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Dos Santos CEP, Loreto ES, Zanette RA, Santurio JM, Marques LC. Epidemiology of horse pythiosis in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso: Exploring the host-parasite-vector relationship. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 132:104976. [PMID: 38056727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Horse pythiosis is considered an endemic disease in the Brazilian Pantanal region, causing devastating health and economic losses. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of pythiosis epidemiology, map the distribution of horse body lesions, and investigate the correlation between these lesions and warm body surface areas, potentially implicating hematophagous vectors in the disease's transmission. A prospective study was conducted on equids in the Pantanal Mato-grossense and adjacent areas from 2012 to 2022, with 112 horses and three mules diagnosed with pythiosis. Clinical and epidemiological data, lesions' photographic records, and healthy equids' thermal imaging were collected. Most pythiosis cases occurred between January and March, correlating with regional flood cycles. Most lesions were found on limbs and the ventral abdomen, with dark-colored horses exhibiting a higher frequency of lesions. Interestingly, the thermal mapping revealed that warm areas on a healthy horse's body overlapped significantly with lesion distribution - blood-sucking insects also prefer these areas. The results suggest that pythiosis lesions in horses correlate with warmer areas of the animal body, reinforcing the hypothesis of vector involvement in disease transmission. This study underscores the need for further observational research to fully understand the complex epidemiological dynamics of pythiosis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E P Dos Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78069-900, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Sobresp Faculty of Health Sciences, Santa Maria, 97015-030, Brazil
| | - Régis A Zanette
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luis C Marques
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
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Zhang X, Li J, Gerry AC. Comparison of Trap Efficiency Using Suction Traps Baited With Either UV or CO2 for the Capture of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Species in the Southern California Desert, United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:193-201. [PMID: 36351779 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges are hematophagous flies that can transmit several disease-causing pathogens to animals. Surveillance of Culicoides is important for understanding pathogen transmission risk. The most commonly used traps for midge surveillance are suction traps baited with UV light or CO2. Culicoides species are understudied in the southern California desert region and trapping methods for these desert midges remain largely unexplored. In this study, capture rates of different Culicoides species were compared using suction traps baited with either UV or CO2 placed at two locations at a southern California desert site where a narrow canyon (Deep Canyon) drains the adjacent peninsular mountain range and leads to an expansive floodplain. Over all trap nights and locations, UV-baited traps outperformed CO2-baited traps for most Culicoides species captured at the study site, except for Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones and C. mohave Wirth. Capture rates varied for each species by trap location, with desert Culicoides species captured in greater numbers at the canyon mouth while C. sonorensis and C. mohave were captured in greater numbers on the floodplain nearer to urban development including a golf course and small zoo. An interaction of trap type with trapping location on the capture rate was noted for some Culicoides species, especially for C. mohave which was captured in greater numbers using UV traps at the canyon mouth but captured in greater numbers using CO2 traps in the floodplain. This trap efficiency study will facilitate future research targeting Culicoides species in the southern California desert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmi Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Citrus Drive, Riverside, CA 91521, USA
- Keck Science Center, 925 North Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alec C Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Citrus Drive, Riverside, CA 91521, USA
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Egizi A, Maestas LP. Where have all the grouse ticks gone? Apparent decline in collections of Haemaphysalis chordeilis Packard. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2022; 19:323-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Virome of Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus, and Haemaphysalis concinna Ticks from Croatia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050929. [PMID: 35632671 PMCID: PMC9146755 DOI: 10.3390/v14050929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are a serious threat to both public and veterinary health. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the virome of three tick species implicated in the spread of vector-borne disease throughout Croatia. Ten viruses were identified, including seven potential novel species within the viral families Flaviviridae, Nyamiviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, and Nairoviridae.
