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Moussa AS, Ashour AA, Soliman MI, Taha HA, Al-Herrawy AZ, Gad M. Fate of Cryptosporidium and Giardia through conventional and compact drinking water treatment plants. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2491-2501. [PMID: 37632544 PMCID: PMC10567834 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, a notable rise in the occurrence of enteric protozoan pathogens, especially Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp., in drinking water sources has been observed. This rise could be attributed not only to an actual increase in water contamination but also to improvements in detection methods. These waterborne pathogens have played a pivotal role in disease outbreaks and the overall escalation of disease rates in both developed and developing nations worldwide. Consequently, the control of waterborne diseases has become a vital component of public health policies and a primary objective of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Limited studies applied real-time PCR (qPCR) and/or immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for monitoring Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp., particularly in developing countries like Egypt. Water samples from two conventional drinking water treatment plants and two compact units (CUs) were analyzed using both IFA and qPCR methods to detect Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Using qPCR and IFA, the conventional DWTPs showed complete removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium, whereas Mansheyat Alqanater and Niklah CUs achieved only partial removal. Specifically, Cryptosporidium gene copies removal rates were 33.33% and 60% for Mansheyat Alqanater and Niklah CUs, respectively. Niklah CU also removed 50% of Giardia gene copies, but no Giardia gene copies were removed by Mansheyat Alqanater CU. Using IFA, both Mansheyat Alqanater and Niklah CUs showed a similar removal rate of 50% for Giardia cysts. Additionally, Niklah CU achieved a 50% removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts, whereas Mansheyat Alqanater CU did not show any removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Conventional DWTPs were more effective than CUs in removing enteric protozoa. The contamination of drinking water by enteric pathogenic protozoa remains a significant issue globally, leading to increased disease rates. Infectious disease surveillance in drinking water is an important epidemiological tool to monitor the health of a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Moussa
- Reference Laboratory, Drinking Water and Wastewater Holding Company, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ameen A Ashour
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad I Soliman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda A Taha
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Z Al-Herrawy
- Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Gad
- Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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Fradette MS, Culley AI, Charette SJ. Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Environmental Water Samples: A Journey into the Past and New Perspectives. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061175. [PMID: 35744692 PMCID: PMC9228427 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the major issues linked with producing safe water for consumption is the presence of the parasitic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Since they are both responsible for gastrointestinal illnesses that can be waterborne, their monitoring is crucial, especially in water sources feeding treatment plants. Although their discovery was made in the early 1900s and even before, it was only in 1999 that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a standardized protocol for the detection of these parasites, modified and named today the U.S. EPA 1623.1 Method. It involves the flow-through filtration of a large volume of the water of interest, the elution of the biological material retained on the filter, the purification of the (oo)cysts, and the detection by immunofluorescence of the target parasites. Since the 1990s, several molecular-biology-based techniques were also developed to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia cells from environmental or clinical samples. The application of U.S. EPA 1623.1 as well as numerous biomolecular methods are reviewed in this article, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed guiding the readers, such as graduate students, researchers, drinking water managers, epidemiologists, and public health specialists, through the ever-expanding number of techniques available in the literature for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Stéphanie Fradette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Aménagement et Développement du Territoire (CRAD), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander I. Culley
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steve J. Charette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Zini LB, Lorenzini R, Camelo LGG, Gutterres M. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water supply from 2016 to 2020 in South Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:496. [PMID: 34282498 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this research are to evaluate Giardia and Cryptosporidium contamination in surface water supply in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State in South Brazil in the years 2016 to 2020, assess seasonality, and to infer the population that may have been exposed to these protozoa through drinking water based on drinking water treatment efficiency. Data were obtained through the drinking water surveillance national information system. From 204 DWT plants in the state, 66 have been analyzed for protozoa. A total of 2304 analyses of protozoa in raw water were evaluated, of which 223 had both Giardia spp. cysts and/or Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in concentrations that varied from 0.1 to 21.5/L. A total of 2,712,125 people from 48 cities were at risk of having the presence of pathogenic protozoa in their drinking water. The probability of finding these protozoa was higher in winter. Giardia cysts were more likely to be found in a period without rain, suggesting that sewage was the main source of contamination. It is concluded that the springs of Rio Grande do Sul are impacted and the circulation of pathogenic protozoa through the territory is endemic with a probable source of contamination to sewage and livestock activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Barros Zini
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Luiz Englert s/nº, downtown, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-040, Brazil.
