is construed of diversity and complexity concerned with high fatality in tropics, subtropics, and Mediterranean regions with ~50,000-90,000 new cases annually. Factors such as the unavailability of licensed vaccine(s), insubstantial measures to control vectors, and unrestrained surge of drug-resistant parasites and HIV-VL co-infections lead to difficulty in VL treatment and control. Furthermore, VL treatment, which encompasses several problems including limited efficacy, emanation of drug-resistant parasites, exorbitant therapy, and exigency of hospitalization until the completion of treatment, further exacerbates disease severity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of safe and efficacious therapies to control and eliminate this devastating disease. In such a scenario, biotherapy/immunotherapy against VL can become an alternative strategy with limited side effects and no or nominal chance of drug resistance. An extensive understanding of pathogenesis and immunological events that ensue during VL infection is vital for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies against VL. Immunotherapy alone or in combination with standard anti-leishmanial chemotherapeutic agents (immunochemotherapy) has shown better therapeutic outcomes in preclinical studies. This review extensively addresses VL treatment with an emphasis on immunotherapy or immunochemotherapeutic strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes as an alternative to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Yadagiri
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Aakriti Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kanika Arora
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Lal Mudavath
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
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20
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Schirmann JG, Bortoleti BTS, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Camargo PG, Miranda-Sapla MM, Lima CHS, Bispo MLF, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR, Dekker RFH, Barbosa-Dekker AM. In-vitro biological evaluation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethoxy-biphenyl-4,4'-diol and molecular docking studies on trypanothione reductase and Gp63 from Leishmania amazonensis demonstrated anti-leishmania potential. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6928. [PMID: 37117253 PMCID: PMC10147928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Available treatments for leishmaniasis have been widely used since the 1940s but come at a high cost, variable efficacy, high toxicity, and adverse side-effects. 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethoxy-biphenyl-4,4'-diol (TMBP) was synthesized through laccase-catalysis of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and displayed antioxidant and anticancer activity, and is considered a potential drug candidate. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-leishmanial effect of TMBP against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and investigated the mechanisms involved in parasite death. TMBP treatment inhibited the proliferation (IC50 0.62-0.86 µM) and induced the death of promastigote forms by generating reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. In intracellular amastigotes, TMBP reduced the percentage of infected macrophages, being 62.7 times more selective to the parasite (CC50 53.93 µM). TMBP did not hemolyze sheep erythrocytes; indicative of low cytotoxicity. Additionally, molecular docking analysis on two enzyme targets of L. amazonensis: trypanothione reductase (TR) and leishmanolysin (Gp63), suggested that the hydroxyl group could be a pharmacophoric group due to its binding affinity by hydrogen bonds with residues at the active site of both enzymes. TMBP was more selective to the Gp63 target than TR. This is the first report that TMBP is a promising compound to act as an anti-leishmanial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéseka G Schirmann
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Bruna T S Bortoleti
- Fiocruz, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Manoela D Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Fiocruz, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila G Camargo
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Milena M Miranda-Sapla
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Camilo H S Lima
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelle L F Bispo
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Idessania N Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander R Pavanelli
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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21
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García-Estrada C, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Domínguez-Asenjo B, Holanda VN, Murugesan S, Martínez-Valladares M, Balaña-Fouce R, Reguera RM. Further Investigations of Nitroheterocyclic Compounds as Potential Antikinetoplastid Drug Candidates. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040637. [PMID: 37189384 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of specific vaccines, management of the trypanosomatid-caused neglected tropical diseases (sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis) relies exclusively on pharmacological treatments. Current drugs against them are scarce, old and exhibit disadvantages, such as adverse effects, parenteral administration, chemical instability and high costs which are often unaffordable for endemic low-income countries. Discoveries of new pharmacological entities for the treatment of these diseases are scarce, since most of the big pharmaceutical companies find this market unattractive. In order to fill the pipeline of compounds and replace existing ones, highly translatable drug screening platforms have been developed in the last two decades. Thousands of molecules have been tested, including nitroheterocyclic compounds, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, which had already provided potent and effective effects against Chagas disease. More recently, fexinidazole has been added as a new drug against African trypanosomiasis. Despite the success of nitroheterocycles, they had been discarded from drug discovery campaigns due to their mutagenic potential, but now they represent a promising source of inspiration for oral drugs that can replace those currently on the market. The examples provided by the trypanocidal activity of fexinidazole and the promising efficacy of the derivative DNDi-0690 against leishmaniasis seem to open a new window of opportunity for these compounds that were discovered in the 1960s. In this review, we show the current uses of nitroheterocycles and the novel derived molecules that are being synthesized against these neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Bárbara Domínguez-Asenjo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Vanderlan Nogueira Holanda
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (IGM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de León, Carretera León-Vega de Infanzones, Vega de Infanzones, 24346 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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22
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Tuszewska H, Szczepański J, Mandziuk S, Trotsko N. Thiazolidin-4-one-based derivatives - Efficient tools for designing antiprotozoal agents. A review of the last decade. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106398. [PMID: 36739686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidin-4-one derivatives have a wide range of therapeutic implementations and clinical significance for medicinal chemistry. This heterocyclic ring has been reported to possess a variety of biological activities, including antiprotozoal activities that have inspired scientists to integrate this scaffold with different pharmacophoric fragments to design novel and effective antiprotozoal compounds. There are reviews describing thiazolidin-4-ones small molecules as good candidates with a single type of antiprotozoal activity, but none of these show collected news associated with the antiprotozoal activity of thiazolidin-4-ones and their SAR analysis from the last decade. In this review we are focusing on the antitoxoplasmic, anti-trypanosomal, antimalarial, antileishmanial, and antiamoebic activity of these derivatives, we attempt to summarize and analyze the recent developments with regard to the antiprotozoal potential of 4-TZD covering the structure-activity relationship and main molecular targets. The importance of various structural modifications at C2, N3, and C5 of the thiazolidine-4-one core has also been discussed in this review. We hope that all information concluded in this review can be useful for other researchers in constructing new effective antiprotozoal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Tuszewska
