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Abstract
Advances in the engineering of peptides, adjuvants and delivery systems have renewed the enthusiasm for peptide-based vaccination regimens in the setting of cancer, and there are a variety of clinical trials being conducted by pharmaceutical companies based on the use of peptides. The challenges to successful cancer immunotherapy are common to all immunotherapeutic strategies and not unique to peptide-based vaccination regimens. This review will describe the advances in the identification, design and delivery of peptides, the challenges to successful immunotherapy and will discuss potential options for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Kanodia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, NRT 7517, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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2
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Ge HL, Wang Y, Wang SJ, Zhang Y. Identification of melanoma-specific peptide epitopes by HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2006; 38:110-8. [PMID: 16474902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-A2.1-associated peptides, extracted from human melanoma cells, were used to study epitopes for melanoma-specific HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by epitope reconstitution, active peptide sequence characterization and synthetic peptide verification. CTL were generated from tumor-involved nodes by in vitro stimulation, initially with autologous melanoma cells and subsequently with allogeneic HLA-A2.1 positive melanoma cells. The CTLs could lyse autologous and allogeneic HLA-A2.1 positive melanomas, but not HLA-A2.1 negative melanomas or HLA-A2.1 positive non-melanomas. The lysis of melanomas could be inhibited by anti-CD3, anti-HLA class I and anti-HLA-A2.1 monoclonal antibodies. HLA-A2.1 molecules were purified from detergent-solubilized human melanoma cells by immunoaffinity column chromatography and further fractionated by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The fractions were assessed for their ability to reconstitute melanoma-specific epitopes with HLA-A2.1 positive antigen-processing mutant T2 cells. Three reconstitution peaks were observed in lactate dehydrogenase release assay. Mass spectrometry and ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography analysis were used to identify peptide epitopes. Peptides with a mass-to-charge ratio of 948 usually consist of nine amino acid residues. The data from reconstitution experiments confirmed that the synthetic peptides contained epitopes and that the peptides associated with HLA-A2.1 and recognized by melanoma-specific CTL were present in these different melanoma cells. These peptides could be potentially exploited in novel peptide-based antitumor vaccines in immunotherapy for CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Liang Ge
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China.
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3
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Johnson AJ, Mendez-Fernandez Y, Moyer AM, Sloma CR, Pirko I, Block MS, Rodriguez M, Pease LR. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells mediate a peptide-induced fatal syndrome. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 174:6854-62. [PMID: 15905527 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptide immunotherapy both activates and suppresses the T cell response against known peptide Ags. Although pretreatment with VP2(121-130) peptide inhibits the development of antiviral CTL specific for the immunodominant D(b):VP2(121-130) epitope expressed during acute Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, i.v. injection of this same peptide or MHC tetramers containing the peptide during an ongoing antiviral CTL response results in a peptide-induced fatal syndrome (PIFS) within 48 h. Susceptibility to PIFS is dependent on peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells, varies among inbred strains of mice, and is not mediated by traditionally defined mechanisms of shock. Analyses using bone marrow chimeras and mutant mice demonstrate that susceptibility to PIFS is determined by the genotype of bone marrow-derived cells and requires the expression of perforin. Animals responding to peptide treatment with PIFS develop classical stress responses in the brain. These findings raise important considerations for the development of peptide therapies for active diseases to modify immune responses involving expanded populations of T cells. In summary, treatment with peptides or MHC-tetramers during a peptide-specific immune response can result in a fatal shock-like syndrome. Susceptibility to the syndrome is genetically determined, is mediated by CD8(+) T cells, and requires expression of perforin. These findings raise concerns about the use of peptides and MHC tetramers in therapeutic schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Ingram
- Mater Health Services, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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5
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O'Rourke MGE, Johnson M, Lanagan C, See J, Yang J, Bell JR, Slater GJ, Kerr BM, Crowe B, Purdie DM, Elliott SL, Ellem KAO, Schmidt CW. Durable complete clinical responses in a phase I/II trial using an autologous melanoma cell/dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:387-95. [PMID: 12682787 PMCID: PMC11032907 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2002] [Accepted: 12/06/2002] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced metastatic melanoma is incurable by standard treatments, but occasionally responds to immunotherapy. Recent trials using dendritic cells (DC) as a cellular adjuvant have concentrated on defined peptides as the source of antigens, and rely on foreign proteins as a source of help to generate a cell-mediated immune response. This approach limits patient accrual, because currently defined, non-mutated epitopes are restricted by a small number of human leucocyte antigens. It also fails to take advantage of mutated epitopes peculiar to the patient's own tumour, and of CD4+ T lymphocytes as potential effectors of anti-tumour immunity. We therefore sought to determine whether a fully autologous DC vaccine is feasible, and of therapeutic benefit. Patients with American Joint Cancer Committee stage IV melanoma were treated with a fully autologous immunotherapy consisting of monocyte-derived DC, matured after culture with irradiated tumour cells. Of 19 patients enrolled into the trial, sufficient