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Nuzzo JL. Muscle Strength Preservation During Repeated Sets of Fatiguing Resistance Exercise: A Secondary Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1149-1156. [PMID: 38781472 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nuzzo, JL. Muscle strength preservation during repeated sets of fatiguing resistance exercise: A secondary analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1149-1156, 2024-During sustained or repeated maximal voluntary efforts, muscle fatigue (acute strength loss) is not linear. After a large initial decrease, muscle strength plateaus at approximately 40% of baseline. This plateau, which likely reflects muscle strength preservation, has been observed in sustained maximal isometric and repeated maximal isokinetic contractions. Whether this pattern of fatigue occurs with traditional resistance exercise repetitions with free weights and weight stack machines has not been overviewed. Here, the aim was to determine whether the number of repetitions completed across 4 or more consecutive repetitions-to-failure tests exhibits the same nonlinear pattern of muscle fatigue. A secondary analysis was applied to data extracted as part of a recent meta-analysis on repetitions-to-failure tests. Studies were eligible if they reported mean number of repetitions completed in 4-6 consecutive repetitions-to-failure tests at a given relative load. Twenty-nine studies were included. Overall, the results show that the number of repetitions completed in consecutive repetitions-to-failure tests at a given load generally decreases curvilinearly. The numbers of repetitions completed in sets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were equal to approximately 70, 55, 50, 45, and 45% of the number of repetitions completed in set 1, respectively. Longer interset rest intervals typically attenuated repetition loss, but the curvilinear pattern remained. From the results, a chart was created to predict the number of repetitions across 6 sets of resistance exercise taken to failure based on the number of repetitions completed in set 1. The chart is a general guide and educational tool. It should be used cautiously. More data from a variety of exercises, relative loads, and interset rest intervals are needed for more precise estimates of number of repetitions completed during repeated sets of fatiguing resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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White MS, Ogier AC, Chenevert TL, Zucker E, Stoneback L, Michel CP, Palmieri-Smith RM, Lepley LK. Beyond weakness: Exploring intramuscular fat and quadriceps atrophy in ACLR recovery. J Orthop Res 2024. [PMID: 38824275 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Muscle weakness following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) increases the risk of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA). However, focusing solely on muscle weakness overlooks other aspects like muscle composition, which could hinder strength recovery. Intramuscular fat is a non-contractile element linked to joint degeneration in idiopathic OA, but its role post-ACLR has not been thoroughly investigated. To bridge this gap, we aimed to characterize quadriceps volume and intramuscular fat in participants with ACLR (male/female = 15/9, age = 22.8 ± 3.6 years, body mass index [BMI] = 23.2 ± 1.9, time since surgery = 3.3 ± 0.9 years) and in controls (male/female = 14/10, age = 22.0 ± 3.1 years, BMI = 23.3 ± 2.6) while also exploring the associations between intramuscular fat and muscle volume with isometric strength. Linear mixed effects models assessed (I) muscle volume, (II) intramuscular fat, and (III) strength between limbs (ACLR vs. contralateral vs. control). Regression analyses were run to determine if intramuscular fat or volume were associated with quadriceps strength. The ACLR limb was 8%-11% smaller than the contralateral limb (p < 0.05). No between-limb differences in intramuscular fat were observed (p 0.091-0.997). Muscle volume but not intramuscular fat was associated with strength in the ACLR and control limbs (p < 0.001-0.002). We demonstrate that intramuscular fat does not appear to be an additional source of quadriceps dysfunction following ACLR and that muscle size only explains some of the variance in muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie S White
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Augustin C Ogier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas L Chenevert
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zucker
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Luke Stoneback
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Lindsey K Lepley
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Morwani-Mangnani J, Rodriguez-Girondo M, Singh-Povel C, Verlaan S, Beekman M, Slagboom PE. Physical activity and fiber intake beneficial for muscle mass and strength preservation during aging: A comprehensive cross-sectional study in the UK biobank cohort. Exp Gerontol 2024; 193:112474. [PMID: 38815706 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging triggers intricate physiological changes, particularly in whole-body fat-free mass (FFM) and handgrip strength, affecting overall health and independence. Despite existing research, the broader significance of how muscle health is affected by the intricate interplay of lifestyle factors simultaneously during aging needs more exploration. This study aims to examine how nutrition, physical activity, and sleep impact on FFM and handgrip strength in middle-aged men and women, facilitating future personalized recommendations for preserving muscle health. METHODS The cross-sectional analysis of the UK Biobank involved 45,984 individuals (54 % women) aged 40-70 years with a complete dataset. Multiple linear regression explored determinants of FFM and handgrip strength, considering traditional, socio-demographics, medication use and smoking as covariates, with sex and age (younger and older than 55 years) stratifications. RESULTS In older men and women, higher physical activity beneficially affect both FFM (respectively Β = 3.36 × 10-3, p-value = 1.66 × 10-3; Β = 2.52 × 10-3, p-value = 3.57 × 10-4) and handgrip strength (Β = 6.05 × 10-3, p-value = 7.99 × 10-5, Β = 8.98 × 10-3, p-value = 2.95 × 10-15). Similar results were found in fiber intake for FFM in older men and women (respectively B = 3.00 × 10-2, p-value = 2.76 × 10-5; B = 2.68 × 10-2, p-value = 1.78 × 10-9) and handgrip strength (Β = 3.27 × 10-2, p-value = 1.40 × 10-3; Β = 3.12 × 10-2, p-value = 1.34 × 10-5). Other lifestyle factors influence FFM and handgrip strength differently. Key determinants influencing handgrip strength included higher protein intake, lower water intake, higher alcohol intake, and extended sleep duration whereas mainly higher water intake is associated with higher FFM. CONCLUSIONS In both men and women, the main factors associated with FFM and handgrip strength are physical activity and fiber intake, which may underlie a connection between gut and muscle health. Given the observed complexity of muscle health in the age and sex strata, further longitudinal research is needed to provide personalized lifestyle recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Morwani-Mangnani
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Mar Rodriguez-Girondo
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marian Beekman
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Xing J, Bou G, Liu G, Li X, Shen Y, Akhtar MF, Bai D, Zhao Y, Dugarjaviin M, Zhang X. Leucine promotes energy metabolism and stimulates slow-twitch muscle fibers expression through AMPK/mTOR signaling in equine skeletal muscle satellite cells. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 51:101249. [PMID: 38776751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that leucine (Leu) can stimulate and enhance the proliferation of equine skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs). The gene expression profile associated with Leu-induced proliferation of equine SCs has also been documented. However, the specific role of Leu in regulating the expression of slow-twitch muscle fibers (slow-MyHC) and mitochondrial function in equine SCs, as well as the underlying mechanism, remains unclear. During this investigation, equine SCs underwent culturing in differentiation medium and were subjected to varying concentrations of Leu (0 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 5 mM, and 10 mM) over a span of 3 days. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor Compound C and mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTOR) inhibitor Rapamycin were utilized to explore its underlying mechanism. Here we showed that the expression of slow-MyHC at 2 mM Leu level was significantly higher than the concentration levels of 0 mM,0.5 mM and 10 mM (P <0.01), and there was no significant difference compared to other groups (P > 0.05); the basal respiration, maximum respiration, standby respiration and the expression of slow-MyHC, PGC-1α, Cytc, ND1, TFAM, and COX1 were significantly increased with Leu supplementation (P < 0.01). We also found that Leu up-regulated the expression of key proteins on AMPK and mTOR signaling pathways, including LKB1, p-LKB1, AMPK, p-AMPK, S6, p-S6, 4EBP1, p-4EBP1, mTOR and p-mTOR (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Notably, when we treated the equine SCs with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C and the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin, we observed a reduction in the beneficial effects of Leu on the expression of genes related to slow-MyHC and signaling pathway-related gene expressions. This study provides novel evidence that Leu promotes slow-MyHC expression and enhances mitochondrial function in equine SCs through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms involved in these processes for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yingchao Shen
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | | | - Dongyi Bai
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Manglai Dugarjaviin