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a, Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Szczepański
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a, Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Mandziuk
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Chemotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 8, Jaczewski Str., 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Nazar Trotsko
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a, Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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23
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Immunotherapy Using Immunogenic Mimotopes Selected by Phage Display plus Amphotericin B Inducing a Therapeutic Response in Mice Infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020314. [PMID: 36839586 PMCID: PMC9964457 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis can cause cutaneous and visceral clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis in infected hosts. Once the treatment against disease is toxic, presents high cost, and/or there is the emergence of parasite-resistant strains, alternative means through which to control the disease must be developed. In this context, immunotherapeutics combining known drugs with immunogens could be applied to control infections and allow hosts to recover from the disease. In this study, immunotherapeutics protocols associating mimotopes selected by phage display and amphotericin B (AmpB) were evaluated in L. amazonensis-infected mice. Immunogens, A4 and A8 phages, were administered alone or associated with AmpB. Other animals received saline, AmpB, a wild-type phage (WTP), or WTP/AmpB as controls. Evaluations performed one and thirty days after the application of immunotherapeutics showed that the A4/AmpB and A8/AmpB combinations induced the most polarized Th1-type immune responses, which reflected in significant reductions in the lesion's average diameter and in the parasite load in the infected tissue and distinct organs of the animals. In addition, the combination also reduced the drug toxicity, as compared to values found using it alone. In this context, preliminary data presented here suggest the potential to associate A4 and A8 phages with AmpB to be applied in future studies for treatment against leishmaniasis.
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Immunoinformatics Approach to Design a Multi-Epitope Vaccine against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020339. [PMID: 36851219 PMCID: PMC9967539 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania major (L. major), is a major public health concern, and the development of new strategies to reduce the disease incidence has become a top priority. Advances in immunoinformatics and in-silico epitope prediction could be a promising approach to designing a finest vaccine candidate. In this study, we aimed to design a peptide-based vaccine against CL using computational tools and identified ten B-cell-derived T-cell epitopes from the glycoprotein gp63 of L. major. All of the potential immunodominant epitopes were used to design a vaccine construct along with a linker and an adjuvant at the N-terminal for enhancing its immunogenicity. Additionally, many characteristics of the proposed vaccine were examined, and it was confirmed to be non-allergenic, non-toxic, and thermally stable. To assess the vaccine interaction with the innate immune toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), a 3D structure of the vaccine construct was developed. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation were used to confirm the binding and to assess the stability of the vaccine-TLR4 complex and interactions, respectively. In conclusion, our multi-epitope vaccine will provide a gateway to analyze the protein function of a potential vaccine candidate against CL.
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Gupta D, Singh PK, Yadav PK, Narender T, Patil UK, Jain SK, Chourasia MK. Emerging strategies and challenges of molecular therapeutics in antileishmanial drug development. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109649. [PMID: 36603357 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular therapy refers to targeted therapies based on molecules which have been intelligently directed towards specific biomolecular structures and include small molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies, proteins and peptides, DNA or RNA-based strategies, targeted chemotherapy and nanomedicines. Molecular therapy is emerging as the most effective strategy to combat the present challenges of life-threatening visceral leishmaniasis, where the successful human vaccine is currently unavailable. Moreover, current chemotherapy-based strategies are associated with the issues of ineffective targeting, unavoidable toxicities, invasive therapies, prolonged treatment, high treatment costs and the development of drug-resistant strains. Thus, the rational approach to antileishmanial drug development primarily demands critical exploration and exploitation of biochemical differences between host and parasite biology, immunocharacteristics of parasite homing, and host-parasite interactions at the molecular/cellular level. Following this, the novel technology-based designing and development of host and/or parasite-targeted therapeutics having leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activity is utmost essential to improve treatment efficacy. Thus, the present review is focused on immunological and molecular checkpoint targets in host-pathogen interaction, and molecular therapeutic prospects for Leishmania intervention, and the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan K Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Umesh K Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.
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Miltefosine and Nifuratel Combination: A Promising Therapy for the Treatment of Leishmania donovani Visceral Leishmaniasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021635. [PMID: 36675150 PMCID: PMC9865052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne tropical disease caused by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum that is endemic not only in East African countries, but also in Asia, regions of South America and the Mediterranean Basin. For the pharmacological control of this disease, there is a limited number of old and, in general, poorly adherent drugs, with a multitude of adverse effects and low oral bioavailability, which favor the emergence of resistant pathogens. Pentavalent antimonials are the first-line drugs, but due to their misuse, resistant Leishmania strains have emerged worldwide. Although these drugs have saved many lives, it is recommended to reduce their use as much as possible and replace them with novel and more friendly drugs. From a commercial collection of anti-infective drugs, we have recently identified nifuratel-a nitrofurantoin used against vaginal infections-as a promising repurposing drug against a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis. In the present work, we have tested combinations of miltefosine-the only oral drug currently used against leishmaniasis-with nifuratel in different proportions, both in axenic amastigotes from bone marrow and in intracellular amastigotes from infected Balb/c mouse spleen macrophages, finding a potent synergy in both cases. In vivo evaluation of oral miltefosine/nifuratel combinations using a bioimaging platform has revealed the potential of these combinations for the treatment of this disease.