- Health State Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul, Environmental Vigilance, Av. Ipiranga, Porto Alegre, RS, 5400, 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Lorenzini
- Health State Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul, Environmental Vigilance, Av. Ipiranga, Porto Alegre, RS, 5400, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Luana Gabriele Gomes Camelo
- Health State Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul, Environmental Vigilance, Av. Ipiranga, Porto Alegre, RS, 5400, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Mariliz Gutterres
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Luiz Englert s/nº, downtown, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-040, Brazil
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Mthethwa NP, Amoah ID, Reddy P, Bux F, Kumari S. A review on application of next-generation sequencing methods for profiling of protozoan parasites in water: Current methodologies, challenges, and perspectives. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 187:106269. [PMID: 34129906 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in metagenomic techniques has provided novel tools for profiling human parasites in environmental matrices, such as water and wastewater. However, application of metagenomic techniques for the profiling of protozoan parasites in environmental matrices is not commonly reported in the literature. The key factors leading to the less common use of metagenomics are the complexity and large eukaryotic genome, the prevalence of small parasite populations in environmental samples compared to bacteria, difficulties in extracting DNA from (oo)cysts, and limited reference databases for parasites. This calls for further research to develop optimized methods specifically looking at protozoan parasites in the environment. This study reviews the current workflow, methods and provide recommendations for the standardization of techniques. The article identifies and summarizes the key methods, advantages, and limitations associated with metagenomic analysis, like sample pre-processing, DNA extraction, sequencing approaches, and analysis methods. The study enhances the understanding and application of standardized protocols for profiling of protozoan parasite community from highly complexe samples and further creates a resourceful comparison among datasets without any biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Mthethwa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - I D Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - P Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - F Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - S Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Ferreira ALDC, Carvalho FFD, Nihei OK, Nascimento IA, Shimabuku Junior RS, Fernandes RD, Moreira NM. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in children from public preschool in the Triple Border Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. ABCS HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.7322/abcshs.2019136.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The prevalence of parasitosis in children from Brazilian border cities is unknown. Objective: To identify the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children from public pre-school on the Brazilian border and their socioeconomic and health profile. Methods: Fecal samples were obtained from 178 children from public early childhood educational center (CMEI) in Brazilian border municipalities in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. Samples were processed by Hoffman sedimentation and zinc sulfate centrifugation and flotation methods. A questionnaire was administered to children´s parents or guardians regarding parasitic diseases, socioeconomic status, and sanitary habits. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 26.9% (n=48). A high prevalence of Giardia duodenalis was found (16.3%), followed by Endolimax nana (8.4%), Enterobius vermiculares (1.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides, and Entamoeba coli (0.5%). Forty-seven children (26.4%) presented monoparasitism. The percentage of parasitosis was significantly higher among male children (33.7% - p<0.036) who exhibited weight loss (50.0%), were from low-income families (35.4%- p=0.05), and had mothers with a low education (54.0%-p=0.0001). The highest percentage of Giardia was in children who exhibited weight loss (42.9% - p<0.05) and had mothers with low education (35.0%- p=0.0001). Multivariate analysis indicated that in the variable gender (male gender), weight loss and low maternal education contributed to the variability of parasitosis in children from the surveyed MCEC. Conclusion: The higher prevalence of Giardia was due to child and family variables. The detection of Enterobius vermiculares and Ascaris lumbricoides, despite the low frequency, indicates the need for better basic sanitation policies. Keywords: child; parasites; prevalence; border areas; giardiasis.