tumour was available to make treatments for 17. Of these, 12 received a complete priming phase of six cycles of either 0.9x10(6) or 5x10(6) DC/intradermal injection, at 2-weekly intervals. Where possible, treatment continued with the lower dose at 6-weekly intervals. The remaining five patients could not complete priming, due to progressive disease. Three of the 12 patients who completed priming have durable complete responses (average duration 35 months+), three had partial responses, and the remaining six had progressive disease (WHO criteria). Disease regression was not correlated with dose or with the development of delayed type hypersensitivity responses to intradermal challenge with irradiated, autologous tumour. However, plasma S-100B levels prior to the commencement of treatment correlated with objective clinical response ( P=0.05) and survival (log rank P<0.001). The treatment had minimal side-effects and was well tolerated by all patients. Mature, monocyte-derived DC preparations exposed to appropriate tumour antigen sources can be reliably produced for patients with advanced metastatic melanoma, and in a subset of those patients with lower volume disease their repeated administration results in durable complete responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. E. O'Rourke
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maree Johnson
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Catherine Lanagan
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janet See
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Yang
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John R. Bell
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Greg J. Slater
- />QLD X-Ray, Mater Misericordiae Private Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Beverley M. Kerr
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Beth Crowe
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - David M. Purdie
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Suzanne L. Elliott
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kay A. O. Ellem
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher W. Schmidt
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
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6
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Harmala LAE, Ingulli EG, Curtsinger JM, Lucido MM, Schmidt CS, Weigel BJ, Blazar BR, Mescher MF, Pennell CA. The adjuvant effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 result from the rapid and prolonged activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5622-9. [PMID: 12421941 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) is a potent adjuvant that links innate and adaptive immune responses. To study how hsp70 activates naive CD8(+) T cells in vivo, we tracked Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in mice immunized with a fusion protein containing chicken OVA linked to hsp70 derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (OVA.TBhsp70). On a molar basis, OVA.TBhsp70 was several hundred times more effective than OVA peptide plus CFA in eliciting specific CD8(+) T cell responses. Immunization with OVA.TBhsp70 activated >90% of detectable OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells within 3 days and led to the persistence of cytotoxic effectors for at least 17 days. These studies demonstrate that the potent adjuvant effect of M. tuberculosis hsp70 results from the relatively complete, rapid, and durable activation of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Egg Proteins/administration & dosage
- Egg Proteins/genetics
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/analysis
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/administration & dosage
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/analysis
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A E Harmala
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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7
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Johnson AJ, Upshaw J, Pavelko KD, Rodriguez M, Pease LR. Preservation of motor function by inhibition of CD8+ virus peptide-specific T cells in Theiler's virus infection. FASEB J 2001; 15:2760-2. [PMID: 11606479 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0373fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are potential mediators of neuropathology in models of multiple sclerosis induced by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. C57BL/6 mice mount a vigorous cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against the immunodominant virus peptide VP2121-130 and clear TMEV infection. Interferon-g (IFN-g)R-/- mice also mount a strong CTL response against the VP2121-130 epitope, but because of genetic deficiencies in critical IFN-g signaling pathways, they do not clear TMEV infection and develop prominent neurological deficits within 6 wk. This pronounced disease process, coupled with a defined CTL response, provides an ideal model for evaluating the importance of antiviral CTL activity in the development of severe demyelination and loss of motor neuron function. By administering the VP2121-130 peptide before and during TMEV infection, 99% of the VP2121-130-specific CD8+ T cell response was inhibited. No decrease in virus infection was observed. Peptide treatment did result in significantly less motor dysfunction, even when no differences in levels of demyelination were observed. Although most investigators focus on the role of CD4+ T cells in demyelinating disease, these studies are the first to demonstrate a clear contribution of antiviral CD8+ T cells in neurological injury in a chronic-progressive model of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Johnson
- Departments of, Immunology and, Neurology, Mayo Graduate and Medical Schools, Rochester, Minnesota 55901, USA
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8