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Kerr SM, Rayner JO, Wood RR, Schultze S, McCreadie J. Ticks of Alabama: the fauna and spatial distribution of medically important species across the state. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2022; 47:38-50. [PMID: 35366678 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-47.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The last statewide survey of hard ticks in Alabama was in 1972. To address this deficit, we examined the distribution of the medically important species across the state, Ixodes scapularis (Say), Dermacentor variabilis (Say), Amblyomma americanum (L.), and A. maculatum (Koch), between April, 2018 and February, 2021. Collections primarily involved dragging (April to July) and examination of harvested deer (November to February). A total of 2,927 ticks was collected from 110 sites; three species, I. scapularis, A. americanum, and D. variabilis, represented 91.70% of all ticks collected. Amblyomma americanum and D. variabilis were the most common species encountered in drags; I. scapularis dominated deer collections. Dermacentor variabilis was never found on deer, whereas D. albipictus was only found on deer. Stepwise regression (AIC) of drag data was linked to several site variables. Results suggest a linear response along a south (low abundance) to north (high abundance) gradient, in addition to increased abundance at sites with lower temperatures and greater precipitation and canopy cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler M Kerr
- University of South Alabama, Biology Department, Life Sciences Building, Mobile, AL 36688, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan O Rayner
- University of South Alabama, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Mobile, AL 36688, U.S.A
| | - R Ryan Wood
- University of South Alabama, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Mobile, AL 36688, U.S.A
| | - Steven Schultze
- University of South Alabama, Department of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Mobile, AL 36688, U.S.A
| | - John McCreadie
- University of South Alabama, Biology Department, Life Sciences Building, Mobile, AL 36688, U.S.A.,
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Tiffin HS, Skvarla MJ, Machtinger ET. Tick abundance and life-stage segregation on the American black bear ( Ursus americanus). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 16:208-216. [PMID: 34703760 PMCID: PMC8523825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tick abundance and diagnosed cases of tick-borne diseases have been increasing in the United States. American black bear (Ursus americanus) populations have also been increasing in the eastern United States. As a competent host of several species of ticks and a mammal capable of traveling long distances, the role of black bears as hosts for ticks requires further evaluation. Ectoparasite surveys were conducted on black bears in Pennsylvania to evaluate tick presence, abundance, spatial distribution, and association with Sarcoptes scabiei, the etiological agent of sarcoptic mange, on bears to better understand their role in tick ecology and to improve on-host surveillance techniques. Tick burden was evaluated using standard area sampling (10.16 × 10.16 cm squares) on pre-designated body regions on black bears from June 2018–December 2019. In total, 278 unique individual black bears were evaluated, with all ticks identified as Ixodes scapularis (n = 1976; 76.7% adults, 23.3% immatures). Tick presence differed by body region on bears, with the highest percentage of tick observations located on bear ears and muzzle. Ticks also partitioned on black bears by life-stage, with immature ticks primarily recorded on the lower extremities of bears and adult ticks primarily recorded on the front-quarters of bears. This includes the first known record of I. scapularis larvae parasitizing black bears, and observations of all three mobile life-stages concurrently parasitizing bears. Tick abundance was also statistically significant dependent on season, with the highest abundance of ticks recorded in spring and lowest abundance in fall. Adult ticks were less likely to be present on bears with mange. These data reveal the important role black bears may serve in tick ecology and dispersal as all three mobile life-stages of I. scapularis were found parasitizing a mammal capable of traveling far distances in a region with high numbers of Lyme disease cases. First record of Ixodes scapularis larvae parasitizing black bears. All three I. scapularis mobile life-stages concurrently parasitizing black bears. I. scapularis life-stage segregation on black bears. Standardized tick survey findings can be used to improve on-host surveillance. Bears with sarcoptic mange less likely to have adult ticks present.
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Manrakhan A, Daneel JH, Beck R, Love CN, Gilbert MJ, Virgilio M, De Meyer M. Effects of male lure dispensers and trap types for monitoring of Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2219-2230. [PMID: 33345441 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attractant-based trapping is used in the establishment of pest-free areas and areas of low pest prevalence for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Male lures are commonly used attractants in fruit fly trapping. In this study, the effects of male lure dispensers, traps and combinations of dispensers and traps on monitoring of two fruit fly pests, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), were investigated in South Africa. RESULTS In the male-lure-based trapping systems evaluated, trimedlure (TML) for C. capitata and methyl eugenol (ME) for B. dorsalis, the type of dispenser affected catches for both species. Higher catches of B. dorsalis males were recorded in bucket traps baited with a dispenser containing 15 g ME compared with traps baited with dispensers containing either 4 g ME or 2 g ME. Catches of C. capitata males were higher with dispensers containing TML than those with TML plus extender (Capilure®). The type of trap used with TML also influenced catches of C. capitata with higher numbers recorded in yellow Delta trap compared with the Sensus bucket trap. CONCLUSIONS Dispensers with higher ME loadings are more effective for monitoring of B. dorsalis. The yellow Delta trap baited with TML (without extender) would be an effective monitoring system for C. capitata. Fruit fly prevalence levels as determined by specific trapping systems should be related to their efficiency in terms of catches of the target pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rooikie Beck
- Citrus Research International, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Claire N Love
- Citrus Research International, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Martin J Gilbert
