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Niazi AG, Ahmed N, Kifayat S, Kifayat S, Niazi MA, Khan MS. Urban Churches Show an Increase in Attendance, Donations, and Finances During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the USA: Evidence from the United Methodist Church. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024:10.1007/s10943-024-02046-z. [PMID: 38709431 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-024-02046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on religion and its practice. This paper aims to examine how the pandemic affects religious activities, donations, and finances over time and across regions within the United Methodist Church (UMC) in the USA. To address this question, we analyze survey data collected during the pandemic from 2963 churches in the USA by United Methodist Communications. Our analysis utilizes several quantitative techniques, including Z-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multinomial logistic regressions. The results indicate a decrease in church attendance over time, with a more pronounced effect observed in non-urban areas (suburban, small town, and rural). Similarly, while church donations and finances mitigate over time across churches, churches in urban areas experience a quicker rebound compared to those in non-urban areas. Lastly, we find that church attendance and donations positively affect finances. These findings hold important implications for churches in various regions, offering insights to develop strategies for navigating the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum G Niazi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Shandana Kifayat
- Khyber Teaching Hospital, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Salar Khan
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
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2
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Alahmari AA, Khan AA, Alamri FA, Almuzaini YS, Habash AK, Jokhdar H. Healthcare policies, precautionary measures and outcomes of mass gathering events in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: Expedited review. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17 Suppl 1:27-33. [PMID: 37059635 PMCID: PMC10049799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, several countries suspended or restricted mass gathering (MG) events to mitigate the risk of superspreading events. Prohibiting MGs aimed to lessen the likelihood of highly infectious persons coming into close contact with many others. Now that the world has opened its doors wide and removed most of precautionary measures, many questions arise. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current evidence regarding the policies and regulations that were implemented for the safe return of MG events. Besides, we highlighted the impact of the return of MG events during 2021 on the trajectory of COVID-19 spread. Canceling MG events can carry religious, societal, economic, and public negative consequences necessitating the safe return of these events. The experience with the COVID-19 pandemic was the foundation for the recommendations for the safe conduction of MG events during the pandemic by international public health bodies. When policymakers adequately applied precautionary measures and strategic approaches, we witnessed the safe holding of huge MG events without aggravating the COVID-19 situation or increasing the number of new cases beyond the capacity and readiness of the national healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Alahmari
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas A Khan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alamri
- Global Centre of Mass Gatherings Medicine, Family Medicine, Primary Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yasir S Almuzaini
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia K Habash
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Jokhdar
- Deputyship of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Bert F, Lo Moro G, Peano A, Previti C, Siliquini R. Outbreaks of COVID-19 in indoor places of worship: a systematic review. Perspect Public Health 2024; 144:86-97. [PMID: 36073324 DOI: 10.1177/17579139221118218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This review aimed to describe what has been published on COVID-19 outbreaks originating from indoor places of worship. METHODS A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist by searching PubMed, Scopus and Embase from 1 January 2020 to 29 March 2021. Citation chasing was also performed. Studies with information about COVID-19 outbreaks originating in indoor places of worship of any religion were included. RESULTS A total of 9729 records were identified and 36 were selected. The articles reported 119 descriptions of outbreaks linked to churches, mosques, synagogues, and temples, referring to approximately 52-74 unique outbreaks. The outbreaks were mostly located in three major areas: East and Southeast Asia (46%), the USA (27%), Europe (22%). All the outbreaks began in 2020. Mainly, there were no restrictive measures, or such measures were not followed at the time of the outbreak. Choir practices presented the highest attack rate (up to 0.867). CONCLUSIONS The lack of preventive measures and the role of singing practices were highlighted. Reports were often lacking contact tracing and sometimes did not report the date of outbreak extinction. Moreover, reports came from few geographical areas. Thus, the impact of transmission in places of worship may be largely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G Lo Moro
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - A Peano
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - C Previti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - R Siliquini
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Park J, Yi S, Chang W, Mateu J. A spatio-temporal Dirichlet process mixture model for coronavirus disease-19. Stat Med 2023; 42:5555-5576. [PMID: 37812818 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential to construct public health interventions. Spatially referenced data can provide richer opportunities to understand the mechanism of the disease spread compared to the more often encountered aggregated count data. We propose a spatio-temporal Dirichlet process mixture model to analyze confirmed cases of COVID-19 in an urban environment. Our method can detect unobserved cluster centers of the epidemics, and estimate the space-time range of the clusters that are useful to construct a warning system. Furthermore, our model can measure the impact of different types of landmarks in the city, which provides an intuitive explanation of disease spreading sources from different time points. To efficiently capture the temporal dynamics of the disease patterns, we employ a sequential approach that uses the posterior distribution of the parameters for the previous time step as the prior information for the current time step. This approach enables us to incorporate time dependence into our model in a computationally efficient manner without complicating the model structure. We also develop a model assessment by comparing the data with theoretical densities, and outline the goodness-of-fit of our fitted model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Park
- Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seorim Yi
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Chang
- Division of Statistics and Data Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jorge Mateu
- Department of Mathematics, University Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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5
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Althouse BM, Wallace B, Case BKM, Scarpino SV, Allard A, Berdahl AM, White ER, Hébert-Dufresne L. The unintended consequences of inconsistent closure policies and mobility restrictions during epidemics. BMC GLOBAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 1:28. [PMID: 38798822 PMCID: PMC11116187 DOI: 10.1186/s44263-023-00028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Controlling the spread of infectious diseases-even when safe, transmission-blocking vaccines are available-may require the effective use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), e.g., mask wearing, testing, limits on group sizes, venue closure. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, many countries implemented NPIs inconsistently in space and time. This inconsistency was especially pronounced for policies in the United States of America (US) related to venue closure. Methods Here, we investigate the impact of inconsistent policies associated with venue closure using mathematical modeling and high-resolution human mobility, Google search, and county-level SARS-CoV-2 incidence data from the USA. Specifically, we look at high-resolution location data and perform a US-county-level analysis of nearly 8 million SARS-CoV-2 cases and 150 million location visits, including 120 million church visitors across 184,677 churches, 14 million grocery visitors across 7662 grocery stores, and 13.5 million gym visitors across 5483 gyms. Results Analyzing the interaction between venue closure and changing mobility using a mathematical model shows that, across a broad range of model parameters, inconsistent or partial closure can be worse in terms of disease transmission as compared to scenarios with no closures at all. Importantly, changes in mobility patterns due to epidemic control measures can lead to increase in the future number of cases. In the most severe cases, individuals traveling to neighboring jurisdictions with different closure policies can result in an outbreak that would otherwise have been contained. To motivate our mathematical models, we turn to mobility data and find that while stay-at-home orders and closures decreased contacts in most areas of the USA, some specific activities and venues saw an increase in attendance and an increase in the distance visitors traveled to attend. We support this finding using search query data, which clearly shows a shift in information seeking behavior concurrent with the changing mobility patterns. Conclusions While coarse-grained observations are not sufficient to validate our models, taken together, they highlight the potential unintended consequences of inconsistent epidemic control policies related to venue closure and stress the importance of balancing the societal needs of a population with the risk of an outbreak growing into a large epidemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44263-023-00028-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Althouse
- University of Washington, Seattle, 98105 WA USA
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003 NM USA
| | - Brendan Wallace
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195 WA USA
- Present Address: Quantitative Ecology and Resource Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences,, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - B. K. M. Case
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405 VT USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405 VT USA
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405 VT USA
- Institute for Experiential AI, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM USA
| | - Antoine Allard
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405 VT USA
- Département de physique, de génie physique et d’optique, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), G1V 0A6 Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire en modélisation mathématique, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Andrew M. Berdahl
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195 WA USA
| | - Easton R. White
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824 NH USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405 VT USA
| | - Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405 VT USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405 VT USA
- Département de physique, de génie physique et d’optique, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), G1V 0A6 Canada
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Rahaman H, Barik D. Investigation of airborne spread of COVID-19 using a hybrid agent-based model: a case study of the UK. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230377. [PMID: 37501658 PMCID: PMC10369033 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Agent-based models have been proven to be quite useful in understanding and predicting the SARS-CoV-2 virus-originated COVID-19 infection. Person-to-person contact was considered as the main mechanism of viral transmission in these models. However, recent understanding has confirmed that airborne transmission is the main route to infection spread of COVID-19. We have developed a computationally efficient agent-based hybrid model to study the aerial propagation of the virus and subsequent spread of infection. We considered virus, a continuous variable, spreads diffusively in air and members of populations as discrete agents possessing one of the eight different states at a particular time. The transition from one state to another is probabilistic and age linked. Recognizing that population movement is a key aspect of infection spread, the model allows unbiased movement of agents. We benchmarked the model to recapture the temporal stochastic infection count data of the UK. The model investigates various key factors such as movement, infection susceptibility, new variants, recovery rate and duration, incubation period and vaccination on the infection propagation over time. Furthermore, the model was applied to capture the infection spread in Italy and France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafijur Rahaman
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University PO, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Debashis Barik
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University PO, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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Shim J, Lee E, Kim E, Choi Y, Kang G, Kim BI. COVID-19 outbreak in a religious village community in Republic of Korea and risk factors for transmission. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023; 14:110-118. [PMID: 37183331 PMCID: PMC10211447 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the scale and transmission patterns of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a religious village community in South Korea, to determine the risk factors of transmission, and to evaluate vaccine effectiveness. METHODS An epidemiological survey was conducted, and data were collected and analyzed from 602 villagers in the religious village community. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for COVID-19 transmission and to evaluate vaccine effectiveness. RESULTS The outbreak attack rate was 72.1% (434/602). The attack rate was high among women in their 60s, the unemployed, residents living near religious facility (<500 m), and the unvaccinated. Age, the distance between religious facility and residences, and the absence of vaccination were identified as risk factors for transmission. Vaccine effectiveness was 49.0%, and the highest effectiveness was seen in the age group of 59 years or younger (65.8%). CONCLUSION This village community was isolated, with little communication with the outside world. However, the frequency of close contact between residents was relatively high, contributing to the spread of COVID-19 in the village even with relatively short exposure. Vaccination rates in the village community were also lower than those in the general public. Public health authorities should consider the potential impact of cultural factors, including religion, that could lead to the exponential spread of COVID-19 in closed village communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiae Shim
- Division of Infectious Disease Response, Chungnam Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease Response, Chungnam Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Response, Chungnam Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Choi
- Division of Infectious Disease Response, Chungnam Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Giseok Kang
- Chungnam Center for Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Hongseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Bryan Inho Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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8
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GOSTIN LAWRENCEO. Judicial Power and Influence on Population Health. Milbank Q 2023; 101:700-733. [PMID: 37096625 PMCID: PMC10126967 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Since its founding, the Supreme Court has played a major role in defining the parameters of governments' public health powers and the scope of individual health-related rights. Although conservative courts have been less favorable to public health objectives, federal courts have, for the most part, advanced public health interests through consensus and adherence to the rule of law. In establishing the current six-three conservative supermajority, the Trump administration and the Senate shifted the Supreme Court dramatically. A majority of Justices, led by Chief Justice Roberts, did shift the Court in a decidedly conservative direction. It did so incrementally, guided by the Chief's intuition that the Institution itself should be preserved, mindful of maintaining public trust and appearing outside the political fray. That has all changed because Roberts' voice no longer holds sway. Five members of the Court have displayed a willingness to overturn even long-held precedent and dismantle public health policy in favor of the Justices' core ideological tenants-notably the extensive reach of the First and Second Amendments and a parsimonious view of executive and administrative action. Public health is vulnerable to judicial rulings in this new conservative era. This includes classic public health powers in infectious disease control as well as reproductive rights; lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer or questioning, and others (LGBTQ+) rights; firearm safety; immigration; and climate change. Congress has the power to curb the most extreme actions of the Court while still adhering to the vital ideal of a nonpolitical branch. That does not require Congress itself to overreach (such as by "packing" the Supreme Court, as Franklin Delaeno Roosevelt once proposed). Congress could, however, 1) disempower lower federal judges from issuing injunctions that apply nationwide, 2) limit the Supreme Court's so-called shadow docket, 3) alter the way that presidents appoint federal judges, and 4) set reasonable term limits for federal judges and Supreme Court Justices.