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xinzhuang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Kirk BJC, Nosaka K. Resistance Exercise Minimal Dose Strategies for Increasing Muscle Strength in the General Population: an Overview. Sports Med 2024; 54:1139-1162. [PMID: 38509414 PMCID: PMC11127831 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Many individuals do not participate in resistance exercise, with perceived lack of time being a key barrier. Minimal dose strategies, which generally reduce weekly exercise volumes to less than recommended guidelines, might improve muscle strength with minimal time investment. However, minimal dose strategies and their effects on muscle strength are still unclear. Here our aims are to define and characterize minimal dose resistance exercise strategies and summarize their effects on muscle strength in individuals who are not currently engaged in resistance exercise. The minimal dose strategies overviewed were: "Weekend Warrior," single-set resistance exercise, resistance exercise "snacking," practicing the strength test, and eccentric minimal doses. "Weekend Warrior," which minimizes training frequency, is resistance exercise performed in one weekly session. Single-set resistance exercise, which minimizes set number and session duration, is one set of multiple exercises performed multiple times per week. "Snacks," which minimize exercise number and session duration, are brief bouts (few minutes) of resistance exercise performed once or more daily. Practicing the strength test, which minimizes repetition number and session duration, is one maximal repetition performed in one or more sets, multiple days per week. Eccentric minimal doses, which eliminate or minimize concentric phase muscle actions, are low weekly volumes of submaximal or maximal eccentric-only repetitions. All approaches increase muscle strength, and some approaches improve other outcomes of health and fitness. "Weekend Warrior" and single-set resistance exercise are the approaches most strongly supported by current research, while snacking and eccentric minimal doses are emerging concepts with promising results. Public health programs can promote small volumes of resistance exercise as being better for muscle strength than no resistance exercise at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Benjamin J C Kirk
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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Oliveira JM, Clark VL, Furlanetto KC, Gibson PG, McDonald VM. Core Function in Adults With Severe Asthma and Its Relationship With Breathing Symptoms. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2024; 12:1254-1262.e1. [PMID: 38316184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with asthma may have skeletal muscle dysfunction but data describing core function in severe asthma are limited. OBJECTIVE To compare core function between people with severe asthma and healthy controls and to determine the difference between males and females. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the association between core function and breathing symptoms. METHOD Adults with a diagnosis of severe asthma and healthy controls undertook an assessment that included 3 core function tests: partial sit-up, Biering-Sorensen, and side bridge. Breathing symptoms were assessed by the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, modified Borg scale, and Nijmegen questionnaire. RESULTS People with severe asthma (n = 136) (38% male, age median [Q1-Q3] 59 y [45-68], body mass index 30 kg/m2 [26-37]) were compared with 66 people without respiratory disease (47% male, age 55 y [34-65], body mass index 25 kg/m2 [22-28]). There was no difference between groups in the partial sit-up (P = .09). However, participants with severe asthma performed worse with the Biering-Sorensen (P < .001), and the left and right side bridge test (P < .001 for both) than the healthy comparison group. Similar results were found when comparing males and females separately. Males with severe asthma had increased function compared with their female counterparts in the left side bridge test. Core function tests correlated with the breathing symptom measures, the modified Medical Research Council, modified Borg scale, and Nijmegen questionnaire (-0.51 > r > -0.19; P ≤ .03). CONCLUSIONS Adults with severe asthma have worse core function than their control counterparts, independent of sex. Furthermore, as core function decreases, breathing symptoms increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice M Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Pitágoras-Unopar University, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Physiotherapy (LFIP), Department of Physiotherapy, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Asthma and Breathing Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Clark
- Asthma and Breathing Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karina C Furlanetto
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Pitágoras-Unopar University, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Physiotherapy (LFIP), Department of Physiotherapy, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Peter G Gibson
- Asthma and Breathing Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanessa M McDonald
- Asthma and Breathing Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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Kargl CK, Sterczala AJ, Santucci D, Conkright WR, Krajewski KT, Martin BJ, Greeves JP, O'Leary TJ, Wardle SL, Sahu A, Ambrosio F, Nindl BC. Circulating extracellular vesicle characteristics differ between men and women following 12 weeks of concurrent exercise training. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16016. [PMID: 38697940 PMCID: PMC11065700 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training (CET) has well-studied benefits; however, inherent hormonal and genetic differences alter adaptive responses to exercise between sexes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are factors that contribute to adaptive signaling. Our purpose was to test if EV characteristics differ between men and women following CET. 18 young healthy participants underwent 12-weeks of CET. Prior to and following CET, subjects performed an acute bout of heavy resistance exercise (AHRET) consisting of 6 × 10 back squats at 75% 1RM. At rest and following AHRET, EVs were isolated from plasma and characteristics and miRNA contents were analyzed. AHRET elevated EV abundance in trained men only (+51%) and AHRET-induced changes were observed for muscle-derived EVs and microvesicles. There were considerable sex-specific effects of CET on EV miRNAs, highlighted by larger variation following the 12-week program in men compared to women at rest. Pathway analysis based on differentially expressed EV miRNAs predicted that AHRET and 12 weeks of CET in men positively regulates hypertrophy and growth pathways more so than in women. This report highlights sex-based differences in the EV response to resistance and concurrent exercise training and suggests that EVs may be important adaptive signaling factors altered by exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Kargl
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Adam J. Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Daniella Santucci
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - William R. Conkright
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kellen T. Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Julie P. Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Thomas J. O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sophie L. Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Amrita Sahu
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Fabrisia Ambrosio
- Discovery Center for Musculoskeletal Recovery, Schoen Adams Research Institute at SpauldingBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Donelon TA, Edwards J, Brown M, Jones PA, O'Driscoll J, Dos'Santos T. Differences in Biomechanical Determinants of ACL Injury Risk in Change of Direction Tasks Between Males and Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:29. [PMID: 38561438 PMCID: PMC10984914 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Change of direction (COD) movements are associated with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in multidirectional sports. Females appear at increased risk compared to males, which could be attributable to whole body kinematic strategies and greater multiplanar knee joint loads (KJLs) during COD which can increase ACL loading. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine and quantitatively synthesise the evidence for differences between males and females regarding KJLs and their biomechanical determinants (whole body kinematic strategies determining KJLs) during COD tasks. METHODS Databases including SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and PubMed were systematically searched (July 2021-June 2023) for studies that compared differences in knee joint loads and biomechanical determinants of KJLs during COD between males and females. Inclusion criteria were: (1) females and males with no prior history of ACL injury (18-40 years); (2) examined biomechanical determinants of KJLs and/ or KJLs during COD tasks > 20°; (3) compared ≥ 1 outcome measure between males and females. Studies published between 2000 and 2023 examining a cutting task > 20° with a preceding approach run that compared KJLs or the whole body multiplanar kinematics associated with them, between sexes, using three-dimensional motion analysis. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 17 studies with a pooled sample size of 451 participants (227 males, 224 females). Meta-analysis revealed females displayed significantly less peak knee flexion during stance (SMD: 0.374, 95% CI 0.098-0.649, p = 0.008, I2: 0%); greater knee abduction at initial contact (IC) (SMD: 0.687, 95% CI 0.299-1.076, p = 0.001, I2: 55%); less hip internal rotation (SMD: 0.437, 95% CI 0.134-0.741, p = 0.005, I2: 34%) and hip abduction at IC (SMD: -0.454, 95% CI 0.151-0.758, p = 0.003, I2: 33%). No significant differences were observed between males and females for any internal or externally applied KJLs. All retrieved studies failed to control for strength, resistance training or skill history status. CONCLUSION No differences were observed in KJLs between males and females despite females displaying greater knee abduction at IC and less peak knee flexion during the stance phase of CODs, which are visual characteristics of non-contact ACL injury. Further research is required to examine if this translates to a similar injury risk, considering morphological differences in strain characteristics of the ACL between males and females. This observation may in part explain the disproportionate ACL injury incidence in female multidirectional athletes. Further higher quality controlled research is required whereby participants are matched by skill training history, resistance training history and strength status to ensure an appropriate comparison between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Donelon
- Section of Sport Section of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1Q, UK.