- Citrus Research International, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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McDermott EG, Lysyk TJ. Sampling Considerations for Adult and Immature Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5948078. [PMID: 33135756 PMCID: PMC7604845 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing sampling programs for Culicoides can be challenging due to variation in ecology and behavior of the numerous species as well as their broad distributions and habitats. In this paper, we emphasize the need to clearly define research goals to select appropriate sampling methods. This includes not just the choice of sampling device, but also choice of attractant, site, number of traps per site, the duration and frequency of sampling, and the number of traps per unit area. Animal-baited trapping using enclosure traps and direct animal aspiration is more labor-intensive but yields information on species attracted to specific hosts as well as their biting rates. Sampling immatures is discussed with respect to choosing collection sites in semiaquatic mud, soil, and rich organic habitats. Sorting and extracting larvae using emergence traps, flotation, and Berlese funnels is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G McDermott
- Vector Control and Surveillance, Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - T J Lysyk
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Trivedi A, Misra A, Sarkar E, Balapure AK. In vitro Effect of Chlorquine and Picroliv on Plasmodium Berghei Induced Alterations in the Activity of Adenosine Triphosphatase, Aryl Hyrocarbon Hydroxylase Enzymes and Malondialdehyde in Spleen Explant Culture. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:416-428. [PMID: 32603287 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200630124419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, great progress has been made in reducing the high level of malaria suffering worldwide. There is a great need to evaluate drug resistance reversers and consider new medicines against malaria. There are many approaches to the development of antimalarial drugs. Specific concerns must be taken into account in these approaches, in particular the requirement for inexpensive and simple new therapies and the need to limit drug discovery expenses. Important ongoing efforts are the optimisation of treatment with available medications, including the use of combination therapy, the production of analogs of known agents and the identification of natural products, the use of compounds originally developed against other diseases, the assessment of overcoming drug resistance and the consideration of new therapeutic targets. Liver and spleen are the important organs which are directly associated with malarial complications. AIM An analysis of the Activity of Adenosine Triphosphatase, Aryl Hyrocarbon Hydroxylase Enzymes and Malondialdehyde in spleen Explant Culture. OBJECTIVE To determine in vitro effectof Chlorquine and Picroliv on Plasmodium Berghei induced alterations in the Activity of Adenosine Triphosphatase, Aryl Hyrocarbon Hydroxylase Enzymes and Malondialdehyde in spleen Explant Culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1-Histological preparation of spleen explants for paraplast embedding. 2- Biochemicalstudies (Enzymes (Atpase, ALP&GST) and the level of protein, Malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS Splenomegalyis isone of the three main diagnostic parameters of malaria infection besides fever and anaemia. Many enzymes present in the liver and spleen may also be altered or liberated under different pathological conditions. Enzymes (ATPase, ALP&GST) and the level of protein, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was found to increase in the liver and spleen explants during malarial infection. In the liver and spleen derived from parasitized CQ treated animals, the activity of all the above enzymes (ATPase, ALP&GST) and the level of protein & MDA of liver/spleen reversed towards the normal for all the 4 or 3 days of incubations. Picroliv efficacy decreased with the increment of parasitaemia and at 60% parasitaemia. CONCLUSION Alkalinephosphatase (ALP) was found to increase with increasing parasitaemia. After the addition of Picroliv to the medium, a decrement in the activity was observed up to day 4 of culture. A similar positive effect of Picroliv was observed on the ATPase and ALP activity of spleen explants. DNA and protein contents also increased in the parasitized liver cultured in the presence of picroliv. On the contrary, in the spleen explants DNA, protein and MDA content were found to decrease after Picroliv supplementation to the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - Aparna Misra
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - Esha Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, India
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Tchouassi DP, Jacob JW, Ogola EO, Sang R, Torto B. Aedes vector-host olfactory interactions in sylvatic and domestic dengue transmission environments. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192136. [PMID: 31690238 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between Aedes (Stegomyia) species and non-human primate (NHP) and human hosts govern the transmission of the pathogens, dengue, zika, yellow fever and chikungunya viruses. Little is known about Aedes mosquito olfactory interactions with these hosts in the domestic and sylvatic cycles where these viruses circulate. Here, we explore how the different host-derived skin odours influence Aedes mosquito responses in these two environments. In field assays, we show that the cyclic ketone cyclohexanone is a signature cue for Aedes mosquitoes to detect the NHP baboon, sykes and vervet, whereas for humans, it is the unsaturated aliphatic keto-analogue 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone). We find that in the sylvatic environment, CO2-baited traps combined with either cyclohexanone or sulcatone increased trap catches of Aedes mosquitoes compared to traps either baited with CO2 alone or CO2 combined with NHP- or human-derived crude skin odours. In the domestic environment, each of these odourants and crude human skin odours increased Aedes aegypti catches in CO2-baited traps. These results expand our knowledge on the role of host odours in the ecologies of Aedes mosquitoes, and the likelihood of associated spread of pathogens between primates and humans. Both cyclohexanone and sulcatone have potential practical applications as lures for monitoring Aedes disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Juliah W Jacob
