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Qiu O, Zhao J, Shi Z, Li H, Wang S, Liao K, Tang M, Xie J, Huang X, Zhang W, Zhou L, Yang X, Zhou Z, Xu L, Huang R, Miao Y, Qiu Y, Lin Y. Asparagine endopeptidase deficiency mitigates radiation-induced brain injury by suppressing microglia-mediated neuronal senescence. iScience 2024; 27:109698. [PMID: 38655198 PMCID: PMC11035374 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation in radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI), a chronic disease characterized by delayed and progressive neurological impairment. Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), also known as legumain (LGMN), participates in multiple malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases and may potentially be involved in RIBI. Here, we found AEP expression was substantially elevated in the cortex and hippocampus of wild-type (Lgmn+/+) mice following whole-brain irradiation. Lgmn knockout (Lgmn-/-) alleviated neurological impairment caused by whole-brain irradiation by suppressing neuronal senescence. Bulk RNA and metabolomic sequencing revealed AEP's involvement in the antigen processing and presentation pathway and neuroinflammation. This was further confirmed by co-culturing Lgmn+/+ primary neurons with the conditioned media derived from irradiated Lgmn+/+ or Lgmn-/- primary microglia. Furthermore, esomeprazole inhibited the enzymatic activity of AEP and RIBI. These findings identified AEP as a critical factor of neuroinflammation in RIBI, highlighting the prospect of targeting AEP as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouwen Qiu
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jianyi Zhao
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Zhonggang Shi
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Keman Liao
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Minchao Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jieqiong Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Digestive Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Radiation, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Renhua Huang
- Department of Radiation, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Qiu
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Brain Injury Center, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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Strohm AO, Johnston C, Hernady E, Marples B, O'Banion MK, Majewska AK. Cranial irradiation disrupts homeostatic microglial dynamic behavior. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:82. [PMID: 38570852 PMCID: PMC10993621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation causes cognitive deficits that are in part mediated by microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. Microglia are highly reactive, exhibiting changes in shape and morphology depending on the function they are performing. Additionally, microglia processes make dynamic, physical contacts with different components of their environment to monitor the functional state of the brain and promote plasticity. Though evidence suggests radiation perturbs homeostatic microglia functions, it is unknown how cranial irradiation impacts the dynamic behavior of microglia over time. Here, we paired in vivo two-photon microscopy with a transgenic mouse model that labels cortical microglia to follow these cells and determine how they change over time in cranial irradiated mice and their control littermates. We show that a single dose of 10 Gy cranial irradiation disrupts homeostatic cortical microglia dynamics during a 1-month time course. We found a lasting loss of microglial cells following cranial irradiation, coupled with a modest dysregulation of microglial soma displacement at earlier timepoints. The homogeneous distribution of microglia was maintained, suggesting microglia rearrange themselves to account for cell loss and maintain territorial organization following cranial irradiation. Furthermore, we found cranial irradiation reduced microglia coverage of the parenchyma and their surveillance capacity, without overtly changing morphology. Our results demonstrate that a single dose of radiation can induce changes in microglial behavior and function that could influence neurological health. These results set the foundation for future work examining how cranial irradiation impacts complex cellular dynamics in the brain which could contribute to the manifestation of cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O Strohm
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Carl Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eric Hernady
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ania K Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Suptela AJ, Radwan Y, Richardson C, Yan S, Afonin KA, Marriott I. cGAS Mediates the Inflammatory Responses of Human Microglial Cells to Genotoxic DNA Damage. Inflammation 2024; 47:822-836. [PMID: 38148453 PMCID: PMC11073916 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a key driving force for the development and progression of many age-related neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) cancers. Recently, the cytosolic DNA sensor, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), has been shown to detect and respond to self-DNA accumulation resulting from DNA damaging insults in peripheral cell types. cGAS has been shown to be important in the responses of microglia to DNA viruses and amyloid beta, and we have reported that it underlies the responses of human microglia to exogenous DNA. However, the role of this cytosolic sensor in the detection of self-DNA by glia is poorly understood and its ability to mediate the cellular responses of human microglia to genotoxic DNA damage has not been established. Here, we describe the ability of ionizing radiation and oxidative stress to elicit genomic DNA damage in human microglial cells and to stimulate the production of key inflammatory mediators by these cells in an NF-kB dependent manner. Importantly, we have utilized CRISPR/Cas9 and siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches and a pharmacological inhibitor of the cGAS adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to demonstrate that the cGAS-STING pathway plays a critical role in the generation of these microglial immune responses to such genotoxic insults. Together, these studies support the notion that cGAS mediates the detection of cytosolic self-DNA by microglia, providing a potential mechanism linking genomic instability to the development of CNS cancers and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Suptela
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Yasmine Radwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Christine Richardson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
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Ma X, Zuo Y, Hu X, Chen S, Zhong K, Xue R, Gui S, Liu K, Li S, Zhu X, Yang J, Deng Z, Liu X, Xu Y, Liu S, Shi Z, Zhou M, Tang Y. Terminally differentiated cytotoxic CD4 + T cells were clonally expanded in the brain lesion of radiation-induced brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14682. [PMID: 38499993 PMCID: PMC10948588 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence supports the involvement of adaptive immunity in the development of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI). Our previous work has emphasized the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells in RIBI. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence and potential roles of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs) in RIBI to gain a more comprehensive understanding of adaptive immunity in this context. MAIN TEXT Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we analyzed 3934 CD4+ T cells from the brain lesions of four RIBI patients and identified six subclusters within this population. A notable subset, the cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs), was marked with high expression of cytotoxicity-related genes (NKG7, GZMH, GNLY, FGFBP2, and GZMB) and several chemokine and chemokine receptors (CCL5, CX3CR1, and CCL4L2). Through in-depth pseudotime analysis, which simulates the development of CD4+ T cells, we observed that the CD4+ CTLs exhibited signatures of terminal differentiation. Their functions were enriched in protein serine/threonine kinase activity, GTPase regulator activity, phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, and cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway. Correspondingly, mice subjected to gamma knife irradiation on the brain showed a time-dependent infiltration of CD4+ T cells, an increase of MHCII+ cells, and the existence of CD4+ CTLs in lesions, along with an elevation of apoptotic-related proteins. Finally, and most crucially, single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing (scTCR-seq) analysis at the patient level determined a large clonal expansion of CD4+ CTLs in lesion tissues of RIBI. Transcriptional factor-encoding genes TBX21, RORB, and EOMES showed positive correlations with the cytotoxic functions of CD4+ T cells, suggesting their potential to distinguish RIBI-related CD4+ CTLs from other subsets. CONCLUSION The present study enriches the understanding of the transcriptional landscape of adaptive immune cells in RIBI patients. It provides the first description of a clonally expanded CD4+ CTL subset in RIBI lesions, which may illuminate new mechanisms in the development of RIBI and offer potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Ma
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - You Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Jiangmen Central HospitalAffiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityJiangmenChina
| | - Sitai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ke Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ruiqi Xue
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shushu Gui
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Kejia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shaojian Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenhong Deng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yongteng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhongshan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Meijuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Jiangmen Central HospitalAffiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityJiangmenChina
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Zhang S, Li M, Qiu Y, Wu J, Xu X, Ma Q, Zheng Z, Lu G, Deng Z, Huang H. Enhanced VEGF secretion and blood-brain barrier disruption: Radiation-mediated inhibition of astrocyte autophagy via PI3K-AKT pathway activation. Glia 2024; 72:568-587. [PMID: 38009296 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the recognized pathological basis of radiation-induced brain injury (RBI), a side effect of head and neck cancer treatments. There is currently a lack of therapeutic approaches for RBI due to the ambiguity of its underlying mechanisms. Therefore, it is essential to identify these mechanisms in order to prevent RBI or provide early interventions. One crucial factor contributing to BBB disruption is the radiation-induced activation of astrocytes and oversecretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Mechanistically, the PI3K-AKT pathway can inhibit cellular autophagy, leading to pathological cell aggregation. Moreover, it acts as an upstream pathway of VEGF. In this study, we observed the upregulation of the PI3K-AKT pathway in irradiated cultured astrocytes through bioinformatics analysis, we then validated these findings in animal brains and in vitro astrocytes following radiation exposure. Additionally, we also found the inhibition of autophagy and the oversecretion of VEGF in irradiated astrocytes. By inhibiting the PI3K-AKT pathway or promoting cellular autophagy, we observed a significant amelioration of the inhibitory effect on autophagy, leading to reductions in VEGF oversecretion and BBB disruption. In conclusion, our study suggests that radiation can inhibit autophagy and promote VEGF oversecretion by upregulating the PI3K-AKT pathway in astrocytes. Blocking the PI3K pathway can alleviate both of these effects, thereby mitigating damage to the BBB in patients undergoing radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingping Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuemin Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gengxin Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhezhi Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang S, Deng Z, Qiu Y, Lu G, Wu J, Huang H. FGIN-1-27 Mitigates Radiation-induced Mitochondrial Hyperfunction and Cellular Hyperactivation in Cultured Astrocytes. Neuroscience 2023; 535:23-35. [PMID: 37913861 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury (RBI) poses a significant challenge in the context of radiotherapy for intracranial tumors, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. While prior investigations have underscored the role of astrocyte activation and excessive vascular endothelial growth factor production in microvascular damage associated with RBI, there remains a scarcity of studies examining the impact of radiation on astrocytes, particularly regarding organelles such as mitochondria. Thus, our study aimed to elucidate alterations in astrocyte and mitochondrial functionality following radiation exposure, with a specific focus on evaluating the potential ameliorative effects of translocator protein 18 kDa(TSPO) ligands. In this study, cultured astrocytes were subjected to X-ray irradiation, and their cellular states and mitochondrial functions were examined and compared to control cells. Our findings revealed that radiation-induced astrocytic hyperactivation, transforming them into the neurotoxic A1-type, concomitant with reduced cell proliferation. Additionally, radiation triggered mitochondrial hyperfunction, heightened the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased oxidative metabolite production. However, following treatment with FGIN-1-27, a TSPO ligand, we observed a restoration of mitochondrial function and a reduction in oxidative metabolite production. Moreover, this intervention mitigated astrocyte hyperactivity, decreased the number of A1-type astrocytes, and restored cell proliferative capacity. In conclusion, our study has unveiled additional manifestations of radiation-induced astrocyte dysfunction and validated that TSPO ligands may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy to mitigate this dysfunction. It has potential clinical implications for the treatment of RBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhezhi Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuemin Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Gengxin Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haiwei Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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7
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Gan C, Li W, Xu J, Pang L, Tang L, Yu S, Li A, Ge H, Huang R, Cheng H. Advances in the study of the molecular biological mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3275-3299. [PMID: 37693137 PMCID: PMC10492106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most commonly used treatments for head and neck cancers, but it often leads to radiation-induced brain injury. Patients with radiation-induced brain injury have a poorer quality of life, and no effective treatments are available. The pathogenesis of this condition is unknown. This review summarizes the molecular biological mechanism of radiation-induced brain injury and provides research directions for future studies. The molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury are diverse and complex. Radiation-induced chronic neuroinflammation, destruction of the blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress, neuronal damage, and physiopathological responses caused by specific exosome secretion lead to radiation-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lulian Pang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lingxue Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Anlong Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Han Ge
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Runze Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huaidong Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China
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8
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Hovhannisyan L, Riether C, Aebersold DM, Medová M, Zimmer Y. CAR T cell-based immunotherapy and radiation therapy: potential, promises and risks. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:82. [PMID: 37173782 PMCID: PMC10176707 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CAR T cell-based therapies have revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma within the last years. In contrast to the success in hematological cancers, the treatment of solid tumors with CAR T cells is still a major challenge in the field and attempts to overcome these hurdles have not been successful yet. Radiation therapy is used for management of various malignancies for decades and its therapeutic role ranges from local therapy to a priming agent in cancer immunotherapy. Combinations of radiation with immune checkpoint inhibitors have already proven successful in clinical trials. Therefore, a combination of radiation therapy may have the potential to overcome the current limitations of CAR T cell therapy in solid tumor entities. So far, only limited research was conducted in the area of CAR T cells and radiation. In this review we will discuss the potential and risks of such a combination in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Hovhannisyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M Aebersold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Medová
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Yitzhak Zimmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.