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Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Mostly Asymptomatic Indigenous People from the Tapirapé Tribe, Brazilian Amazon. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020206. [PMID: 33672794 PMCID: PMC7917967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on the occurrence and genetic variability of the diarrhoea-causing enteric protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis in indigenous communities in Brazil. This cross-sectional epidemiological survey describes the frequency, genotypes, and risk associations for this pathogen in Tapirapé people (Brazilian Amazon) at four sampling campaigns during 2008–2009. Microscopy was used as a screening test, and molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) assays targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA, the glutamate dehydrogenase, the beta-giardin, and the triosephosphate isomerase genes as confirmatory/genotyping methods. Associations between G. duodenalis and sociodemographic and clinical variables were investigated using Chi-squared test and univariable/multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, 574 individuals belonging to six tribes participated in the study, with G. duodenalis prevalence rates varying from 13.5–21.7%. The infection was positively linked to younger age and tribe. Infected children <15 years old reported more frequent gastrointestinal symptoms compared to adults. Assemblage B accounted for three out of four G. duodenalis infections and showed a high genetic diversity. No association between assemblage and age or occurrence of diarrhoea was demonstrated. These data indicate that the most likely source of infection was anthropic and that different pathways (e.g., drinking water) may be involved in the transmission of the parasite.
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Breternitz BS, Barbosa da Veiga DP, Pepe Razzolini MT, Nardocci AC. Land use associated with Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp.in surface water supply in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115143. [PMID: 32682184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Land use/Land cover (LULC) associated with Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. quantification and distribution can provide identification of the environmental circulation patterns of these parasites. The aim of this research was to relate the occurrence and circulation of these parasites to the LULC watershed with poor sanitation infrastructure and livestock as important economic activity. The study involved 11 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, located in southeastern Brazil. Sampling was carried out at the catchment sites of each water supply on a monthly basis, starting in December 2014 and lasting until November 2015, totalizing 128 samples. Protozoans were quantified according to the 1623.1 US. EPA Method. For watershed delimitation, the hydrographic network was extracted from the hydrology tool of ArcGIS 10.1. The frequency of occurrence of these pathogens and the high concentrations were evidenced in the municipality with the largest urban area (16.2%) and intense livestock activity (39%) near the catchment site. The municipality that showed the lowest frequency of occurrence presented the smallest urban area (0.87%) and absence of livestock activity near the catchment site. The high concentration of pathogens suggests a correlation between the impact on water supply networks and river basin degradation caused by urban activity and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Suellen Breternitz
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research Into Environmental Risk Assessment, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Denise Piccirillo Barbosa da Veiga
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research Into Environmental Risk Assessment, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research Into Environmental Risk Assessment, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Cássia Nardocci
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research Into Environmental Risk Assessment, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil
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Martins FDC, Ladeia WA, Toledo RDS, Garcia JL, Navarro IT, Freire RL. Surveillance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in sewage from an urban area in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:291-297. [PMID: 31188950 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are protozoan parasites that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Molecular characterization of these pathogens in sewage may provide insight on their occurrence and prevalence in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and treated sewage from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Samples were collected every two weeks during a year. Samples were concentrated, then DNA was extracted and subjected to a nested PCR targeting the Giardia 18S rRNA gene and the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene. Species of Cryptosporidium were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). All raw sewage and 76% of the treated sewage were positive for Giardia; 84% of raw sewage samples and 8% of treated sewage were positive for Cryptosporidium. C. muris, C. hominis, C. baileyi, C. parvum and C. suis were detected in 100%, 19%, 9%, 9% and 4% of raw sewage, respectively. C. muris was the only species found in treated sewage. Multiple species of Cryptosporidium were present in 19.04% of the raw sewage. Treated sewage water can pose a threat to human health. The speciation of Cryptosporidium revealed the presence of non-common zoonotic species as C. suis and C. muris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Winni Alves Ladeia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | | | - João Luis Garcia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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Ladeia WA, Martins FDC, E Silva CFR, Freire RL. Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis in sludge and spent filter backwash water of a water treatment plant. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:857-860. [PMID: 30285966 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to monitor the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in a water treatment plant (WTP) using settling sludge and backwash water (BW) samples in previous and post the deflocculation of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) flacks. Eleven collections were performed. BW and settling sludge (SSF) were concentrated by calcium carbonate flocculation, and another aliquot of settling sludge (SSC) by centrifugation. The samples were divided as follows: Group A, containing 33 samples without degradation of PAC flakes, and Group B, with degradation by alkalinization with 10 M NaOH. Sample DNA was extracted with a commercial kit, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis. All samples from Group A were negative for Cryptosporidium spp., and 6.1% (2/33) were positive for G. duodenalis in SSC samples. While the absence of Cryptosporidium may be due to a low contamination level of the water resource, the presence of G. duodenalis indicates contamination of the raw water. The detection of G. duodenalis in SSC samples indicates that this detection method was the most effective. The 33 samples from Group B were negative for both protozoa, probably due to the presence of aluminium and humic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winni Alves Ladeia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Fernanda Rosolen E Silva
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Seguí R, Muñoz-Antoli C, Klisiowicz DR, Oishi CY, Köster PC, de Lucio A, Hernández-de-Mingo M, Puente P, Toledo R, Esteban JG, Carmena D. Prevalence of intestinal parasites, with emphasis on the molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp., in the Paranaguá Bay, Brazil: a community survey. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:490. [PMID: 30165880 PMCID: PMC6117969 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal protozoan parasites are major contributors to the global burden of gastrointestinal disease causing significant socioeconomic consequences. Children living in resource-poor settings with restricted access to water and sanitary services are particularly at risk of these infections. Methods A prospective, community-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in Paraná (southern Brazil) between May 2015 and May 2016. A total of 766 stool samples were individually collected from volunteers (male/female ratio: 0.99; age range: 0–76 years) and used for investigating the presence of intestinal helminth and protozoan species by routine microscopic procedures including the Kato-Katz and modified Ritchie concentration methods and the Ziehl-Neelsen stain technique. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed microscopy-positive samples for Giardia duodenalis and the assemblages and sub-assemblages determined by multilocus sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and β-giardin (bg) genes of the parasite. Identification of Blastocystis subtypes was carried out by amplification and sequencing of a partial fragment of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) of this heterokont microorganism. Results Overall, 46.1% (353/766) of the participants were infected/colonised by at least one intestinal parasite/commensal species. Protozoan and helminth species were detected in 42.7% and 10.1% of the surveyed population, respectively. Blastocystis sp. (28.2%), Endolimax nana (14.9%), and Giardia duodenalis (11.0%) were the most prevalent species found among protozoans and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.0%), Trichuris trichiura (4.6%) and hookworms (1.0%) among helminths. A total of 38 G. duodenalis-positive samples were genotyped at gdh and bg markers, revealing the presence of the sub-assemblages AII (47.4%), AII/AIII (2.6%), BIII (5.3%), BIV (26.3%) and BIII/BIV (13.1%). Two samples (5.3%) were only identified as assemblage B. AII was predominantly found in females aged 5–9 years and was associated with a higher likelihood of reporting gastrointestinal symptoms. A total of 102 Blastocystis-positive samples were successfully subtyped at the SSU rRNA gene revealing the presence of ST1 (36.3%), ST2 (15.7%), ST3 (41.2%), ST4 (2.9%), ST6 (1.0%) and ST8 (2.9%). Conclusions Data presented here indicate that enteric parasites still represent a pressing health concern in Paraná, Brazil, probably due to sub-optimal water, sanitation and hygiene conditions. A mostly anthroponotic origin is suspected for G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3054-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo Seguí