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Sreedharan V, Rao KB. Protease inhibitors as a potential agent against visceral Leishmaniasis: A review to inspire future study. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102739. [PMID: 36603827 PMCID: PMC9871078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly which carries the intracellular protozoa in their midgut. Among visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral type that is caused by Leishmania donovani is the most lethal one. Findings of leishmanial structure and species took place in 19th century and was initiated by Donovan. Leishmaniasis is still a major concern of health issues in many endemic countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide1.5-2 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis are reported each year. Leishmaniasis is endemic in nearly 90 countries worldwide and close to 12 million new cases of leishmaniasis are reported worldwide annually. Studies on antileishmanial drug development is of major concern as leishmaniasis are the second largest parasitic killer in the world and the available drugs are either toxic or costly. The major surface GP63 protease, also known as Zinc- metalloproteases present on the surface of leishmanial promastigotes, can be targeted for drug development. Protease inhibitors targeting such surface proteases show promising results. Different protease inhibitors have been isolated from marine actinobacteria against many infectious diseases. Metabolites produced by these actinobacteria may have greater importance for the discovery and development of new antileishmanial drugs. Hence, this review discusses the background, current situation, treatment, and protease inhibitors from marine actinobacteria for drug development against GP63 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K.V. Bhaskara Rao
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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Rani A, Khanikar S, Dutta M, Katiyar S, Qamar T, Seth A, Agnihotri PK, Guha R, Vishwakarma JN, Kar S. Quinolinyl β-enaminone derivatives exhibit leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania donovani by impairing the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex and inducing ROS-mediated programmed cell death. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 78:dkac395. [PMID: 36475314 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously, a series of side chain-modified quinolinyl β-enaminones was identified to possess significant activity against chloroquine-sensitive or -resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Brugia malayi microfilariae. The present study evaluates in vitro and in vivo activity of the series against Leishmania donovani and reports their mode of action. METHODS The in vitro activity of 15 quinolinyl β-enaminone derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes was assessed by luciferase assay. The reduction of organ parasite burden was assessed by Giemsa staining in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice and hamsters. Intracellular Ca2+ and ATP level in active derivative (3D)-treated promastigotes were determined by fluorescence and luminescence assays. Flow cytometry was performed to determine loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) using JC-1 dye, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) dye, phosphatidylserine externalization by Annexin V-FITC staining and cell-cycle arrest by propidium iodide (PI) staining. RESULTS Compounds 3A, 3B and 3D showed significant in vitro efficacy against L. donovani with IC50 < 6 µM and mild cytotoxicity (∼75% viability) at 25 µM on J774 macrophages. 3A and 3D at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg reduced parasite burden (>84%) in infected mice and hamsters, respectively, whereas 3D-treated animals demonstrated maximum parasite burden reduction without organ toxicity. Mode-of-action analysis revealed that 3D induced apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial complex II, reducing MMP and ATP levels, increasing ROS and Ca2+ levels, ultimately triggering phosphatidylserine externalization and sub-G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest in promastigotes. CONCLUSIONS Compound 3D-mediated inhibition of L. donovani mitochondrial complex induces apoptosis, making it a promising therapeutic candidate for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rani
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Shilpika Khanikar
- Organic Research Lab, Department of Chemical Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur 782 402, Assam, India
| | - Mukul Dutta
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Shivani Katiyar
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Tooba Qamar
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anuradha Seth
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - P K Agnihotri
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Jai N Vishwakarma
- Organic Research Lab, Department of Chemical Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur 782 402, Assam, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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Singh OP, Sundar S. Visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India: progress and the road ahead. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1381-1388. [PMID: 36111688 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2126352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As of 2021, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination program has met with success in reducing the rate of VL to target levels in many locales, but there is persistence of low-level disease and sporadic outbreaks, sometimes in new locations. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify knowledge gaps and factors that impede total VL elimination. AREA COVERED We reviewed the progress and current status of VL elimination program. We discuss the knowledge gaps influencing the success of elimination program and strategies to be required to ensure VL elimination as a public health problem is achieved and sustained. EXPERT OPINION VL elimination is considered technically possible and operationally feasible owing to focal nature of transmission, absence of an animal reservoir, single vector, availability of an effective diagnostic test, use of a single dose of liposomal amphotericin B along with a strong political commitment. Substantial progress has been made in the reduction of VL incidence rates in the country. However, there are many challenges remain that need to be addressed if the elimination goal is to be reached and sustained. These are increasing relapse, outbreaks in new foci and increasing number of PKDL and HIV-VL co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Cutaneous/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Treatment for Wound Healing: Classical versus New Treatment Approaches. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML) show clinical spectra that can range from a localized lesion (with a spontaneous healing process) to cases that progress to a generalized systemic disease with a risk of death. The treatment of leishmaniasis is complex since most of the available drugs show high toxicity. The development of an effective topical drug formulation for CL and ML treatment offers advantages as it will improve patient’s compliance to the therapy given the possibility for self-administration, as well as overcoming the first pass metabolism and the high costs of currently available alternatives. The most common dosage forms include solid formulations, such as membranes and semi-solid formulations (e.g., ointments, creams, gels, and pastes). Topical treatment has been used as a new route of administration for conventional drugs against leishmaniasis and its combinations, as well as to exploit new substances. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of using topical drug delivery for the treatment of these two forms of leishmaniasis and the relevance of combining this approach with other pharmaceutical dosage forms. Emphasis will also be given to the use of nanomaterials for site-specific delivery.