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edwin O Ogola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Dye-Braumuller KC, Gorchakov R, Gunter SM, Nielsen DH, Roachell WD, Wheless A, Debboun M, Murray KO, Nolan MS. Identification of Triatomines and Their Habitats in a Highly Developed Urban Environment. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:265-273. [PMID: 30571182 PMCID: PMC6459272 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eleven triatomine species, the vector for Chagas disease, are endemic in the southern U.S. While traditionally thought to only occur in rural habitats and sylvatic transmission cycles, recent studies provide compounding evidence that triatomines could exist in urban habitats and domestic transmission cycles in Texas. We conducted a study of active and passive surveillance techniques over 3 years (2016-2018) in the City of Houston, Harris County, Texas to determine the presence of triatomines in this metroplex. Active surveillance methods uncovered Triatoma sanguisuga nymphs from two locations in downtown Houston city parks. We also documented the first Trypanosoma cruzi positive kissing bug collected in an urban environment of Harris County, Texas. Our findings provide evidence that triatomines can be found in heavily populated U.S. urban environments, and warrant public health support for expanded triatomine and Chagas disease surveillance in city settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodion Gorchakov
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah M. Gunter
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - David H. Nielsen
- Public Health Command Central, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Walter D. Roachell
- Public Health Command Central, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Anna Wheless
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Mustapha Debboun
- Mosquito and Vector Control Division, Harris County Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristy O. Murray
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa S. Nolan
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Merrill MM, Boughton RK, Lord CC, Sayler KA, Wight B, Anderson WM, Wisely SM. Wild pigs as sentinels for hard ticks: A case study from south-central Florida. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 7:161-170. [PMID: 29988828 PMCID: PMC6032497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a result of shifts in the habitable range of ticks due to climate change and the ongoing threat of exotic tick species introductions, efficient surveillance tools for these pests and disease vectors are needed. Wild pigs are habitat generalists, distributed throughout most of the United States, and often hunted recreationally or removed as part of management programs, making them potentially useful sentinel hosts for ticks. We compared ticks collected from captured wild pigs and standard tick dragging methods on a south-central Florida cattle ranch from May 2015-August 2017. Three hundred and sixteen wild pigs were surveyed, and 84 km spanning three habitat types (seminative pasture, improved pasture, and hammock) were dragged. In total, 1023 adults of four species (Amblyomma auricularium, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis) were collected from wild pigs, while 39 adults of three species (A. auricularium, A. maculatum, and I. scapularis) were collected from drags. Only one immature specimen, a nymph, was collected from a pig, while dragging collected 2808 larvae and 150 nymphs. Amblyomma maculatum comprised 96% of adults collected from pigs, while A. maculatum, I. scapularis, and A. auricularium comprised 38%, 33%, and 28% of adults collected from drags, respectively. Adults of all tick species found on drags were found on pigs, and wild pig surveillance detected adults of an additional species not found on drags. Dragging was far superior for collection of immatures but not for adults of most species found in this study. These findings suggest wild pigs could be used as a sentinel for the detection of tick species. When combined with ongoing wild pig research, hunting, or management, wild pig surveillance can provide an effective method to survey for adult tick presence of some species of interest and may assist in tracking the range expansion of some tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Merrill
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Cynthia C Lord
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th St SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Katherine A Sayler
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Bethany Wight
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wesley M Anderson
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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13
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Improved capture of Drosophila suzukii by a trap baited with two attractants in the same device. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188350. [PMID: 29149190 PMCID: PMC5693462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of trap-lure combinations is an important part of integrated pest management programs that involve monitoring pests for timely insecticide applications, or for their use in control strategies such as mass trapping or bait stations. In this study improvements in the capture of Drosophila suzukii were not observed following the inclusion of different color stimuli with respect to a red-black stripe cup trap. This red-black stripe trap with a hemispherical dome-shaped lid had a significantly improved physical retention of flies compared to traps fitted with a flat lid. Retention was further improved when an additional tube device, which could be baited with a supplemental attractant, was introduced through the dome-shaped lid. Under laboratory conditions, this trap, in which apple cider vinegar + 10% ethanol was present as the drowning solution and the additional tube device was baited with a fermenting mixture of sugar and yeast, was significantly more effective in catching D. suzukii flies than other conventional attractants or a commercial lure. The capture rate of this trap-lure combination remained higher than that of a commercial lure, even after 20 days of use under laboratory conditions. In a guava orchard this trap was 15-fold more effective in catching D. suzukii flies than similar traps baited with apple cider vinegar alone, 4 to 7 fold more effective than similar traps baited with a commercial lure, and 1.7-fold more effective than a fermenting mixture of yeasts and wheat flour. In commercial blackberry orchards, this trap was 6-fold more effective in trapping D. suzukii flies than the clear trap baited with apple cider vinegar used by growers. The efficacy of this trap presents a promising line of future research for monitoring and control of D. suzukii and likely other drosophilid pests.