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Jayroe M, Aguilar DR, Porter A, Cima M, Chai S, Hayman K. Transmission Analysis of COVID-19 Outbreaks Associated with Places of Worship, Arkansas, May 2020-December 2020. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:650-661. [PMID: 36050584 PMCID: PMC9436717 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe a statewide COVID-19 transmission involving places of worship (POWs) during the early phase of the pandemic. During the period of May 2020-December 2020, this analysis evaluated COVID-19 cases in Arkansas reported in REDCap for overall cases associated with POWs, cluster detection, and network analysis of one POW utilizing Microbetrace. A total of 9904 COVID-19 cases reported attending an in-person POW service during the early phase of the pandemic with 353 probable POW-associated clusters identified. Network analysis for 'POW A' showed at least 60 COVID-19 cases were traced to at least 4 different settings. The pandemic gave an opportunity to observe and stress the importance of public health and POWs working closely together with a shared goal of facilitating worship in a manner that optimizes congregational and community safety during a public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Jayroe
- Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 W Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | | | - Austin Porter
- Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 W Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, # 820, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Mike Cima
- Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 W Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Sandra Chai
- Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 W Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Kimberly Hayman
- Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 W Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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Sisti LG, Buonsenso D, Moscato U, Costanzo G, Malorni W. The Role of Religions in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031691. [PMID: 36767057 PMCID: PMC9914292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Culture, religion and health are closely intertwined, profoundly affecting people's attitudes and behaviors as well as their conception and experience of illness and disease. In order to analyze the impact of religion in the current COVID-19 pandemic, we performed a literature review investigating both the scientific and grey literature on the topic. COVID-19 outbreaks reported in pilgrimages and religious ceremonies around the world-especially in the first wave of the pandemic wave-and the role played by religion in conveying culturally sensitive information about COVID-19 are some of the evidence we reviewed. Our research highlights how religions have represented, on the one hand, a risk for the spread of the virus and, on the other, a precious opportunity to engage people, and in particular minorities, in fighting the pandemic. To overcome this pandemic and to be prepared for similar ones in the future, scientists, politicians and health professionals should acknowledge the role that culture and religion play in people's lives and how it can assist in tackling complex health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leuconoe Grazia Sisti
- Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Moscato
- Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Costanzo
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Williams MJ, Wagoner Z, Rodman-Alvarez S, Pasillas V, Sanchez A. Prioritizing health: Churches response to the COVID-19 pandemic. J Prev Interv Community 2023; 51:73-89. [PMID: 34181863 DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2021.1924593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Churches serve as a source of connection and support for spiritual wellbeing. More recently, church communities recognize the importance of extending support beyond spirituality and taking a holistic approach that includes mental and physical health. How each church goes about providing support varies among denominations and the needs of their communities. This exploratory study examines how churches of various denominations in the Tri-City region (Pomona, La Verne, and Claremont) of Los Angeles County perceive the seriousness of COVID-19, their responses to the pandemic, and the potential impact on their congregations. Results indicated that the majority (84%) of spiritual community participants view COVID-19 as a threat to personal health, and are taking steps to minimize the threat to their congregations' health and surrounding communities. Implications for church leadership to consider when planning continued operations and congregant support in response to COVID-19 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J Williams
- Physician Assistant Program, University of La Verne, La Verne, California, USA.,Master of Science in Community Medicine, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Zandra Wagoner
- University Chaplain, University of La Verne, La Verne, California, USA
| | - Sarah Rodman-Alvarez
- Randall Lewis Center for Well-Being & Research, University of La Verne, La Verne, California, USA
| | - Valerie Pasillas
- Sociology and Anthropology Department, University of La Verne, La Verne, California, USA
| | - America Sanchez
- Religion/Philosophy Department, University of La Verne, La Verne, California, USA
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12
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Spatial Optimization to Improve COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010064. [PMID: 36679909 PMCID: PMC9866695 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early distribution of COVID-19 vaccines was largely driven by population size and did not account for COVID-19 prevalence nor location characteristics. In this study, we applied an optimization framework to identify distribution strategies that would have lowered COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality. During the first half of 2021 in the state of Missouri, optimized vaccine allocation would have decreased case incidence by 8% with 5926 fewer COVID-19 cases, 106 fewer deaths, and 4.5 million dollars in healthcare cost saved. As COVID-19 variants continue to be identified, and the likelihood of future pandemics remains high, application of resource optimization should be a priority for policy makers.
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Goupil de Bouillé J, Luong Nguyen LB, Crépey P, Garlantezec R, Doré V, Dumas A, Ben Mechlia M, Tattevin P, Gaudart J, Spire B, Lert F, Yazdanpanah Y, Delaugerre C, Noret M, Zeggagh J. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during indoor clubbing events: A clustered randomized, controlled, multicentre trial protocol. Front Public Health 2022; 10:981213. [PMID: 36438274 PMCID: PMC9687087 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.981213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to the implementation of several non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), from closings of bars and restaurants to curfews and lockdowns. Vaccination campaigns started hoping it could efficiently alleviate NPI. The primary objective of the "Indoor Transmission of COVID-19" (ITOC) study is to determine among a fully vaccinated population the relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission during one indoor clubbing event. Secondary objectives are to assess the transmission of other respiratory viruses, risk exposure, and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination, health pass, and psychological impact of indoor club closing. Methods and analysis Four thousand four hundred healthy volunteers aged 18-49 years and fully vaccinated will be included in Paris region. The intervention is an 8-hour indoor clubbing event with no masks, no social distance, maximum room capacity, and ventilation. A reservation group of up to 10 people will recruit participants, who will be randomized 1:1 to either the experimental group (2,200 volunteers in two venues with capacities of 1,000 people each) or the control group (2,200 volunteers asked not to go to the club). All participants will provide a salivary sample on the day of the experiment and 7 days later. They also will answer several questionnaires. Virological analyses include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of salivary samples and air of the venue, investigating SARS-CoV-2 and 18 respiratory viruses. Ethics and dissemination Ethical clearance was first obtained in France from the institutional review board (Comité de Protection des Personnes Ile de France VII - CPP), and the trial received clearance from the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products (Agence National de Sécurité du Médicament - ANSM). The trial is supported and approved by The Agence Nationale Recherche sur le SIDA, les hépatites et maladies émergences (ANRS-MIE). Positive, negative, and inconclusive results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Trial registration number IDR-CB 2021-A01473-38. Clinicaltrial.gov, identifier: NCT05311865.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Goupil de Bouillé
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, Bobigny, France,LEPS Laboratoire Éducations et Pratiques de Santé, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France,*Correspondence: Jeanne Goupil de Bouillé
| | | | - Pascal Crépey
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, CNRS, INSERM, Arènes - UMR 6051, RSMS - U 1309, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Garlantezec
- CHU de Rennes, University Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | | | - Audrey Dumas
- ANRS, Agence Nationale Recherche Sida, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Tattevin
- Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Jean Gaudart
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, ISSPAM, UMR1252, Hop Timone, BioSTIC, Biostatistic and ICT, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Spire
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, ISSPAM, UMR1252, Marseille, France
| | - France Lert
- ANRS, Agence Nationale Recherche Sida, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- ANRS, Agence Nationale Recherche Sida, Paris, France,Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, INSERM U944, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Jeremy Zeggagh
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
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14
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Lizewski RA, Sealfon RSG, Park SW, Smith GR, Porter CK, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Ge Y, Miller CM, Goforth CW, Pincas H, Termini MS, Ramos I, Nair VD, Lizewski SE, Alshammary H, Cer RZ, Chen HW, George MC, Arnold CE, Glang LA, Long KA, Malagon F, Marayag JJ, Nunez E, Rice GK, Santa Ana E, Schilling MA, Smith DR, Sugiharto VA, Sun P, van de Guchte A, Khan Z, Dutta J, Vangeti S, Voegtly LJ, Weir DL, Metcalf CJE, Troyanskaya OG, Bishop-Lilly KA, Grenfell BT, van Bakel H, Letizia AG, Sealfon SC. SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak Dynamics in an Isolated US Military Recruit Training Center With Rigorous Prevention Measures. Epidemiology 2022; 33:797-807. [PMID: 35944149 PMCID: PMC9531985 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine recruits training at Parris Island experienced an unexpectedly high rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, despite preventive measures including a supervised, 2-week, pre-entry quarantine. We characterize SARS-CoV-2 transmission in this cohort. METHODS Between May and November 2020, we monitored 2,469 unvaccinated, mostly male, Marine recruits prospectively during basic training. If participants tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at the end of quarantine, they were transferred to the training site in segregated companies and underwent biweekly testing for 6 weeks. We assessed the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention measures on other respiratory infections with passive surveillance data, performed phylogenetic analysis, and modeled transmission dynamics and testing regimens. RESULTS Preventive measures were associated with drastically lower rates of other respiratory illnesses. However, among the trainees, 1,107 (44.8%) tested SARS-CoV-2-positive, with either mild or no symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis of viral genomes from 580 participants revealed that all cases but one were linked to five independent introductions, each characterized by accumulation of mutations across and within companies, and similar viral isolates in individuals from the same company. Variation in company transmission rates (mean reproduction number R 0 ; 5.5 [95% confidence interval [CI], 5.0, 6.1]) could be accounted for by multiple initial cases within a company and superspreader events. Simulations indicate that frequent rapid-report testing with case isolation may minimize outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS Transmission of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 among Marine recruits was approximately twice that seen in the community. Insights from SARS-CoV-2 outbreak dynamics and mutations spread in a remote, congregate setting may inform effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel S. G. Sealfon
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY
| | - Sang Woo Park
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Gregory R. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Ana S. Gonzalez-Reiche