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9
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Winters TA, Cassatt DR, Harrison-Peters JR, Hollingsworth BA, Rios CI, Satyamitra MM, Taliaferro LP, DiCarlo AL. Considerations of Medical Preparedness to Assess and Treat Various Populations During a Radiation Public Health Emergency. Radiat Res 2023; 199:301-318. [PMID: 36656560 PMCID: PMC10120400 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00148.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During a radiological or nuclear public health emergency, given the heterogeneity of civilian populations, it is incumbent on medical response planners to understand and prepare for a potentially high degree of interindividual variability in the biological effects of radiation exposure. A part of advanced planning should include a comprehensive approach, in which the range of possible human responses in relation to the type of radiation expected from an incident has been thoughtfully considered. Although there are several reports addressing the radiation response for special populations (as compared to the standard 18-45-year-old male), the current review surveys published literature to assess the level of consideration given to differences in acute radiation responses in certain sub-groups. The authors attempt to bring clarity to the complex nature of human biology in the context of radiation to facilitate a path forward for radiation medical countermeasure (MCM) development that may be appropriate and effective in special populations. Consequently, the focus is on the medical (as opposed to logistical) aspects of preparedness and response. Populations identified for consideration include obstetric, pediatric, geriatric, males, females, individuals of different race/ethnicity, and people with comorbidities. Relevant animal models, biomarkers of radiation injury, and MCMs are highlighted, in addition to underscoring gaps in knowledge and the need for consistent and early inclusion of these populations in research. The inclusion of special populations in preclinical and clinical studies is essential to address shortcomings and is an important consideration for radiation public health emergency response planning. Pursuing this goal will benefit the population at large by considering those at greatest risk of health consequences after a radiological or nuclear mass casualty incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - David R Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jenna R Harrison-Peters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brynn A Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Carmen I Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Merriline M Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lanyn P Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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10
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Radwan RR, Mohamed HA. Mechanistic approach of the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells on brain damage in irradiated mice: emphasis on anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1463-1472. [PMID: 35647928 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2084170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Brain damage which has been induced by radiation generally occurs in radiotherapeutics patients. Stem cell transplantation represents a vital applicant for alleviating neurodegenerative disorders. This work aims at exploring the potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on brain injury induced by γ radiation in mice and the possible underlying mechanisms were elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were allocated into three groups; Group I (Control), Group II (Irradiated control) where mice submitted to 5 Gy of whole-body γ radiation, Group III (Irradiated + BM-MSCs) where mice were intravenously injected of BM-MSCs at a dose of 106 cells/mice 24 h following irradiation. Animals were sacrificed 28 d following exposure to γ radiation. RESULTS It was observed that BM-MSCs therapy provided a valuable tissue repair as evidenced by a reduction in inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa (NF-κβ), phosphorylated NF-κβ-p65 (P-NF-κβ-p65), interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) associated with decreased levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in brain tissues of irradiated mice. Furthermore, neuronal apoptosis was declined in brain tissues of the BM-MSCs group as remarkable inhibition of caspase-3 and Bax accompanied by elevation of Bcl-2 proteins expression. These results were supported by histopathological investigation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, BM-MSCs could display a vital rule in alleviating brain injury in radio-therapeutic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha R Radwan
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Heba A Mohamed
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Egypt
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11
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Miller KB, Mi KL, Nelson GA, Norman RB, Patel ZS, Huff JL. Ionizing radiation, cerebrovascular disease, and consequent dementia: A review and proposed framework relevant to space radiation exposure. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1008640. [PMID: 36388106 PMCID: PMC9640983 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Space exploration requires the characterization and management or mitigation of a variety of human health risks. Exposure to space radiation is one of the main health concerns because it has the potential to increase the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and both acute and late neurodegeneration. Space radiation-induced decrements to the vascular system may impact the risk for cerebrovascular disease and consequent dementia. These risks may be independent or synergistic with direct damage to central nervous system tissues. The purpose of this work is to review epidemiological and experimental data regarding the impact of low-to-moderate dose ionizing radiation on the central nervous system and the cerebrovascular system. A proposed framework outlines how space radiation-induced effects on the vasculature may increase risk for both cerebrovascular dysfunction and neural and cognitive adverse outcomes. The results of this work suggest that there are multiple processes by which ionizing radiation exposure may impact cerebrovascular function including increases in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction, arterial stiffening, atherosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Cerebrovascular adverse outcomes may also promote neural and cognitive adverse outcomes. However, there are many gaps in both the human and preclinical evidence base regarding the long-term impact of ionizing radiation exposure on brain health due to heterogeneity in both exposures and outcomes. The unique composition of the space radiation environment makes the translation of the evidence base from terrestrial exposures to space exposures difficult. Additional investigation and understanding of the impact of low-to-moderate doses of ionizing radiation including high (H) atomic number (Z) and energy (E) (HZE) ions on the cerebrovascular system is needed. Furthermore, investigation of how decrements in vascular systems may contribute to development of neurodegenerative diseases in independent or synergistic pathways is important for protecting the long-term health of astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
- KBR Inc., Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ryan B. Norman
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States
| | - Zarana S. Patel
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
- KBR Inc., Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janice L. Huff
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States
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12
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Liu Q, Huang Y, Duan M, Yang Q, Ren B, Tang F. Microglia as Therapeutic Target for Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158286. [PMID: 35955439 PMCID: PMC9368164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) after radiotherapy has become an increasingly important factor affecting the prognosis of patients with head and neck tumor. With the delivery of high doses of radiation to brain tissue, microglia rapidly transit to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, upregulate phagocytic machinery, and reduce the release of neurotrophic factors. Persistently activated microglia mediate the progression of chronic neuroinflammation, which may inhibit brain neurogenesis leading to the occurrence of neurocognitive disorders at the advanced stage of RIBI. Fully understanding the microglial pathophysiology and cellular and molecular mechanisms after irradiation may facilitate the development of novel therapy by targeting microglia to prevent RIBI and subsequent neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yan Huang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengyun Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Boxu Ren
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Fengru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
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13
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Kundapur V, Mayer M, Auer RN, Alexander A, Weibe S, Pushie MJ, Cranmer-Sargison G. Is Mini Beam Ready for Human Trials? Results of Randomized Study of Treating De-Novo Brain Tumors in Canines Using Linear Accelerator Generated Mini Beams. Radiat Res 2022; 198:162-171. [PMID: 35536992 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00093.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge in treating malignant brain neoplasms lies in eradicating the tumor while minimizing treatment-related damage. Conventional radiation treatments are associated with considerable side effects. Synchrotron generated micro-beam radiation (SMBRT) has shown to preserve brain architecture while killing tumor cells, however physical characteristics and limited facility access restrict its use. We have created a new clinical device which produces mini beams on a linear accelerator, to provide a new type of treatment called mini-beam radiation therapy (MBRT). The objective of this study is to compare the treatment outcomes of linear accelerator based MBRT versus standard radiation treatment (SRT), to evaluate the tumor response and the treatment-related changes in the normal brain with respect to each treatment type. Pet dogs with de-novo brain tumors were accrued for treatment. Dogs were randomized between standard fractionated stereotactic (9 Gy in 3 fractions) radiation treatment vs. a single fraction of MBRT (26 Gy mean dose). Dogs were monitored after treatment for clinical assessment and imaging. When the dogs were euthanized, a veterinary pathologist assessed the radiation changes and tumor response. We accrued 16 dogs, 8 dogs in each treatment arm. In the MBRT arm, 71% dogs achieved complete pathological remission. The radiation-related changes were all confined to the target region. Structural damage was not observed in the beam path outside of the target region. In contrast, none of the dogs in control group achieved remission and the treatment related damage was more extensive. Therapeutic superiority was observed with MBRT, including both tumor control and the normal structural preservation. The MBRT findings are suggestive of an immune related mechanism which is absent in standard treatment. These findings together with the widespread availability of clinical linear accelerators make MBRT a promising research topic to explore further treatment and clinical trial opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kundapur
- Radiation Oncology, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon Cancer Centre, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N4H4
| | - M Mayer
- Veterinary Radiation Oncology, Department of Small Animal clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 0W8
| | - R N Auer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 0W8
| | - A Alexander