| | - Jamie Edwards
- Section of Sport Section of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1Q, UK
| | - Mathew Brown
- Section of Sport Section of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1Q, UK
| | - Paul A Jones
- School of Health Sciences, C702 Allerton Building, University of Salford, Salford, M6 6PU, UK
| | - Jamie O'Driscoll
- Section of Sport Section of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1Q, UK
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences | Manchester Metropolitan University, 2.01 Institute of Sport, 99 Oxford Road, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK
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Tortu E, Hazir T, Kin-Isler A. Energy System Contributions in Repeated Sprint Tests: Protocol and Sex Comparison. J Hum Kinet 2024; 92:87-98. [PMID: 38736607 PMCID: PMC11079935 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/175862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the energy system contributions to different repeated sprint protocols and also to determine sex-related differences in these contributions. Sixteen men and fourteen women team sport athletes randomly performed two cycling repeated sprint protocols with the same total duration (10 x 6 s and 6 x 10 s). Relative peak power (RPP), relative mean power (RMP), performance decrement (PD), oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate (LA), heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were measured. The contributions of energy systems were calculated from oxygen consumption and lactate values during rest, exercise and recovery phases based on mathematical methods. Findings indicate that men had higher RPP and RMP. RPP did not differ according to protocols, while RMP was higher in the 10 x 6 s protocol. The sex effect in PD was similar; however, it was higher in the 6 x 10 s protocol. The effects of protocols on the maximum HR and LA were similar; however, the 6 x 10 s protocol resulted in higher RPEs. In both protocols women had higher ATP-PCr and men had higher glycolytic system contribution with similar oxidative system contribution. In addition, the 10 x 6 s protocol had higher ATP-PCr system contribution and the 6 x 10 s protocol had higher glycolytic system and oxidative system contributions. In conclusion, the contribution of energy systems, physiological and performance variables showed variations according to sex and different protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Tortu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Coaching Education, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Tahir Hazir
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Ayse Kin-Isler
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkiye
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Paris MT, Rice CL. Voluntary activation of human knee extensors during isotonic shortening contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05441-2. [PMID: 38436666 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The interpolated twitch technique (ITT) is often used to assess voluntary activation during isometric contractions; however, this may have limited relevance to dynamic contractions. Although the ITT has been applied to relatively slow isokinetic contractions (< 150°/s), it has received limited consideration during unconstrained velocity (i.e., isotonic) contractions, despite their relevance to natural movements. Here, we explored the ITT during isotonic knee extension contractions using a modified dynamometer. METHODS Young males (n = 6) and females (n = 4) performed isometric and isotonic knee extension contractions of sub-maximal and maximal intensities with doublet (150 Hz) muscle belly stimulations to assess voluntary activation. Following each voluntary isotonic contraction (velocity range ~ 35°/s to ~ 275°/s), resting potentiated doublets were evaluated during passive joint rotation at the same angular velocity achieved during voluntary efforts, to account for force-velocity characteristics. Correlations between voluntary activation and the proportion of maximal torque or power were evaluated for isometric and isotonic contractions, respectively. RESULTS Isometric voluntary activation was strongly correlated with increasing torque output (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). Doublet torque during passive joint rotation displayed a hyperbolic relationship with increasing angular velocity (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). Isotonic voluntary activation was strongly correlated with increasing power output (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). During maximal effort contractions, no differences were observed in voluntary activation between isometric and isotonic conditions (89.4% vs. 89.2%, p = 0.904). CONCLUSIONS The ITT is a valid approach to evaluate voluntary activation during an isotonic contraction using a modified dynamometer. Participants were able to achieve a similar high level of voluntary activation during isometric and isotonic contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Paris
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles L Rice
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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11
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Lundberg TR, Tucker R, McGawley K, Williams AG, Millet GP, Sandbakk Ø, Howatson G, Brown GA, Carlson LA, Chantler S, Chen MA, Heffernan SM, Heron N, Kirk C, Murphy MH, Pollock N, Pringle J, Richardson A, Santos-Concejero J, Stebbings GK, Christiansen AV, Phillips SM, Devine C, Jones C, Pike J, Hilton EN. The International Olympic Committee framework on fairness, inclusion and nondiscrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations does not protect fairness for female athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14581. [PMID: 38511417 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) recently published a framework on fairness, inclusion, and nondiscrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations. Although we appreciate the IOC's recognition of the role of sports science and medicine in policy development, we disagree with the assertion that the IOC framework is consistent with existing scientific and medical evidence and question its recommendations for implementation. Testosterone exposure during male development results in physical differences between male and female bodies; this process underpins male athletic advantage in muscle mass, strength and power, and endurance and aerobic capacity. The IOC's "no presumption of advantage" principle disregards this reality. Studies show that transgender women (male-born individuals who identify as women) with suppressed testosterone retain muscle mass, strength, and other physical advantages compared to females; male performance advantage cannot be eliminated with testosterone suppression. The IOC's concept of "meaningful competition" is flawed because fairness of category does not hinge on closely matched performances. The female category ensures fair competition for female athletes by excluding male advantages. Case-by-case testing for transgender women may lead to stigmatization and cannot be robustly managed in practice. We argue that eligibility criteria for female competition must consider male development rather than relying on current testosterone levels. Female athletes should be recognized as the key stakeholders in the consultation and decision-making processes. We urge the IOC to reevaluate the recommendations of their Framework to include a comprehensive understanding of the biological advantages of male development to ensure fairness and safety in female sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy R Lundberg
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ross Tucker
- Department of Sport Science, Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kerry McGawley
- Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Alun G Williams
- Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Gregory A Brown
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark A Chen
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Shane M Heffernan
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Neil Heron
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK
| | - Christopher Kirk
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Exercise Medicine, Physical Activity and Health, School of Sport, Ulster University, Belfast, UK
| | - Noel Pollock
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jamie Pringle
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Richardson
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Georgina K Stebbings
- Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Carwyn Jones
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jon Pike
- Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Emma N Hilton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Lundberg TR, Larsson G, Alstermark R, Mandić M, Fernandez-Gonzalo R. Relationship between maximal oxygen uptake, within-set fatigue and between-set recovery during resistance exercise in resistance-trained men and women. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:45. [PMID: 38347629 PMCID: PMC10863198 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between maximal oxygen update (V̇O2max) and within-set fatigue and between-set recovery during resistance exercise in men and women. METHODS We examined the relationship between V̇O2max and various indices of fatigue and recovery during parallel squats (3 sets, 90 s rest, 70% of 1RM to failure) and isokinetic knee extensions (3 × 10 maximal repetitions at 60 deg/s, 45 s rest) in 28 (age 27.0 ± 3.6 years) resistance-trained subjects (14 men and 14 women). We also examined whether there were sex differences in within-set fatigue and between-set recovery. RESULTS V̇O2max was weakly related to recovery and fatigue in both men and women (range of P-values for V̇O2max as a covariate; 0.312-0.998, range of R-values, 0.005-0.604). There were no differences between the sexes in fatigue within a set for the squat, but men showed less within-set fatigue than women in the first set of the isokinetic knee extension exercise (~ 8% torque loss difference, main effect of sex P = 0.034). Regarding recovery between sets, men showed greater relative peak power (P = 0.016) and peak torque (P = 0.034) loss between sets in both exercises, respectively, compared to women. Women also tended to complete more repetitions than men (main effect of sex, P = 0.057). Loss of peak torque between sets in knee extension was evident in both absolute and relative (%) values in men but not in women. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that aerobic capacity is weakly associated with within-set fatigue and between-set recovery in resistance training in both men and women. Women and men show comparable levels of within-set fatigue in the multi-joint squat, but women show more within-set fatigue during the single-joint isokinetic knee extension compared with men. In contrast, women recover better than men between sets in both exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy R Lundberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden.