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Urquhart C, Paulsen D, Fryxell RTT. La Crosse Virus Vectors Are Host-Seeking and Ovipositing After 1700 H in Eastern Tennessee. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2017; 33:233-236. [PMID: 28854104 DOI: 10.2987/16-6620r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is transmitted via the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes (Ae. triseriatus, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. japonicus) and causes La Crosse encephalitis, which is the most commonly diagnosed arbovirus in eastern Tennessee children. This study identified host-seeking and oviposition activity of LACV vectors over a diel period, as it relates to traditional working hours. Nineteen sites in Knox County, TN, were monitored with host-seeking (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] miniature light traps) and oviposition traps (CDC gravid traps) during 2 diel periods (0900-1700 h and 1700-900 h). We collected 2,444 adult mosquitoes, comprising 19 different species of which 1,337 (54.7%) were LACV vectors: Ae. albopictus (1,207 specimens), Ae. triseriatus (85 specimens), and Ae. japonicus (45 specimens). These species were active throughout the sampling period, but significantly more were collected from 1700-0900 h. The CDC gravid trap was the most effective method for monitoring Ae. japonicus; there were no trap effects or trap × time interactive effects for Ae. albopictus or Ae. triseriatus. Overall, significantly more LACV vectors were collected from 1700-0900 h compared to 0900-1700 h. Information gathered in this study improves vector surveillance, helps communities control mosquito populations, and minimizes nontarget effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Urquhart
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - D Paulsen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - R T Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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Eshun O, Gerry A, Hayes WK. Mosquito Capture Rate Using CO2-Baited Traps in Relation to Distance From Water and Height: Implications for Avian Disease Transmission. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1378-1384. [PMID: 27493249 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that enzootic transmission of pathogens such as West Nile virus (WNV) by mosquitoes is governed by host-bird interactions, including mosquito preferences for specific species and developmental stages of host birds, host bird availability, and host defensive behavior. Here, we examined how the attack rate of five mosquito species in southern California was influenced by the position of CO2-baited traps in relation to distance from water and trap height. We identified 44,207 female mosquitoes representing five species: Aedes vexans Meigen, Anopheles franciscanus McCracken, Anopheles hermsi Barr & Guptavanij, and the two most abundant species which are also WNV vectors, Culex erythrothorax Dyar and Culex tarsalis Coquillett. Mosquito captures decreased markedly with trap height, and also decreased with distance from a riparian area but not with distance from an open water source lacking a vegetated border. The results of this study suggest that WNV-competent ornithophilic mosquitoes may amplify the virus especially in reservoir birds that roost or nest close to the ground and near riparian vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Eshun
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350 (; )
| | - Alec Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - William K Hayes
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350 (; )
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Harrup LE, Laban S, Purse BV, Reddy YK, Reddy YN, Byregowda SM, Kumar N, Purushotham KM, Kowalli S, Prasad M, Prasad G, Bettis AA, De Keyser R, Logan J, Garros C, Gopurenko D, Bellis G, Labuschagne K, Mathieu B, Carpenter S. DNA barcoding and surveillance sampling strategies for Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern India. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:461. [PMID: 27549137 PMCID: PMC4994320 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culicoides spp. biting midges transmit bluetongue virus (BTV), the aetiological agent of bluetongue (BT), an economically important disease of ruminants. In southern India, hyperendemic outbreaks of BT exert high cost to subsistence farmers in the region, impacting on sheep production. Effective Culicoides spp. monitoring methods coupled with accurate species identification can accelerate responses for minimising BT outbreaks. Here, we assessed the utility of sampling methods and DNA barcoding for detection and identification of Culicoides spp. in southern India, in order to provide an informed basis for future monitoring of their populations in the region. Methods Culicoides spp. collected from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka were used to construct a framework for future morphological identification in surveillance, based on sequence comparison of the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and achieving quality standards defined by the Barcode of Life initiative. Pairwise catches of Culicoides spp. were compared in diversity and abundance between green (570 nm) and ultraviolet (UV) (390 nm) light emitting diode (LED) suction traps at a single site in Chennai, Tamil Nadu over 20 nights of sampling in November 2013. Results DNA barcode sequences of Culicoides spp. were mostly congruent both with existing DNA barcode data from other countries and with morphological identification of major vector species. However, sequence differences symptomatic of cryptic species diversity were present in some groups which require further investigation. While the diversity of species collected by the UV LED Center for Disease Control (CDC) trap did not significantly vary from that collected by the green LED CDC trap, the UV CDC significantly outperformed the green LED CDC trap with regard to the number of Culicoides individuals collected. Conclusions Morphological identification of the majority of potential vector species of Culicoides spp. samples within southern India appears relatively robust; however, potential cryptic species diversity was present in some groups requiring further investigation. The UV LED CDC trap is recommended for surveillance of Culicoides in southern India. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1722-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E Harrup
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Swathi Laban
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, 600 051, India
| | - Bethan V Purse
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Yarabolu Krishnamohan Reddy
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, 600 051, India
| | - Yella Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Naveen Kumar
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, 560024, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Shrikant Kowalli
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, 560024, Bengaluru, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Gaya Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.,Indian Council Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Alison A Bettis
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rien De Keyser
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - James Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Claire Garros
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.,INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - David Gopurenko
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, PMB, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Glenn Bellis
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Winnellie, Australia
| | - Karien Labuschagne
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, PVVD, ZA-0110, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, ZA-0002, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bruno Mathieu
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie tropicale de Strasbourg (IPPTS), EA7292, Faculté de Médecine, 3 rue Koeberlé, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Carpenter