- Radiation Physics, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon Cancer Centre, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N4H4
| | - S Weibe
- Department of Clinical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 0W8
| | - M J Pushie
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 0W8
| | - G Cranmer-Sargison
- Radiation Physics, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon Cancer Centre, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N4H4
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14
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de Guzman AE, Ahmed M, Perrier S, Hammill C, Li YQ, Wong CS, Nieman BJ. Protection from radiation-induced neuroanatomical deficits by CCL2-deficiency is dependent on sex. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:390-400. [PMID: 35143888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cranial radiation therapy for the treatment of paediatric brain tumours results in changes to brain development that are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have previously demonstrated similar structural changes in both humans and mice. The goal of the current study was to examine the role of inflammation in this response. Since neuroanatomical volume deficits in paediatric survivors are more pronounced in females, we also evaluated possible dependence on sex. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Male mice deficient in the C-C chemokine ligand 2 gene (Ccl2; previously Mcp-1) have been shown by others to have a muted neuroinflammatory response after irradiation. We irradiated Ccl2-/- (HOM; females[f]=12, males[m]=13), Ccl2+/- (HET; f=13, m=16), and Ccl2+/+ (WT; f=11, m=13) mice with a whole brain dose of 7 Gy during infancy. Control mice (with approximately equal groups sizes) were anaesthetized but not irradiated. In vivo MR images were acquired at 4 time points up to 3 months following irradiation, and deformation-based morphometry was used to identify volume differences. RESULTS Irradiation of WT mice resulted in a deficit in neuroanatomical growth with limited sex dependence. HOM and HET males were significantly protected from this radiation-induced damage, while HOM and HET females were not. We conclude that interventions aimed at mitigating the effects of cranial radiation therapy in paediatric cancer survivors by modulating inflammatory response will need to consider patient sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elizabeth de Guzman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Rm 7-411, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mashal Ahmed
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Stefanie Perrier
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Christopher Hammill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Yu-Qing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Odette Cancer Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - C Shun Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Rm 7-411, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Odette Cancer Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 149 College Street - Stewart Building, Suite 504, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Rm 7-411, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Long-Term Sex- and Genotype-Specific Effects of 56Fe Irradiation on Wild-Type and APPswe/PS1dE9 Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413305. [PMID: 34948098 PMCID: PMC8703695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiation presents a substantial threat to travel beyond Earth. Relatively low doses of high-energy particle radiation cause physiological and behavioral impairments in rodents and may pose risks to human spaceflight. There is evidence that 56Fe irradiation, a significant component of space radiation, may be more harmful to males than to females and worsen Alzheimer's disease pathology in genetically vulnerable models. Yet, research on the long-term, sex- and genotype-specific effects of 56Fe irradiation is lacking. Here, we irradiated 4-month-old male and female, wild-type and Alzheimer's-like APP/PS1 mice with 0, 0.10, or 0.50 Gy of 56Fe ions (1GeV/u). Mice underwent microPET scans before and 7.5 months after irradiation, a battery of behavioral tests at 11 months of age and were sacrificed for pathological and biochemical analyses at 12 months of age. 56Fe irradiation worsened amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology, gliosis, neuroinflammation and spatial memory, but improved motor coordination, in male transgenic mice and worsened fear memory in wild-type males. Although sham-irradiated female APP/PS1 mice had more cerebral Aβ and gliosis than sham-irradiated male transgenics, female mice of both genotypes were relatively spared from radiation effects 8 months later. These results provide evidence for sex-specific, long-term CNS effects of space radiation.
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16
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Rashed ER, Abdel-Rafei MK, Thabet NM. Roles of Simvastatin and Sildenafil in Modulation of Cranial Irradiation-Induced Bystander Multiple Organs Injury in Rats. Inflammation 2021; 44:2554-2579. [PMID: 34420155 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In radiobiology and radiation oncology fields, the observation of a phenomenon called radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) has introduced the prospect of remotely located tissues' affection. This phenomenon has been broadly developed to involve the concept of RIBE, which are relevant to the radiation-induced response of a distant tissue other than the irradiated one. The current study aimed at investigating each of the RIBE of cranial irradiation on oxidative and inflammatory status in different organs such as liver, kidney, heart, lung, and spleen. Being a vital target of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response to an inflammatory stimulus, the splenic α-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α-7nAchR) was evaluated and the hepatic contents of thioredoxin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and paraoxinase-1 (Trx/PPAR-α/PON) were also assessed as indicators for the liver oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Being reported to act as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, simvastatin (SV) and/or sildenafil (SD) were investigated for their effects against RIBE on these organs. These objectives were achieved via the biochemical assessments and the histopathological tissues examinations. Five experimental groups, one sham irradiated and four irradiated groups, were exposed to cranial irradiation at dose level of 25 Gy using an experimental irradiator with a Cobalt (Co60) source, RIBE, RIBE + SV (20 mg.(kg.bw)-1 day-1), RIBE + SD (75 mg.(kg.bw)-1 day-1), and RIBE + SV + SD. Cranial irradiation induced structural, biochemical, and functional dys-regulations in non-targeted organs. RIBE-induced organs' injuries have been significantly corrected by the administration of SV and/or SD. Our results suggest the possibility of a potentiated interaction between SV and SD in the modulation of the RIBE associated with head and neck radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy Refaat Rashed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khairy Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noura Magdy Thabet
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Howell N, Storer B, Davis E, Davies J, Banati R, Liu GJ. Mitochondrial Translocator Protein (TSPO) Expression in the Brain After Whole Body Gamma Irradiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715444. [PMID: 34760884 PMCID: PMC8573390 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain’s early response to low dose ionizing radiation, as may be encountered during diagnostic procedures and space exploration, is not yet fully characterized. In the brain parenchyma, the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is constitutively expressed at low levels by endothelial cells, and can therefore be used to assess the integrity of the brain’s vasculature. At the same time, the inducible expression of TSPO in activated microglia, the brain’s intrinsic immune cells, is a regularly observed early indicator of subtle or incipient brain pathology. Here, we explored the use of TSPO as a biomarker of brain tissue injury following whole body irradiation. Post-radiation responses were measured in C57BL/6 wild type (Tspo+/+) and TSPO knockout (Tspo–/–) mice 48 h after single whole body gamma irradiations with low doses 0, 0.01, and 0.1 Gy and a high dose of 2 Gy. Additionally, post-radiation responses of primary microglial cell cultures were measured at 1, 4, 24, and 48 h at an irradiation dose range of 0 Gy-2 Gy. TSPO mRNA and protein expression in the brain showed a decreased trend after 0.01 Gy relative to sham-irradiated controls, but remained unchanged after higher doses. Immunohistochemistry confirmed subtle decreases in TSPO expression after 0.01 Gy in vascular endothelial cells of the hippocampal region and in ependymal cells, with no detectable changes following higher doses. Cytokine concentrations in plasma after whole body irradiation showed differential changes in IL-6 and IL-10 with some variations between Tspo–/– and Tspo+/+ animals. The in vitro measurements of TSPO in primary microglial cell cultures showed a significant reduction 1 h after low dose irradiation (0.01 Gy). In summary, acute low and high doses of gamma irradiation up to 2 Gy reduced TSPO expression in the brain’s vascular compartment without de novo induction of TSPO expression in parenchymal microglia, while TSPO expression in directly irradiated, isolated, and thus highly activated microglia, too, was reduced after low dose irradiation. The potential link between TSPO, its role in mitochondrial energy metabolism and the selective radiation sensitivity, notably of cells with constitutive TSPO expression such as vascular endothelial cells, merits further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Betlazar
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Howell
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben Storer
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Davis
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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18
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Tsuji Y, Nonoguchi N, Okuzaki D, Wada Y, Motooka D, Hirota Y, Toho T, Yoshikawa N, Furuse M, Kawabata S, Miyatake SI, Nakamura H, Yamamoto R, Nakamura S, Kuroiwa T, Wanibuchi M. Chronic pathophysiological changes in the normal brain parenchyma caused by radiotherapy accelerate glioma progression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22110. [PMID: 34764346 PMCID: PMC8585920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of standard treatment for malignant glioma after surgery. The microenvironment after irradiation is considered not to be suitable for the survival of tumor cells (tumor bed effect). This study investigated whether the effect of changes in the microenvironment of parenchymal brain tissue caused by radiotherapy affect the recurrence and progression of glioma. 65-Gy irradiation had been applied to the right hemisphere of Fisher rats. After 3 months from irradiation, we extracted RNA and protein from the irradiated rat brain. To study effects of proteins extracted from the brains, we performed WST-8 assay and tube formation assay in vitro. Cytokine production were investigated for qPCR. Additionally, we transplanted glioma cell into the irradiated and sham animals and the median survival time of F98 transplanted rats was also examined in vivo. Immunohistochemical analyses and invasiveness of implanted tumor were evaluated. X-ray irradiation promoted the secretion of cytokines such as CXCL12, VEGF-A, TGF-β1 and TNFα from the irradiated brain. Proteins extracted from the irradiated brain promoted the proliferation and angiogenic activity of F98 glioma cells. Glioma cells implanted in the irradiated brains showed significantly high proliferation, angiogenesis and invasive ability, and the post-irradiation F98 tumor-implanted rats showed a shorter median survival time compared to the Sham-irradiation group. The current study suggests that the microenvironment around the brain tissue in the chronic phase after exposure to X-ray radiation becomes suitable for glioma cell growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Tsuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Naosuke Nonoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yusuke Wada
