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Malekshahi SS, Samieipour Y, Rahbarimanesh AA, Izadi A, Ghavami N, Razaghipour S, Naseri M, Mokhtari-Azad T, Salimi V. Genetic characterization of G protein in respiratory syncytial virus ON-1 genotype in Tehran. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the genetic characterization of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) ON-1 genotypes and their different lineages based on the G gene among children <2 years of age presenting with acute respiratory tract infections in Tehran, Iran. Materials & methods: A phylogenetic tree from the Iranian samples and ON-1 strains of various parts of the world were constructed. The amino acid composition of the RSV G protein of the ON-1 genotype was mapped. Results: Human RSV ON-1 genotypes from the Iranian samples clustered in three lineages. The most common amino acid substitutions were as follows: X218Q, I240S, L289P, Y304H and L310P. Conclusion: Continuing molecular epidemiological surveys in other regions of Iran will provide deeper insight into the nature of this replacement of the dominant RSV genotype from GA2 to ON-1 in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yazdan Samieipour
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anahita Izadi
- Bahrami Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Razaghipour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Souza LDC, Blawid R, Silva JMF, Nagata T. Human virome in nasopharynx and tracheal secretion samples. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e190198. [PMID: 31596309 PMCID: PMC6779266 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil the implementation of the Sentinel Surveillance System of
Influenza began in 2000. Central public health laboratories use reverse
transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for diagnosis
of respiratory viruses, but this protocol identifies only specific targets,
resulted in inconclusive diagnosis for many samples. Thus, high-throughput
sequencing (HTS) would be complementary method in the identification of
pathogens in inconclusive samples for RT-qPCR or other specific detection
protocols. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to detect unidentified viruses using HTS approach in
negative samples of nasopharynx/tracheal secretions by the standard RT-qPCR
collected in the Federal District, Brazil. METHODS Nucleic acids were extracted from samples collected in winter period of 2016
and subjected to HTS. The results were confirmed by the multiplex PR21
RT-qPCR, which identifies 21 respiratory pathogens. FINDINGS The main viruses identified by HTS were of families
Herpesviridae, Coronaviridae,
Parvoviridae and Picornaviridae, with
the emphasis on rhinoviruses. The presence of respiratory viruses in the
samples was confirmed by the PR21 multiplex RT-qPCR. Coronavirus,
enterovirus, bocavirus and rhinovirus were found by multiplex RT-qPCR as
well as by HTS analyses. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Wide virus diversity was found by different methodologies and high frequency
of rhinovirus occurrence was confirmed in population in winter, showing its
relevance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa da Costa Souza
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Rosana Blawid
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Agronomia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - João Marcos Fagundes Silva
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Kumar S, Mehra B, Sethi GR, Saigal SR. Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in children by chromatographic assay. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2018; 61:236-260. [PMID: 29676365 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_789_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important viral agent causing pediatric lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) worldwide. To evaluate the role of RSV in pediatric LRTIs, we studied 85 children <2 years of age hospitalized for community-acquired LRTIs. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained on admission for the detection of RSV antigen by immunochromatographic assay. Demographic, clinical, and radiological findings for RSV antigen were compared. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square test. A relatively higher number of RSV-infected children 32 (60.4%) were below 6 months of age. Clinical and radiological findings in both RSV-positive and RSV-negative groups were comparable. RSV antigen was positive in 53 (62.4%) with immunochromatography. Our study confirms that RSV plays a significant role in community-acquired LRTIs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhanu Mehra
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Gulshan Rai Sethi
- Department of Paediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev R Saigal
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Mummidi PS, Tripathy R, Dwibedi B, Mahapatra A, Baraha S. Viral aetiology of wheezing in children under five. Indian J Med Res 2018. [PMID: 28639594 PMCID: PMC5501050 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_840_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Wheezing is a common problem in children under five with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Viruses are known to be responsible for a considerable proportion of ARIs in children. This study was undertaken to know the viral aetiology of wheezing among the children less than five years of age, admitted to a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. Methods: Seventy five children, under the age of five years admitted with wheezing, were included in the study. Throat and nasal swabs were collected, and real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to screen for influenza 1 and 2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, 2, 3 and 4, rhinovirus, human meta-pneumovirus, bocavirus (HBoV), Coronavirus, adenovirus, Enterovirus and Parechovirus. Results: The total viral detection rate was 28.57 per cent. Viral RNA markers were detected from children diagnosed to be having pneumonia (3 cases), bronchiolitis (9 cases), episodic wheeze (2 cases) and multitrigger wheeze (6 cases). RSV was the most common virus (35%) followed by PIV1, 2 and 3 (20%), HBoV (10%) and rhinovirus (5%). However, mixed infection was observed in 30 per cent of cases. Interpretation & conclusions: The study reported the presence of respiratory viral agents in 28.57 per cent of children with wheezing; RSV and PIV were most common, accounting to 55 per cent of the total cases. Mixed infection was reported in 30 per cent of cases. Seasonal variation in the occurrence of these viruses was also noted. Further studies need to be done with a large sample and longer follow up period to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radha Tripathy
- Department of Paediatrics, Hitech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhagirathi Dwibedi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Amarendra Mahapatra
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Suryakanta Baraha
- Department of Paediatrics, Hitech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India
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5
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Gregianini TS, Seadi CF, Menegolla I, Martins LG, Ikuta N, Wolf JM, Lunge VR. Human metapneumovirus in Southern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0435-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Santos DADS, Azevedo PVD, Olinda RAD, Santos CACD, Souza AD, Sette DM, Souza PMD. The relationship of climate variables in the prevalence of acute respiratory infection in children under two years old in Rondonópolis-MT, Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2017; 22:3711-3722. [PMID: 29211176 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320172211.28322015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that approximately 30% of childhood diseases can be attributed to environmental factors and 40% involve children under the age of five years old, representing about 10% of world population. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of climate variables in the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children under two years old, in Rondonopolis-MT, from 1999 to 2014. It was used a cross-sectional study with a quantitative and a descriptive approach with meteorological teaching and research data from the database from the health information system. For statistical analysis, it adjusted the negative binomial model belonging to the class of generalized linear models, adopting a significance level of 5%, based on the statistical platform R. The average number of cases of ARI decreases at approximately by 7.9% per degree centigrade increase above the average air temperature and decrease about 1.65% per 1% increase over the average air relative humidity. Already, the rainfall not associated with these cases. It is the interdisciplinary team refocus practical actions to assist in the control and reduction of ARI significant numbers in primary health care, related climate issues in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Aparecida da Silva Santos
- Curso de Enfermagem, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Universitário de Rondonópolis. Rodovia Rondonópolis-Guiratinga Km 06, BR 364. 78700-000 Rondonópolis MT Brasil.