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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Mays SE, Houston AE, Trout Fryxell RT. Comparison of novel and conventional methods of trapping ixodid ticks in the southeastern U.S.A. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 30:123-34. [PMID: 26801319 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne disease surveillance and research rely on resource-effective methods for tick collection. This study compared the respective performances of several trapping methods in a mixed grassland-forest habitat in western Tennessee. To test for temporal differences in effectiveness, sites were sampled monthly (April-August 2013) using dry ice, dragging, flagging, sweep netting, carbon dioxide (CO2 ) dragging and CO2 flagging methods. To evaluate the effect of habitat on method effectiveness, four methods (dragging, CO2 dragging, CO2 flagging and dry ice) were compared in four habitat types (bottomland deciduous, upland deciduous, coniferous and grassland) in June 2014. In the temporal comparison, ticks were found to be most abundant in April and May, and there was a significant sampling period and method interaction, such that method effectiveness varied across sampling period. Sweep netting was significantly less effective than the other methods. In the habitat comparison, dry ice trap collections represented the most effective method in upland deciduous and coniferous habitats. Flagging using CO2 was significantly less effective than CO2 dragging and dragging in bottomland deciduous habitats. The success of the various collection methods did not differ significantly within grassland habitats. Overall, dry ice trapping and dragging were the most effective methods for tick collection across time and habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Mays
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
| | - A E Houston
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
| | - R T Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
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18
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Tchouassi DP, Okiro ROK, Sang R, Cohnstaedt LW, McVey DS, Torto B. Mosquito host choices on livestock amplifiers of Rift Valley fever virus in Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:184. [PMID: 27036889 PMCID: PMC4815150 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal hosts may vary in their attraction and acceptability as components of the host location process for assessing preference, and biting rates of vectors and risk of exposure to pathogens. However, these parameters remain poorly understood for mosquito vectors of the Rift Valley fever (RVF), an arboviral disease, and for a community of mosquitoes. Methods Using three known livestock amplifiers of RVF virus including sheep, goat and cattle as bait in enclosure traps, we investigated the host-feeding patterns for a community of mosquitoes in Naivasha, an endemic area of Rift Valley fever (RVF), in a longitudinal study for six months (June–November 2015). We estimated the incidence rate ratios (IRR) where mosquitoes chose cow over the other livestock hosts by comparing their attraction (total number collected) and engorgement rate (proportion freshly blood-fed) on these hosts. Results Overall, significant differences were observed in host preference parameters for attraction (F2,15 = 4.1314, P = 0.037) and engorgement (F2,15 = 6.24, P = 0.01) with cow consistently attracting about 3-fold as many mosquitoes as those engorged on sheep (attraction: IRR = 2.9, 95 % CI 1.24–7.96; engorgement: IRR = 3.2, 95 % CI = 1.38–7.38) or goat (attraction: IRR = 2.7, 95 % CI 1.18–7.16; engorgement: IRR = 3.28, 95 % CI 1.47–7.53). However, there was no difference between the attraction elicited by sheep and goat (IRR = 1.08; 95 % CI 0.35–3.33 or engorgement rate (IRR = 0.96, 95 % CI 0.36–2.57). Conclusion Despite the overall attractive pattern to feed preferentially on cows, the engorgement rate was clearly independent of the number attracted for certain mosquito species, notably among the flood water Aedes spp., largely incriminated previously as primary vectors of RVF. Our findings suggest that insecticide treated cattle (ITC) can be exploited in enclosure traps as contact bait in the monitoring and control of disease-causing mosquitoes in RVF endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Robinson O K Okiro
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- United States Department for Agriculture - Agricultural Research Station (USDA-ARS), Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, KS, USA
| | - David Scott McVey
- United States Department for Agriculture - Agricultural Research Station (USDA-ARS), Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, KS, USA
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Silva FS, Brito JM, Costa Neta BM, Lobo SEPD. Evaluation of light-emitting diodes as attractant for sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in northeastern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 110:801-3. [PMID: 26517661 PMCID: PMC4667585 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hoover Pugedo light traps were modified for use with green and blue-light-emitting
diodes to trap phlebotomine sandflies in northeastern Brazil. A total of 2,267
specimens belonging to eight genera and 15 species were sampled. The predominant
species were Nyssomyia whitmani(34.41%) and Micropygomyia
echinatopharynx(17.25%).The green LED trap prevailed over the blue and
control lights; however, no statistically significant difference could be detected
among the three light sources. Even without statistical significance, we suggest
using LEDs as an attractant for the capture of sandflies because of several
advantages over the conventional method with incandescent lamps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francinaldo Soares Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
| | - Jefferson Mesquita Brito
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
| | - Benedita Maria Costa Neta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
| | - Shelre Emile Pereira Duarte Lobo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
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20
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Chong JH, Hinson KR. A Comparison of Trap Types for Assessing Diversity of Scarabaeoidea on South Carolina Golf Courses. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:2383-2396. [PMID: 26453727 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 2-yr survey was conducted on golf courses in South Carolina to 1) document the species richness and seasonal activity of Scarabaeoidea; 2) assess any species compositional differences among three trap types (ultraviolet light, unbaited flight-intercept, and unbaited pitfall); and 3) identify any dominant taxa in each trap type. A total of 74,326 scarabaeoid beetles were captured, of which 77.4% were Aphodiinae (not identified to species). The remaining specimens belong to 104 species in 47 genera and 6 families. The most abundant species were Cyclocephala lurida Bland, Dyscinetus morator (F.), Euetheola humilis (Burmeister), Hybosorus illigeri Reiche, and Maladera castanea (Arrow). In all trap types, >90% of all specimens and taxa were collected between April and August. Ultraviolet light traps collected ∼94% of total specimens consisting of 83 taxa (of which 51 were unique to this trap type), whereas flight-intercept traps captured ∼2% of all specimens representing 53 taxa (18 of which were unique), and pitfall traps captured ∼4% of all specimens representing 15 taxa (no unique species; all species also captured by ultraviolet light traps). Indicator species analysis identified 2-3 and 10-13 taxa that were most frequently collected by flight-intercept and ultraviolet light traps, respectively. Flight-intercept traps complemented ultraviolet light traps by capturing more species of dung and carrion beetles and diurnal phytophagous scarab beetles. Results suggested that a similar survey for domestic or exotic scarabaeoid beetles in turfgrass systems should be conducted between April and August using ultraviolet light and flight-intercept traps at 13-58 sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juang-Horng Chong
- Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, 2200 Pocket Rd., Florence, SC 29506.