- grid.261455.10000 0001 0676 0594Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuki Hirota
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan
| | - Taichiro Toho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yoshikawa
- Department of Radiology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motomasa Furuse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyatake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan ,Division for Advanced Medical Development, Cancer Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503 Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamamoto
- grid.261455.10000 0001 0676 0594Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tesseikai Neurosurgical Hospital, 28-1, Nakanohommachi, Shijyonawate, Osaka 575-8511 Japan
| | - Masahiko Wanibuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan
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Bekal M, Sun L, Ueno S, Moritake T. Neurobehavioral effects of acute low-dose whole-body irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:804-811. [PMID: 33982114 PMCID: PMC8438260 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiation exposure has multiple effects on the brain, behavior and cognitive functions. It has been reported that high-dose (>20 Gy) radiation-induced behavior and cognitive aberration partly associated with severe tissue destruction. Low-dose (<3 Gy) exposure can occur in radiological disasters and cerebral endovascular treatment. However, only a few reports analyzed behavior and cognitive functions after low-dose irradiation. This study was undertaken to assess the relationship between brain neurochemistry and behavioral disruption in irradiated mice. The irradiated mice (0.5 Gy, 1 Gy and 3 Gy) were tested for alteration in their normal behavior over 10 days. A serotonin (5-HT), Dopamine, gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and cortisol analysis was carried out in blood, hippocampus, amygdala and whole brain tissue. There was a significant decline in the exploratory activity of mice exposed to 3 Gy and 1 Gy radiation in an open field test. We observed a significant short-term memory loss in 3 Gy and 1 Gy irradiated mice in Y-Maze. Mice exposed to 1 Gy and 3 Gy radiation exhibited increased anxiety in an elevated plus maze (EPM). The increased anxiety and memory loss patterns were also seen in 0.5 Gy irradiated mice, but the results were not statistically significant. In this study we observed that neurotransmitters are significantly altered after irradiation, but the neuronal cells in the hippocampus were not significantly affected. This study suggests that the low-dose radiation-induced cognitive impairment may be associated with the neurochemical in low-dose irradiation and unlike the high-dose scenario might not be directly related to the morphological changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Bekal
- Department of Radiobiology and Hygiene Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Lue Sun
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Susumu Ueno
- Department of Occupational Toxicology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Moritake
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiobiology and Hygiene Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Iseigaoka Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan, E-mail:
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20
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Ayoub R, Lau K, Yuen N, Fernandes D, Elder M, Yeung J, Wong SC, Nieman BJ. Spatiotemporal Mapping of Early Volume Loss in the Mouse Brain after Cranial Irradiation. Radiat Res 2021; 196:394-403. [PMID: 34270782 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sequelae after pediatric cranial radiotherapy (CRT) result in long-term changes in brain structure. While past evidence indicates regional differences in brain volume change, it remains unclear how these manifest in the time course of change after CRT. In this study, we spatiotemporally characterized volume losses induced by cranial irradiation in a mouse model, with a dense sampling of measurements over the first week postirradiation. Wild-type mice received whole-brain irradiation (7 Gy) or sham irradiation (0 Gy) at 16 days of age. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging was performed at one time point before, and 2-4 time points postirradiation in each mouse, with a particular focus on sampling during the first week after cranial irradiation. Volume changes across the brain were measured, and the degree and timing of volume loss were quantified across structures from a predefined atlas. Volume measurements across the brain after cranial irradiation revealed a ∼2-day delay in which volume is not significantly altered, after which time volume change proceeds over the course of four days. Volume losses were 3% larger and emerged 40% slower in white matter than in gray matter. Large volume loss was also observed in the ventricles. Differences in the timing and magnitude of volume change between gray and white matter after cranial irradiation were observed. These results suggest differences in the mechanism and/or kinetics underlying the associated radio-response, which may have implications in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Ayoub
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaylie Lau
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nili Yuen
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren Fernandes
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeline Elder
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonas Yeung
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shun C Wong
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Establishment and Validation of CyberKnife Irradiation in a Syngeneic Glioblastoma Mouse Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143416. [PMID: 34298631 PMCID: PMC8303959 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) provides precise high-dose irradiation of intracranial tumors. However, its radiobiological mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to establish CyberKnife SRS on an intracranial glioblastoma tumor mouse model and assesses the early radiobiological effects of radiosurgery. Following exposure to a single dose of 20 Gy, the tumor volume was evaluated using MRI scans, whereas cellular proliferation and apoptosis, tumor vasculature, and immune response were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. The mean tumor volume was significantly reduced by approximately 75% after SRS. The precision of irradiation was verified by the detection of DNA damage consistent with the planned dose distribution. Our study provides a suitable mouse model for reproducible and effective irradiation and further investigation of radiobiological effects and combination therapies of intracranial tumors using CyberKnife. Abstract CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery (CK-SRS) precisely delivers radiation to intracranial tumors. However, the underlying radiobiological mechanisms at high single doses are not yet fully understood. Here, we established and evaluated the early radiobiological effects of CK-SRS treatment at a single dose of 20 Gy after 15 days of tumor growth in a syngeneic glioblastoma-mouse model. Exact positioning was ensured using a custom-made, non-invasive, and trackable frame. One superimposed target volume for the CK-SRS planning was created from the fused tumor volumes obtained from MRIs prior to irradiation. Dose calculation and delivery were planned using a single-reference CT scan. Six days after irradiation, tumor volumes were measured using MRI scans, and radiobiological effects were assessed using immunofluorescence staining. We found that CK-SRS treatment reduced tumor volume by approximately 75%, impaired cell proliferation, diminished tumor vasculature, and increased immune response. The accuracy of the delivered dose was demonstrated by staining of DNA double-strand breaks in accordance with the planned dose distribution. Overall, we confirmed that our proposed setup enables the precise irradiation of intracranial tumors in mice using only one reference CT and superimposed MRI volumes. Thus, our proposed mouse model for reproducible CK-SRS can be used to investigate radiobiological effects and develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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22
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Kim N, Yu JI, Lim DH, Lee J, Kim ST, Hong JY, Kang WK, Jeong WK, Kim KM. Prognostic Impact of Sarcopenia and Radiotherapy in Patients With Advanced Gastric Cancer Treated With Anti-PD-1 Antibody. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701668. [PMID: 34305941 PMCID: PMC8298191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We explored the combined effects of sarcopenia (SAR) and radiotherapy (RT) on outcomes in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) treated with immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB). Methods Among 185 patients with AGC treated with ICB, we defined SAR as skeletal muscle index <49 cm2/m2 for men and <31 cm2/m2 for women; 93 patients met criteria. We defined high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (hNLR) as NLR≥3. Palliative RT was performed in 37 patients (20%) before ICB. Results We frequently observed hNLR in patients with SAR (53% vs. 35%, p = 0.02). The median overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 5 months. Stratification by risk factors of SAR or hNLR revealed a significant difference in median OS (0 [N = 60] vs. 1 [N = 76] vs. 2 [N = 49]: 7.6 vs. 6.4 vs. 2.2 months, p < 0.001). Patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H, N = 19) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive tumors (N = 13) showed favorable outcomes compared to those with microsatellite stable (MSS, N = 142) tumors (median OS, not reached vs. 16.8 vs. 3.8 months, respectively). The benefit of RT was evident in patients with both SAR and hNLR (median OS, 3.1 vs. 1.3 months, p = 0.02) and MSS/EBV-negative tumor (median OS, 6.5 vs. 3.5 months, p = 0.03), but outcomes after RT in MSI-H tumor were not significantly different. In multivariable analysis, SAR/hNLR, molecular subtypes, and a history of RT were associated with OS (all p < 0.05). Conclusions We demonstrated the negative predictive value of SAR/hNLR on outcomes after ICB for AGC, and the history of RT could overcome the negative impact of SAR/hNLR and the MSS/EBV-negative subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalee Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Il Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Hoon Lim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Yong Hong
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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23