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Valencia University, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Valencia University, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Debora R Klisiowicz
- Department of Basic Pathology, Biological Sciences Area, Paraná Federal University, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 19031, Brazil
| | - Camila Y Oishi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Biological Sciences Area, Paraná Federal University, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 19031, Brazil
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida de Lucio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández-de-Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Puente
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Valencia University, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José G Esteban
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Valencia University, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Coelho CH, Durigan M, Leal DAG, Schneider ADB, Franco RMB, Singer SM. Giardiasis as a neglected disease in Brazil: Systematic review of 20 years of publications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006005. [PMID: 29065126 PMCID: PMC5678545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Giardiasis is an intestinal infection that affects more than two hundred million people annually worldwide; it is caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis. In tropical countries and in low or middle-income settings, like Brazil, its prevalence can be high. There is currently no systematic review on the presence of G. duodenalis in patients, animals or water sources in Brazil. METHODS This systematic review was performed according to recommendations established by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). As databases for our searches, we have used PubMed, Embase, Scopus and the Brazilian database SciELO using the keywords «Giardia*» and «Brazil». RESULTS This systematic review identified research studies related to G. duodenalis in water, giardiasis in animals, prevalence of giardiasis across Brazilian regions, genotyping of strains isolated in humans, and giardiasis in indigenous populations. We also propose a network of G. duodenalis transmission in Brazil based on genotypes analyses. CONCLUSION This is the first time within the last twenty years that a review is being published on the occurrence of G. duodenalis in Brazil, addressing relevant issues such as prevalence, molecular epidemiology and analytical methods for parasite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriano de Bernardi Schneider
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Steven M. Singer
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States
of America
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Rosado-García FM, Guerrero-Flórez M, Karanis G, Hinojosa MDC, Karanis P. Water-borne protozoa parasites: The Latin American perspective. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:783-798. [PMID: 28460996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Health systems, sanitation and water access have certain limitations in nations of Latin America (LA): typical matters of developing countries. Water is often contaminated and therefore unhealthy for the consumers and users. Information on prevalence and detection of waterborne parasitic protozoa are limited or not available in LA. Only few reports have documented in this field during the last forty years and Brazil leads the list, including countries in South America and Mexico within Central America region and Caribbean islands. From 1979 to 2015, 16 outbreaks of waterborne-protozoa, were reported in Latin American countries. T. gondii and C. cayetanensis were the protozoa, which caused more outbreaks and Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were the most frequently found protozoa in water samples. On the other hand, Latin America countries have not got a coherent methodology for detection of protozoa in water samples despite whole LA is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events related to waterborne-infections; although Brazil and Colombia have some implemented laws in their surveillance systems. It would be important to coordinate all surveillance systems in between all countries for early detection and measures against waterborne-protozoan and to establish effective and suitable diagnosis tools according to the country's economic strength and particular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Manuel Rosado-García
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Cuba, Cuba
| | - Milena Guerrero-Flórez
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Doctorate in Biotechnology, Universidad de Nariño, Research Group of Functional Materials and Catalysis, GIMFC, Colombia
| | - Gabriele Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining City, 810016, Qinghai Province, PR China
| | | | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China.