| | | | | | | | - Amaury de Souza
- Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande MS Brasil
| | - Denise Maria Sette
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Universitário de Rondonópolis. Rondonópolis MT Brasil
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Patil SL, Balakrishnan A. Genetic characterization respiratory syncytial virus in Kerala, the southern part of India. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2092-2097. [PMID: 28464224 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in infants and young children globally. RSV presents two antigenic groups RSV-A and -B. Genetic variability is also very high within each group. RSV circulation varies year to year and even varies among different regions. Data on circulatory pattern of RSV are available from other parts of India except Kerala. The aim of the study was to generate data about groups and genotypes of circulating RSV in Kerala. In this study, RSV positive samples received during January, 2012 to December, 2014 were used for genetic characterization. The samples were tested by using nucleocapsid (N) gene-based conventional multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify the RSV group. Genotyping was done by nucleotide sequencing of the C-terminal region of the glycoprotein (G) gene. Out of the 130 patient samples tested, 49 samples were positive for RSV. Among the positive samples, 32 belong to the RSV-A and 17 belong to RSV-B virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all RSV-A sequences (n = 22) belonged to NA1 genotype and five of the sequences showed the novel 72 nucleotide duplication and clustered into the newly designated ON1 genotype. All RSV-B sequences (n = 17) were clustered into the BA (BA9 and 10) genotype. From this study, we concluded both RSV-A and -B were co-circulated in Kerala and RSV-A was observed predominantly in 2012 and RSV-B in 2014. As per our best of knowledge, BA10 genotype is first observed in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita L Patil
- BSL-4 Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anukumar Balakrishnan
- National Institute of Virology Kerala Unit, Govt. T.D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
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Digital Image Analysis of Cells and Computational Tools for the Study of Mechanism of RSV Entry to Human Bronchial Epithelium. SISTEMAS E TECNOLOGIAS DE INFORMACAO : ATAS DE 12A CONFERENCIA IBERICA DE SISTEMAS E TECNOLOGIAS DE INFORMACAO (CISTI'2017) : 21 A 24 DE JUNHO DE 2017, LISBOA, PORTUGAL = INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH IB... 2017; 2017. [PMID: 34337619 DOI: 10.23919/cisti.2017.7975726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
this paper presents a research proposal which has been developed as a doctoral thesis in the PhD program in Computer Systems Engineering at the Universidad del Norte since August 2015. This research focuses on the analysis of cell images of the human bronchial epithelium infected with the Respiratory Syncytial Virus in order to understand the mechanisms of entry of the virus into the human body. Due to the large amount of information that is processed, it is necessary to use computational tools to finally differentiate between infected and uninfected cells.
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Durigon EL, Botosso VF, de Oliveira DBL. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Biology, Epidemiology, and Control. HUMAN VIROLOGY IN LATIN AMERICA 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121549 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54567-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Parsania M, Poopak B, Pouriayevali MH, Haghighi S, Amirkhani A, Nateghian A. Detection of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Among Hospitalized Young Children in Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e32974. [PMID: 27226877 PMCID: PMC4877467 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.32974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infection plays an important role in hospitalization of children in developing countries; detection of viral causes in such infections is very important. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common etiological agent of viral lower respiratory tract infection in children, and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections among infants and children. Objectives This study evaluated the frequency and seasonal prevalence of hMPV and RSV in hospitalized children under the age of five, who were admitted to Aliasghar children’s hospital of Iran University of Medical Sciences from March 2010 until March 2013. Patients and Methods Nasopharyngeal or throat swabs from 158 hospitalized children with fever and respiratory distress were evaluated for RSV and hMPV RNA by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results Among the 158 children evaluated in this study, 49 individuals (31.1%) had RSV infection while nine individuals (5.7%) had hMPV infection. Five (55.5%) of the hMPV-infected children were male while four (44.5%) were female and 27 (55.2%) of the RSV-infected patients were females and 22 (44.8%) were males. The RSV infections were detected in mainly < one year old children and hMPV infections were detected mainly in > one year old children. Both RSV and hMPV infections had occurred mainly during winter and spring seasons. Conclusions Respiratory syncytial virus was the major cause of acute respiratory infection in children under one-year of age while human metapneumovirus had a low prevalence in this group. The seasonal occurrence of both viruses was the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Parsania
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Behzad Poopak
- Department of Hematology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Sama Haghighi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Aref Amirkhani
- Department of Epidemiology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Nateghian
- Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Alireza Nateghian, Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122220041, Fax: +98-2122220063, E-mail:
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Tórtora RP, Guimarães MAAM, de Souza LM, Santos IA, Varella RB, de Fátima Pombo March M, da Cunha AJLA, Sant' Anna CC. Adenovirus species C detection in children under four years of age with acute bronchiolitis or recurrent wheezing. J Clin Virol 2015; 73:77-80. [PMID: 26580407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower respiratory tract viral infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Among viral etiological agents the human Adenovirus (AdV) has been associated to mild or severe respiratory tract infection. OBJECTIVE To detect the presence of human Adenovirus (AdV) in children with acute bronchiolitis or recurrent wheezing, describing their clinical features and determining Adenovirus species and AdV association to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Human Metapneumovirus (MPV) and Parainfluenza virus (PIV). STUDY DESIGN A total of 155 children bellow 48 months of age with acute bronchiolitis or recurrent wheezing were investigated for the presence of AdV, RSV, MPV and PIV in nasopharyngeal aspirate, by real-time PCR method. RESULTS AdV, predominantly of species C, has been detected as the unique pathogen (AdVi) or in association to other pathogens (AdVa.), in 39/155 samples. Crackles were more frequent in children with AdV. RSVi was detected predominantly in children with acute bronchiolitis while AdVi and AdVa were detected more frequently in patients with recurrent wheezing. CONCLUSION A small outbreak of AdV species C was observed in 2012 and 2013. AdV was detected more frequently in children with recurrent wheezing while RSVi was more frequent in infants with acute bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Prendin Tórtora
- Laboratório do Nucleo de Apoio a Criança e ao Adolescente do Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Arpon Marandino Guimarães
- Laboratório do Nucleo de Apoio a Criança e ao Adolescente do Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, UFRJ, Brazil; Depto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRJ, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Magalhães de Souza
- Laboratório do Nucleo de Apoio a Criança e ao Adolescente do Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela Arruda Santos
- Laboratório do Nucleo de Apoio a Criança e ao Adolescente do Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ, Brazil; Depto de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Brandão Varella
- Programa de Pós graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRJ, Brazil; Depto de Microbiologia, Instituto Biomédico, UFF, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Jose Ledo Alves da Cunha
- Laboratório do Nucleo de Apoio a Criança e ao Adolescente do Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ, Brazil; Depto de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Clemax Couto Sant' Anna
- Laboratório do Nucleo de Apoio a Criança e ao Adolescente do Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ, Brazil; Depto de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRJ, Brazil