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Thabet NM, Rashed ER, Abdel-Rafei MK, Moustafa EM. Modulation of the Nitric Oxide/BH4 Pathway Protects Against Irradiation-Induced Neuronal Damage. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1641-1658. [PMID: 33755856 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP, IDO/Kyn pathway) is an important metabolic pathway related to many diseases. Although cranial radiotherapy is the mainstay in metastatic tumors management, its efficacy is limited owing to the associated neuropsychiatric disorders. Sildenafil (SD) and simvastatin (SV) were reported to have antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects and to serve as NO donor/BH4 regulator, respectively. Fluoxetine (Fx) is an FDA-approved anti-depressant agent and one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs (SSRI), used in neurological disorder treatment. The study objective was to investigate the role of cranial irradiation (C-IR) on KP signaling impairment and the possible intervention by SD and/or SV (as nitric oxide (NO) donor/Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) regulatory) on KP following C-IR-induced disruption compared with Fx (as standard drug).Herein, rats were exposed to C-IR at a single dose level of 25 Gy, then treated with sildenafil (SD) and/or simvastatin (SV), and fluoxetine (Fx) at doses of 75, 20, 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. The body weight gain and forced swimming test (FST) were used for evaluation along with the biochemical quantifications of KP intermediates and histopathological examination of cortex and hippocampus. The results indicated a significant activation of KP following C-IR as manifested by decreased Trp content and increased activities of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) with a rise in kynurenine (KYN) and quinolinic acid (QA) hippocampal contents. In addition, a state of C-IR-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, NO-pathway dysregulation and neuronal apoptosis were observed as compared to the control group. However, significant modulations were recorded after the combined administration of SD and SV than those offered by each of them alone and by Fx. The biochemical assessment results were supported by the histopathological tissue examination. It could be concluded that the co-administration of SV and SD offers a neuroprotective effect against irradiation-induced brain injury due to its NO donor/BH4 regulatory activities, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that modulate IDO/KYN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Magdy Thabet
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy Refaat Rashed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Khairy Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas Mahmoud Moustafa
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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24
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Gorbunov NV, Kiang JG. Brain Damage and Patterns of Neurovascular Disorder after Ionizing Irradiation. Complications in Radiotherapy and Radiation Combined Injury. Radiat Res 2021; 196:1-16. [PMID: 33979447 PMCID: PMC8297540 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00147.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation, mechanical trauma, toxic chemicals or infections, or combinations thereof (i.e., combined injury) can induce organic injury to brain tissues, the structural disarrangement of interactive networks of neurovascular and glial cells, as well as on arrays of the paracrine and systemic destruction. This leads to subsequent decline in cognitive capacity and decompensation of mental health. There is an ongoing need for improvement in mitigating and treating radiation- or combined injury-induced brain injury. Cranial irradiation per se can cause a multifactorial encephalopathy that occurs in a radiation dose- and time-dependent manner due to differences in radiosensitivity among the various constituents of brain parenchyma and vasculature. Of particular concern are the radiosensitivity and inflammation susceptibility of: 1. the neurogenic and oligodendrogenic niches in the subependymal and hippocampal domains; and 2. the microvascular endothelium. Thus, cranial or total-body irradiation can cause a plethora of biochemical and cellular disorders in brain tissues, including: 1. decline in neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis; 2. impairment of the blood-brain barrier; and 3. ablation of vascular capillary. These changes, along with cerebrovascular inflammation, underlie different stages of encephalopathy, from the early protracted stage to the late delayed stage. It is evident that ionizing radiation combined with other traumatic insults such as penetrating wound, burn, blast, systemic infection and chemotherapy, among others, can exacerbate the radiation sequelae (and vice versa) with increasing severity of neurogenic and microvascular patterns of radiation brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliann G. Kiang
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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25
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Killer K, Le O, Beauséjour C. The Intracerebroventricular Injection of Murine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Engineered to Secrete Epidermal Growth Factor Does Not Prevent Loss of Neurogenesis in Irradiated Mice. Radiat Res 2021; 196:315-322. [PMID: 34107047 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Decreased neurogenesis after brain exposure to ionizing radiation is linked to neurocognitive impairments. Using transgenic mouse models, we previously showed that abrogation of radiation-induced senescence, or apoptosis, can partially rescue neurogenesis in the subventricular and hippocampus regions. Here, we evaluate whether the injection of recombinant epidermal growth factor (rEGF) or mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) engineered to secrete EGF (MSC-EGF) can preserve neurogenesis. Using doublecortin (Dcx) expression and BrdU incorporation assays, we found that the injection of rEGF into the subventricular zone (SVZ) promotes neurogenesis, despite increasing apoptosis, in the brain of irradiated mice. The effect of rEGF was mostly localized, as Dcx expression was not induced in the hippocampus region and limited in the contralateral SVZ. Surprisingly, the injection of bone marrow-derived MSC alone, or secreting EGF, did not result in increased neurogenesis despite the fact that part of the MSC survived a few weeks after injection. Our results suggest that only a supraphysiological concentration of rEGF can promote neurogenesis, likely through a direct mitogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Killer
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Oanh Le
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Beauséjour
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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26
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Liu YD, Tang G, Qian F, Liu L, Huang JR, Tang FR. Astroglial Connexins in Neurological and Neuropsychological Disorders and Radiation Exposure. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1970-1986. [PMID: 32520676 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200610175037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a common treatment for brain and spinal cord tumors and also a risk factor for neuropathological changes in the brain leading to different neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Astroglial connexins are involved in brain inflammation, development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), depressive, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and are affected by radiation exposure. Therefore, it is speculated that radiation-induced changes of astroglial connexins may be related to the brain neuropathology and development of neurological and neuropsychological disorders. In this paper, we review the functional expression and regulation of astroglial connexins expressed between astrocytes and different types of brain cells (including oligodendrocytes, microglia, neurons and endothelial cells). The roles of these connexins in the development of AD, depressive, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and brain inflammation have also been summarized. The radiation-induced astroglial connexins changes and development of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders are then discussed. Based on currently available data, we propose that radiation-induced astroglial connexins changes may be involved in the genesis of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders which depends on the age, brain regions, and radiation doses/dose rates. The abnormal astroglial connexins may be novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of radiation-induced cognitive impairment, neurological and neuropsychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Duo Liu
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Ge Tang
- Woodlands Health Campus, National Healthcare Group Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Qian
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | | | - Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Radiation Triggers a Dynamic Sequence of Transient Microglial Alterations in Juvenile Brain. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107699. [PMID: 32492415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation (IR), an effective tool to treat malignant brain tumors, triggers a chronic pro-inflammatory microglial response, at least in the adult brain. Using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing, combined with histology, we show that the microglial response in the juvenile mouse hippocampus is rapid but returns toward normal within 1 week. The response is characterized by a series of temporally distinct homeostasis-, sensome-, and inflammation-related molecular signatures. We find that a single microglial cell simultaneously upregulates transcripts associated with pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial phenotypes. Finally, we show that juvenile and adult irradiated microglia are already transcriptionally distinct in the early phase after IR. Our results indicate that microglia are involved in the initial stages but may not be responsible for driving long-term inflammation in the juvenile brain.
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28
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Markarian M, Krattli RP, Baddour JD, Alikhani L, Giedzinski E, Usmani MT, Agrawal A, Baulch JE, Tenner AJ, Acharya MM. Glia-Selective Deletion of Complement C1q Prevents Radiation-Induced Cognitive Deficits and Neuroinflammation. Cancer Res 2020; 81:1732-1744. [PMID: 33323383 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adverse neurocognitive sequelae following clinical radiotherapy (RT) for central nervous system (CNS) malignancies are often long-lasting without any clinical recourse. Despite recent progress, the cellular mechanisms mediating RT-induced cognitive deficits (RICD) are poorly understood. The complement system is an immediate sensor of a disturbed inflammatory environment and a potent mediator of gliosis with a range of nonimmune functions in the CNS, including synaptic pruning, which is detrimental if dysregulated. We hypothesize that complement-mediated changes in glial cell function significantly contribute to RICD. The underlying alterations in CNS complement cascade proteins (C1q, C3), TLR4, and colabeling with glia (IBA1, GFAP) were examined using gene expression, immunofluorescence, and in silico modeling approaches in the adult mouse brain following 9 Gy cranial RT. Three-dimensional volumetric quantification showed elevated molecular signatures of gliosis at short- and long-term post-RT times. We found significant elevations in complement C1q, C3, and TLR4 post-RT accompanied by increased colabeling of astrocytes and microglia. To address the mechanism of RT-induced complement cascade activation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive dysfunction, we used a genetic approach-conditional, microglia-selective C1q (Flox) knockdown mice-to determine whether a glia-specific, upstream complement cascade contributes to RICD. C1q-Flox mice exposed to cranial RT showed no cognitive deficits compared with irradiated WT mice. Further, irradiated C1q-Flox mice were protected from RT-induced microglial activation and synaptic loss, elevation of anaphylatoxin C5a receptor, astrocytic-C3, and microglial-TLR4 expression in the brain. Our findings demonstrate for the first time a microglia-specific mechanism of RICD involving an upstream complement cascade component, C1q. SIGNIFICANCE: Clinically-relevant radiotherapy induces aberrant complement activation, leading to brain injury. Microglia-selective genetic deletion of CNS complement C1q ameliorates radiation-induced cognitive impairments, synaptic loss, and neuroinflammation, highlighting the potential for C1q as a novel therapeutic target.See related commentary by Korimerla and Wahl, p. 1635.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineh Markarian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Robert P Krattli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Jabra D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Leila Alikhani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Manal T Usmani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California.