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gustav Larsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Alstermark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden
| | - Mirko Mandić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Brandt T, Schwandner CTL, Schmidt A. Resistance exercise snacks improve muscle mass in female university employees: a prospective, controlled, intervention pilot-study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1347825. [PMID: 38379679 PMCID: PMC10877054 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1347825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although resistance training (RT) is essential to preserve musculoskeletal fitness and maintain a healthy, independent life into old age, few women perform RT. We investigated whether resistance exercise snacking (RES) could be an efficient training approach for the workplace health promotion (WHP) to minimize barriers for participation and facilitate RT in women in order to improve musculoskeletal fitness. Methods This pilot-study followed a prospective, controlled intervention design. Female employees with sedentary occupations doing RT on less than 2 days/week before study participation were included. Participants self-selected for either intervention (IG) or control group (CG). While the IG [N = 15, mean age 42.1 (SD = 11.1) years] did 10 min of RES on working days for 12 weeks, the CG [N = 15, mean age 49.9 (SD = 9.7) years] was instructed to maintain their habitual physical activity. Primary endpoint was change in muscle mass. Secondary endpoint was change in maximum isometric strength. Balance, cardiovascular fitness, perceived health, and general life satisfaction was assessed for exploratory purpose. Measurements were taken before and after the intervention. Results 12 participants of IG and 14 of CG completed the study. Muscle mass improved significantly more in the IG [+0.42 (SD = 0.54) kg] compared to the CG [-0.16 (SD = 0.51) kg] (p = 0.01, ƞ2p = 0.24). Strength did not change significantly between groups. Nevertheless, there was a trend for greater improvements in the IG compared to the CG for trunk extension, trunk flexion, and upper body push but not upper body pull. Regarding exploratory endpoints, no significant between-group changes were found. Despite their poor fitness, both groups perceived their health as good and had high life satisfaction before and after the intervention. Conclusion RES could be an effective approach for the WHP to promote RT in inactive women with sedentary occupations and improve their muscle mass.
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14
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Callihan ML, McCoy T, Reed C, Morley C, Law E, Philipps T. Save Your Back: Comparison of the Compressive Force on the Lower Back Based on Differences in the Training Techniques. J Emerg Nurs 2024:S0099-1767(23)00345-8. [PMID: 38310495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal injury prevention for nurses is aimed at removing the need to manually position patients. In the ED, this is not always possible or practical. The purpose of this study is to compare the calculated estimated compressive force on the lumbar spine between recommended lifting techniques and the SHAPE lifting method during the horizontal transfer of a patient. METHODS Twenty-one student nurses completed the horizontal transfer of a simulated patient while motion was collected using inertial measurement units. Motion data were analyzed to calculate an estimated compressive force on the lumbar spine while completing the movement based on current recommended lifting methods and while using the SHAPE lifting method. RESULTS A significant reduction in estimated peak and average compressive force at the lumbar spine was found during both the push and the pull portions (P < .001) of the horizontal transfer. DISCUSSION While the optimal way to limit musculoskeletal injury among nurses is to eliminate the need for manual handling of a patient, this is not always possible in the ED. It is critical that when emergency nurses must reposition a patient, they perform the movement in the most biomechanically sound method while using a friction reduction. These findings, coupled with the previous biomechanical risk factor reduction related to the SHAPE lifting intervention, gives promise to a safer lifting strategy for emergency nurses moving forward.
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15
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Huiberts RO, Wüst RCI, van der Zwaard S. Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Sex and Training Status. Sports Med 2024; 54:485-503. [PMID: 37847373 PMCID: PMC10933151 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many sports require maximal strength and endurance performance. Concurrent strength and endurance training can lead to suboptimal training adaptations. However, how adaptations differ between males and females is currently unknown. Additionally, current training status may affect training adaptations. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess sex-specific differences in adaptations in strength, power, muscle hypertrophy, and maximal oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2max) to concurrent strength and endurance training in healthy adults. Second, we investigated how training adaptations are influenced by strength and endurance training status. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, and a Cochrane risk of bias was evaluated. ISI Web of science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched using the following inclusion criteria: healthy adults aged 18-50 years, intervention period of ≥ 4 weeks, and outcome measures were defined as upper- and lower-body strength, power, hypertrophy, and/or V ˙ O2max. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model and reported in standardized mean differences. RESULTS In total, 59 studies with 1346 participants were included. Concurrent training showed blunted lower-body strength adaptations in males, but not in females (male: - 0.43, 95% confidence interval [- 0.64 to - 0.22], female: 0.08 [- 0.34 to 0.49], group difference: P = 0.03). No sex differences were observed for changes in upper-body strength (P = 0.67), power (P = 0.37), or V ˙ O2max (P = 0.13). Data on muscle hypertrophy were insufficient to draw any conclusions. For training status, untrained but not trained or highly trained endurance athletes displayed lower V ˙ O2max gains with concurrent training (P = 0.04). For other outcomes, no differences were found between untrained and trained individuals, both for strength and endurance training status. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent training results in small interference for lower-body strength adaptations in males, but not in females. Untrained, but not trained or highly trained endurance athletes demonstrated impaired improvements in V ˙ O2max following concurrent training. More studies on females and highly strength-trained and endurance-trained athletes are warranted. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42022370894.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven O Huiberts
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise. Sports Med 2024; 54:303-321. [PMID: 37792272 PMCID: PMC10933212 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The maximal number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of the one repetition maximum (1RM) [REPS ~ %1RM relationship] is foundational knowledge in resistance exercise programming. The current REPS ~ %1RM relationship is based on few studies and has not incorporated uncertainty into estimations or accounted for between-individuals variation. Therefore, we conducted a meta-regression to estimate the mean and between-individuals standard deviation of the number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of 1RM. We also explored if the REPS ~ %1RM relationship is moderated by sex, age, training status, and/or exercise. A total of 952 repetitions-to-failure tests, completed by 7289 individuals in 452 groups from 269 studies, were identified. Study groups were predominantly male (66%), healthy (97%), < 59 years of age (92%), and resistance trained (60%). The bench press (42%) and leg press (14%) were the most commonly studied exercises. The REPS ~ %1RM relationship for mean repetitions and standard deviation of repetitions were best described using natural cubic splines and a linear model, respectively, with mean and standard deviation for repetitions decreasing with increasing %1RM. More repetitions were evident in the leg press than bench press across the loading spectrum, thus separate REPS ~ %1RM tables were developed for these two exercises. Analysis of moderators suggested little influences of sex, age, or training status on the REPS ~ %1RM relationship, thus the general main model REPS ~ %1RM table can be applied to all individuals and to all exercises other than the bench press and leg press. More data are needed to develop REPS ~ %1RM tables for other exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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17
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Rodriguez-Perea A, Morenas-Aguilar MD, Martinez-Garcia D, Chirosa-Rios LJ, Garcia-Buendia G. Influence of trunk rotator strength on rotational medicine ball throwing performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:30-36. [PMID: 37721721 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The strength of the trunk musculature plays an essential role in performance. The aims of this study were to analyze the relationship between the strength of the trunk rotation muscles with rotational medicine ball throwing velocity and distance, to study differences between sex in rotational medicine ball throwing and to compare the asymmetries of trunk rotational strength and rotational medicine ball throwing. METHODS Thirty physically active college students participated on the study. Horizontal and low cable woodchop exercises were assessed with a functional electromechanical dynamometer and throwing was measured with a radar and a measuring tape. A Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated for the relation between trunk rotational strength and rotational medicine ball throwing. Independent samples t-test was performed to determine the differences between sex in rotational medicine ball throwing and a paired samples t-test was performed to study the asymmetries. RESULTS Large and very large correlations were obtained between trunk rotational strength and rotational medicine ball throwing (r=0.68-0.79). Significant differences and a large effect size were found between males and females for all throwing velocity and throwing distance variables (P<0.05; ES>0.90) and asymmetries in performance of mean velocity throwing (P=0.003; ES=-0.60) and peak velocity throwing (P=0.025; ES=-0.43). No significant differences were found between dominant and non-dominant side in any of the trunk rotator strength assessment conditions (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a large or very large correlation between the STRM and the RMBT in all its modalities. Differences in strength were found between sexes, with no significant differences between dominant and non-dominant sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rodriguez-Perea
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María D Morenas-Aguilar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain -
- CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis J Chirosa-Rios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gustavo Garcia-Buendia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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18
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Nuzzo JL. Sex differences in skeletal muscle fiber types: A meta-analysis. Clin Anat 2024; 37:81-91. [PMID: 37424380 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Biopsies have been acquired from living men and women to determine proportions of Type I (slow-twitch) and II (fast-twitch) skeletal muscle fibers since the 1970s. Sex differences have been assumed but the literature has not been submitted to meta-analysis. Here, the aim was to generate effect sizes of sex differences in muscle fiber cross-sectional areas, distribution percentages, and area percentages. Data from 2875 men and 2452 women, who participated in 110 studies, were analyzed. Myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase histochemistry was used in 71.8% of studies to classify fibers as Type I, II, IIA, and/or IIX; immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used in 35.4% of studies to similarly classify myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform content. Most studies involved biopsies from vastus lateralis (79.1%) in healthy individuals (92.7%) between 18 and 59 years old (80.9%). Men exhibited greater cross-sectional areas for all fiber types (g = 0.40-1.68); greater distribution percentages for Type II, MHC II, IIA, IIX fibers (g = 0.26-0.34); greater area percentages for Type II, IIA, MHC IIA, IIX fibers (g = 0.39-0.93); greater Type II/I and Type IIA/I fiber area ratios (g = 0.63, 0.94). Women exhibited greater Type I and MHC I distribution percentages (g = -0.13, -0.44); greater Type I and MHC I area percentages (g = -0.53, -0.69); greater Type I/II fiber area ratios (g = -1.24). These data, which represent the largest repository of comparative muscle fiber type data from living men and women, can inform discussions about biological sex and its impact on pathologies and sports performance (e.g., explaining sex differences in muscle strength and muscle endurance).