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Clare M. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Hanna Pincas
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Irene Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Venugopalan D. Nair
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Hala Alshammary
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Regina Z. Cer
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Hua Wei Chen
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Catherine E. Arnold
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA
| | - Lindsay A. Glang
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD
- Leidos, Reston, VA
| | - Kyle A. Long
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD
- Leidos, Reston, VA
| | - Francisco Malagon
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD
- Leidos, Reston, VA
| | | | - Edgar Nunez
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Gregory K. Rice
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD
- Leidos, Reston, VA
| | | | | | - Darci R. Smith
- Immunodiagnostics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Victor A. Sugiharto
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peifang Sun
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Adriana van de Guchte
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Zenab Khan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jayeeta Dutta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sindhu Vangeti
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Logan J. Voegtly
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD
- Leidos, Reston, VA
| | - Dawn L. Weir
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | - Olga G. Troyanskaya
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Kimberly A. Bishop-Lilly
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Bryan T. Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Stuart C. Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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15
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Bhatia R, Sledge I, Baral S. Missing science: A scoping study of COVID-19 epidemiological data in the United States. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0248793. [PMID: 36223335 PMCID: PMC9555641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic approaches to epidemiologic data collection are critical for informing pandemic responses, providing information for the targeting and timing of mitigations, for judging the efficacy and efficiency of alternative response strategies, and for conducting real-world impact assessments. Here, we report on a scoping study to assess the completeness of epidemiological data available for COVID-19 pandemic management in the United States, enumerating authoritative US government estimates of parameters of infectious transmission, infection severity, and disease burden and characterizing the extent and scope of US public health affiliated epidemiological investigations published through November 2021. While we found authoritative estimates for most expected transmission and disease severity parameters, some were lacking, and others had significant uncertainties. Moreover, most transmission parameters were not validated domestically or re-assessed over the course of the pandemic. Publicly available disease surveillance measures did grow appreciably in scope and resolution over time; however, their resolution with regards to specific populations and exposure settings remained limited. We identified 283 published epidemiological reports authored by investigators affiliated with U.S. governmental public health entities. Most reported on descriptive studies. Published analytic studies did not appear to fully respond to knowledge gaps or to provide systematic evidence to support, evaluate or tailor community mitigation strategies. The existence of epidemiological data gaps 18 months after the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need for more timely standardization of data collection practices and for anticipatory research priorities and protocols for emerging infectious disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Bhatia
- Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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16
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Nurmansyah MI, Handayani S, Kurniawan DW, Rachmawati E, Alim AM. Congregational Worshiping and Implementation of the COVID-19 Preventive Behavioral Measures During the Re-opening Phase of Worship Places Among Indonesian Muslims. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:4169-4188. [PMID: 35690696 PMCID: PMC9188357 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed at exploring the congregational form of worshiping and the preventative behaviors against COVID-19 among Indonesian Muslims during the re-opening phase of worship places. One thousand and ninety-seven (1097) participants who were a part of one of the largest Indonesian socio-religious organizations (Muhammadiyah) were included in the study. This study found most of the respondents to have performed tarawih prayers (66.7%) and Eid prayers (67.4%) at home during the pandemic. Furthermore, some Muslim worshipers did not observe COVID-19 preventive behavioral measures during the congregational prayers, and the attended mosques had inadequate facilitation for COVID-19 prevention. Neverthless, mosques are important settings for health promotion programs, whose religious leaders can be partners in delivering health related messages to their attending members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad Iqbal Nurmansyah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Jl. Kertamukti No.5, Ciputat, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia.
| | - Sarah Handayani
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Deni Wahyudi Kurniawan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Emma Rachmawati
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA, Jakarta, Indonesia
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17
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Zhu S, Lin T, Wang L, Nardell EA, Vincent RL, Srebric J. Ceiling impact on air disinfection performance of Upper-Room Germicidal Ultraviolet (UR-GUV). BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 224:109530. [PMID: 36065253 PMCID: PMC9429126 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate air disinfection for SARS-CoV-2 by the Upper-Room Germicidal Ultraviolet (UR-GUV), with focus on ceiling impact. The study includes three indoor settings, i.e., low (airport bus), medium (classroom) and high (rehearsal room) ceilings, which were ventilated with 100% clean air (CA case), 80% air-recirculation with a low filtration (LF case), and 80% air-recirculation with a high filtration (HF case). According to the results, using UR-GUV can offset the increased infection risk caused by air recirculation, with viral concentrations in near field (NF) and far field (FF) in the LF case similar to those in the CA case. In the CA case, fraction remaining (FR) was 0.48-0.73 with 25% occupancy rate (OR) and 0.49-0.91 with 45% OR in the bus, 0.41 in NF and 0.11 in FF in the classroom, and 0.18 in NF and 0.09 in FF in the rehearsal room. Obviously, UR-GUV performance in NF can be improved in a room with a high ceiling where FR has a power relationship with UV zone height. As using UR-GUV can only extend the exposure time to get infection risk of 1% (T 1% ) to 8 min in NF in the classroom, and 47 min in NF in the rehearsal room, it is necessary to abide by social distancing in the two rooms. In addition, T 1% in FF was calculated to be 18.3 min with 25% OR and 21.4% with 45% OR in the airport bus, showing the necessity to further wear a mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lingzhe Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Edward A Nardell
- Departments of Environmental Health and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jelena Srebric
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Johnston
- Infectious Diseases, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Sion Lingard
- Health Protection Team, Public Health Wales, Swansea
| | - Stephen Hailey
- Medical Directorate - General Practice & Revalidation, NHS Wales Health Education and Improvement Wales, Nantgarw, Rhondda Cynon Taff, UK
| | - Brendan Healy
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Public Health Wales, Cardiff
- Department of Microbiology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
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19
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Boehme KW, Kennedy JL, Snowden J, Owens SM, Kouassi M, Mann RL, Paredes A, Putt C, James L, Jin J, Du R, Kirkpatrick C, Modi Z, Caid K, Young S, Zohoori N, Kothari A, Boyanton BL, Craig Forrest J. Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Arkansas Over the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:248-256. [PMID: 35294550 PMCID: PMC8992271 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence studies largely focus on adults, but little is known about spread in children. We determined SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in children and adolescents from Arkansas over the first year of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS We tested remnant serum samples from children ages 1-18 years who visited Arkansas hospitals or clinics for non-COVID-19-related reasons from April 2020 through April 2021 for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We used univariable and multivariable regression models to determine the association between seropositivity and participant characteristics. RESULTS Among 2357 participants, seroprevalence rose from 7.9% in April/May 2020 (95% CI, 4.9-10.9) to 25.0% in April 2021 (95% CI, 21.5-28.5). Hispanic and black children had a higher association with antibody positivity than non-Hispanic and white children, respectively, in multiple sampling periods. CONCLUSIONS By spring 2021, most children in Arkansas were not infected with SARS-CoV-2. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, recognition of long-term effects of COVID-19, and the lack of an authorized pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at the time, these results highlight the importance of including children in SARS-CoV-2 public health, clinical care, and research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl W Boehme
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jessica Snowden
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shana M Owens
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marianne Kouassi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ryan L Mann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Amairani Paredes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Claire Putt
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laura James
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ruofei Du
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Zeel Modi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katherine Caid
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sean Young
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Namvar Zohoori
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Atul Kothari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Bobby L Boyanton
- Department of Pathology, Arkansas Children’s Hospital and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - J Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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20
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Harris JE. Geospatial Analysis of a COVID-19 Outbreak at the University of Wisconsin - Madison: Potential Role of a Cluster of Local Bars. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:1-31. [PMID: 35380104 PMCID: PMC9043656 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We combined smartphone mobility data with census track-based reports of positive case counts to study a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak at the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus, where nearly 3000 students had become infected by the end of September 2020. We identified a cluster of twenty bars located at the epicentre of the outbreak, in close proximity to campus residence halls. Smartphones originating from the two hardest-hit residence halls (Sellery-Witte), where about one in five students were infected, were 2.95 times more likely to visit the 20-bar cluster than smartphones originating in two more distant, less affected residence halls (Ogg-Smith). By contrast, smartphones from Sellery-Witte were only 1.55 times more likely than those from Ogg-Smith to visit a group of 68 restaurants in the same area [rate ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29–2.85, P < 0.001]. We also determined the per-capita rates of visitation to the 20-bar cluster and to the 68-restaurant comparison group by smartphones originating in each of 21 census tracts in the university area. In a multivariate instrumental variables regression, the visitation rate to the bar cluster was a significant determinant of the per-capita incidence of positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) tests in each census tract (elasticity 0.88, 95% CI 0.08–1.68, P = 0.032), while the restaurant visitation rate showed no such relationship. The potential super-spreader effects of clusters or networks of places, rather than individual sites, require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Harris
- Professor of Economics, Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139; Physician, Eisner Health, Los AngelesCA90015.