| | - Kevin R Hinson
- Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 171 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC 29634
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21
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Carlson JS, Walther E, TroutFryxell R, Staley S, Tell LA, Sehgal RNM, Barker CM, Cornel AJ. Identifying avian malaria vectors: sampling methods influence outcomes. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:365. [PMID: 26160384 PMCID: PMC4702297 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of vectors in the transmission of avian malaria parasites is currently understudied. Many studies that investigate parasite-vector relationships use limited trapping techniques and/or identify potential competent vectors in the field in such ways that cannot distinguish between an infected or infectious vector. Without the use of multiple trapping techniques that address the specific biology of diverse mosquito species, and without looking at the infection status of individual mosquitoes, it is not possible to make dependable conclusions on the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of avian malaria parasites. Methods We conducted two years of mosquito collections at a riparian preserve in California where a wide diversity of species were collected with multiple trap types. We hypothesized that competent mosquito species can influence the distribution and diversity of avian malaria parasites by acting as a compatibility filter for specific Plasmodium species. To determine the infection status of all individual mosquitoes for Plasmodium species/lineages, amplification within the cytochrome b gene was carried out on over 3000 individual mosquito thoraxes, and for those that tested positive we then repeated the same process for abdomens and salivary glands. Results Our data show heterogeneity in the transmissibility of Plasmodium among ornithophillic mosquito species. More specifically, Culex stigmatosoma appears to not be a vector of Plasmodium homopolare, a parasite that is prevalent in the avian population, but is a vector of multiple other Plasmodium species/lineages. Conclusions Our results suggest that conclusions made on the role of vectors from studies that do not use different mosquito trapping methods should be re-evaluated with caution, as we documented the potential for trapping biases, which may cause studies to miss important roles of specific mosquito species in the transmission of avian malaria. Moreover, we document heterogeneity in the transmission of Plasmodium spp. by mosquitoes can influence Plasmodium diversity and prevalence in specific locations to Plasmodium-vector incompatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny S Carlson
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Erika Walther
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Rebecca TroutFryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Sarah Staley
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Lisa A Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Ravinder N M Sehgal
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher M Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Anthony J Cornel
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Hope A, Gubbins S, Sanders C, Denison E, Barber J, Stubbins F, Baylis M, Carpenter S. A comparison of commercial light-emitting diode baited suction traps for surveillance of Culicoides in northern Europe. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:239. [PMID: 25896343 PMCID: PMC4415440 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The response of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to artificial light sources has led to the use of light-suction traps in surveillance programmes. Recent integration of light emitting diodes (LED) in traps improves flexibility in trapping through reduced power requirements and also allows the wavelength of light used for trapping to be customized. This study investigates the responses of Culicoides to LED light-suction traps emitting different wavelengths of light to make recommendations for use in surveillance. Methods The abundance and diversity of Culicoides collected using commercially available traps fitted with Light Emitting Diode (LED) platforms emitting ultraviolet (UV) (390 nm wavelength), blue (430 nm), green (570 nm), yellow (590 nm), red (660 nm) or white light (425 nm – 750 nm with peaks at 450 nm and 580 nm) were compared. A Centre for Disease Control (CDC) UV light-suction trap was also included within the experimental design which was fitted with a 4 watt UV tube (320-420 nm). Generalised linear models with negative binomial error structure and log-link function were used to compare trap abundance according to LED colour, meteorological conditions and seasonality. Results The experiment was conducted over 49 nights with 42,766 Culicoides caught in 329 collections. Culicoides obsoletus Meigen and Culicoides scoticus Downes and Kettle responded indiscriminately to all wavelengths of LED used with the exception of red which was significantly less attractive. In contrast, Culicoides dewulfi Goetghebuer and Culicoides pulicaris Linnaeus were found in significantly greater numbers in the green LED trap than in the UV LED trap. The LED traps collected significantly fewer Culicoides than the standard CDC UV light-suction trap. Conclusions Catches of Culicoides were reduced in LED traps when compared to the standard CDC UV trap, however, their reduced power requirement and small size fulfils a requirement for trapping in logistically challenging areas or where many traps are deployed at a single site. Future work should combine light wavelengths to improve trapping sensitivity and potentially enable direct comparisons with collections from hosts, although this may ultimately require different forms of baits to be developed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0846-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hope
- Vector-borne Viral Disease Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Vector-borne Viral Disease Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher Sanders
- Vector-borne Viral Disease Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Eric Denison