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de Santiago-Silva KM, Bortoleti BTDS, Oliveira LDN, Maia FLDA, Castro JC, Costa IC, Lazarin DB, Wardell JL, Wardell SMSV, Albuquerque MG, Lima CHDS, Pavanelli WR, Bispo MDLF, Gonçalves RSB. Antileishmanial Activity of 4,8-Dimethoxynaphthalenyl Chalcones on Leishmania amazonensis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101402. [PMID: 36290060 PMCID: PMC9598561 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania species. Available therapeutic options have several limitations. The drive to develop new, more potent, and selective antileishmanial agents is thus a major goal. Herein we report the synthesis and the biological activity evaluation against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis of nine 4,8-dimethoxynaphthalenyl chalcones. Compound ((E)-1-(4,8-dimethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one), 4f, was the most promising with an IC50 = 3.3 ± 0.34 μM (promastigotes), a low cytotoxicity profile (CC50 = 372.9 ± 0.04 μM), and a high selectivity index (SI = 112.6). Furthermore, 4f induced several morphological and ultrastructural changes in the free promastigote forms, loss of plasma membrane integrity, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). An in silico analysis of drug-likeness and ADME parameters suggested high oral bioavailability and intestinal absorption. Compound 4f reduced the number of infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per macrophage, with an IC50 value of 18.5 ± 1.19 μM. Molecular docking studies with targets, ARG and TR, showed that compound 4f had more hydrogen bond interactions with the ARG enzyme, indicating a more stable protein-ligand binding. These results suggest that 4,8-dimethoxynaphthalenyl chalcones are worthy of further study as potential antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Maciel de Santiago-Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joyce Cristina Castro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon Costa
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bidóia Lazarin
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - James L. Wardell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Old Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Magaly Girão Albuquerque
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelle de Lima Ferreira Bispo
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.d.L.F.B.); (R.S.B.G.); Tel.: +55-43-33714810 (M.d.L.F.B.)
| | - Raoni Schroeder B. Gonçalves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.d.L.F.B.); (R.S.B.G.); Tel.: +55-43-33714810 (M.d.L.F.B.)
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Okundaye B, Biyani N, Moitra S, Zhang K. The Golgi-localized sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase is indispensable for Leishmania major. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16064. [PMID: 36163400 PMCID: PMC9513092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase (SPP) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) into sphingosine, the reverse reaction of sphingosine kinase. In mammals, S1P acts as a potent bioactive molecule regulating cell proliferation, migration, and immunity. In Leishmania, S1P production is crucial for the synthesis of ethanolamine and choline phospholipids, and cell survival under stress conditions. To better understand the roles of S1P, we characterized a SPP ortholog in Leishmania major which displays activity towards S1P but not structurally related lipids such as ceramide-1-phosphate or lysophosphatidic acid. While this enzyme is found in the endoplasmic reticulum in mammalian cells, L. major SPP is localized at the Golgi apparatus. Importantly, chromosomal SPP alleles cannot be deleted from L. major even with the addition of a complementing episome, suggesting that endogenously expressed SPP is essential. Finally, SPP overexpression in L. major leads to a slower growth rate and heightened sensitivity to brefeldin A and sodium orthovanadate. Together, these results suggest that the equilibrium between S1P and sphingosine is vital for the function of Golgi apparatus in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Okundaye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Neha Biyani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
- Lantern Pharma Inc., 1920 McKinney Ave., Dallas, TX, 75201, USA
| | - Samrat Moitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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Visceral Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Regimens in Different Geographical Areas with a Focus on Pediatrics. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101887. [PMID: 36296164 PMCID: PMC9609364 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by an intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania that can be lethal if not treated. VL is caused by Leishmania donovani in Asia and in Eastern Africa, where the pathogens’ reservoir is represented by humans, and by Leishmania infantum in Latin America and in the Mediterranean area, where VL is a zoonotic disease and dog is the main reservoir. A part of the infected individuals become symptomatic, with irregular fever, splenomegaly, anemia or pancytopenia, and weakness, whereas others are asymptomatic. VL treatment has made progress in the last decades with the use of new drugs such as liposomal amphotericin B, and with new therapeutic regimens including monotherapy or a combination of drugs, aiming at shorter treatment duration and avoiding the development of resistance. However, the same treatment protocol may not be effective all over the world, due to differences in the infecting Leishmania species, so depending on the geographical area. This narrative review presents a comprehensive description of the clinical picture of VL, especially in children, the diagnostic approach, and some insight into the most used pharmacological therapies available worldwide.