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21
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Grainger R, Kim AHJ, Conway R, Yazdany J, Robinson PC. COVID-19 in people with rheumatic diseases: risks, outcomes, treatment considerations. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:191-204. [PMID: 35217850 PMCID: PMC8874732 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought challenges for people with rheumatic disease in addition to those faced by the general population, including concerns about higher risks of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and poor outcomes of COVID-19. The data that are now available suggest that rheumatic disease is associated with a small additional risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that outcomes of COVID-19 are primarily influenced by comorbidities and particular disease states or treatments. Despite considerable advances in our knowledge of which therapeutic agents provide benefits in COVID-19, and of what constitutes effective vaccination strategies, the specific considerations that apply to people with rheumatic disease are yet to be definitively addressed. An overview of the most important COVID-19 studies to date that relate to people with rheumatic disease can contribute to our understanding of the clinical-care requirements of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Grainger
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alfred H J Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard Conway
- Department of Rheumatology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jinoos Yazdany
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip C Robinson
- University of Queensland School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
- Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital & Health Service, Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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22
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Kennedy JL, Forrest JC, Young SG, Amick B, Williams M, James L, Snowden J, Cardenas VM, Boothe D, Kirkpatrick C, Modi Z, Caid K, Owens S, Kouassi M, Mann R, Putt C, Irish-Clardy K, Macechko M, Brimberry RK, Nembhard WN, McElfish PA, Du R, Jin J, Zohoori N, Kothari A, Hagrass H, Olgaard E, Boehme KW. Temporal Variations in Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections by Race and Ethnicity in Arkansas. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac154. [PMID: 35493126 PMCID: PMC9045955 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to estimate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rates in the small rural state of Arkansas, using SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence as an indicator of infection. Methods We collected residual serum samples from adult outpatients seen at hospitals or clinics in Arkansas for non–coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–related reasons. A total of 5804 samples were identified over 3 time periods: 15 August–5 September 2020 (time period 1), 12 September–24 October 2020 (time period 2), and 7 November–19 December 2020 (time period 3). Results The age-, sex-, race-, and ethnicity-standardized SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence during each period, from 2.6% in time period 1 to 4.1% in time period 2 and 7.4% in time period 3. No statistically significant difference in seroprevalence was found based on age, sex, or residence (urban vs rural). However, we found higher seroprevalence rates in each time period for Hispanics (17.6%, 20.6%, and 23.4%, respectively) and non-Hispanic Blacks (4.8%, 5.4%, and 8.9%, respectively) relative to non-Hispanic Whites (1.1%, 2.6%, and 5.5%, respectively). Conclusions Our data imply that the number of Arkansas residents infected with SARS-CoV-2 rose steadily from 2.6% in August to 7.4% in December 2020. There was no statistical difference in seroprevalence between rural and urban locales. Hispanics and Blacks had higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies than Whites, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 spread disproportionately in racial and ethnic minorities during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - J Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sean G Young
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Benjamin Amick
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mark Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laura James
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jessica Snowden
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Victor M Cardenas
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Danielle Boothe
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Zeel Modi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katherine Caid
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shana Owens
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marianne Kouassi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ryan Mann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Claire Putt
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katherine Irish-Clardy
- Integrated Clinical Enterprise, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michael Macechko
- Department of Family Medicine and Preventative Services, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ronald K Brimberry
- Department of Family Medicine and Preventative Services, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Wendy N Nembhard
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Pearl A McElfish
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ruofei Du
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Namvar Zohoori
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Atul Kothari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hoda Hagrass
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ericka Olgaard
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Karl W Boehme
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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23
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Abstract
COVID-19 is a nonspecific viral illness caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and led to an ongoing global pandemic. Transmission is primarily human-to-human via contact with respiratory particles containing infectious virus. The risk of transmission to health care personnel is low with proper use of personal protective equipment, including gowns, gloves, N95 or surgical mask, and eye protection. Additional measures affecting the risk of transmission include physical distancing, hand hygiene, routine cleaning and disinfection, appropriate air handling and ventilation, and public health interventions such as universal masking and stay-at-home orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Reich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8116, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.
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24
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Kirchner MJ, Yelich Biniecki S. Learning to navigate a global pandemic from military training. NEW HORIZONS IN ADULT EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [PMCID: PMC9349671 DOI: 10.1002/nha3.20356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Similar to a service member's training, navigating a health crisis requires the acquisition of skills that enable employees to successfully perform their jobs. As a result of politics, egos, and a neglect for science, the U.S. government's response over how to handle the pandemic was bungled with misinformation and conflicting reports only fueling skeptics who no longer trust the government. Many adults still question the benefits of social distancing, masks, and a vaccine while more than 1,000,000 Americans have perished from COVID‐19. A well‐developed and consistent response to future health crises is necessary. The military already prepares its members to survive during challenging times and may offer human resource development professionals opportunities to focus on the skills that are beneficial in handling a global health crisis. The replication of military training in the workplace dealing with a pandemic is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Kirchner
- Department of Organizational Leadership Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne Indiana USA
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25
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Santibañez S, Ottewell A, Harper-Hardy P, Ryan E, Christensen H, Smith N. A Rapid Survey of State and Territorial Public Health Partnerships With Faith-Based Organizations to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:397-400. [PMID: 35196042 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, media accounts emerged describing faith-based organizations (FBOs) working alongside health departments to support the COVID-19 response. In May 2021, the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) sent an electronic survey to the 59 ASTHO member jurisdictions and four major US cities to assess state and territorial engagement with FBOs. Findings suggest that public health officials in many jurisdictions were able to work effectively with FBOs during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide essential education and mitigation tools to diverse communities. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(3):397-400. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306620).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Santibañez
- Scott Santibañez and Nathaniel Smith are with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Elizabeth Ryan was with Tanaq Support Services (CDC contractor), Washington, DC. Ashley Ottewell and Paris Harper-Hardy are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Heidi Christensen is with the US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Washington, DC
| | - Ashley Ottewell
- Scott Santibañez and Nathaniel Smith are with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Elizabeth Ryan was with Tanaq Support Services (CDC contractor), Washington, DC. Ashley Ottewell and Paris Harper-Hardy are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Heidi Christensen is with the US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Washington, DC
| | - Paris Harper-Hardy
- Scott Santibañez and Nathaniel Smith are with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Elizabeth Ryan was with Tanaq Support Services (CDC contractor), Washington, DC. Ashley Ottewell and Paris Harper-Hardy are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Heidi Christensen is with the US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Washington, DC
| | - Elizabeth Ryan
- Scott Santibañez and Nathaniel Smith are with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Elizabeth Ryan was with Tanaq Support Services (CDC contractor), Washington, DC. Ashley Ottewell and Paris Harper-Hardy are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Heidi Christensen is with the US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Washington, DC
| | - Heidi Christensen
- Scott Santibañez and Nathaniel Smith are with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Elizabeth Ryan was with Tanaq Support Services (CDC contractor), Washington, DC. Ashley Ottewell and Paris Harper-Hardy are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Heidi Christensen is with the US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Washington, DC
| | - Nathaniel Smith
- Scott Santibañez and Nathaniel Smith are with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Elizabeth Ryan was with Tanaq Support Services (CDC contractor), Washington, DC. Ashley Ottewell and Paris Harper-Hardy are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Heidi Christensen is with the US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Washington, DC
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26
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Idler E, Bernau JA, Zaras D. Narratives and counter-narratives in religious responses to COVID-19: A computational text analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262905. [PMID: 35113914 PMCID: PMC8812967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Religious responses to COVID-19 as portrayed in a major news source raise the issue of conflict or cooperation between religious bodies and public health authorities. We compared articles in the New York Times relating to religion and COVID-19 with the COVID-19 statements posted on 63 faith-based organizations' web sites, and with the guidance documents published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) specifically for religious bodies. We used computational text analysis to identify and compare sentiments and topics in the three bodies of text. Sentiment analysis showed consistent positive values for faith-based organizations' texts throughout the period. The initial negative sentiment of religion-COVID-19 coverage in the New York Times rose over the period and eventually converged with the consistently positive sentiment of faith-based documents. In our topic modelling analysis, rank order and regression analysis showed that topic prevalence was similar in the faith-based and public health sources, and both showed statistically significant differences from the New York Times. We conclude that there is evidence of both narratives and counter-narratives, and that these showed demonstrable shifts over time. Text analysis of public documents shows alignment of the interests of public health and religious bodies, which can be discerned for the benefit of communities if parties are trusted and religious messages are consistent with public health communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Idler
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John A. Bernau
- Center for the Study of Law and Religion, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios Zaras
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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27
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Decisions to attend holiday gatherings during COVID-19 and engagement in key prevention strategies - United States, January 2021. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e32. [PMID: 35135647 PMCID: PMC8886078 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gatherings where people are eating and drinking can increase the risk of getting and spreading SARS-CoV-2 among people who are not fully vaccinated; prevention strategies like wearing masks and physical distancing continue to be important for some groups. We conducted an online survey to characterise fall/winter 2020–2021 holiday gatherings, decisions to attend and prevention strategies employed during and before gatherings. We determined associations between practicing prevention strategies, demographics and COVID-19 experience. Among 502 respondents, one-third attended in person holiday gatherings; 73% wore masks and 84% practiced physical distancing, but less did so always (29% and 23%, respectively). Younger adults were 44% more likely to attend gatherings than adults ≥35 years. Younger adults (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 1.53, 95% CI 1.19–1.97), persons who did not experience COVID-19 themselves or have relatives/close friends experience severe COVID-19 (aPR 1.56, 95% CI 1.18–2.07), and non-Hispanic White persons (aPR 1.57, 95% CI 1.13–2.18) were more likely to not always wear masks in public during the 2 weeks before gatherings. Public health messaging emphasizing consistent application of COVID-19 prevention strategies is important to slow the spread of COVID-19.