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Ghim SJ, Sundberg J, Delgado G, Jenson AB. The pathogenesis of advanced cervical cancer provides the basis for an empirical therapeutic vaccine. Exp Mol Pathol 2001; 71:181-5. [PMID: 11733943 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2001.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections of the cervix includes early induction of peripheral tolerance of tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes and an imbalanced Th2 response to HPV early virus proteins. As lesions become progressively dysplastic, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-1 molecules are down-regulated on the surface of abnormal keratinocytes. When the target of MHC-1 class-restricted cytotoxic lymphocytes disappears, immune deviation to a Th2 response becomes more dominant. After severely dysplastic lesions become invasive, cervical cancer cells die and release HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins that react with anti-E6 and anti-E7 antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes in antibody excess under the continuing influence of immune deviation. On the basis of this knowledge of the pathogenesis of advanced cervical cancer, we believe that successful immunotherapeutic treatments of these patients will use a vaccine formulation that will break peripheral tolerance in association with biological response modifiers that will enable the patient's immune system to switch classes from Th2 to Th1 while up-regulating MHC-1 molecules on cancer cells. Like prophylactic vaccines against HPV, successful therapeutic vaccine against cervical cancer may have to be universal rather than individualized to be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Ghim
- Cervical Cancer Research Institute, The Western Pennsylvania Hospital Foundation, 720 Gross Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
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Lo-Man R, Vichier-Guerre S, Bay S, Dériaud E, Cantacuzène D, Leclerc C. Anti-tumor immunity provided by a synthetic multiple antigenic glycopeptide displaying a tri-Tn glycotope. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2849-54. [PMID: 11160353 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In many cancer cells the alteration of glycosylation processes leads to the expression of cryptic carbohydrate moieties, which make them good targets for immune intervention. Identification of cancer-associated glycotopes as well as progress in chemical synthesis have opened up the way for the development of fully synthetic immunogens that can induce anti-saccharide immune responses. Here, we synthesized a dendrimeric multiple antigenic glycopeptide (MAG) containing the Tn Ag O:-linked to a CD4(+) T cell epitope. This MAG is based on three consecutive Tn moieties (tri-Tn) corresponding to the glycotope recognized by an mAb (MLS 128) produced against the LS180 colon carcinoma cell line. The Abs induced by this MAG recognized murine and human tumor cell lines expressing the Tn Ag. Prophylactic vaccination using MAG provided protection of mice against tumor challenge. When used in active specific immunotherapy, the MAG carrying the tri-Tn glycotope was much more efficient than the mono-Tn analogue in promoting the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, in active specific immunotherapy, a linear glycopeptide carrying two copies of the tri-Tn glycotope was shown to be poorly efficient compared with the dendrimeric MAG. Therefore, both the clustering of carbohydrate Ags and the way they are displayed seem to be important parameters for stimulating efficient anti-saccharide immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/chemistry
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Glycopeptides/administration & dosage
- Glycopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Glycopeptides/immunology
- Glycopeptides/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Poliovirus/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lo-Man
- Unité de Biologie des Régulations Immunitaires and Unité de Chimie Organique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Da Silva DM, Eiben GL, Fausch SC, Wakabayashi MT, Rudolf MP, Velders MP, Kast WM. Cervical cancer vaccines: emerging concepts and developments. J Cell Physiol 2001; 186:169-82. [PMID: 11169454 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4652(200102)186:2<169::aid-jcp1023>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Certain human cancers are linked to infection by oncogenic viruses that are able to cause transformation of the normal host cell into a cancerous cell. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and expression of viral transforming proteins are found in virtually all cervical cancer cells, indicating an important role of this virus in the pathogenesis of the disease. Evidence exists that the immune response to cancer cells can play a major role in determining the outcome of disease. The fact that HPV is a necessary cause for cervical cancer provides a clear opportunity to develop a therapeutic vaccine against the virus to treat patients with cervical cancer at its early and late stages. Development of a prophylactic vaccine for HPV would also reduce the incidence of cervical neoplasias by preventing virus infection. Various candidate HPV vaccines are being developed and tested in animal models and/or in human clinical trials. These HPV vaccines, both preventive and therapeutic, are the subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Da Silva
- Cancer Immunology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 First Avenue, Maywood, Illinois 60143, USA
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Pietersz GA, Li W, Apostolopoulos V. A 16-mer peptide (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) from antennapedia preferentially targets the Class I pathway. Vaccine 2001; 19:1397-405. [PMID: 11163662 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of antigenic peptides into the cytosol of antigen presenting cells facilitates proteosomal processing and loading into Class I molecules for MHC presentation on the cell surface. The DNA binding domain of the Drosophila transcription factor (Antennapedia), a 60 amino acid protein, is rapidly taken up by cells and has been fused to selected antigens to enhance their immunogenicity. We now demonstrate that a 16 amino acid peptide from antennapedia can facilitate the cytoplasmic uptake of CTL epitope 9-mer peptides. Synthetic peptides were made containing the 16-mer antennapedia peptide linked in tandem to the ovalbumin SIINFEKL CTL peptide. The peptide complex was shown to rapidly internalise into APCs by confocal microscopy. This peptide induced CTL in C57BL/6 mice and protected them against growth of an ovalbumin expressing tumour cell line (E.G7-OVA). The ability of the hybrid peptide to be processed and presented by APCs was similar, whether the SIINFEKL sequence was appended at the C-terminus or N-terminus of the Antennapedia peptide. The production of synthetic peptides containing other CTL peptide epitopes may be useful for priming CTLs in vitro and in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Pietersz
- The Austin Research Institute, Studley Road, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia.