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Scariot DB, Staneviciute A, Zhu J, Li X, Scott EA, Engman DM. Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease: Is there hope in nanotechnology to fight neglected tropical diseases? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1000972. [PMID: 36189341 PMCID: PMC9523166 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is revolutionizing many sectors of science, from food preservation to healthcare to energy applications. Since 1995, when the first nanomedicines started being commercialized, drug developers have relied on nanotechnology to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of bioactive molecules. The development of advanced nanomaterials has greatly enhanced drug discovery through improved pharmacotherapeutic effects and reduction of toxicity and side effects. Therefore, highly toxic treatments such as cancer chemotherapy, have benefited from nanotechnology. Considering the toxicity of the few therapeutic options to treat neglected tropical diseases, such as leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, nanotechnology has also been explored as a potential innovation to treat these diseases. However, despite the significant research progress over the years, the benefits of nanotechnology for both diseases are still limited to preliminary animal studies, raising the question about the clinical utility of nanomedicines in this field. From this perspective, this review aims to discuss recent nanotechnological developments, the advantages of nanoformulations over current leishmanicidal and trypanocidal drugs, limitations of nano-based drugs, and research gaps that still must be filled to make these novel drug delivery systems a reality for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora B. Scariot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Debora B. Scariot,
| | - Austeja Staneviciute
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Evan A. Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David M. Engman
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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In Vitro and In Silico Analyses of New Cinnamid and Rosmarinic Acid-Derived Compounds Biosynthesized in Escherichia coli as Leishmania amazonensis Arginase Inhibitors. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091020. [PMID: 36145452 PMCID: PMC9504950 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is a metalloenzyme that plays a central role in Leishmania infections. Previously, rosmarinic and caffeic acids were described as antileishmanial agents and as Leishmania amazonensis arginase inhibitors. Here, we describe the inhibition of arginase in L. amazonensis by rosmarinic acid analogs (1–7) and new caffeic acid-derived amides (8–10). Caffeic acid esters and amides were produced by means of an engineered synthesis in E. coli and tested against L. amazonensis arginase. New amides (8–10) were biosynthesized in E. coli cultured with 2 mM of different combinations of feeding substrates. The most potent arginase inhibitors showed Ki(s) ranging from 2 to 5.7 μM. Compounds 2–4 and 7 inhibited L. amazonensis arginase (L-ARG) through a noncompetitive mechanism whilst compound 9 showed a competitive inhibition. By applying an in silico protocol, we determined the binding mode of compound 9. The competitive inhibitor of L-ARG targeted the key residues within the binding site of the enzyme, establishing a metal coordination bond with the metal ions and a series of hydrophobic and polar contacts supporting its micromolar inhibition of L-ARG. These results highlight that dihydroxycinnamic-derived compounds can be used as the basis for developing new drugs using a powerful tool based on the biosynthesis of arginase inhibitors.
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Kumari S, Kumar V, Tiwari RK, Ravidas V, Pandey K, Kumar A. - Amphotericin B: A drug of choice for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106661. [PMID: 35998680 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis or Kala-azar is a vector-borne disease caused by an intracellular parasite of the genus leishmania. In India, Amphotericin B (AmB) is a first-line medication for treating leishmaniasis. After a large-scale resistance to pentavalent antimony therapy developed in Bihar state, it was rediscovered as an effective treatment for Leishmania donovani infection. AmB which binds to the ergosterol of protozoan cells causes a change in membrane integrity resulting in ions leakage, and ultimately leading to cell death. The treatment effect of liposomal AmB can be seen more quickly than deoxycholate AmB because, it has some toxic effects, but liposomal AmB is significantly less toxic. Evidence from studies suggested that ABLC (Abelcet) and ABCD (Amphotec) are as effective as L-AmB but Liposomal form (Ambisome) is a more widely accepted treatment option than conventional ones. Nevertheless, the world needs some way more efficient antileishmanial drugs that are less toxic and less expensive for people living with parasitic infections caused by Leishmania. So, academics, researchers, and sponsors need to focus on finding such drugs. This review provides a summary of the chemical, pharmacokinetic, drug-target interactions, stability, dose efficacy, and many other characteristics of the AmB and their various formulations. We have also highlighted the clinically significant aspects of PKDL and VL co-infection with HIV/TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Vidyanand Ravidas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, Bihar, India.
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Paoli-Lombardo R, Primas N, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Hutter S, Sournia-Saquet A, Boudot C, Brenot E, Castera-Ducros C, Corvaisier S, Since M, Malzert-Fréon A, Courtioux B, Valentin A, Verhaeghe P, Azas N, Rathelot P, Vanelle P. Improving Aqueous Solubility and In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Properties of the 3-Nitroimidazo[1,2- a]pyridine Antileishmanial Pharmacophore. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080998. [PMID: 36015146 PMCID: PMC9415646 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An antileishmanial structure−activity relationship (SAR) study focused on positions 2 and 8 of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring was conducted through the synthesis of 22 new derivatives. After being screened on the promatigote and axenic amastigote stages of Leishmania donovani and L. infantum, the best compounds were tested against the intracellular amastigote stage of L. infantum and evaluated regarding their in vitro physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, leading to the discovery of a new antileishmanial6-chloro-3-nitro-8-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropylsulfonyl)methyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine hit. It displayed low cytotoxicities on both HepG2 and THP1 cell lines (CC50 > 100 µM) associated with a good activity against the intracellular amastigote stage of L. infantum (EC50 = 3.7 µM versus 0.4 and 15.9 µM for miltefosine and fexinidazole, used as antileishmanial drug references). Moreover, in comparison with previously reported derivatives in the studied series, this compound displayed greatly improved aqueous solubility, good mouse microsomal stability (T1/2 > 40 min) and high gastrointestinal permeability in a PAMPA model, making it an ideal candidate for further in vivo studies on an infectious mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paoli-Lombardo
- CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Team Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Team Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques, Hôpital de la Conception, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (S.B.-D.); (P.V.)
| | - Sandra Bourgeade-Delmas
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (S.B.-D.); (P.V.)