- Vector-borne Viral Disease Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - James Barber
- Vector-borne Viral Disease Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesca Stubbins
- Vector-borne Viral Disease Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Liverpool University Climate and Infectious Diseases of Animals (Lucinda) Group, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom. .,Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Carpenter
- Vector-borne Viral Disease Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Lysyk TJ, Dergousoff SJ. Distribution of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Alberta, Canada. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:560-571. [PMID: 24897848 DOI: 10.1603/me13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones was examined in Alberta, Canada. Sampling was conducted weekly using blacklight traps at eight locations in 2009, and 10 locations during 2010-2012. Nine supplemental sites were sampled twice annually during both 2011 and 2012. Abundance of C. sonorensis was consistently greatest at a site near the U.S. border, and declined in a northerly direction. Mean annual abundance at this site ranged from 6.4- to > 1,000-fold greater across positive sites. Data from a less extensive survey conducted during 2002-2006 were included in the remaining analyses. C. sonorensis was distributed below a diagonal spanning 49 degrees 30' N, 113 degrees 0' W to 51 degrees 21' N, 110 degrees 40' W. The relationship between the proportion of weekly samples positive and mean annual abundance at a site was determined and indicated that the proportion of positive samples could be used as a surrogate measure of abundance to overcome issues associated with the extreme variation in abundance. A series of logistic regression models were developed and evaluated to determine the effects of spatial (latitude and longitude), climatic (historic temperature and precipitation during the warmest quarter), and weather (temperature during the sample interval and spring precipitation) on abundance as measured by the proportion of positive samples. Spatial and climatic variables set the overall level of abundance, while weather variables added seasonal fluctuations within years, and also fluctuations between years. These data will be useful for long-term monitoring of C. sonorensis and as a baseline for detecting shifts in abundance that might occur because of climate change.
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Vaidyanathan R, Feldlaufer MF. Bed bug detection: current technologies and future directions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88:619-25. [PMID: 23553226 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies to detect bed bugs have not kept pace with their global resurgence. Early detection is critical to prevent infestations from spreading. Detection based exclusively on bites is inadequate, because reactions to insect bites are non-specific and often misdiagnosed. Visual inspections are commonly used and depend on identifying live bugs, exuviae, or fecal droplets. Visual inspections are inexpensive, but they are time-consuming and unreliable when only a few bugs are present. Use of a dog to detect bed bugs is gaining in popularity, but it can be expensive, may unintentionally advertise a bed bug problem, and is not foolproof. Passive monitors mimic natural harborages; they are discreet and typically use an adhesive to trap bugs. Active monitors generate carbon dioxide, heat, a pheromone, or a combination to attract bed bugs to a trap. New technologies using DNA analysis, mass spectrometry, and electronic noses are innovative but impractical and expensive for widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Vaidyanathan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Biodefense Research, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA.
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Lebl K, Brugger K, Rubel F. Predicting Culex pipiens/restuans population dynamics by interval lagged weather data. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:129. [PMID: 23634763 PMCID: PMC3660179 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex pipiens/restuans mosquitoes are important vectors for a variety of arthropod borne viral infections. In this study, the associations between 20 years of mosquito capture data and the time lagged environmental quantities daytime length, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed were used to generate a predictive model for the population dynamics of this vector species. Methods Mosquito population in the study area was represented by averaged time series of mosquitos counts captured at 6 sites in Cook County (Illinois, USA). Cross-correlation maps (CCMs) were compiled to investigate the association between mosquito abundances and environmental quantities. The results obtained from the CCMs were incorporated into a Poisson regression to generate a predictive model. To optimize the predictive model the time lags obtained from the CCMs were adjusted using a genetic algorithm. Results CCMs for weekly data showed a highly positive correlation of mosquito abundances with daytime length 4 to 5 weeks prior to capture (quantified by a Spearman rank order correlation of rS = 0.898) and with temperature during 2 weeks prior to capture (rS = 0.870). Maximal negative correlations were found for wind speed averaged over 3 week prior to capture (rS = −0.621). Cx. pipiens/restuans population dynamics was predicted by integrating the CCM results in Poisson regression models. They were used to simulate the average seasonal cycle of the mosquito abundance. Verification with observations resulted in a correlation of rS = 0.899 for daily and rS = 0.917 for weekly data. Applying the optimized models to the entire 20-years time series also resulted in a suitable fit with rS = 0.876 for daily and rS = 0.899 for weekly data. Conclusions The study demonstrates the application of interval lagged weather data to predict mosquito abundances with a feasible accuracy, especially when related to weekly Cx. pipiens/restuans populations.
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