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Pedraza-Bernal AM, Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Acuña-Cordero R. Predictors of severe disease in a hospitalized population of children with acute viral lower respiratory tract infections. J Med Virol 2015; 88:754-9. [PMID: 26403374 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although predictors of severe viral acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) in children have been reported, there have been few research studies performed in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The aim of the present study was to determine predictors of disease severity in a population of Colombian children <5 years of age with ALRI. In a prospective cohort study, we determined independent predictors of severe ALRI in a hospitalized population of children under 5 years old with ALRI during a 1-year period. We included both underlying disease conditions and the infecting respiratory viruses as predictor variables of severe disease. We defined severe disease as the necessity of pediatric intensive care unit admission. Of a total of 1,180 patients admitted with a diagnosis of ALRI, 416 (35.3%) were included because they were positive for any kind of respiratory virus. After controlling for potential confounders, it was found that a history of pulmonary hypertension (RR 3.62; CI 95% 2.38-5.52; P < 0.001) and a history of recurrent wheezing (RR 1.77; CI 95% 1.12-2.79; P = 0.015) were independent predictors of severe disease. The present study shows that respiratory viruses are significant causes of ALRI in infants and young children in Colombia, a typical tropical LMIC, especially during the rainy season. Additionally, the results of the present study show that clinical variables such as a history of pulmonary hypertension and a history of recurrent wheezing are more relevant for predicting ALRI severity than the infecting respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Pedraza-Bernal
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario Clinica San Rafael, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos E Rodriguez-Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
- Research Unit, Military Hospital of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ranniery Acuña-Cordero
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hospital Militar Central, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogota, Colombia
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de Mattos Silva Oliveira TF, Yokosawa J, Motta FC, Siqueira MM, da Silveira HL, Queiróz DAO. Molecular characterization of influenza viruses collected from young children in Uberlandia, Brazil - from 2001 to 2010. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:71. [PMID: 25886886 PMCID: PMC4336712 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza remains a major health problem due to the seasonal epidemics that occur every year caused by the emergence of new influenza virus strains. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins are under selective pressure and subjected to frequent changes by antigenic drift. Therefore, our main objective was to investigate the influenza cases in Uberlândia city, Midwestern Brazil, in order to monitor the appearance of new viral strains, despite the availability of a prophylactic vaccine. Methods Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 605 children less than five years of age presenting with acute respiratory disease and tested by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for detection of adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 and influenza virus types A and B. A reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for influenza viruses A and B was carried out to amplify partial segments of the HA and NA genes. The nucleotide sequences were analyzed and compared with sequences of the virus strains of the vaccine available in the same year of sample collection. Results Forty samples (6.6%) were tested positive for influenza virus by IFA and RT-PCR, with 39 samples containing virus of type A and one of type B. By RT-PCR, the type A viruses were further characterized in subtypes H3N2, H1N2 and H1N1 (41.0%, 17.9%, and 2.6%, respectively). Deduced amino acid sequence analysis of the partial hemagglutinin sequence compared to sequences from vaccine strains, revealed that all strains found in Uberlândia had variations in the antigenic sites. The sequences of the receptor binding sites were preserved, although substitutions with similar amino acids were observed in few cases. The neuraminidase sequences did not show significant changes. All the H3 isolates detected in the 2001-2003 period had drifted from vaccine strain, unlike the isolates of the 2004-2007 period. Conclusions These results suggest that the seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness could be reduced because of A H3N2 variants that circulated in 2001-2003 years. Thus, an early monitoring of variants circulating in the country or in a region may provide important information about the probable efficacy of the vaccine that will be administered in an influenza season. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0817-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonny Yokosawa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Couto Motta
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, RJ, Brazil.
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Rodríguez-Martínez CE, Rodríguez DA, Nino G. Respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, and mixed acute lower respiratory infections in children in a developing country. J Med Virol 2015; 87:774-81. [PMID: 25648409 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence suggesting greater severity and worse outcomes in children with mixed as compared to single respiratory virus infections. However, studies that assess the risk factors that may predispose a child to a mixture of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenoviral infections, are scarce. In a retrospective cohort study, the study investigated the epidemiology of RSV and adenovirus infections and predictors of mixed RSV-adenoviral infections in young children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory infection in Bogota, Colombia, South America, over a 2-year period 2009-2011. Of a total of 5,539 children admitted with a diagnosis of acute lower respiratory infection, 2,267 (40.9%) who were positive for RSV and/or adenovirus were selected. Out the total number of cases, 1,416 (62.5%) infections occurred during the 3-month period from March to May, the first rainy season of Bogota, Colombia. After controlling for gender, month when the nasopharyngeal sample was taken, and other pre-existing conditions, it was found that an age greater than 6 months (OR:1.74; CI 95%:1.05-2.89; P = 0.030) and malnutrition as a comorbidity (OR:9.92; CI 95%:1.01-100.9; P = 0.049) were independent predictors of mixed RSV-adenoviral infections in the sample of patients. In conclusion, RSV and adenovirus are significant causes of acute lower respiratory infection in infants and young children in Bogota, Colombia, especially during the first rainy season. The identified predictors of mixed RSV-adenoviral infections should be taken into account when planning intervention, in order to reduce the burden of acute lower respiratory infection in young children living in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Research Unit, Military Hospital of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
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Relationship between meteorological conditions and respiratory syncytial virus in a tropical country. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:2679-86. [PMID: 25591796 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814003793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine which meteorological conditions are associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolates in a population of children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in Bogota, Colombia. In an analytical cross-sectional study, links were examined between the number of monthly RSV infections and monthly average climatic variation (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed, solar radiation) between 1 January 2010 and 30 April 2011 in a population of hospitalized children aged <3 years with ALRI caused by RSV. Out of a total of 1548 children included in the study (mean age 9·2 ± 8·5 months), 1194 (77·1%) presented RSV infection during the 3-month period from March to May. In the multivariate analysis, after controlling for wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation, monthly average temperature [incident rate ratio (IRR) 3·14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·56-6·30, P = 0·001] and rainfall (IRR 1·008, 95% CI 1·00-1·01, P = 0·048) were independently associated with the monthly number of RSV infections. In conclusion, in Bogota, a tropical Latin American city, average temperature and rainfall are the meteorological variables most strongly associated with RSV isolation in children hospitalized with ALRI in the city.