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME-Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, Aix Marseille University, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Clotilde Boudot
- UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 Rue Du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Emilie Brenot
- UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 Rue Du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Caroline Castera-Ducros
- CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Team Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques, Hôpital de la Conception, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Marc Since
- UNICAEN, CERMN, Normandie University, 14000 Caen, France
| | | | - Bertrand Courtioux
- UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 Rue Du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Verhaeghe
- CNRS, UPS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Service de Pharmacie, CHU de Nîmes, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME-Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, Aix Marseille University, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Rathelot
- CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Team Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques, Hôpital de la Conception, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Team Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques, Hôpital de la Conception, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (S.B.-D.); (P.V.)
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Singh-Phulgenda S, Rashan S, Harriss E, Dahal P, Naylor C, Brack M, Guerin PJ, Maguire BJ. Infectious diseases data observatory (IDDO) visceral leishmaniasis library of clinical therapeutic studies: A protocol for a living systematic review of clinical studies. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17739.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. The disease is endemic in parts of South Asia, East Africa, South America and the Mediterranean region, with an estimated 50,000 to 90,000 cases occurring annually. A living systematic review of existing scientific literature is proposed to identify clinical drug efficacy studies against VL, conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic-Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Methods and analysis: The proposed living systematic review builds on a previous systematic review first carried out in 2016, and the current protocol is designed to capture any published or registered VL clinical study from Nov-2021 onwards. The following databases will be searched by a medical librarian: PubMed, Ovid Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, clinicaltrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, as well as IMEMR, IMSEAR, and LILACS from the WHO Global Index Medicus. The systematic review will consider both randomised and non-randomised interventional studies, including single-armed studies. Ethics and dissemination: A database of eligible studies, including study characteristics, is openly available (https://www.iddo.org/tool/vl-surveyor) and will be continually updated every six months. All findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021284622 (29/11/2021)
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Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, Delgado-Hernández S, López-Arencibia A, San Nicolás-Hernández D, Tejedor D, García-Tellado F, Lorenzo-Morales J, Piñero JE. In vitro activity and cell death mechanism induced by acrylonitrile derivatives against Leishmania amazonensis. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moshfe A, Karami K, Bahmani M, Naghmachi M, Askarian S, Rezaei A, Zare R, Jamshidi A. Anti Leishmanial Effect of Plantago psyllium (Ovate) and White Vinegar on Leishmania major Lesion in BALB/c Mice. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2022; 16:45-50. [PMID: 36636241 PMCID: PMC9807838 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v16i1.11191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania major is the etiologic agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran, and glucantime injection is currently used for its treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-leishmanial effect of topical Plantago psyllium and white vinegar in L. major infected BALB/c mice. Methods Thirty infected mice were divided into five groups as follows: Group 1: treated with the combination of ovata powder and white vinegar, Group 2: treated with glucantime, Group 3: treated with white vinegar, Group 4: treated with the combination of ovata powder and water, and Group 5: without any treatment. All the groups were treated for 18 days. Lesion size was measured, and final smears were prepared for microscopic examination. Results The findings indicated that the difference in the mean areas of the ulcers in all the groups before and after treatment was not significant, except for the second (glucantime) and third (vinegar) groups. Also, the results showed that in the first, second, third, and fourth group, 6 (60%), 4 (80%), 3 (60%), and 2 (40%) mice were healed, respectively. However, ulcers remained in all the five mice of the control group. Conclusion The combination of ovata powder and white vinegar has been traditionally used to treat leishmanial lesions in Iran. It seems the most anti-leishmanial effect is related to vinegar and supported by Plantago. The route of treatment with this combination is very simple and painless in comparison with injection. Thus, further studies on this issue could help to design more effective and easy-to-use drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolali Moshfe
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Keianoush Karami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahmani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naghmachi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Shahrbanoo Askarian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Abbas Rezaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Roohallah Zare
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Jamshidi
- Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran,Corresponding author: Dr Ali Jamshidi,
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Chowdhury SR, Das SK, Banerjee B, Paul Chowdhuri S, Majumder HK, Das BB. TDP1 knockout Leishmania donovani accumulate topoisomerase 1-linked DNA damage and are hypersensitive to clinically used antileishmanial drugs. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22265. [PMID: 35319800 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101668rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, a unicellular protozoan parasite, causes a wide range of human diseases including fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Tyrosyl DNA-phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond between DNA 3'-end and a tyrosyl moiety of trapped topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes (Top1cc). We have previously shown Leishmania harbors a TDP1 gene (LdTDP1), however, the biological role of TDP1 remains largely unknown. In the present study, we have generated TDP1 knockout L. donovani (LdTDP1-/- ) promastigotes and have shown that LdTDP1-/- parasites are deficient in 3'-phosphodiesterase activities and were hypersensitive to Top1-poison like camptothecin (CPT), DNA alkylation agent like methyl methanesulfonate, and oxidative DNA lesions generated by hydrogen peroxide but were not sensitive to etoposide. We also detected elevated levels of CPT-induced reactive oxygen species triggering cell cycle arrest and cell death in LdTDP1-/- promastigotes. LdTDP1-/- promastigotes accumulate a significant change in the membrane morphology with the accumulation of membrane pores, which is associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. To our surprise, we detected that LdTDP1-/- parasites were hypersensitive to antileishmanial drugs like amphotericin B and miltefosine, which could be rescued by complementation of wild-type TDP1 gene in the LdTDP1-/- parasites. Notably, multidrug-resistant L. donovani clinical isolates showed a marked reduction in TDP1 expression and were sensitive to Top1 poisons. Taken together, our study provides a new role of LdTDP1 in protecting L. donovani parasites from oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and resistance to amphotericin B and miltefosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhendu K Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Bijoylaxmi Banerjee