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28
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COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections at mass gathering religious and sporting events. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2022; 28:192-198. [PMID: 35102092 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mass gathering (MG) religious events provide ideal conditions for transmission and globalization of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). We review recent literature on COVID-19 and other RTIs at recurring international annual MG religious and sporting events. RECENT FINDINGS Due to the COVID-19 pandemic organizers of MG religious and sporting events introduced risk-based infection control measures that limited transmission of RTIs. The 2020 and 2021 Hajj were conducted with limited numbers of pilgrims compared to the annual millions of pilgrims. The Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were cancelled and held in 2021. The success of the COVID-19 countermeasures at the 2021 Hajj and 2021 Tokyo Olympics was based on implementing good public health and social measures alongside a comprehensive testing strategy. SUMMARY MG events are associated with transmission of a range of bacterial and viral RTIs. Introducing risk based a multitude of public health interventions can reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other RTIs.
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29
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Guo X, Gupta A, Sampat A, Zhai C. A stochastic contact network model for assessing outbreak risk of COVID-19 in workplaces. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262316. [PMID: 35030206 PMCID: PMC8759694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically shifted the way people work. While many businesses can operate remotely, a large number of jobs can only be performed on-site. Moreover as businesses create plans for bringing workers back on-site, they are in need of tools to assess the risk of COVID-19 for their employees in the workplaces. This study aims to fill the gap in risk modeling of COVID-19 outbreaks in facilities like offices and warehouses. We propose a simulation-based stochastic contact network model to assess the cumulative incidence in workplaces. First-generation cases are introduced as a Bernoulli random variable using the local daily new case rate as the success rate. Contact networks are established through randomly sampled daily contacts for each of the first-generation cases and successful transmissions are established based on a randomized secondary attack rate (SAR). Modification factors are provided for SAR based on changes in airflow, speaking volume, and speaking activity within a facility. Control measures such as mask wearing are incorporated through modifications in SAR. We validated the model by comparing the distribution of cumulative incidence in model simulations against real-world outbreaks in workplaces and nursing homes. The comparisons support the model's validity for estimating cumulative incidences for short forecasting periods of up to 15 days. We believe that the current study presents an effective tool for providing short-term forecasts of COVID-19 cases for workplaces and for quantifying the effectiveness of various control measures. The open source model code is made available at github.com/abhineetgupta/covid-workplace-risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Guo
- One Concern, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
| | - Abhineet Gupta
- One Concern, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
| | - Anand Sampat
- One Concern, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
| | - Chengwei Zhai
- One Concern, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
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30
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Hast M, Swanson M, Scott C, Oraka E, Espinosa C, Burnett E, Kukielka EA, Rice ME, Mehari L, McCloud J, Miller D, Franklin R, Tate JE, Kirking HL, Morris E. Prevalence of risk behaviors and correlates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity among in-school contacts of confirmed cases in a Georgia school district in the pre-vaccine era, December 2020-January 2021. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:101. [PMID: 35031000 PMCID: PMC8759220 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a continuing risk for COVID-19 transmission in school settings while transmission is ongoing in the community, particularly among unvaccinated populations. To ensure that schools continue to operate safely and to inform implementation of prevention strategies, it is imperative to gain better understanding of the risk behaviors of staff and students. This secondary analysis describes the prevalence of COVID-19 risk behaviors in an exposed population of students and school staff in the pre-vaccine era and identifies associations between these behaviors and testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. METHODS From December 2020-January 2021, school staff and students exposed to confirmed COVID-19 cases in a Georgia school district were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and surveyed regarding risk behaviors in and out of school. Prevalence of risk behaviors was described by age group and school level, and associations with SARS-CoV-2 positivity were identified using chi squared tests. RESULTS Overall, 717 students and 79 school staff participated in the investigation; SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 9.2%. In the 2 weeks prior to COVID-19 exposure, 24% of participants reported unmasked indoor time at school, 40% attended social gatherings with non-household members, and 71% visited out-of-school indoor locations, including 19% who ate indoors in restaurants. Frequencies of risk behaviors increased by age. Among students, 17% participated in school sports, of whom 86% participated without a mask. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was significantly associated with school sports and unmasked time in sports. Among K-5 students, positivity was associated with exposure to a teacher index case. CONCLUSIONS This analysis highlights the high prevalence of risk behaviors in an unvaccinated population exposed to COVID-19 in school and identifies an association between student sports participation and SARS-CoV-2 positivity. These findings illustrate the importance of school-level prevention measures to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including limiting close-contact indoor sports and promoting consistent mask use in unvaccinated individuals. Future research could explore the role of community vaccination programs as a strategy to reduce COVID-19 transmission and introductions into school settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Hast
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Megan Swanson
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Colleen Scott
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Emeka Oraka
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.426778.8General Dynamics Information Technology, 3150 Fairview Park Dr, Falls Church, VA 22042 USA
| | - Catherine Espinosa
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Eleanor Burnett
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Esther A. Kukielka
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.512065.50000 0001 2297 0954Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Marion E. Rice
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Lemlem Mehari
- Cobb & Douglas Public Health, 1650 County Services Pkwy, 30008 Marietta, GA USA
| | - Jazmyn McCloud
- Cobb & Douglas Public Health, 1650 County Services Pkwy, 30008 Marietta, GA USA
| | - Danielle Miller
- Georgia Public Health Laboratory, 1749 Clairmont Rd, 30033 Decatur, GA USA
| | - Rachel Franklin
- Cobb & Douglas Public Health, 1650 County Services Pkwy, 30008 Marietta, GA USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Tate
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Hannah L. Kirking
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Elana Morris
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, 30329 Atlanta, GA USA
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Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of transmission routes of COVID-19 cluster infections (⩾10 linked cases within a short period) in Gangwon Province between 22 February 2020 and 31 May 2021. Transmission routes were divided into five major categories and 35 sub-categories according to the relationship between the infector and the infectee and the location of transmission. A total of 61 clusters occurred during the study period, including 1741 confirmed cases (55.7% of all confirmed cases (n = 3125)). The the five major routes of transmission were as follows: ‘using (staying in) the same facility (50.7%), ‘cohabiting family members’ (23.3%), ‘social gatherings with acquaintances’ (10.8%), ‘other transmission routes’ (7.0%), and ‘social gatherings with non-cohabiting family members/relatives’ (5.5%). For transmission caused by using (staying in) the same facility, the highest number of confirmed cases was associated with churches, followed by medical institutions (inpatient), sports facilities, military bases, offices, nightlife businesses, schools, restaurants, day-care centres and kindergarten, and service businesses. Our analysis highlights specific locations with frequent transmission of infections, and transmission routes that should be targeted in situations where adherence to disease control rules is difficult.
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32
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Coyer L, Boyd A, Schinkel J, Agyemang C, Galenkamp H, Koopman ADM, Leenstra T, Moll van Charante EP, van den Born BJH, Lok A, Verhoeff A, Zwinderman AH, Jurriaans S, van Vught LA, Stronks K, Prins M. SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence and correlates of six ethnic groups living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: a population-based cross-sectional study, June-October 2020. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052752. [PMID: 34992110 PMCID: PMC8739540 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been suggested that ethnic minorities have been disproportionally affected by the COVID-19. We aimed to determine whether prevalence and correlates of past SARS-CoV-2 exposure varied between six ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS Participants aged 25-79 years enrolled in the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting population-based prospective cohort (n=16 889) were randomly selected within ethnic groups and invited to participate in a cross-sectional COVID-19 seroprevalence substudy. OUTCOME MEASURES We tested participants for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and collected information on SARS-CoV-2 exposures. We estimated prevalence and correlates of SARS-CoV-2 exposure within ethnic groups using survey-weighted logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and calendar time. RESULTS Between 24 June and 9 October 2020, we included 2497 participants. Adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was comparable between ethnic Dutch (24/498; 5.1%, 95% CI 2.8% to 7.4%), South-Asian Surinamese (22/451; 4.9%, 95% CI 2.2% to 7.7%), African Surinamese (22/400; 8.3%, 95% CI 3.1% to 13.6%), Turkish (30/408; 7.9%, 95% CI 4.4% to 11.4%) and Moroccan (32/391; 7.2%, 95% CI 4.2% to 10.1%) participants, but higher among Ghanaians (95/327; 26.3%, 95% CI 18.5% to 34.0%). 57.1% of SARS-CoV-2-positive participants did not suspect or were unsure of being infected, which was lowest in African Surinamese (18.2%) and highest in Ghanaians (90.5%). Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 exposure varied across ethnic groups, while the most common correlate was having a household member suspected of infection. In Ghanaians, seropositivity was associated with older age, larger household sizes, living with small children, leaving home to work and attending religious services. CONCLUSIONS No remarkable differences in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence were observed between the largest ethnic groups in Amsterdam after the first wave of infections. The higher infection seroprevalence observed among Ghanaians, which passed mostly unnoticed, warrants wider prevention efforts and opportunities for non-symptom-based testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Coyer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity (AII), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Boyd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janke Schinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike Galenkamp
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anitra D M Koopman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjalling Leenstra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric P Moll van Charante
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Lok
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Verhoeff
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion and Healthcare Innovation, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Jurriaans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke A van Vught
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karien Stronks
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity (AII), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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A Review of Infectious Diseases Associated with Religious and Nonreligious Rituals. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2021; 2021:1823957. [PMID: 34912451 PMCID: PMC8668350 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1823957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituals are an integral part of human life but a wide range of rituals (both religious and non-religious), from self-flagellation to blood brotherhood to ritual sprinkling of holy water, have been associated with transmission of infections. These infections include angiostrongyliasis, anthrax, brucellosis, cholera, COVID-19, cutaneous larva migrans, Ebola, hepatitis viruses, herpes simplex virus, HIV, human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), kuru, Mycobacterium bovis, Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis, orf, rift valley fever, and sporotrichosis. Education and community engagement are important cornerstones in mitigating infectious risks associated with rituals.