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Bascharon R, Sethi NK, Estevez R, Gordon M, Guevara C, Twohey E, deWeber K. Transgender competition in combat sports: Position statement of the Association of ringside physicians. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2023:1-8. [PMID: 38038979 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2286943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The Association of Ringside Physicians (ARP) is committed to the concept of fair competition. It advocates for two equally skilled and matched athletes to keep bouts fair, competitive, entertaining, and, most importantly, safe for all combatants. Numerous studies have proven that transgender women may have a competitive athletic advantage against otherwise matched cis-gender women. Likewise, transgender men may suffer a competitive disadvantage against cis-gender men. These differences - both anatomic and physiologic - persist despite normalization of sex hormone levels and create disparities in competitive abilities that are not compatible with the spirit of fair competition. More importantly, allowing transgender athletes to compete against cisgender athletes in combat sports, which already involve significant risk of serious injury, unnecessarily raises the risk of injury due to these differences. Hence the ARP does not support transgender athlete competition against cisgender athletes in combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Bascharon
- Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Institute of Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, US
| | - Nitin K Sethi
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Estevez
- Lakeland Regional Health Medical Center, Lakeland, FL, US
| | - Mark Gordon
- Memorial Hospital Pembroke, Pembroke Pines, FL, US
| | - Carlo Guevara
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Broward Health , Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Eric Twohey
- Mayo Clinic Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rochester, MN, US
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Burns RD, Kim Y, Fu Y, Byun W, Bai Y. Independent and joint associations of aerobic and muscle-strengthening exercise with mental health in adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis before and during COVID-19 using the 2015-2021 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Prev Med 2023; 177:107750. [PMID: 37918448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE COVID-19 led to social isolation that may have compromised adolescent mental health. This study examined the independent and joint associations of aerobic physical activity (PA) and muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) with mental health problems in adolescents. METHODS Participants were US adolescents who completed the 2015-2021 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 61,298; 45.7% female). Data were collected between 2015 and 2021 and analyzed in 2023. Outcomes were binary response items asking about feeling sad/hopeless, having difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions, and having a suicidal ideation. Preventive exposure variables were items asking about frequencies of aerobic PA and MSE with responses dichotomized to align with recommendations. Independent and joint associations were examined using robust Poisson regression with covariates selected using double selection lasso. Structural equation models examined the associations treating PA and MSE as continuous predictors and poor mental health as a latent dependent variable. RESULTS Meeting either recommendation alone associated with a 4-10% lower prevalence of mental health problems (APR = 0.90-0.96, p < 0.05), and meeting both recommendations associated with a 15%-20% lower prevalence of mental health problems (APR = 0.80-0.85, p < 0.001). Although categorical joint associations were stronger in males (p < 0.05), multiplicative interactions were observed in females using continuous variables for PA and MSE (β = -0.09, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Meeting aerobic PA and MSE recommendations associated with lower prevalence of mental health problems. Participation in MSE below recommended levels may be beneficial for females when combined with aerobic PA. Future research should examine these associations by acquiring contextual information and device-based assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Burns
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Youngwon Kim
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - You Fu
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Wonwoo Byun
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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21
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Cawthon PM, Blackwell TL, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Hepple RT, Coen PM, Goodpaster BH, Duchowny K, Hetherington-Rauth M, Mau T, Shankaran M, Hellerstein M, Evans WJ, Cummings SR. Associations between D 3Cr muscle mass and MR thigh muscle volume with strength, power, physical performance, fitness, and limitations in older adults in the SOMMA study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.09.23298303. [PMID: 37986809 PMCID: PMC10659521 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.23298303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Different measures to assess muscle size - magnetic resonance (MR) derived thigh muscle volume and d3-creatine dilution derived muscle mass (D3Cr muscle mass) - may have similar associations with strength, power, physical performance, fitness, and functional limitations in older adults. Methods Men (N=345) and women (N=482) aged ≥70 years from the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging completed exams including leg extension strength (1-repetition max) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess fitness (VO2peak). Correlations and adjusted regression models stratified by sex were used to assess the association between muscle size measures and study outcomes; we tested for sex interactions. Results D3Cr muscle mass and MR thigh muscle volume were correlated (men: r=0.62, women: r=0.51, p<.001). Lower D3Cr muscle mass and lower MR thigh muscle volume were associated with lower strength and lower VO2peak in both men and women; D3Cr muscle mass was more strongly associated with strength in men than in women (p-int<0.05). There were correlations, though less consistent, between muscle size or mass with physical performance and function. Associations between the muscle size measures and the study outcomes occasionally varied by sex, and associations of MR thigh muscle volume were, at times, slightly more strongly associated with the study outcomes than was D3Cr muscle mass. Conclusions Less muscle -measured by either D3Cr muscle mass or MR thigh muscle volume - was associated with lower strength and worse performance. Varied associations by sex and assessment method suggest consideration be given to which measurement to use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy M Cawthon
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terri L Blackwell
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine: Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine and The Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Kate Duchowny
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Theresa Mau
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Nieto-Acevedo R, Romero-Moraleda B, Montalvo-Pérez A, García-Sánchez C, Marquina-Nieto M, Mon-López D. Sex Differences in the Load-Velocity Profiles of Three Different Row Exercises. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:220. [PMID: 37999437 PMCID: PMC10675667 DOI: 10.3390/sports11110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the force-velocity profile differences between men and women in three variations of row exercises. Twenty-eight participants (14 men and 14 women) underwent maximum dynamic strength assessments in the free prone bench row (PBR), bent-over barbell row (BBOR), and Smith machine bent-over row (SMBOR) in a randomized order. Subjects performed a progressive loading test from 30 to 100% of 1-RM (repetition maximum), and the mean propulsive velocity was measured in all attempts. Linear regression analyses were conducted to establish the relationships between the different measures of bar velocity and % 1-RM. The ANOVAs applied to the mean velocity achieved in each % 1-RM tested revealed significantly higher velocity values for loads < 65% 1-RM in SMBOR compared to BBOR (p < 0.05) and higher velocities for loads < 90% 1-RM in SMBOR compared to PBR (p < 0.05) for both sexes. Furthermore, men provided significantly higher velocity values than women (PBR 55-100% 1-RM; BBOR and SMBOR < 85% 1-RM; p < 0.05) and significant differences were found between exercises and sex for 30-40% 1-RM. These results confirm that men have higher velocities at different relative loads (i.e., % 1-RM) compared to women during upper-body rowing exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Nieto-Acevedo
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-A.); (C.G.-S.); (M.M.-N.); (D.M.-L.)
| | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-A.); (C.G.-S.); (M.M.-N.); (D.M.-L.)
| | - Moisés Marquina-Nieto
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-A.); (C.G.-S.); (M.M.-N.); (D.M.-L.)
| | - Daniel Mon-López
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-A.); (C.G.-S.); (M.M.-N.); (D.M.-L.)