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Bardach A, Rey-Ares L, Cafferata ML, Cormick G, Romano M, Ruvinsky S, Savy V. Systematic review and meta-analysis of respiratory syncytial virus infection epidemiology in Latin America. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:76-89. [PMID: 24757727 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequent cause of acute respiratory infection and the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to obtain a comprehensive epidemiological picture of the data available on disease burden, surveillance, and use of resources in Latin America. Pooled estimates are useful for cross-country comparisons. Data from published studies reporting patients with probable or confirmed RSV infection in medical databases and gray literature were included from 74 studies selected from the 291 initially identified. When considering all countries, the largest pooled percentage RSV in low respiratory tract infection patients was found in the group between 0 and 11 months old, 41.5% (95% CI 32.0–51.4). In all countries, percentages were increasingly lower as older children were included in the analyses. The pooled percentage of RSV in LRTIs in the elderly people was 12.6 (95% CI 4.2–24.6). The percentage of RSV infection in hospitalized newborns was 40.9% (95% CI 28.28–54.34). The pooled case fatality ratio for RSV infection was 1.74% (95% CI 1.2–2.4) in the first 2 years of life. The average length of stay excluding intensive care unit admissions among children with risk factors for severe disease was 12.8 (95% CI 8.9–16.7) days, whereas it averaged 7.3 (95% CI 6.1/8.5) days in otherwise healthy children.We could conclude that infants in their first year of age were the most vulnerable population. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on RSV disease burden and use of health resources in Latin America.
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Obodai E, Asmah R, Boamah I, Goka B, Odoom JK, Adiku T. Respiratory syncytial virus genotypes circulating in urban Ghana: February to November 2006. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19:128. [PMID: 25745535 PMCID: PMC4341265 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.128.4749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in young children. RSV strains have been divided into 2 major antigenic groups (A and B), which are further divided into several genotypes, but very little is known about its circulating genotypes in Ghana. This study characterized RSV genotypes detected in children with ALRI in Accra between February and November 2006. Methods Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were obtained from children diagnosed with ALRI between February and November 2006. The NPA were screened for RSV using a nested multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for genotyping RSV. Viral RNA was extracted from the NPA using guanidinium isothiocyanate method and purified with an RNAID commercial kit. Care-givers gave their consent prior to specimen collection. Administered questionnaires captured information on patient demographic and clinical history. Results A total of 53 children were enrolled in the study with a male to female ratio of 3:1. Of the 53 NPA analyzed, 60.4% (32/53) were positive for RSV. Subsequent genotypic analysis showed that 72% (23/32) of the 60.4% RSV infections were RSV B only and 28% (9/32) were co-infections of both RSV A and B. Children between the ages of 2 - 12 months were the most affected age group per an RSV infection rate of 37.5% (12/32). No significant difference was detected in the recovery rate of ALRI (98.1%) and RSV (96.9%) positive patients from the infection. One patient died resulting in a mortality rate of 3.1%. Bronchopneumonia (20 out of 32 cases) was the major diagnosis on admission. RSV infection was seasonal dependent, described by 2 peaks in October and April-May. Conclusion Both RSV A and RSV B genotypes co-circulated during the study period with RSV B predominating. RSV may possibly be the main pathogen of lower respiratory tract illness during epidemics in the wet seasons. Genotyping by the multiplex RT-PCR is one of the first attempts at molecular diagnosis of RSV infection in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline Obodai
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana ; Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard Asmah
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Boamah
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bamenla Goka
- Department of Child Health, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - John Kofi Odoom
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Adiku
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
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de Souza Costa VH, Baurakiades E, Viola Azevedo ML, Traiano G, Kowal Rosales J, Kunze Larsen KS, Raboni SM, de Noronha L. Immunohistochemistry analysis of pulmonary infiltrates in necropsy samples of children with non-pandemic lethal respiratory infections (RSV; ADV; PIV1; PIV2; PIV3; FLU A; FLU B). J Clin Virol 2014; 61:211-5. [PMID: 25052332 PMCID: PMC7173026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections represent a globally cause of mortality in childhood. Individuals with impaired cellular immunity have more severe diseases. The inflammatory response appears to play role in recovery from these diseases. TCD8+ count (immunohistochemistry) was higher in the viral pneumonias (p
= 0.04). Tissue TCD8+ lymphocytes play role in the viral pneumonia inflammatory response.