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12
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Svane IM, Boesen M, Engel AM. The role of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the prevention and immune surveillance of tumors--lessons from normal and immunodeficient mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1999; 16:223-38. [PMID: 10618685 DOI: 10.1007/bf02785868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea of immunological surveillance against cancer has existed for nearly 100 years but as no conclusive evidence has yet been published the importance of the cellular immune defense in the detection and removal of incipient or existing tumors is still a hotly debated subject. However, in order to select a relevant immunotherapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer, a fundamental understanding of the basic immunologic conditions under which a tumor develops and exists is a prerequisite. Therefore, a murine model was set up that we hoped would enable us to confirm or reject the theory of immunological surveillance. A large panel of methylcholanthrene induced tumors was established in T-cell immunodeficient nude mice and congenic normal mice to study the influence of the immune system on developing tumors. As nude mice developed tumors fastest and with the highest incidence, we concluded that in this model the immune system constituted a 'tumor-suppressive factor' delaying and sometimes abrogating tumor growth, i.e. performing immune surveillance. Immunogenicity of the tumors was assessed by transplantation back to normal histocompatible mice. Tumors originating from the immunodeficient nude mice turned out to be far more immunogenic than tumors from normal mice, resulting in a high rejection rate. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells were found to be indispensable for this rejection, leading to the conclusion that the cytotoxic T cells perform immune selection in normal mice, eliminating immunogenic tumor cell variants in the incipient tumor. In this review, we discuss the difficulties facing immunotherapy when conclusions are drawn from the presented observations and hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Svane
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital/University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Schoell WM, Mirhashemi R, Liu B, Janicek MF, Podack ER, Penalver MA, Averette HE. Generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by stimulation with HPV type 16 E7 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells: an approach to immunotherapy of cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 74:448-55. [PMID: 10479508 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1999.5504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to generate HPV-16 E7 peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro for future adoptive immunotherapy of cervical cancer. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from HLA-A2+ healthy donors. The PBMCs were incubated with HPV-16 E7(11-20) peptide and varying cytokines in the primary culture. Restimulation was performed weekly with peptide-pulsed, irradiated autologous PBMCs. Alternatively, the PBMCs were depleted of abundant CD4+ cells and stimulated with HPV-16 E7(11-20) peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. Cytolytic activity was determined by a standard 4-h (51)Cr-release assay. RESULTS After 6 weeks in culture, we were able to establish peptide-specific CTL lines in one of seven donors by incubating PBMCs with HPV-16 E7(11-20) peptide. When we employed autologous peptide-pulsed dendritic cells to stimulate CD8+ cell-enriched PBMCs, we obtained CTL lines in four of seven donors. The primed CTLs were able to lyse the HLA-A2+ and HPV-16+ cervical cancer cell line Caski. SiHa, an HLA-A2-, but HPV 16+, cervical cancer cell line could be lysed only after transfection with HLA-A2. In addition, a high cytotoxicity (>80%) was obtained against peptide-pulsed, but not unpulsed, targets such as autologous Ebstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells or allogeneic lipopolysaccaride-stimulated PBMCs. DCs were clearly the most potent of all tested antigen presenting cells to stimulate a CTL response in a proliferation assay. CONCLUSION HPV-16 E7 peptide-specific CTLs could be generated in vitro. A practical protocol to expand the CTLs to a sufficient number for an application in a clinical trial is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Schoell
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.
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14
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Nieland JD, Da Silva DM, Velders MP, de Visser KE, Schiller JT, M�ller M, Kast WM. Chimeric papillomavirus virus-like particles induce a murine self-antigen-specific protective and therapeutic antitumor immune response. J Cell Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990501)73:2<145::aid-jcb1>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Rapid identification of the cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes that are presented by cancer cells will provide the basis for manipulation of tumor immunity but remains a major challenge in the field. By screening randomly synthesized peptide libraries, mimotopes for tumor-reactive CTLs can be readily constructed and they may be functionally equal to or potentially more potent than natural peptides in stimulating CTL responses; therefore, the peptide library approach provides great promise for design of cancer vaccines and adoptive tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA.
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