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23
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Zou Z, Wang Z, Herold F, Kramer AF, Ng JL, Hossain MM, Chen J, Kuang J. Validity and reliability of the physical activity and social support scale among Chinese established adults. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2023; 53:101793. [PMID: 37579659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Social support is a crucial factor that can facilitate regular engagement in physical activity. To assess the influence of social factors on the level of regular physical activity, the Physical Activity and Social Support Scale (PASSS) has been developed. However, the PASSS has yet to be validated in a Chinese sample of established adults. To address this gap in the literature, this study describes the development and psychometric evaluation of a Chinese version of the PASSS (PASSS-C) for established adults. PASSS-C was validated for a Chinese sample of adults aged between 30 and 45 years old (N = 1799). Structural validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM). Spearman's correlations between the PASSS-C and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF), the Social Support Rating Scale - Chinses Version (SSRS-C), and the Affective Exercise Experience Scale - Chinese Version (AFFEXX-C) were determined to examine the criterion validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficients and McDonald's omega coefficients were used to assess the internal consistency of the total scale and sub-scales of the PASSS-C. The results of the CFA suggest that the five-factor model had an acceptable fit (CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.01, RMSEA = 0.02). Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega for the PASSS-C and its sub-scales ranged from 0.81 to 0.96. The results indicate that the PASSS-C has acceptable psychometric properties. Thus, the scale can be used to assess the levels of social support for physical activity in Chinese established adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zou
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zihe Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Jonathan Leo Ng
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Sport, School of Education, College of Design and Social Context, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M Mahbub Hossain
- Department of Decision and Information Sciences, C.T. Bauer College of Business, University of Houston, TX 77204, USA; Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jin Kuang
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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24
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Schilling R, Schmidt SCE, Fiedler J, Woll A. Associations between physical activity, physical fitness, and body composition in adults living in Germany: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293555. [PMID: 37883524 PMCID: PMC10602354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Body composition (BC) changes with age and is associated with morbidity and mortality. A physically active lifestyle influences BC and represents an important predictor of successful aging. To emphasize this, the World Health Organization established activity recommendations for all age groups. We describe BC during adulthood using a cross-sectional sample from a German community and investigate the associations between physical activity (PA), physical fitness (PF), and BC. METHODS Data from 329 men and women aged 35 to 86 years were analyzed. PA was measured by questionnaire and classified into sport activity and habitual activity. PF was measured through physical performance tests and BC by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated to represent height-adjusted BC. Associations between PA, PF, and BC were analyzed using linear regression models. RESULTS For both sexes, strength was positively associated with FFMI (♂: ß = 0.313; ♀: ß = 0.213) and phase angle (♂: ß = 0.357; ♀: ß = 0.409). For FMI, a significant negative association with strength was found only in women (ß = -0.189). Cardiorespiratory fitness showed a negative association with FMI (ß = -0.312) and FFMI (ß = -0.201) for men, while in women a positive association was found for FFMI (ß = 0.186). For coordination, a significant association with FMI was observed only in women (ß = -0.190). Regarding PA only one significant relationship between sport activity and FMI among women (ß = -0.170) was found. CONCLUSIONS In our sample, PF was closer related to BC than PA. Strength and cardiorespiratory fitness were the strongest predictors for BC. This supports the World Health Organization's activity recommendations to include both resistance and endurance training in the weekly sports program to maintain a healthy BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schilling
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen C. E. Schmidt
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Janis Fiedler
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Wu D, Qu C, Huang P, Geng X, Zhang J, Shen Y, Rao Z, Zhao J. Water Intake and Handgrip Strength in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES 2011-2014 Data. Nutrients 2023; 15:4477. [PMID: 37892552 PMCID: PMC10609934 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between daily total intake of water (DTIW) and handgrip strength (HGS) among US adults and to explore the impact of water intake on muscle function and health, providing a reference for public health policies and health education. Using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted to analyze 5427 adults (48.37% female and 51.63% male) aged 20 years and above. DTIW was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recall interviews, and the HGS level was measured using a Takei Dynamometer. Weighted generalized linear regression models and restricted cubic spline plots were used to analyze the linear and nonlinear associations between DTIW and HGS level and to conduct a gender subgroup analysis and an interaction effect test. The results showed that there were significant differences in HGS and other characteristics among different quartile groups of DTIW (p < 0.05). There was a significant nonlinear trend (exhibiting an inverted U-curve) between DTIW and HGS (p for nonlinear = 0.0044), with a cut-off point of 2663 g/day. Gender subgroup analysis showed that the nonlinear trend (exhibiting an inverted U-curve) was significant only in males (p for nonlinear = 0.0016), with a cut-off point of 2595 g/day. None of the stratified variables had an interaction effect on the association between DTIW and HGS (p for interaction > 0.05). In conclusion, this study found a nonlinear association between DTIW and HGS levels, as well as a gender difference. This finding provides new clues and directions for exploring the mechanism of the impact of DTIW on muscle function and health and also provides new evidence and suggestions for adults to adjust their water intake reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Wu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Chaoyi Qu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xue Geng
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing 100763, China;
| | - Yulin Shen
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhijian Rao
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
- College of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (D.W.); (C.Q.); (P.H.); (X.G.); (Y.S.); (Z.R.)
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26
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Alotaibi R, Aladel A, Alshammari SA, Abulmeaty MMA, Alhamdan AA. Association of Nutritional Status and Diet Diversity with Skeletal Muscle Strength and Quality of Life among Older Arab Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4382. [PMID: 37892457 PMCID: PMC10609555 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little research evaluating skeletal muscle strength, nutritional status, and quality of life in older Arab adults. This study examined the association of nutritional status with skeletal muscle strength and quality of life among older adults living in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among older adults (n = 166 older adults; 57.8% females) who visited primary outpatient clinics at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh City. Sociodemographic data, Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF), diet variety score (DVS), and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) were assessed. Furthermore, handgrip strength (HGS) and knee extension strength (KES) were measured to evaluate skeletal muscle strength. Malnourishment and risk of malnutrition were found in 16.9% of our sample. Nutritional status was significantly associated with muscle strength and HR-QoL (p < 0.05). The well-nourished group had higher HGS, KES, and total HR-QoL scores compared to the at risk of malnutrition or malnourished group. Moreover, there was a moderate positive correlation between MNA-SF and total HR-QoL scores (r = 0.40). The percentage of individuals in the well-nourished group categorized with a high or moderate DVS was significantly higher than those at risk of malnutrition or are malnourished; however, DVS was not associated with muscle strength and HR-QoL. The MNA-SF score had a significant positive correlation with HGS (r = 0.30) and KES (r = 0.23). An increase in the MNA-SF score was significantly associated with higher odds of being moderate/high (HGS and HR-QoL) in the crude and adjusted models. In conclusion, maintaining adequate nutritional status is beneficial for preserving skeletal muscle strength and promoting better HR-QoL among older individuals. Therefore, applications of appropriate nutritional and muscle strength assessments in geriatric care institutions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaf Alotaibi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.A.A.)
| | - Alanoud Aladel
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.A.A.)
| | - Sulaiman A. Alshammari
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahmoud M. A. Abulmeaty
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.A.A.)
| | - Adel A. Alhamdan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.A.A.)