Background Acute viral respiratory infections represent a globally important cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood. An individual's cellular response appears to play a critical role in recovery from infections, given that individuals with impaired cellular immunity, congenital or acquired, have more severe diseases and secrete the virus for longer periods. Objectives The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically evaluate the expression of the cell surface antigens CD4, CD8, CD25, CD14 and CD74, in pneumonic infiltrates in the alveolar septa using paraffin-embedded lung samples from autopsies of immunocompetent children who died of lethal, non-pandemic, severe acute respiratory infections. Study design From 794 cases of pediatric autopsies of patients with severe respiratory disease (between 1960 and 2004), 193 cases were selected for this study. To identify subpopulations of inflammatory cells in the alveolar septa, cell surface antigen expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry using the following primary antibodies: anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD14, anti-CD25 and anti-CD74. Results The TCD8+ lymphocyte count was higher in the virus-positive group (p = 0.04) and was also much higher among cases that were positive for more than three viral types (p = 0.016). There were fewer CD14+ cells in cases of AdV (adenovirus) infection (p = 0.002), and there was a predominance of CD74+ cells in the histopathological pattern defined as interstitial pneumonitis (p = 0.037). Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that TCD8+ lymphocytes present in the alveolar septa participate to a greater extent in the response toward viral pneumonia, while CD14+ cell numbers are often reduced in cases of AdV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Baurakiades
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marina Louise Viola Azevedo
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Traiano
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jeana Kowal Rosales
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Susana Kunze Larsen
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sonia Maria Raboni
- Universidade Federal do Paraná - Hospital de Clínicas, Rua General Carneiro, 181 Centro, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Rodríguez DA, Rodríguez-Martínez CE, Cárdenas AC, Quilaguy IE, Mayorga LY, Falla LM, Nino G. Predictors of severity and mortality in children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection in a tropical region. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:269-76. [PMID: 23401345 PMCID: PMC4002290 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in infants and young children. Although ALRI is a major public health problem in developing countries located in tropical areas, studies about RSV epidemiology in these regions are scarce. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study, we investigated the epidemiology and predictive variables that reflect disease severity and mortality in young children hospitalized with ALRI due to RSV in Colombia, South-America, during a 2-year period (2009-2011). RESULTS Of a total of 6,344 children with a diagnosis of ALRI, we selected 2,147 (33.8%) that were positive for RSV. After controlling for pre-existing conditions, we found that independent predictors of severe disease in our population included age <6 months (RR 2.01; CI 95% 1.70-2.38; P < 0.001), prematurity (RR 1.61; CI 95% 1.20-2.17; P = 0.001), congenital heart disease (RR 2.03; CI 95% 1.16-3.54; P = 0.013), and mixed RSV-adenovirus infection (RR 2.09; CI 95% 1.60-2.73; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified that cancer (RR 31.60; CI 95% 5.97-167.13; P < 0.001) is a predictor of mortality in our RSV-infected pediatric population independently of age and other co-morbidities. CONCLUSIONS RSV is an important cause of ALRI in infants and young children living in tropical regions, especially during the rainy season. The identified predictors of severe disease and mortality should be taken into account when planning interventions to reduce the burden of ALRI in young children living in these regions.
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Costa LF, Queiróz DAO, Lopes da Silveira H, Bernardino Neto M, de Paula NT, Oliveira TFMS, Tolardo AL, Yokosawa J. Human rhinovirus and disease severity in children. Pediatrics 2014; 133:e312-21. [PMID: 24420808 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate retrospectively human rhinovirus (HRV) infections in children up to 5 years old and factors involved in disease severity. METHODS Nasopharyngeal aspirates from 434 children presenting a broad range of respiratory infection symptoms and severity degrees were tested for presence of HRV and 8 other respiratory viruses. Presence of host risk factors was also assessed. RESULTS HRV was detected in 181 (41.7%) samples, in 107 of them as the only agent and in 74 as coinfections, mostly with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 43.2%). Moderate to severe symptoms were observed in 28.9% (31/107) single infections and in 51.3% (38/74) coinfections (P = .004). Multivariate analyses showed association of coinfections with lower respiratory tract symptoms and some parameters of disease severity, such as hospitalization. In coinfections, RSV was the most important virus associated with severe disease. Prematurity, cardiomyopathies, and noninfectious respiratory diseases were comorbidities that also were associated with disease severity (P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that HRV was a common pathogen of respiratory disease in children and was also involved in severe cases, causing symptoms of the lower respiratory tract. Severe disease in HRV infections were caused mainly by presence of RSV in coinfections, prematurity, congenital heart disease, and noninfectious respiratory disease.
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Roy Mukherjee T, Chanda S, Mullick S, De P, Dey‐Sarkar M, Chawla‐Sarkar M. Spectrum of respiratory viruses circulating in eastern India: prospective surveillance among patients with influenza-like illness during 2010-2011. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1459-65. [PMID: 23765782 PMCID: PMC7166942 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries, viruses causing respiratory disease are a major concern of public health. During January 2010-December 2011, 2,737 patients with acute respiratory infection from the outpatient departments as well as patients admitted to hospitals were screened for different respiratory viruses. Nasal and or throat swabs were collected and transported to the laboratory where initial screening of influenza A and influenza B viruses was performed. The samples were tested further for influenza C virus, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, human rhinovirus, metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus by conventional RT- PCR. The study revealed that the majority of the patients were under 5 years of age; both due to their higher susceptibility to respiratory infections and presentation to hospitals. Out of 2,737 patients enrolled in this study, 59% were found positive for one or more respiratory viruses. Influenza B infection was detected in 12% of patients followed by influenza A (11.7%), respiratory syncytial virus (7.1%), parainfluenza virus-2 (6%), metapneumovirus (3%), parainfluenza virus-3 (1%), parainfluenza virus-4 (0.6%), parainfluenza virus-1 (0.3%), influenza C (0.2%) and human rhinovirus (0.2%). Distinct seasonal infection was observed only for influenza A and influenza B viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shampa Chanda
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric DiseasesBeliaghata, KolkataIndia
| | - Satarupa Mullick
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric DiseasesBeliaghata, KolkataIndia
| | - Papiya De
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric DiseasesBeliaghata, KolkataIndia
| | - Malay Dey‐Sarkar
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric DiseasesBeliaghata, KolkataIndia