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Murakami M, Miura F, Kitajima M, Fujii K, Yasutaka T, Iwasaki Y, Ono K, Shimazu Y, Sorano S, Okuda T, Ozaki A, Katayama K, Nishikawa Y, Kobashi Y, Sawano T, Abe T, Saito MM, Tsubokura M, Naito W, Imoto S. COVID-19 risk assessment at the opening ceremony of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 19:100162. [PMID: 33778137 PMCID: PMC7981581 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2021.100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The 2020 Olympic/Paralympic Games have been postponed to 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a model that integrated source-environment-receptor pathways to evaluate how preventive efforts can reduce the infection risk among spectators at the opening ceremony of Tokyo Olympic Games. We simulated viral loads of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emitted from infectors through talking/coughing/sneezing and modeled temporal environmental behaviors, including virus inactivation and transfer. We performed Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the expected number of newly infected individuals with and without preventive measures, yielding the crude probability of a spectator being an infector among the 60,000 people expected to attend the opening ceremony. Two indicators, i.e., the expected number of newly infected individuals and the newly infected individuals per infector entry, were proposed to demonstrate the extent of achievable infection risk reduction levels by implementing possible preventive measures. A no-prevention scenario produced 1.5-1.7 newly infected individuals per infector entry, whereas a combination of cooperative preventive measures by organizers and the spectators achieved a 99% risk reduction, corresponding to 0.009-0.012 newly infected individuals per infector entry. The expected number of newly infected individuals was calculated as 0.005 for the combination of cooperative preventive scenarios with the crude probability of a spectator being an infector of 1 × 10-5. Based on our estimates, a combination of cooperative preventions between organizers and spectators is required to prevent a viral spread at the Tokyo Olympic/Paralympic Games. Further, under the assumption that society accepts < 10 newly infected persons traced to events held during the entire Olympic/Paralympic Games, we propose a crude probability of infectors of < 5 × 10-5 as a benchmark for the suppression of the infection. This is the first study to develop a model that can assess the infection risk among spectators due to exposure pathways at a mass gathering event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Murakami
- Department of Health Risk Communication, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Fuminari Miura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kenkichi Fujii
- R&D-Hygiene Science Research Center, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yasutaka
- Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Yuichi Iwasaki
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ono
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yuzo Shimazu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Southern TOHOKU General Hospital 7-115, Yatsuyamada, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8563, Japan
| | - Sumire Sorano
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, 57 Kaminodai, Jyobankamiyunagaya, Iwaki, Fukushima, 972-8322, Japan
| | - Kotoe Katayama
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishikawa
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yurie Kobashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seireikai Group Hirata Central Hospital, 4, Shimizuuchi, Kamiyomogita, Hirata, Ishikawa District, Fukushima, 963-8202 Japan
| | - Toyoaki Sawano
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai Open Hospital, 5-22-1, Tsurugaya, Miyagino, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-0824, Japan
| | - Toshiki Abe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Southern TOHOKU General Hospital, 7-115, Yatsuyamada, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8563, Japan
| | - Masaya M Saito
- Department of Information Security, Faculty of Information Systems, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1, Manabino, Nagayocho, Nishisonogigun, Nagasaki, 851-2195, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tsubokura
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Wataru Naito
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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Im C, Kim Y. Local Characteristics Related to SARS-CoV-2 Transmissions in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312595. [PMID: 34886318 PMCID: PMC8656497 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Seoul metropolitan area is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in the world; hence, Seoul's COVID-19 cases are highly concentrated. This study identified local demographic and socio-economic characteristics that affected SARS-CoV-2 transmission to provide locally targeted intervention policies. For the effective control of outbreaks, locally targeted intervention policies are required since the SARS-CoV-2 transmission process is heterogeneous over space. To identify the local COVID-19 characteristics, this study applied the geographically weighted lasso (GWL). GWL provides local regression coefficients, which were used to account for the spatial heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. In particular, the GWL pinpoints statistically significant regions with specific local characteristics. The applied explanatory variables involving demographic and socio-economic characteristics that were associated with higher SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the Seoul metropolitan area were as follows: young adults (19~34 years), older population, Christian population, foreign-born population, low-income households, and subway commuters. The COVID-19 case data were classified into three periods: the first period (from January 2020 to July 2021), the second period (from August to November 2020), and the third period (from December 2020 to February 2021), and the GWL was fitted for the entire period (from January 2020 to February 2021). The result showed that young adults, the Christian population, and subway commuters were the most significant local characteristics that influenced SARS-CoV-2 transmissions in the Seoul metropolitan area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Im
- Department of Geography, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Youngho Kim
- Department of Geography & Geography Education, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3290-2368
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Mbivnjo EL, Kisangala E, Kanyike AM, Kimbugwe D, Dennis TO, Nabukeera J. Web-based COVID-19 risk communication by religious authorities in Uganda: a critical review. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:63. [PMID: 34804331 PMCID: PMC8590250 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.63.27550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to explore the content of web-based communication on COVID-19 by religious authorities (RAs) in Uganda and to assess the level of integration of the Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) and World Health Organisation (WHO) COVID-19 risk communication guidelines into the statements released by these RAs. A grey literature review was conducted by searching the websites of intra- and inter-religious bodies for the terms “COVID-19” and “coronavirus”. Thematic analysis was used to assess the content of RA statements which were also mapped to the items of the MoH and WHO statements. Results indicate that RA communications were centred on COVID-19 description and management; the need to adhere to established guidelines; and the adoption of health-protective behaviours, notably, social distancing and avoidance of misinformation. RAs also discussed the effects of COVID-19 and its control measures on the population and spoke against pandemic-aggravated injustices (gender-based violence and embezzlement). The RA messages incorporated the WHO statement to a greater extent than the MoH statement. In conclusion, RAs played a critical role in delivering public health messages in Uganda during the COVID-19 pandemic, a position we believe should be maximized by public health authorities for effective communication during emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Denis Kimbugwe
- Faculty of Medicine Gulu University, Laroo Division, Gulu, Uganda
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Decision analysis support for evaluating transmission risk of COVID-19 in places where people gather. Can Commun Dis Rep 2021; 47:446-460. [PMID: 34880707 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v47i11a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented an unprecedented public health challenge. Prior to vaccination, non-pharmaceutical interventions, including closures, were necessary to help control the epidemic. With the arrival of variants of concern and insufficient population vaccination coverage, ongoing evaluation of transmission risk in settings and the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions are necessary to help control the epidemic. This study aimed to produce a framework for evaluating transmission risk in settings where individuals gather and inform decision-making. Methods A multi-criteria decision analysis process was used to structure the framework. Fifteen criteria were identified as important to consider for COVID-19 transmission risk based on the literature. This list was ranked by experts and then categorized. The analysis was structured by the consensus list of criteria and relative positioning of each criteria within the list to produce sets of factors to consider when assessing transmission risk at gatherings. Results Fifteen experts from across Canada participated in ranking the criteria. Strong consensus was found on the relative importance of criteria and this relative consensus was used to create four categories: critical (3 criteria); important (6 criteria); good to consider (5 criteria); and if time permits (1 criterion). Conclusion The resulting consensus list and categories constitutes a set of important elements that can be applied to any setting as an objective and transparent framework to assess transmission risk in the venue. In conjunction with further consideration of the local epidemiology of COVID-19, an overall risk of transmission assessment can be established and uniformly implemented.