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27
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K. Overview of muscle fatigue differences between maximal eccentric and concentric resistance exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1901-1915. [PMID: 37269142 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, researchers have studied a potential difference in muscle fatigue (acute strength loss) between maximal eccentric (ECCmax ) and concentric (CONmax ) resistance exercise. However, a clear answer to whether such a difference exists has not been established. Therefore, the aim of our paper was to overview methods and results of studies that compared acute changes in muscle strength after bouts of ECCmax and CONmax resistance exercise. We identified 30 relevant studies. Participants were typically healthy men aged 20-40 years. Exercise usually consisted of 40-100 isokinetic ECCmax and CONmax repetitions of the knee extensors or elbow flexors. Both ECCmax and CONmax exercise caused significant strength loss, which plateaued and rarely exceeded 60% of baseline, suggesting strength preservation. In upper-body muscles, strength loss at the end of ECCmax (31.4 ± 20.4%) and CONmax (33.6 ± 17.5%) exercise was similar, whereas in lower-body muscles, strength loss was less after ECCmax (13.3 ± 12.2%) than CONmax (39.7 ± 13.3%) exercise. Muscle architecture and daily use of lower-body muscles likely protects lower-body muscles from strength loss during ECCmax exercise. We also reviewed seven studies on muscle fatigue during coupled ECCmax -CONmax exercise and found similar strength loss in the ECC and CON phases. We also found evidence from three studies that more ECC than CON repetitions can be completed at equal relative loads. These results indicate that muscle fatigue may manifest differently between ECCmax and CONmax resistance exercise. An implication of the results is that prescriptions of ECC resistance exercise for lower-body muscles should account for greater fatigue resilience of these muscles compared to upper-body muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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28
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O'Connor MI. Reply to the Letter to the Editor: Equity360: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity: Sex and Fairness in Sports. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2023; 481:2064-2067. [PMID: 37650807 PMCID: PMC10499070 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary I. O'Connor
- Co-founder and Chief Medical Officer, Vori Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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29
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Nuzzo JL, Deaner RO. Men and women differ in their interest and willingness to participate in exercise and sports science research. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1850-1865. [PMID: 37218686 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Unequal proportions of male and female participants in exercise research might be attributed, in part, to differences in interest and willingness to participate. We tested if men and women are equally interested and willing to undergo exercise research procedures and if they consider different factors when deciding to participate. Two samples completed an online survey. Sample 1 (129 men, 227 women) responded to advertisements on social media and survey-sharing websites. Sample 2 (155 men, 504 women) was comprised of undergraduate psychology students. In both samples, men were significantly more interested to learn their muscle mass amount, running speed, jump height, and ball throwing ability, and more willing to receive electrical shocks, cycle or run until exhaustion, complete strength training that causes muscle soreness, and take muscle-building supplements (all p ≤ 0.013, d = 0.23-0.48). Women were significantly more interested to learn their flexibility, and more willing to complete surveys, participate in stretching and group aerobics interventions, and participate in home exercise with online instruction (all p ≤ 0.021, d = 0.12-0.71). Women rated the following significantly more important when deciding to participate: study's implications for society; personal health status; confidence in own abilities; potential anxiety during testing; type of research facility; time to complete study; and invasiveness, pain/discomfort, and possible side effects of procedures (all p < 0.05, d = 0.26-0.81). Differences in interest and willingness to participate in research probably contribute to different proportions of men and women as participants in exercise research. Knowledge of these differences might help researchers develop recruitment strategies aimed at encouraging both men and women to participate in exercise studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert O Deaner
- Psychology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, USA
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30
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Mason BRJ, McKune AJ, Pumpa KL, Mara JK, Engel AC, Kilduff LP, Ball NB. The Effects of a Field-Based Priming Session on Perceptual, Physiological, and Performance Markers in Female Rugby Sevens Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:944-952. [PMID: 37491015 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of a field-based priming session on perceptual, physiological, and performance responses in female rugby sevens athletes. METHODS Thirteen highly trained female rugby sevens players (age: 20.7 [2.0] y; height: 169.3 [4.8] cm; weight: 68.8 [7.9] kg) completed either a 20-minute field-based priming session or a control condition. Perceptual, physiological, and performance variables were collected at baseline (PRE) and 5 (POST5), 30 (POST30), and 120 minutes (POST120) postintervention. Data were analyzed using Bayesian mixed effects models. RESULTS The priming protocol had a larger increase in mental readiness (maximum a posteriori [MAP] = 20, 95% high-density intervals [HDI] = -4 to 42, probability of direction [PD]% = 95, % in region of practical equivalence [ROPE] = 9.7), physical readiness (MAP = 20.1, 95% HDI = -4.6 to 42.1, PD% = 93, % in ROPE = 10.6), and testosterone (MAP = 14.9, 95% HDI = 0.5 to 27.7, PD% = 98, % in ROPE = 5.6) than the control POST30. Cognitive performance decreased POST120 in the priming condition for congruent (MAP = 0.02, 95% HDI = -0.06 to 0.00, PD% = 95, % in ROPE = 6.4) and incongruent tasks (MAP = 0.00, 95% HDI = -0.07 to 0.00, PD% = 98, % in ROPE = 3.2) when compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS Perceptual and physiological markers improved POST30 in the priming condition. Findings indicate that perceptual and physiological responses to priming were not coupled with performance improvements. Priming was not accompanied by perceptual, physiological, or performance improvements at POST120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy R J Mason
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, ACT,Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, ACT,Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,South Africa
| | - Kate L Pumpa
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, ACT,Australia
- University College Dublin, Dublin,Ireland
| | - Jocelyn K Mara
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, ACT,Australia
| | - Alexander C Engel
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, ACT,Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW,Australia
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Center (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea,United Kingdom
| | - Nick B Ball
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, ACT,Australia
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Martin J, Toczko M, Lockie RG. Individual responses to the implementation of mandatory fitness testing within a fire department. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:455-461. [PMID: 37258271 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2023-108828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of implementing a consequential fitness assessment (pull-ups, curl-ups, push-ups, 3 min step test) in a fire department on an individual level. METHODS We used a repeated-measures design to analyse fitness assessment data from 2019 to 2020 in Northern Virginia. A total of 631 professional firefighters completed the fitness assessment in both years. Repeated measures analysis of variances (ANOVAs) and multiple regression modelling were used to examine the effects of the fitness assessment and factors associated with changes in fitness, respectively. RESULTS Overall all aspects of fitness improved over the first year of implementation with a majority of firefighters improved on all components of the fitness assessment except for pull-ups (16.1% improved). Greater levels of baseline fitness and being female were negatively associated with changes in all fitness measures. Older firefighters had smaller changes in pull-up, curl-up and push-up performance. CONCLUSIONS During the first year of fitness assessment implementation, the fire department generally improved. The findings suggest that fire departments which enforce mandatory fitness assessments must establish policies for dealing with inadequate performance and offer resources to aid individual firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Toczko
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, USA
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Nieto-Acevedo R, Romero-Moraleda B, Díaz-Lara FJ, Rubia ADL, González-García J, Mon-López D. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Differences in Mean Propulsive Velocity between Men and Women in Different Exercises. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:118. [PMID: 37368568 DOI: 10.3390/sports11060118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the differences in the mean propulsive velocities between men and women in the different exercises studied (squat, bench press, inclined bench press and military press). Quality Assessment and Validity Tool for Correlational Studies was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Six studies of good and excellent methodological quality were included. Our meta-analysis compared men and women at the three most significant loads of the force-velocity profile (30, 70 and 90% of 1RM). A total of six studies were included in the systematic review, with a total sample of 249 participants (136 men and 113 women). The results of the main meta-analysis indicated that the mean propulsive velocity is lower in women than men in 30% of 1RM (ES = 1.30 ± 0.30; CI: 0.99-1.60; p < 0.001) and 70% of 1RM (ES = 0.92 ± 0.29; CI: 0.63, 1.21; p < 0.001). In contrast, for the 90% of the 1RM (ES = 0.27 ± 0.27; CI: 0.00, 0.55), we did not find significant differences (p = 0.05). Our results support the notion that prescription of the training load through the same velocity could cause women to receive different stimuli than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Nieto-Acevedo