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Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Hospitalized Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, Using RT PCR in Ahvaz, Iran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.9987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Analysis of Sequence Diversity of Human Metapneumovirus Collected from Young Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in South India. Mol Diagn Ther 2013; 17:247-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Albuquerque MCM, Varella RB, Santos N. Acute respiratory viral infections in children in Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:249-55. [PMID: 22983287 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of viral pathogens causing respiratory infections in children in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis was investigated. Nasal swabs from children with acute respiratory illnesses were collected between March 2006 and October 2007. Specimens were tested for viral detection by conventional (RT)-PCR and/or real time PCR. Of the 205 nasal swabs tested, 64 (31.2%) were positive for at least one of the viral pathogens. Single infections were detected in 56 samples, 50 of those were caused by RNA viruses: 33 samples tested positive for rhinovirus, five for influenza A, five for metapneumovirus, four for coronavirus and, three for respiratory syncytial virus. For the DNA viruses, five samples were positive for bocavirus and one for adenovirus. Co-infections with these viruses were detected in eight samples. Our data demonstrate a high frequency of viral respiratory infections, emphasizing the need for a more accurate diagnosis particularly for the emerging respiratory viruses. The fact that the emerging respiratory viruses were present in 9.2% of the tested samples suggests that these viruses could be important respiratory pathogens in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina M Albuquerque
- Departament of Virology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Savy V, Ciapponi A, Bardach A, Glujovsky D, Aruj P, Mazzoni A, Gibbons L, Ortega-Barría E, Colindres RE. Burden of influenza in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:1017-32. [PMID: 23210504 PMCID: PMC4634294 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Influenza causes severe morbidity and mortality. This systematic review aimed to assess the incidence, etiology, and resource usage for influenza in Latin America and the Caribbean. DESIGN Meta-analytic systematic review. Arcsine transformations and DerSimonian Laird random effects model were used for meta-analyses. SETTING A literature search from 1980 to 2008 in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, Ministries of Health, PAHO, proceedings, reference lists, and consulting experts. SAMPLE We identified 1092 references, of which 31 were finally included, in addition to influenza surveillance reports. We also used information from the 10 reports from the collaborative group for epidemiological surveillance of influenza and other respiratory virus (GROG), and information retrieved from the WHO global flu database FLUNET. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence, percentage of influenza specimens out of the total received by influenza centers and resource-use outcomes. RESULTS A total of 483 130 specimens of patients with influenza were analyzed. Meta-analysis showed an annual rate of 36 080 (95%CI 28 550 43 610) influenza-like illness per 100 000 persons-years. The percentage of influenza out of total specimens received by influenza centers ranged between 4.66% and 15.42%, with type A the most prevalent, and A subtype H3 predominating. The mean length of stay at hospital due to influenza ranged between 5.8 12.9 days, total workdays lost due to influenza-like illnesses were 17 150 days, and the mean direct cost of hospitalization was US$575 per laboratory-confirmed influenza case. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that seasonal influenza imposes a high morbidity and economic burden to the region. However, the vaccine-uptake rate has been low in this region. Population-based cohort studies are required to improve the knowledge about incidence and resource utilization, which would inform healthcare authorities for decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Savy
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Buenos Aires, Argentina.Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gardinassi LG, Marques Simas PV, Salomão JB, Durigon EL, Zanetta Trevisan DM, Cordeiro JA, Lacerda MN, Rahal P, de Souz FP. Seasonality of viral respiratory infections in southeast of Brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:98-108. [PMID: 24031808 PMCID: PMC3768995 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120001000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in childhood and the main viruses involved are Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV), Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), Influenzavirus A and B (FLUA and FLUB), Human Parainfluenza Virus 1, 2 and 3 (HPIV1, 2 and 3) and Human Rhinovirus (HRV). The purposes of this study were to detect respiratory viruses in hospitalized children younger than six years and identify the influence of temperature and relative air humidity on the detected viruses. Samples of nasopharyngeal washes were collected from hospitalized children between May/2004 and September/2005. Methods of viral detection were RT-PCR, PCR and HRV amplicons were confirmed by hybridization. Results showed 54% (148/272) of viral positivity. HRSV was detected in 29% (79/272) of the samples; HRV in 23.1% (63/272); HPIV3 in 5.1% (14/272); HMPV in 3.3% (9/272); HPIV1 in 2.9% (8/272); FLUB in 1.4% (4/272), FLUA in 1.1% (3/272), and HPIV2 in 0.3% (1/272). The highest detection rates occurred mainly in the spring 2004 and in the autumn 2005. It was observed that viral respiratory infections tend to increase as the relative air humidity decreases, showing significant association with monthly averages of minimal temperature and minimal relative air humidity. In conclusion, viral respiratory infections vary according to temperature and relative air humidity and viral respiratory infections present major incidences it coldest and driest periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Biologia , Ribeirão Preto , Brasil
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Lamarão LM, Ramos FL, Mello WA, Santos MC, Barbagelata LS, Justino MCA, da Silva AF, Quaresma AJPG, da Silva VB, Burbano RR, Linhares AC. Prevalence and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus in children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in northern Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:119. [PMID: 22591236 PMCID: PMC3449189 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood pneumonia and bronchiolitis is a leading cause of illness and death in young children worldwide with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) as the main viral cause. RSV has been associated with annual respiratory disease outbreaks and bacterial co-infection has also been reported. This study is the first RSV epidemiological study in young children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Belém city, Pará (Northern Brazil). Methods With the objective of determining the prevalence of RSV infection and evaluating the patients’ clinical and epidemiological features, we conducted a prospective study across eight hospitals from November 2006 to October 2007. In this study, 1,050 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were obtained from hospitalized children up to the age of three years with CAP, and tested for RSV antigen by direct immunofluorescence assay and by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for RSV Group identification. Results RSV infection was detected in 243 (23.1%) children. The mean age of the RSV-positive group was lower than the RSV-negative group (12.1 months vs 15.5 months, p<0.001) whereas gender distribution was similar. The RSV-positive group showed lower means of C-reactive protein (CRP) in comparison to the RSV-negative group (15.3 vs 24.0 mg/dL, p<0.05). Radiological findings showed that 54.2% of RSV-positive group and 50.3% of RSV-negative group had interstitial infiltrate. Bacterial infection was identified predominantly in the RSV-positive group (10% vs 4.5%, p<0.05). Rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction were predominantly observed in the RSV-positive group. A co-circulation of RSV Groups A and B was identified, with a predominance of Group B (209/227). Multivariate analysis revealed that age under 1 year (p<0.015), CRP levels under 48 mg/dL (p<0.001) and bacterial co-infection (p<0.032) were independently associated with the presence of RSV and, in the analyze of symptoms, nasal obstruction were independently associated with RSV-positive group (p<0.001). Conclusion The present study highlights the relevance of RSV infection in hospitalized cases of CAP in our region; our findings warrant the conduct of further investigations which can help design strategies for controlling the disease.