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Song S, Li C, Kang L, Tian D, Badar N, Ma W, Zhao S, Jiang X, Wang C, Sun Y, Li W, Lei M, Li S, Qi Q, Ikram A, Salman M, Umair M, Shireen H, Batool F, Zhang B, Chen H, Yang YG, Abbasi AA, Li M, Xue Y, Bao Y. Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:727-740. [PMID: 34695600 PMCID: PMC8546014 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has swept globally and Pakistan is no exception. To investigate the initial introductions and transmissions of the SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan, we performed the largest genomic epidemiology study of COVID-19 in Pakistan and generated 150 complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from samples collected from March 16 to June 1, 2020. We identified a total of 347 mutated positions, 31 of which were over-represented in Pakistan. Meanwhile, we found over 1000 intra-host single-nucleotide variants (iSNVs). Several of them occurred concurrently, indicating possible interactions among them or coevolution. Some of the high-frequency iSNVs in Pakistan were not observed in the global population, suggesting strong purifying selections. The genomic epidemiology revealed five distinctive spreading clusters. The largest cluster consisted of 74 viruses which were derived from different geographic locations of Pakistan and formed a deep hierarchical structure, indicating an extensive and persistent nation-wide transmission of the virus that was probably attributed to a signature mutation (G8371T in ORF1ab) of this cluster. Furthermore, 28 putative international introductions were identified, several of which are consistent with the epidemiological investigations. In all, this study has inferred the possible pathways of introductions and transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan, which could aid ongoing and future viral surveillance and COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Song
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; National Genomics Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; National Genomics Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lu Kang
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongmei Tian
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; National Genomics Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nazish Badar
- Department of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Wentai Ma
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shilei Zhao
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chun Wang
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongqiao Sun
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng Lei
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuangli Li
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiuhui Qi
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Aamer Ikram
- Department of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Massab Umair
- Department of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Huma Shireen
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Programme of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Batool
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Programme of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Bing Zhang
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Chen
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Programme of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Mingkun Li
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Yongbiao Xue
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yiming Bao
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; National Genomics Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Cheng X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Lu J. The characteristics of and responses to the two COVID-19 outbreak waves in Hebei Province of China, January 2020 to February 2021. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e212. [PMID: 35285437 PMCID: PMC8485049 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821002089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hebei Province was affected by two coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak waves during the period 22 January 2020 through 27 February 2020 (wave 1) and 2 January 2021 through 14 February 2021 (wave 2). To evaluate and compare the epidemiological characteristics, containment delay, cluster events and social activity, as well as non-pharmaceutical interventions of the two COVID-19 outbreak waves, we examined real-time update information on all COVID-19-confirmed cases from a publicly available database. Wave 1 was closely linked with the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, whereas wave 2 was triggered, to a certain extent, by the increasing social activities such as weddings, multi-household gatherings and church events during the slack agricultural period. In wave 2, the epidemic spread undetected in the rural areas, and people living in the rural areas had a higher incidence rate than those living in the urban areas (5.3 vs. 22.0 per 1 000 000). Furthermore, Rt was greater than 1 in the early stage of the two outbreak waves, and decreased substantially after massive non-pharmaceutical interventions were implemented. In China's 'new-normal' situation, development of targeted and effective intervention remains key for COVID-19 control in consideration of the potential threat of new coronavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Cheng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510080, China
| | - Yifan Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510080, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510080, China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510080, China
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research & Training, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510080, China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510080, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510080, China
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Kim C, Kim YM, Heo N, Park E, Choi S, Jang S, Kim N, Kwon D, Park YJ, Choi B, Ha B, Jung K, Park C, Park S, Lee H. COVID-19 Outbreak in a Military Unit in Korea. Epidemiol Health 2021; 43:e2021065. [PMID: 34525497 PMCID: PMC8689117 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2021065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study presents the response of a military unit to the COVID-19 outbreak in Gyeonggi Province. As soon as two soldiers were identified as index cases, the infectious disease investigators of the Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and the Armed Forces Epidemiologic Investigation Center, discussed the investigation and response plan for an imminent massive outbreak. METHODS The joint immediate response team (IRT) conducted interviews with confirmed patients with COVID-19, reviewed medical records, performed contact tracing using global positioning system (GPS), and undertook a field investigation. For risk assessment, the joint IRT visited all eight sites of the military units and the army chaplain's church to evaluate the transmission risk of each site. The evaluation items included the size of the site, the use of air conditioning, whether windows were opened, and whether masks were worn. A pooled testing was used for a low-risk population to quickly detect the spread of COVID-19 in the military base. RESULTS A day before the symptom onset of the index case, the lecturer and >50% of the attendees were infected with COVID-19 while attending a lecture that lasted 2 h and 30 min. Attendees were not wearing masks and were in a poorly ventilated room. CONCLUSION Since the disease can be spread before symptom onset, contact tracing must be performed to investigate potential exposures prior to symptom onset and manage any exposed persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhee Kim
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young-Man Kim
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Namwoo Heo
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eunjung Park
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sojin Choi
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sehyuk Jang
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghyok Kwon
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Byeongseop Choi
- Republic of Korea Armed Forces Medical Command, Korea Army, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Beomman Ha
- Republic of Korea Army Headquarters, Korea Army, Gyerong, Korea
| | - Kyounghwa Jung
- Republic of Korea Army Headquarters, Korea Army, Gyerong, Korea
| | - Changbo Park
- Republic of Korea Armed Forces Epidemiologic Investigation Center, Korea Army, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sejin Park
- Republic of Korea Armed Forces Medical Command, Korea Army, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Center for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Koppe U, Wilking H, Harder T, Haas W, Rexroth U, Hamouda O. [COVID-19 patients in Germany: exposure risks and associated factors for hospitalization and severe disease]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2021; 64:1107-1115. [PMID: 34327540 PMCID: PMC8320410 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread worldwide in 2020. By the end of June 2021, over 3.7 million people had been infected in Germany. The spread of the infection, however, is not evenly distributed across all parts of the population. Some groups are at a higher risk for SARS-CoV‑2 infections or severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) trajectories than others.This narrative review provides an overview of the parts of the population in Germany that are most affected by COVID-19. In addition, risk factors associated with hospitalization or severe courses of COVID-19 are identified.SARS-CoV‑2 transmission may occur in various locations and settings. Professional settings, e.g., in the meat-processing industry, but also leisure activities and large public events are particularly affected. In the course of the pandemic, certain comorbidities associated with an increased risk for hospitalization or severe courses of COVID-19 have been identified. These include preexisting pulmonary, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Patients with organ transplants and people with Down syndrome (trisomy 21) have the highest risk for hospitalization after SARS-CoV‑2 infection.The identified settings that contribute to the spread of SARS-CoV‑2 and the knowledge about vulnerable groups with a higher risk for hospitalization or severe disease trajectories form an important evidence base for the planning of prevention strategies and the fight against the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Koppe
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestr. 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Hendrik Wilking
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestr. 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Harder
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestr. 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Walter Haas
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestr. 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Ute Rexroth
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestr. 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Osamah Hamouda
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestr. 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland
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Domènech-Montoliu S, Pac-Sa MR, Vidal-Utrillas P, Latorre-Poveda M, Del Rio-González A, Ferrando-Rubert S, Ferrer-Abad G, Sánchez-Urbano M, Aparisi-Esteve L, Badenes-Marques G, Cervera-Ferrer B, Clerig-Arnau U, Dols-Bernad C, Fontal-Carcel M, Gomez-Lanas L, Jovani-Sales D, León-Domingo MC, Llopico-Vilanova MD, Moros-Blasco M, Notari-Rodríguez C, Ruíz-Puig R, Valls-López S, Arnedo-Pena A. "Mass gathering events and COVID-19 transmission in Borriana (Spain): A retrospective cohort study". PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256747. [PMID: 34437628 PMCID: PMC8389516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mass gathering events (MGEs) are associated with the transmission of COVID-19. Between 6 and 10 March 2020, several MGEs related to the Falles festival took place in Borriana, a municipality in the province of Castellon (Spain). The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 and its association with these MGEs, and to quantify the potential risk factors of its occurrence. METHODS During May and June 2020, a population-based retrospective cohort study was carried out by the Public Health Center of Castelló and the Hospital de la Plana in Vila-real. Participants were obtained from a representative sample of 1663 people with potential exposure at six MGEs. A questionnaire survey was carried out to obtain information about attendance at MGEs and COVID-19 disease. In addition, a serologic survey of antibodies against SARS-Cov-2 was implemented. Inverse probability weighted regression was used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 1338 subjects participated in the questionnaire survey (80.5%), 997 of whom undertook the serologic survey. Five hundred and seventy cases were observed with an attack rate (AR) of 42.6%; average age was 36 years, 62.3% were female, 536 cases were confirmed by laboratory tests, and 514 cases were found with SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies. Considering MGE exposure, AR was 39.2% (496/1264). A dose-response relationship was found between MGE attendance and the disease, (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 4.11 95% confidence interval [CI]3.25-5.19). Two MGEs with a dinner and dance in the same building had higher risks. Associated risk factors with the incidence were older age, obesity, and upper and middle class versus lower class; current smoking was protective. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests the significance of MGEs in the COVID-19 transmission that could explain the subsequent outbreak in Borriana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lorna Gomez-Lanas
- Emergency Service, Hospital de la Plana, Vila-real, Castellon, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raquel Ruíz-Puig
- Emergency Service, Hospital de la Plana, Vila-real, Castellon, Spain
| | - Sonia Valls-López
- Emergency Service, Hospital de la Plana, Vila-real, Castellon, Spain
| | - Alberto Arnedo-Pena
- Public Health Center, Castelló de la Plana, Castellon, Spain
- Department of Health Science, Public University Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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43
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Voeten HACM, Sikkema RS, Damen M, Oude Munnink BB, Arends C, Stobberingh E, Hoogervorst E, Koopmans MPG, Fanoy E. Unraveling the Modes of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) During a Nursing Home Outbreak: Looking Beyond the Church Superspreading Event. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S163-S169. [PMID: 33119065 PMCID: PMC7665385 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An outbreak of COVID-19 in a nursing home in the Netherlands, following an on-site church service held on March 8 th, 2020, triggered an investigation to unravel sources and chain(s) of transmission. Methods Epidemiological data were collected from registries and through a questionnaire among church attendees. Symptomatic residents and healthcare workers (HCWs) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS). Sequences from a selection of people from the same area were included as community reference. Results After the church service, 30 of 39 attendees (77%) developed symptoms; 14 were tested and were positive for COVID-19 (11 residents and 3 non-residents). In the following five weeks, 62 of 300 residents (21%) and 30 of 640 HCWs (5%) tested positive for COVID-19; 21 of 62 residents (34%) died. The outbreak was controlled through a cascade of measures. WGS of samples from residents and HCWs identified a diversity of sequence types, grouped into eight clusters. Seven resident church attendees all were infected with distinct viruses, four of which belonged to two larger clusters in the nursing home. Conclusions Although initial investigation suggested the church service as source of the outbreak, detailed analysis showed a more complex picture, most consistent with widespread regional circulation of the virus in the weeks before the outbreak, and multiple introductions into the nursing home before the visitor ban. The findings underscore the importance of careful outbreak investigations to understand SARS-CoV-2 transmission to develop evidence-based mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene A C M Voeten
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reina S Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Damen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maasstad General Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Arends