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29
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Owlett L, Belcher EK, Dionisio-Santos DA, Williams JP, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Space radiation does not alter amyloid or tau pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 27:89-98. [PMID: 34756235 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Space radiation is comprised of highly charged ions (HZE particles) and protons that are able to pass through matter and cause radiation-induced injury, including neuronal damage and degeneration, glial activation, and oxidative stress. Previous work demonstrated a worsening of Alzheimer's disease pathology in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model, however effects of space radiation on tau pathology have not been studied. To determine whether tau pathology is altered by HZE particle or proton irradiation, we exposed 3xTg mice, which acquire both amyloid plaque and tau pathology with age, to iron, silicon, or solar particle event (SPE) irradiation at 9 months of age and evaluated behavior and brain pathology at 16 months of age. We found no differences in performance in fear conditioning and novel object recognition tasks between groups of mice exposed to sham, iron (10 and 100 cGy), silicon (10 and 100 cGy), or solar particle event radiation (200 cGy), though female mice had higher freezing responses than males. 200 cGy SPE irradiated female mice had fewer plaques than sham-irradiated females but had no differences in tau pathology. Overall, females had worse amyloid and tau pathology at 16 months of age and demonstrated a reduced neuroinflammatory gene expression response to radiation. These findings uncover differences between mouse models following radiation injury and corroborate prior reports of sex differences within the 3xTg mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Owlett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Belcher
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Dawling A Dionisio-Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 673, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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30
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Pariset E, Malkani S, Cekanaviciute E, Costes SV. Ionizing radiation-induced risks to the central nervous system and countermeasures in cellular and rodent models. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:S132-S150. [PMID: 32946305 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1820598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Harmful effects of ionizing radiation on the Central Nervous System (CNS) are a concerning outcome in the field of cancer radiotherapy and form a major risk for deep space exploration. Both acute and chronic CNS irradiation induce a complex network of molecular and cellular alterations including DNA damage, oxidative stress, cell death and systemic inflammation, leading to changes in neuronal structure and synaptic plasticity with behavioral and cognitive consequences in animal models. Due to this complexity, countermeasure or therapeutic approaches to reduce the harmful effects of ionizing radiation include a wide range of protective and mitigative strategies, which merit a thorough comparative analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed current approaches for developing countermeasures to both targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation on the CNS from the molecular and cellular to the behavioral level. RESULTS We focus on countermeasures that aim to mitigate the four main detrimental actions of radiation on CNS: DNA damage, free radical formation and oxidative stress, cell death, and harmful systemic responses including tissue death and neuroinflammation. We propose a comprehensive review of CNS radiation countermeasures reported for the full range of irradiation types (photons and particles, low and high linear energy transfer) and doses (from a fraction of gray to several tens of gray, fractionated and unfractionated), with a particular interest for exposure conditions relevant to deep-space environment and radiotherapy. Our review reveals the importance of combined strategies that increase DNA protection and repair, reduce free radical formation and increase their elimination, limit inflammation and improve cell viability, limit tissue damage and increase repair and plasticity. CONCLUSIONS The majority of therapeutic approaches to protect the CNS from ionizing radiation have been limited to acute high dose and high dose rate gamma irradiation, and few are translatable from animal models to potential human application due to harmful side effects and lack of blood-brain barrier permeability that precludes peripheral administration. Therefore, a promising research direction would be to focus on practical applicability and effectiveness in a wider range of irradiation paradigms, from fractionated therapeutic to deep space radiation. In addition to discovering novel therapeutics, it would be worth maximizing the benefits and reducing side effects of those that already exist. Finally, we suggest that novel cellular and tissue models for developing and testing countermeasures in the context of other impairments might also be applied to the field of CNS responses to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Pariset
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA.,Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Sherina Malkani
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.,Young Scientist Program, Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Egle Cekanaviciute
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
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31
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Constanzo J, Midavaine É, Fouquet J, Lepage M, Descoteaux M, Kirby K, Tremblay L, Masson-Côté L, Geha S, Longpré JM, Paquette B, Sarret P. Brain irradiation leads to persistent neuroinflammation and long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in a region-specific manner. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109954. [PMID: 32360786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-term cognitive deficits are observed after treatment of brain tumors or metastases by radiotherapy. Treatment optimization thus requires a better understanding of the effects of radiotherapy on specific brain regions, according to their sensitivity and interconnectivity. In the present study, behavioral tests supported by immunohistology and magnetic resonance imaging provided a consistent picture of the persistent neurocognitive decline and neuroinflammation after the onset of irradiation-induced necrosis in the right primary somatosensory cortex of Fischer rats. Necrosis surrounded by neovascularization was first detected 54 days after irradiation and then spread to 110 days in the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory region, striatum and right ventricle, resulting in fiber bundle disruption and demyelination in the corpus callosum of the right hemisphere. These structural damages translated into selective behavioral changes including spatial memory loss, disinhibition of anxiety-like behaviors, hyperactivity and pain hypersensitivity, but no significant alteration in motor coordination and grip strength abilities. Concomitantly, activated microglia and reactive astrocytes, accompanied by infiltration of leukocytes (CD45+) and T-cells (CD3+) cooperated to shape the neuroinflammation response. Overall, our study suggests that the slow and gradual onset of cellular damage would allow adaptation in brain regions that are susceptible to neuronal plasticity; while other cerebral structures that do not have this capacity would be more affected. The planning of radiotherapy, adjusted to the sensitivity and adaptability of brain structures, could therefore preserve certain neurocognitive functions; while higher doses of radiation could be delivered to brain areas that can better adapt to this treatment. In addition, strategies to block early post-radiation events need to be explored to prevent the development of long-term cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Constanzo
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Élora Midavaine
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jérémie Fouquet
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Maxime Descoteaux
- Computer Science Department, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Karyn Kirby
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Laurence Masson-Côté
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Service of Radiation Oncology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sameh Geha
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Benoit Paquette
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Bálentová S, Adamkov M. Pathological changes in the central nervous system following exposure to ionizing radiation. Physiol Res 2020; 69:389-404. [PMID: 32469226 PMCID: PMC8648310 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies in animals provide relevant knowledge about pathogenesis of radiation-induced injury to the central nervous system. Radiation-induced injury can alter neuronal, glial cell population, brain vasculature and may lead to molecular, cellular and functional consequences. Regarding to its fundamental role in the formation of new memories, spatial navigation and adult neurogenesis, the majority of studies have focused on the hippocampus. Most recent findings in cranial radiotherapy revealed that hippocampal avoidance prevents radiation-induced cognitive impairment of patients with brain primary tumors and metastases. However, numerous preclinical studies have shown that this problem is more complex. Regarding the fact, that the radiation-induced cognitive impairment reflects hippocampal and non-hippocampal compartments, it is highly important to investigate molecular, cellular and functional changes in different brain regions and their integration at clinically relevant doses and schedules. Here, we provide a literature review in order support the translation of preclinical findings to clinical practice and improve the physical and mental status of patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bálentová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic.
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33
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Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Modulates Microglia Phenotypes in the Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124532. [PMID: 32630597 PMCID: PMC7353052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. AD involves major pathologies such as amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. During the progression of AD, microglia can be polarized from anti-inflammatory M2 to pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. The activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) may result in microglia phenotype switching from M1 to M2, which finally attenuated Aβ deposition and memory loss in AD. Low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) is known to ameliorate Aβ pathology and cognitive deficits in AD; however, the therapeutic mechanisms of LDIR against AD-related pathology have been little studied. First, we reconfirm that LDIR (two Gy per fraction for five times)-treated six-month 5XFAD mice exhibited (1) the reduction of Aβ deposition, as reflected by thioflavins S staining, and (2) the improvement of cognitive deficits, as revealed by Morris water maze test, compared to sham-exposed 5XFAD mice. To elucidate the mechanisms of LDIR-induced inhibition of Aβ accumulation and memory loss in AD, we examined whether LDIR regulates the microglial phenotype through the examination of levels of M1 and M2 cytokines in 5XFAD mice. In addition, we investigated the direct effects of LDIR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production and secretion of M1/M2 cytokines in the BV-2 microglial cells. In the LPS- and LDIR-treated BV-2 cells, the M2 phenotypic marker CD206 was significantly increased, compared with LPS- and sham-treated BV-2 cells. Finally, the effect of LDIR on M2 polarization was confirmed by detection of increased expression of TREM2 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. These results suggest that LDIR directly induced phenotype switching from M1 to M2 in the brain with AD. Taken together, our results indicated that LDIR modulates LPS- and Aβ-induced neuroinflammation by promoting M2 polarization via TREM2 expression, and has beneficial effects in the AD-related pathology such as Aβ deposition and memory loss.
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Boria AJ, Perez-Torres CJ. Impact of mouse strain and sex when modeling radiation necrosis. Radiat Oncol 2020; 15:141. [PMID: 32493371 PMCID: PMC7268332 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-020-01585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Murine models are among the most common type of preclinical animal models used to study the human condition, but a wide selection of different mice is currently in use with these differences potentially compromising study results and impairing the ability to reconcile interstudy results. Our goal was to determine how the strain and sex of the mice selection would affect the development of radiation necrosis in our murine model of radiation-induced cerebral necrosis. Methods We generated this model by using a preclinical irradiator to irradiate a sub-hemispheric portion of the brain of mice with single-fraction doses of 80 Gy. Eight possible combinations of mice made up of two different with two substrains each (BALB/cN, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6 N, and C57BL/6 J) and both sexes were irradiated in this study. Radiation necrosis development was tracked up to 8 weeks with a 7 T Bruker MRI utilizing T2-weighted and post-contrast T1-weighted imaging. MRI results were compared to and validated with the use of histology which utilized a scale from 0 to 3 in ascending order of damage. Results Both time post-irradiation and strain (BALB/c vs C57BL/6) were significant factors affecting radiation necrosis development. Sex was in general not a statistically significant parameter in terms of radiation necrosis development. Conclusion Mouse strain thus needs to be considered when evaluating the results of necrosis models. However, sex does not appear to be a variable needing major consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Boria
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Hampton Hall 1263A, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carlos J Perez-Torres
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Hampton Hall 1263A, West Lafayette, IN, USA. .,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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35
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Clément GR, Boyle RD, George KA, Nelson GA, Reschke MF, Williams TJ, Paloski WH. Challenges to the central nervous system during human spaceflight missions to Mars. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2037-2063. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00476.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Space travel presents a number of environmental challenges to the central nervous system, including changes in gravitational acceleration that alter the terrestrial synergies between perception and action, galactic cosmic radiation that can damage sensitive neurons and structures, and multiple factors (isolation, confinement, altered atmosphere, and mission parameters, including distance from Earth) that can affect cognition and behavior. Travelers to Mars will be exposed to these environmental challenges for up to 3 years, and space-faring nations continue to direct vigorous research investments to help elucidate and mitigate the consequences of these long-duration exposures. This article reviews the findings of more than 50 years of space-related neuroscience research on humans and animals exposed to spaceflight or analogs of spaceflight environments, and projects the implications and the forward work necessary to ensure successful Mars missions. It also reviews fundamental neurophysiology responses that will help us understand and maintain human health and performance on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D. Boyle
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | | | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Millard F. Reschke
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas J. Williams
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William H. Paloski
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
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36
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020. [PMID: 32399610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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37
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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Schlaak RA, Frei A, Fish BL, Harmann L, Gasperetti T, Pipke JL, Sun Y, Rui H, Flister MJ, Gantner BN, Bergom C. Acquired Immunity Is Not Essential for Radiation-Induced Heart Dysfunction but Exerts a Complex Impact on Injury. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E983. [PMID: 32316187 PMCID: PMC7226421 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While radiation therapy (RT) can improve cancer outcomes, it can lead to radiation-induced heart dysfunction (RIHD) in patients with thoracic tumors. This study examines the role of adaptive immune cells in RIHD. In Salt-Sensitive (SS) rats, image-guided whole-heart RT increased cardiac T-cell infiltration. We analyzed the functional requirement for these cells in RIHD using a genetic model of T- and B-cell deficiency (interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain knockout (IL2RG-/-)) and observed a complex role for these cells. Surprisingly, while IL2RG deficiency conferred protection from cardiac hypertrophy, it worsened heart function via echocardiogram three months after a large single RT dose, including increased end-systolic volume (ESV) and reduced ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) (p < 0.05). Fractionated RT, however, did not yield similarly increased injury. Our results indicate that T cells are not uniformly required for RIHD in this model, nor do they account for our previously reported differences in cardiac RT sensitivity between SS and SS.BN3 rats. The increasing use of immunotherapies in conjunction with traditional cancer treatments demands better models to study the interactions between immunity and RT for effective therapy. We present a model that reveals complex roles for adaptive immune cells in cardiac injury that vary depending on clinically relevant factors, including RT dose/fractionation, sex, and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Schlaak
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Anne Frei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.F.); (B.L.F.); (T.G.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Brian L. Fish
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.F.); (B.L.F.); (T.G.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Leanne Harmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA;
| | - Tracy Gasperetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.F.); (B.L.F.); (T.G.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Jamie L. Pipke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.F.); (B.L.F.); (T.G.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Yunguang Sun
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (Y.S.); (H.R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.J.F.); (B.N.G.)