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Freitas GRO, Silva DAO, Yokosawa J, Paula NT, Costa LF, Carneiro BM, Ribeiro LZG, Oliveira TFM, Mineo JR, Queiróz DAO. Antibody response and avidity of respiratory syncytial virus-specific total IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 in young children. J Med Virol 2012; 83:1826-33. [PMID: 21837801 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute respiratory disease in infants and young children. Considering that several aspects of the humoral immune response to RSV infection remain unclear, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence, levels, and avidity of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 antibodies against RSV in serum samples from children ≤5 years old. In addition, a possible association between antibody avidity and severity of illness was examined. The occurrence and levels of RSV-specific IgG depended on age, with infants <3 months old displaying high levels of antibodies, which were probably acquired from the mother. Children ≥24 months old also showed frequent occurrence and high levels of IgG, which was produced actively during infection. In addition, the avidity assay showed that the avidity of RSV-specific total IgG and IgG1 was lower in infants <3 months old who had acute respiratory disease than in age-matched controls. The avidity of RSV-specific IgG detected in children ≥24 months old with lower respiratory infection was lower than that in children with upper respiratory infection. These results indicate that the presence of high avidity RSV-specific IgG antibodies may lead to better protection against RSV infection in children <3 months old, who may have a lower probability of developing disease of increased severity. In addition, children ≥24 months old with RSV-specific IgG antibodies of low avidity tended to develop more severe RSV illness. These findings may be helpful in establishing vaccination schedules when a vaccine becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R O Freitas
- Laboratory of Virology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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29
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Debur MC, Vidal LR, Stroparo E, Nogueira MB, Almeida SM, Takahashi GA, Rotta I, Pereira LA, Silveira CS, Delfraro A, Nakatani SM, Skraba I, Raboni SM. Impact of human metapneumovirus infection on in and outpatients for the years 2006-2008 in Southern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:1010-8. [PMID: 21225198 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human metapneumovirus (hMPV), member of the Paramyxoviridae family, has been reported as an important agent involved with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). The aim of this study is to identify hMPV as the etiological agent of ARIs on in and outpatients in the city of Curitiba, Southern Brazil, and describe clinical data of hMPV subtyping. A retrospective study was performed in 1,572 respiratory samples over a period of three years. hMPV was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and subtyping was performed by nucleotide sequencing. hMPV was present in 61 (3.9%) samples and subtypes A1, A2a, B1 and B2 were detected. The incidence of hMPV was higher in outpatients (5.9%), whose mean age was 19.7 years (range 6 months-75 years old), than in inpatients (3%), whose mean age was 7.6 months (range 1 month-26 years old). The outpatients had upper respiratory tract infections with flu-like symptoms and all hospitalized children had lower respiratory tract infections. A pediatric patient died from complications associated with hMPV A2a infection. hMPV has been reported as a respiratory pathogen in all age groups. No correlation was observed between viral subtype and disease severity in the samples of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Debur
- Laboratório de Virologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil, 82060-240
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30
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Paula NTD, Carneiro BM, Yokosawa J, Freitas GROE, Oliveira TFDM, Costa LF, Silveira HLD, Queiróz DAO. Human rhinovirus in the lower respiratory tract infections of young children and the possible involvement of a secondary respiratory viral agent. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:316-21. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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Fattouh AM, Mansi YA, El-Anany MG, El-Kholy AA, El-Karaksy HM. Acute lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus in a group of Egyptian children under 5 years of age. Ital J Pediatr 2011; 37:14. [PMID: 21466713 PMCID: PMC3083345 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-37-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in infants and young children. This study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of ALRTI associated with RSV among children ≤ 5 years old in Egypt. PATIENTS AND METHODS We enrolled 427 children ≤ 5 years old diagnosed with ALRTI attending the outpatient clinic or Emergency Department (ED) of Children Hospital, Cairo University during a one- year period. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from the patients, kept on ice and processed within 2 hours of collection. Immunoflourescent assay (IFA) for RSV was performed. RESULTS 91 cases (21.3%) had viral etiology with RSV antigens detected in 70 cases (16.4%). The RSV positive cases were significantly younger than other non-RSV cases (mean age 8.2 months versus 14.2 months, p <0.001). RSV cases had significantly higher respiratory rate in the age group between 2-11 months (mean 58.4 versus 52.7/minute, p < 0.001) and no significant difference in the mean respiratory rate in the age group between 12-59 months. More RSV cases required supplemental oxygen (46% versus 23.5%, p < 0.001) with higher rate of hospitalization (37.1% versus 11.2%, p < 0.001) than the non-RSV cases. 97% of RSV cases occurred in winter season (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION RSV is the most common viral etiology of ALRTI in children below 5 years of age, especially in young infants below 6 months of age. It is more prevalent in winter and tends to cause severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M Fattouh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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32
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Luiz LN, Leite JPG, Yokosawa J, Carneiro BM, Pereira Filho E, Oliveira TFDM, Freitas GROE, Costa LF, Paula NTD, Silveira HLD, Nepomuceno JC, Queiróz DAO. Molecular characterization of adenoviruses from children presenting with acute respiratory disease in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and detection of an isolate genetically related to feline adenovirus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:712-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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33
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Tregoning JS, Schwarze J. Respiratory viral infections in infants: causes, clinical symptoms, virology, and immunology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:74-98. [PMID: 20065326 PMCID: PMC2806659 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00032-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In global terms, respiratory viral infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Infancy, in particular, is a time of increased disease susceptibility and severity. Early-life viral infection causes acute illness and can be associated with the development of wheezing and asthma in later life. The most commonly detected viruses are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and influenza virus. In this review we explore the complete picture from epidemiology and virology to clinical impact and immunology. Three striking aspects emerge. The first is the degree of similarity: although the infecting viruses are all different, the clinical outcome, viral evasion strategies, immune response, and long-term sequelae share many common features. The second is the interplay between the infant immune system and viral infection: the immaturity of the infant immune system alters the outcome of viral infection, but at the same time, viral infection shapes the development of the infant immune system and its future responses. Finally, both the virus and the immune response contribute to damage to the lungs and subsequent disease, and therefore, any prevention or treatment needs to address both of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Tregoning
- Centre for Infection, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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34
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Carneiro BM, Yokosawa J, Arbiza J, Costa LF, Mirazo S, Nepomuceno LL, Oliveira TF, Goulart LR, Vieira CU, Freitas GR, Paula NT, Queiróz DA. Detection of all four human metapneumovirus subtypes in nasopharyngeal specimens from children with respiratory disease in Uberlândia, Brazil. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1814-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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35
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Albuquerque MCM, Pena GPA, Varella RB, Gallucci G, Erdman D, Santos N. Novel respiratory virus infections in children, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:806-8. [PMID: 19402976 PMCID: PMC2687000 DOI: 10.3201/eid1505.081603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently discovered respiratory viruses were detected in 19 (9.2%) of 205 nasal swab specimens from children in Brazil with respiratory illnesses. Five each were positive for human metapneumovirus (HMPV) alone and human bocavirus (HBoV) alone, 3 for human coronaviruses (HCoV-HKU1 or -NL63) alone, and 6 for more than 1 recently discovered virus.