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Srijita Paul Chowdhuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Benu Brata Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
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Aucamp J, N’Da DD. SHORT COMMUNICATION: In vitro antileishmanial efficacy of antiplasmodial active aminoquinoline-chalcone hybrids. Exp Parasitol 2022; 236-237:108249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dorababu A. Update of Recently (2016–2020) Designed Azepine Analogs and Related Heterocyclic Compounds with Potent Pharmacological Activities. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2041677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Antileishmanial Efficacy of the Calpain Inhibitor MDL28170 in Combination with Amphotericin B. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7020029. [PMID: 35202224 PMCID: PMC8878347 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity of drug combinations to treat leishmaniasis came to the surface mainly because of the toxicity of current treatments and the emergence of resistant strains. The calpain inhibitor MDL28170 has previously shown anti-Leishmania activity, therefore its use in association with standard drugs could provide a new alternative for the treatment strategy against leishmaniasis. In this study, we analyzed the potential of the combination of MDL28170 and the antileishmanial drug amphotericin B against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania chagasi. The compounds were tested in the combination of the ½ × IC50 value of MDL28170 plus the ¼ × IC50 value of amphotericin B, which led to an increment in the anti-promastigote activity when compared to the single drug treatments. This drug association revealed several and severe morphophysiological changes on parasite cells, such as loss of plasma membrane integrity, reduced size of flagellum, and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential besides increased reactive oxygen species production. In addition, the combination of both drugs had a deleterious effect on the Leishmania–macrophage interaction, reflecting in a significant anti-amastigote action, which achieved a reduction of 50% in the association index. These results indicate that the combination treatment proposed here may represent a new alternative for leishmaniasis chemotherapy.
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Intakhan N, Siriyasatien P, Chanmol W. Anti-Leishmania activity of artesunate and combination effects with amphotericin B against Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis in vitro. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106260. [PMID: 34848183 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in several countries over the world, especially in tropical regions. In Thailand, Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis is the most frequent cause of visceral leishmaniasis and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis among HIV/AIDs patients. Amphotericin B (AmB) is the only drug currently available for the treatment of leishmaniasis in Thailand, but has some limitations like high renal toxicity and the prolonged hospitalization required for the treatment. Moreover, recurrence of the disease has been reported in several cases, indicating that new drugs or treatment strategies should be improved. In this study, Artesunate (ARS) was determined for anti-Leishmania activity against L. martiniquensis in promastigotes and amastigotes. In addition, the combination effects of ARS and AmB against intracellular amastigotes on THP-1 derived macrophages were also investigated for the first time. The result showed that L. martiniquensis was susceptible to ARS in both stages of the parasite. ARS was effective against intracellular amastigotes and safe to macrophage host cells, showing a SI value of 1,065. Furthermore, combination effects of ARS and AmB showed five synergistic combinations with a combination index (CI) value less than 1.0 (0.28-0.92) for intracellular amastigotes ranging from slight synergism to strong synergism. The strong synergistic combination had the highest dose reduction index (DRI), approximately a 9.7-fold reduction in AmB used. None of the treatments in combination had noticeable toxicity to THP-1 derived macrophages in the concentration range examined. The data provided in this study lead to further study in vivo and to develop a novel formulation of drug combinations to improve the outcome of leishmaniasis treatment.
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Nunes DCDOS, Costa MS, Bispo-da-Silva LB, Ferro EAV, Zóia MAP, Goulart LR, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, Yoneyama KAG. Mitochondrial dysfunction on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis induced by ketoconazole: insights into drug mode of action. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210157. [PMID: 35508030 PMCID: PMC9060495 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis that range from self-limiting cutaneous lesions to more serious forms of the disease. The search for potential drug targets focusing on biochemical and metabolic pathways revealed the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBIs) as a promising approach. In this class of inhibitors is found ketoconazole, a classical inhibitor of 14α-methysterol 14-demethylase. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to better understand the biological response of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes at the cellular level after ketoconazole treatment. METHODS Herein, techniques, such as fluorimetry, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, electron and scanning microscopy were used to investigate the cellular structures and to identify organelles affected by ketoconazole treatment. FINDINGS The study demonstrated, for the first time, the effect of ketoconazole on mitochondrion functioning and its probable relationship to cell cycle and death on L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes (IFLA/BR/67/PH8 strain). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Ketoconazole-induced mitochondrial damages led to hyperpolarisation of this single organelle and autophagic vacuoles formation, as a parasite survival strategy. These damages did not reflect directly on the parasite cell cycle, but drove the parasites to death, making them susceptible to ketoconazole treatment in in vitro models.