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Ulloa-Stanojlović FM, Aguiar B, Jara LM, Sato MIZ, Guerrero JA, Hachich E, Matté GR, Dropa M, Matté MH, de Araújo RS. Occurrence of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium sp. in wastewater samples from São Paulo State, Brazil, and Lima, Peru. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22197-22205. [PMID: 27638793 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to detect and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in wastewater samples obtained from five cities with high transit of people in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and at the entrance of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Lima, Peru. Samples were collected and concentrated by centrifugation. The genomic DNA was extracted for molecular characterization by nested PCR for Cryptosporidium and double nested PCR for Giardia, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. G. intestinalis was found in 63.6 % of the samples, and the human assemblages A and B were identified. Cryptosporidium sp. was found in 36.4 % of the samples, and the species were corresponding to Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium cuniculus, and Cryptosporidium muris. Results revealed the presence of human pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and G. intestinalis human pathogenic assemblages. Molecular tools highlight the importance to map the genetic diversity of these parasites, as well as to detect their epidemiological circulation pathway in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Aguiar
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis M Jara
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Elayse Hachich
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo-CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Dropa
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lora-Suarez F, Rivera R, Triviño-Valencia J, Gomez-Marin JE. Detection of protozoa in water samples by formalin/ether concentration method. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:377-381. [PMID: 27219047 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Methods to detect protozoa in water samples are expensive and laborious. We evaluated the formalin/ether concentration method to detect Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and Toxoplasma in water. In order to test the properties of the method, we spiked water samples with different amounts of each protozoa (0, 10 and 50 cysts or oocysts) in a volume of 10 L of water. Immunofluorescence assay was used for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Toxoplasma oocysts were identified by morphology. The mean percent of recovery in 10 repetitions of the entire method, in 10 samples spiked with ten parasites and read by three different observers, were for Cryptosporidium 71.3 ± 12, for Giardia 63 ± 10 and for Toxoplasma 91.6 ± 9 and the relative standard deviation of the method was of 17.5, 17.2 and 9.8, respectively. Intraobserver variation as measured by intraclass correlation coefficient, was fair for Toxoplasma, moderate for Cryptosporidium and almost perfect for Giardia. The method was then applied in 77 samples of raw and drinkable water in three different plant of water treatment. Cryptosporidium was found in 28 of 77 samples (36%) and Giardia in 31 of 77 samples (40%). Theses results identified significant differences in treatment process to reduce the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. In conclusion, the formalin ether method to concentrate protozoa in water is a new alternative for low resources countries, where is urgently need to monitor and follow the presence of theses protozoa in drinkable water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Lora-Suarez
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Colombia.
| | - Raul Rivera
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Jessica Triviño-Valencia
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Colombia.
| | - Jorge E Gomez-Marin
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Colombia.
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Triviño-Valencia J, Lora F, Zuluaga JD, Gomez-Marin JE. Detection by PCR of pathogenic protozoa in raw and drinkable water samples in Colombia. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1789-97. [PMID: 26779921 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the presence of DNA of Giardia, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium by PCR, and of Giardia and Cryptosporidium genera by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), in water samples, before, during, and after plant treatment for drinkable water. We applied this method in 38 samples of 10 l of water taken from each of the water treatment steps and in 8 samples taken at home (only for Toxoplasma PCR) in Quindio region in Colombia. There were 8 positive samples for Cryptosporidium parvum (21 %), 4 for Cryptosporidium hominis (10.5 %), 27 for Toxoplasma gondii (58.6 %), 2 for Giardia duodenalis assemblage A (5.2 %), and 5 for G. duodenalis assemblage B (13.1 %). By IFAT, 23 % were positive for Giardia and 21 % for Cryptosporidium. An almost perfect agreement was found between IFAT and combined results of PCR, by Kappa composite proportion analysis. PCR positive samples were significantly more frequent in untreated raw water for C. parvum (p = 0.02). High mean of fecal coliforms, high pH values, and low mean of chlorine residuals were strongly correlated with PCR positivity for G. duodenalis assemblage B. High pH value was correlated with PCR positivity for C. parvum. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences was possible, showing water and human clinical sequences for Toxoplasma within the same phylogenetic group for B1 repeated sequence. PCR assay is complementary to IFAT assay for monitoring of protozoa in raw and drinkable water, enabling species identification and to look for phylogenetic analysis in protozoa from human and environmental sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Triviño-Valencia
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Av. Bolivar 12N, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia
| | - Fabiana Lora
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Av. Bolivar 12N, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia
| | - Juan David Zuluaga
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Av. Bolivar 12N, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia
| | - Jorge E Gomez-Marin
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Av. Bolivar 12N, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia.
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