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36
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Oliveira TFM, Freitas GRO, Ribeiro LZG, Yokosawa J, Siqueira MM, Portes SAR, Silveira HL, Calegari T, Costa LF, Mantese OC, Queiróz DAO. Prevalence and clinical aspects of respiratory syncytial virus A and B groups in children seen at Hospital de Clínicas of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:417-22. [PMID: 18797752 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is well recognized as the most important pathogen causing acute respiratory disease in infants and young children, mainly in the form of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Two major antigenic groups, A and B, have been identified; however, there is disagreement about the severity of the diseases caused by these two types. This study investigated a possible association between RSV groups and severity of disease. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize 128 RSV nasopharyngeal specimens from children less than five years old experiencing acute respiratory disease. A total of 82 of 128 samples (64.1%) could be typed, and, of these, 78% were group A, and 22% were group B. Severity was measured by clinical evaluation associated with demographic factors: for RSV A-infected patients, 53.1% were hospitalized, whereas for RSV B patients, 27.8% were hospitalized (p = 0.07). Around 35.0% of the patients presented risk factors for severity (e.g., prematurity). For those without risk factors, the hospitalization occurred in 47.6% of patients infected with RSV A and in 18.2% infected with RSV B. There was a trend for RSV B infections to be milder than those of RSV A. Even though RSV A-infected patients, including cases without underlying condition and prematurity, were more likely to require hospitalization than those infected by RSV B, the disease severity could not to be attributed to the RSV groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
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Grant WB. Response to Comments by Norval and Woods to my Hypothesis Regarding Vitamin D Viral Infections and their Sequelae. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Frequency of detection of respiratory viruses in the lower respiratory tract of hospitalized adults. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:215-20. [PMID: 18343193 PMCID: PMC7108434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections are the most common infections in humans. The prevalence of respiratory viruses in adults is largely underestimated, and relevant data mostly concern infants and children. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of respiratory viruses in adults hospitalized in Italy. STUDY DESIGN During April 2004--May 2005, 510 consecutive lower respiratory tract samples were prospectively collected. These were evaluated with a molecular panel that detected 12 respiratory viruses. RESULTS Two hundred and fifteen samples were positive for at least one viral pathogen, with an overall sample prevalence of 42.2%. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were the most commonly detected viruses (32.9%), followed by influenza virus (FLU)-A (9.0%); the other viruses were 2% or less. Multiple agents were detected in 30 samples from 29 patients, resulting in a co-infection rate of 6.7%. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a high prevalence of viruses in the lower respiratory tract samples of hospitalized adults, mostly HRV and FLU-A. It is not possible to establish the role of viruses detected at low frequency, but our findings suggest the necessity to consider them as potential causes or precursors of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs).
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Serum mannose-binding lectin levels are linked with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. J Clin Immunol 2007; 28:166-73. [PMID: 17952574 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response facilitates the quality of the adaptive immune response and is critical to an individual's susceptibility to infection and disease. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a plasma protein with anti-microbial properties that binds a wide range of pathogens to flag them for immune destruction independent of antibodies. In this study, serum MBL levels were measured in 81 children <5 years old experiencing acute respiratory syncytial virus infection and in 40 control children to determine the association with disease severity. Almost 70% of all RSV-infected children had low to intermediate MBL levels (<500 ng/ml) compared to controls, and most of the <6 months old RSV interned patients had low to intermediate levels. No differences were detected in MBL levels between case and control children <1 month old. Analysis of the T-cell compartment in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from acute RSV-infected and control children showed that the percent CD4+ T cells was statistically lower in RSV-infected children > or =6 months old compared to controls, while the percent CD8+ T cells in RSV-infected and control PBMC was generally similar. These results suggest that low serum MBL levels may be a marker of RSV disease severity in children and that MBL may be important in limiting RSV disease pathogenesis.
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40
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Lodes MJ, Suciu D, Wilmoth JL, Ross M, Munro S, Dix K, Bernards K, Stöver AG, Quintana M, Iihoshi N, Lyon WJ, Danley DL, McShea A. Identification of upper respiratory tract pathogens using electrochemical detection on an oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS One 2007; 2:e924. [PMID: 17895966 PMCID: PMC1976596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral upper respiratory infections (URI) produce highly variable clinical symptoms that cannot be used to identify the etiologic agent. Proper treatment, however, depends on correct identification of the pathogen involved as antibiotics provide little or no benefit with viral infections. Here we describe a rapid and sensitive genotyping assay and microarray for URI identification using standard amplification and hybridization techniques, with electrochemical detection (ECD) on a semiconductor-based oligonucleotide microarray. The assay was developed to detect four bacterial pathogens (Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and 9 viral pathogens (adenovirus 4, coronavirus OC43, 229E and HK, influenza A and B, parainfluinza types 1, 2, and 3 and respiratory syncytial virus. This new platform forms the basis for a fully automated diagnostics system that is very flexible and can be customized to suit different or additional pathogens. Multiple probes on a flexible platform allow one to test probes empirically and then select highly reactive probes for further iterative evaluation. Because ECD uses an enzymatic reaction to create electrical signals that can be read directly from the array, there is no need for image analysis or for expensive and delicate optical scanning equipment. We show assay sensitivity and specificity that are excellent for a multiplexed format.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Infections/diagnosis
- Bacterial Infections/microbiology
- Bordetella pertussis/genetics
- Bordetella pertussis/isolation & purification
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/genetics
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Electrochemistry/methods
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genetics
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolation & purification
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/isolation & purification
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reproducibility of Results
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/isolation & purification
- Respiratory System/microbiology
- Respiratory System/virology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics
- Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification
- Virus Diseases/diagnosis
- Virus Diseases/virology
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