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Díaz-Lara
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfonso de la Rubia
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime González-García
- Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain
| | - Daniel Mon-López
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. The Eccentric:Concentric Strength Ratio of Human Skeletal Muscle In Vivo: Meta-analysis of the Influences of Sex, Age, Joint Action, and Velocity. Sports Med 2023; 53:1125-1136. [PMID: 37129779 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
For decades, researchers have observed that eccentric (ECC) muscle strength is greater than concentric (CON) muscle strength. However, knowledge of the ECC:CON strength ratio is incomplete and might inform resistance exercise prescriptions. Our purposes were to determine the magnitude of the ECC:CON ratio of human skeletal muscle in vivo and explore if sex, age, joint actions/exercises, and movement velocity impact it. A total of 340 studies were identified through searches. It was possible to analyse 1516 ECC:CON ratios, aggregated from 12,546 individuals who made up 564 groups in 335 of the identified studies. Approximately 98% of measurements occurred on isokinetic machines. Bayesian meta-analyses were performed using log-ratios as response variables then exponentiated back to raw ratios. The overall main model estimate for the ECC:CON ratio was 1.41 (95% credible interval [CI] 1.38-1.44). The ECC:CON ratio was slightly less in men (1.38 [CI 1.34-1.41]) than women (1.47 [CI 1.43-1.51]), and greater in older adults (1.62 [CI 1.57-1.68]) than younger adults (1.39 [CI 1.36-1.42]). The ratio was similar between grouped upper-body (1.42 [CI 1.38-1.46]) and lower-body joint actions/exercises (1.40 [CI 1.37-1.44]). However, heterogeneity in the ratio existed across joint actions/exercises, with point estimates ranging from 1.32 to 2.61. The ECC:CON ratio was most greatly impacted by movement velocity, with a 0.20% increase in the ratio for every 1°/s increase in velocity. The results show that ECC muscle strength is ~ 40% greater than CON muscle strength. However, the ECC:CON ratio is greatly affected by movement velocity and to lesser extents age and sex. Differences between joint actions/exercises likely exist, but more data are needed to provide more precise estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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Nieto-Acevedo R, Romero-Moraleda B, Montalvo-Pérez A, Valdés-Álvarez A, García-Sánchez C, Mon-López D. Should We Use the Men Load-Velocity Profile for Women in Deadlift and Hip Thrust? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4888. [PMID: 36981796 PMCID: PMC10048953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Injuries are common in team sports and can impact both team and individual performance. In particular, hamstring strain injuries are some of the most common injuries. Furthermore, hamstring injury ratios, in number of injuries and total absence days, have doubled in the last 21 seasons in professional soccer. Weakness in hip extensor strength has been identified as a risk factor in elite-level sprinters. In addition, strength imbalances of the hamstring muscle group seem to be a common cause of hamstring strain injuries. In this regard, velocity-based training has been proposed to analyze deficits in the force-velocity profile. Previous studies have shown differences between men and women, since there are biomechanical and neuromuscular differences in the lower limbs between sexes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the load-velocity profile between males and females during two of the most important hip extension exercises: the hip thrust and the deadlift. Sixteen men and sixteen women were measured in an incremental loading test following standard procedures for the hip thrust and deadlift exercises. Pearson's correlation (r) was used to measure the strength of the correlation between movement velocity and load (%1RM). The differences in the load-velocity relationship between the men and the women were assessed using a 2 (sex) × 15 (load) repeated-measures ANOVA. The main findings revealed that: (I) the load-velocity relationship was always strong and linear in both exercises (R2 range: 0.88-0.94), (II) men showed higher velocities for light loads (30-50%1RM; effect size: 0.9-0.96) than women for the deadlift, but no significant differences were found for the hip thrust. Based on the results of this study, the load-velocity equations seem to be sex-specific. Therefore, we suggest that using sex-specific equations to analyze deficits in the force-velocity profile would be more effective to control intensity in the deadlift exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Nieto-Acevedo
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C. de Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Agustín Valdés-Álvarez
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Sánchez
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C. de Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Mon-López
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C. de Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Muscle strength and activity in men and women performing maximal effort biceps curl exercise on a new machine that automates eccentric overload and drop setting. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1381-1396. [PMID: 36856799 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Connected adaptive resistance exercise (CARE) machines are new equipment purported to adjust resistances within and between repetitions to make eccentric (ECC) overload and drop sets more feasible. Here, we examined muscle strength, endurance, electromyographic activity (EMG), and perceptions of fatigue during unilateral bicep curl exercise with a CARE machine and dumbbells. We also tested for sex differences in muscle fatigability. METHODS Twelve men and nine women attempted 25 consecutive coupled maximal ECC-concentric (CON) repetitions (ECCmax-CONmax) on a CARE machine. Participants also completed a CON one repetition maximum (1RM) and repetitions-to-failure tests with 60 and 80% 1RM dumbbells. RESULTS Maximal strength on the CARE machine was greater during the ECC than CON phase, illustrating ECC overload (men: 27.1 ± 6.8, 14.7 ± 2.0 kg; women: 16.7 ± 4.7, 7.6 ± 1.4 kg). These maximal resistances demanded large neural drive. Biceps brachii EMG amplitude relative to CON dumbbell 1RM EMG was 140.1 ± 40.2% (ECC) and 96.7 ± 25.0% (CON) for men and 165.1 ± 61.1% (ECC) and 89.4 ± 20.4% (CON) for women. The machine's drop setting algorithm permitted 25 consecutive maximal effort repetitions without stopping. By comparison, participants completed fewer repetitions-to-failure with the submaximal dumbbells (e.g., 60%1RM-men: 12.3 ± 4.4; women: 15.6 ± 4.7 repetitions). By the 25th CARE repetition, participants reported heightened biceps fatigue (~ 8 of 10) and exhibited large decreases in ECC strength (men: 63.5 ± 11.6%; women: 44.1 ± 8.0%), CON strength (men: 77.5 ± 6.5%; women: 62.5 ± 12.8%), ECC EMG (men: 38.6 ± 20.4%; women: 26.2 ± 18.3%), and CON EMG (men: 36.8 ± 20.4%; women: 23.1 ± 18.4%). CONCLUSION ECC overload and drop sets occurred automatically and feasibly with CARE technology and caused greater strength and EMG loss in men than women.
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K. Muscle fatigue during maximal eccentric-only, concentric-only, and eccentric-concentric bicep curl exercise with automated drop setting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:857-871. [PMID: 36752667 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Connected adaptive resistance exercise (CARE) machines are new technology purported to adjust resistance exercise loads in response to muscle fatigue. The present study examined muscle fatigue (strength loss, fatigue perceptions) during maximal eccentric-only (ECCmax -only), concentric-only (CONmax -only), and coupled ECC-CON (ECCmax -CONmax ) bicep curl exercise on a CARE machine. Eleven men and nine women completed the three protocols in separate sessions and in random order. All protocols included 4 sets of 20 maximal effort muscle contractions. Strength loss was calculated as Set 4 set end load minus Set 1 highest load. The CARE machine's algorithm adjusted resistances automatically, permitting continued maximal effort repetitions without stopping. Consequently, all protocols caused substantial fatigue. Women were most susceptible to strength loss from exercise that included maximal efforts in the ECC phase, whereas men were most susceptible to strength loss from exercise that included maximal efforts in the CON phase. With ECCmax -only exercise, ECC strength loss (mean ± SD) was similar between men (55.9 ± 14.1%) and women (56.4 ± 10.8%). However, with CONmax -only exercise, men and women experienced 55.6 ± 6.2% and 35.3 ± 8.7% CON strength loss, respectively. With ECCmax -CONmax exercise, men experienced greater ECC (62.9 ± 7.7%) and CON (77.0 ± 5.3%) strength loss than women (ECC: 48.5 ± 15.7%, CON: 66.2 ± 12.1%). Heightened perceptions of fatigue and pain of the exercised limb were reported after all protocols. Women generally reported more biceps pain than men. The results illustrate CARE technology delivers ECC-only and accentuated ECC exercise feasibly. Acute responses to repeated maximal effort bicep curl exercise with such technology might differ between men and women depending on muscle contraction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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