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (Y.S.); (H.R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.J.F.); (B.N.G.)
| | - Michael J. Flister
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.J.F.); (B.N.G.)
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Gantner
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.J.F.); (B.N.G.)
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.F.); (B.L.F.); (T.G.); (J.L.P.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.J.F.); (B.N.G.)
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Yang J, Gao J, Han D, Li Q, Liao C, Li J, Wang R, Luo Y. Hippocampal changes in inflammasomes, apoptosis, and MEMRI after radiation-induced brain injury in juvenile rats. Radiat Oncol 2020; 15:78. [PMID: 32276638 PMCID: PMC7147014 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-020-01525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to characterize changes in hippocampal inflammasomes, pyroptosis and apoptosis in juvenile rats after brain irradiation and to assess whether manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) reflected those changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received a whole-brain radiation dose of 15 Gy or 25 Gy. Hippocampal inflammasomes and apoptosis were measured using Western blot analysis at 4 days and 8 weeks after irradiation. MEMRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were performed at the same time points. RESULTS Neither the 15 Gy nor 25 Gy group showed changes in the expression of inflammasome proteins absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), gasdermin-D (GSDMD), nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1) and NLRP3 at 4 days or 8 weeks after radiation injury (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 were not significantly different among the groups (P > 0.05). The expression levels of cleaved caspase-1 and -3, indicators of apoptosis, were higher in the irradiation groups than in the control group at 4 days post irradiation, especially for caspase-3 (P < 0.05), but this increase was slightly attenuated at 8 weeks after radiation injury. Four days post irradiation, the MEMRI signal intensity (SI) in the irradiation groups, especially the 25 Gy group, was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Eight weeks after radiation injury, the SI of the 15 Gy group and the 25 Gy group recovered by different degrees, but the SI of the 25 Gy group was still significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). On day 4 post irradiation, the metabolic ratio of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) to creatine (Cr) in the 15 Gy group and 25 Gy group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The NAA/Cr ratio in the 15 Gy group recovered to control levels at 8 weeks (P > 0.05), but the NAA/Cr ratio in the 25 Gy group remained significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Radiation-induced brain injury is dose-dependently associated with apoptosis but not inflammasomes or pyroptosis, and the change in apoptosis can be detected by MEMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, P.R. China. .,Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Jingyan Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Qinqing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Chengde Liao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Jindan Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yueyuan Luo
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, P.R. China
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Cranial irradiation acutely and persistently impairs injury-induced microglial proliferation. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 4:100057. [PMID: 34589843 PMCID: PMC8474291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play multiple roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis and mediating tissue repair, including proliferating in response to brain injury and disease. Cranial irradiation (CI), used for the treatment of brain tumors, has a long-lasting anti-proliferative effect on a number of cell types in the brain, including oligodendrocyte progenitor and neural progenitor cells; however, the effect of CI on CNS-resident microglial proliferation is not well characterized. Using a sterile cortical needle stab injury model in mice, we found that the ability of CNS-resident microglia to proliferate in response to injury was impaired by prior CI, in a dose-dependent manner, and was nearly abolished by a 20 Gy dose. Similarly, in a metastatic tumor model, prior CI (20 Gy) reduced microglial proliferation in response to tumor growth. The effect of irradiation was long-lasting; 20 Gy CI 6 months prior to stab injury significantly impaired microglial proliferation. We also investigated how stab and/or irradiation impacted levels of P2Y12R, CD68, CSF1, IL-34 and CSF1R, factors involved in the brain’s normal response to injury. P2Y12R, CD68, CSF1, and IL-34 expression were altered by stab similarly in irradiated mice and controls; however, CSF1R was differentially affected. qRT-PCR and flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that CI reduced overall Csf1r mRNA levels and microglial specific CSF1R protein expression, respectively. Interestingly, Csf1r mRNA levels increased after injury in unirradiated controls; however, Csf1r levels were persistently decreased in irradiated mice, and did not increase in response to stab. Together, our data demonstrate that CI leads to a significant and lasting impairment of microglial proliferation, possibly through a CSF1R-mediated mechanism. Irradiation leads to a long-term deficit in injury-induced microglial proliferation. Irradiation reduces microglial proliferation associated with tumor growth. Irradiation decreases microglial CSF1R and prevents its upregulation after injury.
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The Acute and Early Effects of Whole-Brain Irradiation on Glial Activation, Brain Metabolism, and Behavior: a Positron Emission Tomography Study. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 22:1012-1020. [PMID: 32052277 PMCID: PMC7343765 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Radiotherapy is a frequently applied treatment modality for brain tumors. Concomitant irradiation of normal brain tissue can induce various physiological responses. The aim of this study was to investigate whether acute and early-delayed effects of brain irradiation on glial activation and brain metabolism can be detected with positron emission tomography (PET) and whether these effects are correlated with behavioral changes. Procedures Rats underwent 0-, 10-, or 25-Gy whole-brain irradiation. At 3 and 31 days post irradiation, 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-[11C]methyl-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide ([11C]PK11195) and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) PET scans were acquired to detect changes in glial activation (neuroinflammation) and glucose metabolism, respectively. The open-field test (OFT) was performed on days 6 and 27 to assess behavioral changes. Results Twenty-five-gray-irradiated rats showed higher [11C]PK11195 uptake in most brain regions than controls on day 3 (striatum, hypothalamus, accumbens, septum p < 0.05), although some brain regions had lower uptake (cerebellum, parietal association/retrosplenial visual cortex, frontal association/motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, p < 0.05). On day 31, several brain regions in 25-Gy-irradiated rats still showed significantly higher [11C]PK11195 uptake than controls and 10-Gy-irradiated group (p < 0.05). Within-group analysis showed that [11C]PK11195 uptake in individual brain regions of 25-Gy treated rats remained stable or slightly increased between days 3 and 31. In contrast, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in tracer uptake between days 3 and 31 was found in all brain areas of controls and 10-Gy-irradiated animals. Moreover, 10-Gy treatment led to a significantly higher [18F]FDG uptake on day 3 (p < 0.05). [18F]FDG uptake decreased between days 3 and 31 in all groups; no significant differences between groups were observed anymore on day 31, except for increased uptake in the hypothalamus in the 10-Gy group. The OFT did not show any significant differences between groups. Conclusions Non-invasive PET imaging indicated that brain irradiation induces neuroinflammation and a metabolic flare, without causing acute or early-delayed behavioral changes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11307-020-01483-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ruddy RM, Derkach D, Dadwal P, Morshead CM. Cranial irradiation in juvenile mice leads to early and sustained defects in the stem and progenitor cell pools and late cognitive impairments. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146548. [PMID: 31715143 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cranial irradiation is used in combination with other therapies as a treatment for brain tumours and is thought to contribute to long-term cognitive deficits. Several rodent models have demonstrated that these cognitive deficits may be correlated with damage to neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG), the two neurogenic niches of the brain. Studies in rodent models typically assess the proliferating progenitor population, but rarely investigate the effect of cranial irradiation on the neural stem cell pool. Further, few studies evaluate the effects in juveniles, an age when children typically receive this treatment. Herein, we examine the cellular and behavioural effects of juvenile cranial irradiation on stem and progenitor populations in the two neurogenic regions of the brain and assess cognitive outcomes. We found regionally distinct effects of cranial irradiation in the juvenile brain. In the SVZ, we observed a defect in the stem cell pool and a concomitant decrease in proliferating cells that were maintained for at least one week. In the DG, a similar defect in the stem cell pool and proliferating cells was observed and persisted in the stem cell population. Finally, we demonstrated that cranial irradiation resulted in late cognitive deficits. This study demonstrates that juvenile cranial irradiation leads to regionally distinct defects in the stem and progenitor populations, and late cognitive deficits, which may be important factors in determining therapeutic targets and timing of interventions following cranial irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Ruddy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Derkach
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Parvati Dadwal
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute (KITE), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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Simmons DA, Lartey FM, Schüler E, Rafat M, King G, Kim A, Ko R, Semaan S, Gonzalez S, Jenkins M, Pradhan P, Shih Z, Wang J, von Eyben R, Graves EE, Maxim PG, Longo FM, Loo BW. Reduced cognitive deficits after FLASH irradiation of whole mouse brain are associated with less hippocampal dendritic spine loss and neuroinflammation. Radiother Oncol 2019; 139:4-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Yang B, Figueroa DM, Hou Y, Babbar M, Baringer SL, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. NEIL1 stimulates neurogenesis and suppresses neuroinflammation after stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:47-58. [PMID: 31175982 PMCID: PMC7526462 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular exposure to ionizing radiation leads to oxidatively generated DNA damage, which has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. DNA damage is repaired by the evolutionarily conserved base excision repair (BER) system. Exposure of mice to ionizing radiation affects neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. However, the consequences of deficient DNA repair on adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation are poorly understood despite their potential relevance for homeostasis. We previously reported that loss of NEIL1, an important DNA glycosylase involved in BER, is associated with deficiencies in spatial memory, olfaction, and protection against ischemic stroke in mice. Here, we show that Neil1-/- mice display an anxiety-mediated behavior in the open field test, a deficient recognitive memory in novel object recognition and increased neuroinflammatory response under basal conditions. Further, mice lacking NEIL1 have decreased neurogenesis and deficient resolution of neuroinflammation following gamma irradiation (IR)-induced stress compared to WT mice. Neil1-/- IR-exposed mice also exhibit increased DNA damage and apoptosis in the hippocampus. Interestingly, behavioral tests two weeks after IR showed impaired stress response in the Neil1-/- mice. Our data indicate that NEIL1 plays an important role in adult neurogenesis and in the resolution of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beimeng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - David M Figueroa