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Izri A, Bendjaballah-Laliam A, Sereno D, Djenad IK, Harrat Z, Akhoundi M. Amputation of a type II diabetic patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1227. [PMID: 34876059 PMCID: PMC8650272 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases of public health concern in Algeria. The immunocompromised patients with HIV, autoimmune diseases, or chronic alcohol abuse are at a higher risk of leishmaniasis. Herein, we present the case of an immunocompetent diabetic patient infected by Leishmania major, leading to life-threatening consequences. Case presentation An Algerian diabetic patient developed a cutaneous lesion with large polymorphous inflamed granuloma and pyoderma gangrenosum in the left foot, following L. major infection. A delayed follow-up led to a treatment failure, resulting in the amputation. Conclusions This report highlights the absence of timely treatment of Leishmania infection as a life-threatening point among high-risk diabetic patients. Clinicians should be aware of this parasitosis leading to severe complications in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 125, Route de Stalingrad, Bobigny Cedex, 93009, France.,Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | | | - Denis Sereno
- Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Montpellier University, MIVEGEC, 34032, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Montpellier University, InterTryp, 34032, Montpellier, France
| | - Ihcene Kherachi Djenad
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria, Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria, Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 125, Route de Stalingrad, Bobigny Cedex, 93009, France.
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Clementino LDC, Oda FB, Teixeira TR, Tavares RSN, Colepicolo P, Santos AGD, Debonsi HM, Graminha MAS. The antileishmanial activity of the antarctic brown alga Ascoseira mirabilis Skottsberg. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35:5470-5474. [PMID: 32567355 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1782403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases that have limited and high toxic therapeutic options. Herein, we evaluated the antileishmanial potential and cytotoxicity of hexanic extract obtained from the Antarctic brown alga Ascoseira mirabilis using bioguided fractionation against Leishmania amazonensis and murine macrophages, which was fractionated by SPE, yielding seven fractions (F1-F7). The fraction F6 showed good anti-amastigote activity (IC50 = 73.4 ± 0.4 μg mL-1) and low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 100 μg mL-1). Thus, in order to identify the bioactive constituent(s) of F6, the fraction was separated in a semipreparative HPLC, yielding four fractions (F6.1-F6.4). F6.2 was the most bioactive fraction (IC50 = 66.5 ± 4.5 μg mL-1) and GC-MS analyses revealed that the compounds octadecane, propanoic acid, 1-monomyristin and azelaic acid correspond to 61% of its composition. These data show for the first time the antileishmanial potential of the Antarctic alga A. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro da Costa Clementino
- Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bombarda Oda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Thaiz Rodrigues Teixeira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Pio Colepicolo
- Chemistry Institute, São Paulo University (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hosana Maria Debonsi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Márcia A S Graminha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Zulfiqar B, Avery VM. Assay development in leishmaniasis drug discovery: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 17:151-166. [PMID: 34818139 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous, muco-cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis occur due to an infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania. The current therapeutic options are limited mainly due to extensive toxicity, emerging resistance and variation in efficacy based on species and strain of the Leishmania parasite. There exists a high unmet medical need to identify new chemical starting points for drug discovery to tackle the disease. AREAS COVERED The authors have highlighted the recent progress, limitations and successes achieved in assay development for leishmaniasis drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION It is true that sophisticated and robust phenotypic in vitro assays have been developed during the last decade, however limitations and challenges remain with respect to variation in activity reported between different research groups and success in translating in vitro outcomes in vivo. The variability is not only due to strain and species differences but also a lack of well-defined criteria and assay conditions, e.g. culture media, host cell type, assay formats, parasite form used, multiplicity of infection and incubation periods. Thus, there is an urgent need for more physiologically relevant assays that encompass multi-species phenotypic approaches to identify new chemical starting points for leishmaniasis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zulfiqar
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,Discovery Biology, Griffith University Drug Discovery Programme for Cancer Therapeutics, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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50
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Kumari D, Perveen S, Sharma R, Singh K. Advancement in leishmaniasis diagnosis and therapeutics: An update. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174436. [PMID: 34428435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is regarded as a neglected tropical disease by World Health Organization (WHO) and is ranked next to malaria as the deadliest protozoan disease. The primary causative agents of the disease comprise of diverse leishmanial species sharing clinical features ranging from skin abrasions to lethal infection in the visceral organs. As several Leishmania species are involved in infection, the role of accurate diagnosis becomes pivotal in adding new dimensions to anti-leishmanial therapy. Diagnostic methods must be fast, reliable, easy to perform, highly sensitive, and specific to differentiate among similar parasitic diseases. Herein, we present the conventional and recent approaches impended for the disease diagnosis and their sensitivity, specificity, and clinical application in parasite detection. Furthermore, we have also elaborated various new methods to cure leishmaniasis, which include host-directed therapies, drug repurposing, nanotechnology, and combinational therapy. This review addresses novel techniques and innovations in leishmaniasis, which can aid in unraveling new strategies to fight against the deadly infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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