- Het Van Weel-Bethesda General Hospital, CuraMare, Dirksland, The Netherlands.,Nieuw Rijsenburgh, CuraMare, Sommelsdijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Stobberingh
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Hoogervorst
- Het Van Weel-Bethesda General Hospital, CuraMare, Dirksland, The Netherlands.,Nieuw Rijsenburgh, CuraMare, Sommelsdijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Fanoy
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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Budaev S. Safety and Reverence: How Roman Catholic Liturgy Can Respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:2331-2352. [PMID: 34031781 PMCID: PMC8143074 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is a major challenge for many religious denominations. The Roman Catholic Church strongly depends on physical communal worship and sacraments. Disagreements grow concerning the best balance between safety and piety. To address this issue, I review the major transmission risks for the SARS-CoV-2 virus and list certain measures to enhance the safety of the Roman Catholic Liturgy without compromising its intrinsic beauty and reverent spiritual attitude. This can be achieved through assimilation of several traditional elements into the modern liturgy. I emphasize that religious leadership and decision-making should be transparent and based on inclusiveness, pluralism, best scientific evidence and voluntary cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Budaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Postboks 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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45
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Escandón K, Rasmussen AL, Bogoch II, Murray EJ, Escandón K, Popescu SV, Kindrachuk J. COVID-19 false dichotomies and a comprehensive review of the evidence regarding public health, COVID-19 symptomatology, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, mask wearing, and reinfection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:710. [PMID: 34315427 PMCID: PMC8314268 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists across disciplines, policymakers, and journalists have voiced frustration at the unprecedented polarization and misinformation around coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several false dichotomies have been used to polarize debates while oversimplifying complex issues. In this comprehensive narrative review, we deconstruct six common COVID-19 false dichotomies, address the evidence on these topics, identify insights relevant to effective pandemic responses, and highlight knowledge gaps and uncertainties. The topics of this review are: 1) Health and lives vs. economy and livelihoods, 2) Indefinite lockdown vs. unlimited reopening, 3) Symptomatic vs. asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, 4) Droplet vs. aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, 5) Masks for all vs. no masking, and 6) SARS-CoV-2 reinfection vs. no reinfection. We discuss the importance of multidisciplinary integration (health, social, and physical sciences), multilayered approaches to reducing risk ("Emmentaler cheese model"), harm reduction, smart masking, relaxation of interventions, and context-sensitive policymaking for COVID-19 response plans. We also address the challenges in understanding the broad clinical presentation of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. These key issues of science and public health policy have been presented as false dichotomies during the pandemic. However, they are hardly binary, simple, or uniform, and therefore should not be framed as polar extremes. We urge a nuanced understanding of the science and caution against black-or-white messaging, all-or-nothing guidance, and one-size-fits-all approaches. There is a need for meaningful public health communication and science-informed policies that recognize shades of gray, uncertainties, local context, and social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Escandón
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Georgetown Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleanor J Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Karina Escandón
- Department of Anthropology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Saskia V Popescu
- Georgetown Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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46
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Carter RJ, Rose DA, Sabo RT, Clayton J, Steinberg J, Anderson M. Widespread Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission Among Attendees at a Large Motorcycle Rally and their Contacts, 30 US Jurisdictions, August-September, 2020. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S106-S109. [PMID: 33912907 PMCID: PMC8135316 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2020 Sturgis Motorcycle rally resulted in widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across the United States. At least 649 COVID-19 cases were identified, including secondary and tertiary spread to close contacts. To limit transmission, persons attending events should wear masks and practice physical distancing. Persons with a known exposure should quarantine and obtain COVID-19 testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dale A Rose
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca T Sabo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua Clayton
- South Dakota Department of Health, Pierre, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jonathan Steinberg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,South Dakota Department of Health, Pierre, South Dakota, USA.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark Anderson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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47
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Irfan O, Li J, Tang K, Wang Z, Bhutta ZA. Risk of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children and adolescents in households, communities and educational settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2021; 11:05013. [PMID: 34326997 PMCID: PMC8285769 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.05013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is uncertainty with respect to SARS-CoV-2 transmission in children (0-19 years) with controversy on effectiveness of school-closures in controlling the pandemic. It is of equal importance to evaluate the risk of transmission in children who are often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic carriers that may incidentally transmit SARS-CoV-2 in different settings. We conducted this review to assess transmission and risks for SARS-CoV-2 in children (by age-groups or grades) in community and educational-settings compared to adults. METHODS Data for the review were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, WHO COVID-19 Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Database, WanFang Database, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Google Scholar, and preprints from medRixv and bioRixv) covering a timeline from December 1, 2019 to April 1, 2021. Population-screening, contact-tracing and cohort studies reporting prevalence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children were included. Data were extracted according to PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS Ninety studies were included. Compared to adults, children showed comparable national (risk ratio (RR) = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.71-1.060 and subnational (RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.66-1.01) prevalence in population-screening studies, and lower odds of infection in community/household contact-tracing studies (odds ratio (OR) = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.46-0.84). On disaggregation, adolescents observed comparable risk (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.74-2.04) with adults. In educational-settings, children attending daycare/preschools (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.38-0.72) were observed to be at lower-risk when compared to adults, with odds of infection among primary (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.55-1.31) and high-schoolers (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.71-2.38) comparable to adults. Overall, children and adolescents had lower odds of infection in educational-settings compared to community and household clusters. CONCLUSIONS Children (<10 years) showed lower susceptibility to COVID-19 compared to adults, whereas adolescents in communities and high-schoolers had comparable risk. Risks of infection among children in educational-settings was lower than in communities. Evidence from school-based studies demonstrate it is largely safe for children (<10 years) to be at schools, however older children (10-19 years) might facilitate transmission. Despite this evidence, studies focusing on the effectiveness of mitigation measures in educational settings are urgently needed to support both public health and educational policy-making for school reopening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Irfan
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiang Li
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kun Tang
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Global Health & Development, the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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48
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Tang O, Wong K, Ganguli R, Zahiri K, Burns N, Paracha S, Kozel G, Tang K, Schuur J. Emergency Absentee Voting for Hospitalized Patients and Voting During COVID-19: A 50-State Study. West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:1000-1009. [PMID: 35354012 PMCID: PMC8328173 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2021.4.50884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Voters facing illness or disability are disproportionately under-represented in terms of voter turnout. Earlier research has indicated that enfranchisement of these populations may reinforce the implementation of policies improving health outcomes and equity. Due to the confluence of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the 2020 election, we aimed to assess emergency absentee voting processes, which allow voters hospitalized after regular absentee deadlines to still obtain an absentee ballot, and election changes due to COVID-19 in all 50 states.
Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study collecting 34 variables pertaining to emergency voting processes and COVID-19-related election changes, including deadlines, methods of submission for applications and ballots, and specialized services for patients. Data were obtained from, in order of priority, state boards of elections websites, poll worker manuals, application forms, and state legislation. We verified all data through direct correspondence with state boards of elections.
Results: Emergency absentee voting processes are in place in 39 states, with the remaining states having universal vote-by-mail (n = 5) or extended regular absentee voting deadlines (n = 6). The emergency absentee period most commonly began within 24 hours following the normal absentee application deadline, which was often seven days before an election (n = 11). Unique aspects of emergency voting processes included patients designating an “authorized agent” to deliver their applications and ballots (n = 38), electronic ballot delivery (n = 5), and in-person teams that deliver ballots directly to patients (n = 18). Documented barriers in these processes nationwide include unavailable online information (n = 11), restrictions mandating agents to be family members (n = 7), physician affidavits or signatures (n = 9), and notary or witness signature requirements (n = 15). For the November 2020 presidential election, 12 states expanded absentee eligibility to allow COVID-19 as a reason to request an absentee ballot, and 18 states mailed absentee ballot applications or absentee ballots to all registered voters.
Conclusion: While 39 states operate emergency absentee voting processes for hospitalized voters, there are considerable areas for improvement and heterogeneity in guidelines for these protocols. For future election cycles, information on emergency voting and broader election reforms due to COVID-19 may be useful for emergency providers and patients alike to improve the democratic participation of voters experiencing illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Tang
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kelly Wong
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Reetam Ganguli
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Keyana Zahiri
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nicole Burns
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Saba Paracha
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Giovanni Kozel
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Jeremiah Schuur
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
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49
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Rowe BR, Canosa A, Drouffe JM, Mitchell JBA. Simple quantitative assessment of the outdoor versus indoor airborne transmission of viruses and COVID-19. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111189. [PMID: 33872644 PMCID: PMC8051020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we develop a simple model of the inhaled flow rate of aerosol particles of respiratory origin i.e. that have been exhaled by other people. A connection is made between the exposure dose and the probability of developing an airborne disease. This allows a simple assessment of the outdoor versus indoor risk of contamination to be made in a variety of meteorological situations. It is shown quantitatively that for most cases, the outdoor risk is orders of magnitude less than the indoor risk and that it can become comparable only for extremely specific meteorological and topographical situations. It sheds light on various observations of COVID-19 spreading in mountain valleys with temperature inversions while at the same time other areas are much less impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Rowe
- Rowe Consulting, 22 Chemin des Moines, 22750, Saint Jacut de La Mer, France.
| | - A Canosa
- CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Université de Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - J M Drouffe
- 31B Chemin Du Couvent, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J B A Mitchell
- MERL-Consulting SAS, 21 Rue Sergent Guihard, 35000, Rennes, France
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50
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Aktas E. Bioinformatics Analysis Unveils Certain Mutations Implicated in Spike Structure Damage and Ligand-Binding Site of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15:11779322211018200. [PMID: 34121839 PMCID: PMC8175844 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211018200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are certain mutations related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In addition to these known mutations, other new mutations have been found across regions in this study. Based on the results, in which 4,326 SARS-CoV-2 whole sequences were used, some mutations are found to be peculiar with certain regions, while some other mutations are found in all regions. In Asia, mutations (3 different mutations in QLA46612 isolated from South Korea) were found in the same sequence. Although huge number of mutations are detected (more than 70 in Asia) by regions, according to bioinformatics tools, some of them which are G75V (isolated from North America), T95I (isolated from South Korea), G143V (isolated from North America), M177I (isolated from Asia), L293M (isolated from Asia), P295H (isolated from Asia), T393P (isolated from Europe), P507S (isolated from Asia), and D614G (isolated from all regions) (These color used only make correct) predicted a damage to spike' protein structure. Furthermore, this study also aimed to reveal how binding sites of ligands change if the spike protein structure is damaged, and whether more than one mutation affects ligand binding. Mutations that were predicted to damage the structure did not affect the ligand-binding sites, whereas ligands' binding sites were affected in those with multiple mutations. It is thought that this study will give a different perspective to both the vaccine SARS-CoV studies and the change in the structure of the spike protein belonging to this virus against mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Aktas
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Moleculer Biology and Genetics, Bioinformatic Section, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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