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yujun Hou
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mansi Babbar
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Stephanie L Baringer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Metzdorf J, Hobloss Z, Schlevogt S, Ayzenberg I, Stahlke S, Pedreiturria X, Haupeltshofer S, Gold R, Tönges L, Kleiter I. Fingolimod for Irradiation-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:699. [PMID: 31354410 PMCID: PMC6633210 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cranial irradiation is a common therapy for the treatment of brain tumors, but unfortunately patients suffer from side effects, particularly cognitive impairment, caused by neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Finding a therapeutic agent protecting hippocampal neurons would be beneficial. Fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator approved for multiple sclerosis, is an immunosuppressant and known to enhance proliferation and differentiation of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs). Objectives To investigate whether pre-treatment with FTY720 protects NPCs in vitro and in vivo from irradiation-induced damage. Methods Neuronal precursor cells were isolated from E13 C57BL/6 wildtype mice, treated at day 0 of differentiation with FTY720 and irradiated on day 6 with 1 Gy. NPCs were analyzed for markers of cell death (PI, caspase-3), proliferation (Ki67), and differentiation (DCX, βIII-tubulin). Adult C57BL/6 wildtype mice were treated with FTY720 (1 mg/kg) and received a single dose of 6 Gy cranial irradiation at day 7. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed DCX and BrdU as markers of neurogenesis and Iba1, GFAP, and CD3 to visualize inflammation in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J DCX-luc reporter mice were used for bioluminescence imaging to evaluate the effect of FTY720 on neurogenesis in the DG and the spinal cord of naïve mice. Results FTY720 protected NPCs against irradiation induced cell death in vitro. Treatment with FTY720 dose-dependently reduced the number of PI+ cells 24 and 96 h after irradiation without effecting proliferation or neuronal differentiation. In vivo treatment resulted in a significant survival of DCX+ neurons in the DG and the SVZ 4 weeks after irradiation as well as a slight increase of proliferating cells. FTY720 inhibited microglia activation 24 h after X-ray exposure in the DG, while astrocyte activation was unaffected and no lymphocyte infiltrations were found. In naïve mice, FTY720 treatment for 4 weeks had no effect on neurogenesis. Conclusion FTY720 treatment of NPCs prior to X-ray exposure and of mice prior to cranial irradiation is neuroprotective. No effects on neurogenesis were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Metzdorf
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Zaynab Hobloss
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sibylle Schlevogt
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sarah Stahlke
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.,Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
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Cucinotta FA, Cacao E. Risks of cognitive detriments after low dose heavy ion and proton exposures. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:985-998. [PMID: 31120359 PMCID: PMC6606350 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1623427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Heavy ion and proton brain irradiations occur during space travel and in Hadron therapy for cancer. Heavy ions produce distinct patterns of energy deposition in neuron cells and brain tissues compared to X-rays leading to large uncertainties in risk estimates. We make a critical review of findings from research studies over the last 25 years for understanding risks at low dose. Conclusions: A large number of mouse and rat cognitive testing measures have been reported for a variety of particle species and energies for acute doses. However, tissue reactions occur above dose thresholds and very few studies were performed at the heavy ion doses to be encountered on space missions (<0.04 Gy/y) or considered dose-rate effects, such that threshold doses are not known in rodent models. Investigations of possible mechanisms for cognitive changes have been limited by experimental design with largely group specific and not subject specific findings reported. Persistent oxidative stress and activated microglia cells are common mechanisms studied, while impairment of neurogenesis, detriments in neuron morphology, and changes to gene and protein expression were each found to be important in specific studies. Future research should focus on estimating threshold doses carried out with experimental designs aimed at understating causative mechanisms, which will be essential for extrapolating rodent findings to humans and chronic radiation scenarios, while establishing if mitigation are needed.
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Montay-Gruel P, Acharya MM, Petersson K, Alikhani L, Yakkala C, Allen BD, Ollivier J, Petit B, Jorge PG, Syage AR, Nguyen TA, Baddour AAD, Lu C, Singh P, Moeckli R, Bochud F, Germond JF, Froidevaux P, Bailat C, Bourhis J, Vozenin MC, Limoli CL. Long-term neurocognitive benefits of FLASH radiotherapy driven by reduced reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10943-10951. [PMID: 31097580 PMCID: PMC6561167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901777116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we highlight the potential translational benefits of delivering FLASH radiotherapy using ultra-high dose rates (>100 Gy⋅s-1). Compared with conventional dose-rate (CONV; 0.07-0.1 Gy⋅s-1) modalities, we showed that FLASH did not cause radiation-induced deficits in learning and memory in mice. Moreover, 6 months after exposure, CONV caused permanent alterations in neurocognitive end points, whereas FLASH did not induce behaviors characteristic of anxiety and depression and did not impair extinction memory. Mechanistic investigations showed that increasing the oxygen tension in the brain through carbogen breathing reversed the neuroprotective effects of FLASH, while radiochemical studies confirmed that FLASH produced lower levels of the toxic reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide. In addition, FLASH did not induce neuroinflammation, a process described as oxidative stress-dependent, and was also associated with a marked preservation of neuronal morphology and dendritic spine density. The remarkable normal tissue sparing afforded by FLASH may someday provide heretofore unrealized opportunities for dose escalation to the tumor bed, capabilities that promise to hasten the translation of this groundbreaking irradiation modality into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Montay-Gruel
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Kristoffer Petersson
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Leila Alikhani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Chakradhar Yakkala
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Jonathan Ollivier
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Petit
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Gonçalves Jorge
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Amber R Syage
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Thuan A Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Al Anoud D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Celine Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Paramvir Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Raphael Moeckli
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - François Bochud
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Germond
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Froidevaux
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695;
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Dalzon B, Guidetti M, Testemale D, Reymond S, Proux O, Vollaire J, Collin-Faure V, Testard I, Fenel D, Schoehn G, Arnaud J, Carrière M, Josserand V, Rabilloud T, Aude-Garcia C. Utility of macrophages in an antitumor strategy based on the vectorization of iron oxide nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9341-9352. [PMID: 30950461 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many solid tumors and their metastases are still resistant to current cancer treatments such as chemo- and radiotherapy. The presence of a small population of Cancer Stem Cells in tumors is held responsible for relapses. Moreover, the various physical barriers of the organism (e.g. blood-brain barrier) prevent many drugs from reaching the target cells. In order to alleviate this constraint, we suggest a Trojan horse strategy consisting of intravascular injection of macrophages loaded with therapeutic nanoparticles (an iron nanoparticle-based solution marketed under the name of FERINJECT®) to bring a high quantity of the latter to the tumor. The aim of this article is to assess the response of primary macrophages to FERINJECT® via functional assays in order to ensure that the macrophages loaded with these nanoparticles are still relevant for our strategy. Following this first step, we demonstrate that the loaded macrophages injected into the bloodstream are able to migrate to the tumor site using small-animal imaging. Finally, using synchrotron radiation, we validate an improvement of the radiotherapeutic effect when FERINJECT®-laden macrophages are deposited at the vicinity of cancer cells and irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Dalzon
- Univ.Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, BIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Huang AJ, Kornguth D, Kornguth S. Cognitive Decline Secondary to Therapeutic Brain Radiation-Similarities and Differences to Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9050097. [PMID: 31035608 PMCID: PMC6562497 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting from forceful impacts on the torso and head has been of major interest because of the prevalence of such injuries in military personnel, contact sports and the elderly. Cognitive and behavioral changes associated with TBI are also seen following whole brain radiation treatment for cancer and chemotherapy for disseminated tumors. The biological mechanisms involved in the initiation of TBI from impact, radiation, and chemotherapy to loss of cognitive function have several shared characteristics including increases in blood brain barrier permeability, blood vessel density, increases in inflammatory and autoimmune responses, alterations in NMDA and glutamate receptor levels and release of proteins normally sequestered in the brain into the blood and spinal fluid. The development of therapeutic agents that mitigate the loss of cognition and development of behavioral disorders in patients experiencing radiation-induced injury may provide benefit to those with TBI when similar processes are involved on a cellular or molecular level. Increased collaborative efforts between the radiation oncology and the neurology and psychiatry communities may be of major benefit for the management of brain injury from varied environmental insults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Kornguth
- Golden Gate Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
| | - Steven Kornguth
- Dell Medical School, The University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78701, USA.
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Bálentová S, Hnilicová P, Kalenská D, Baranovičová E, Muríň P, Bittšanský M, Hajtmanová E, Lehotský J, Adamkov M. Metabolic and histopathological changes in the brain and plasma of rats exposed to fractionated whole-brain irradiation. Brain Res 2019; 1708:146-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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