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Kałużna M, Budny B, Rabijewski M, Dubiel A, Trofimiuk-Müldner M, Szutkowski K, Piotrowski A, Wrotkowska E, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Ruchała M, Ziemnicka K. Variety of genetic defects in GnRH and hypothalamic-pituitary signaling and development in normosmic patients with IHH. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1396805. [PMID: 39010903 PMCID: PMC11246878 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1396805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Normosmic isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Deleterious variants in over 50 genes have been implicated in the etiology of IHH, which also indicates a possible role of digenicity and oligogenicity. Both classes of genes controlling GnRH neuron migration/development and hypothalamic/pituitary signaling and development are strongly implicated in nIHH pathogenesis. The study aimed to investigate the genetic background of nIHH and further expand the genotype-phenotype correlation. Methods A total of 67 patients with nIHH were enrolled in the study. NGS technology and a 38-gene panel were applied. Results Causative defects regarded as at least one pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variant were found in 23 patients (34%). For another 30 individuals, variants of unknown significance (VUS) or benign (B) were evidenced (45%). The most frequently mutated genes presenting P/LP alterations were GNRHR (n = 5), TACR3 (n = 3), and CHD7, FGFR1, NSMF, BMP4, and NROB1 (n = 2 each). Monogenic variants with solid clinical significance (P/LP) were observed in 15% of subjects, whereas oligogenic defects were detected in 19% of patients. Regarding recurrence, 17 novel pathogenic variants affecting 10 genes were identified for 17 patients. The most recurrent pathogenic change was GNRHR:p.Arg139His, detected in four unrelated subjects. Another interesting observation is that P/LP defects were found more often in genes related to hypothalamic-pituitary pathways than those related to GnRH. Conclusions The growing importance of the neuroendocrine pathway and related genes is drawing increasing attention to nIHH. However, the underestimated potential of VUS variants in IHH etiology, particularly those presenting recurrence, should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kałużna
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Budny
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Rabijewski
- Department of Reproductive Health, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dubiel
- Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Kosma Szutkowski
- NanoBioMedical Centre at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Piotrowski
- Department of Biomedical Physics at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wrotkowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ziemnicka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Du X, Wang C, Liu J, Yu M, Ju H, Xue S, Li Y, Liu J, Dai R, Chen J, Zhai Y, Rao J, Wang X, Sun Y, Sun L, Wu X, Xu H, Shen Q. GEN1 as a risk factor for human congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:41. [PMID: 38654324 PMCID: PMC11041010 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are prevalent birth defects. Although pathogenic CAKUT genes are known, they are insufficient to reveal the causes for all patients. Our previous studies indicated GEN1 as a pathogenic gene of CAKUT in mice, and this study further investigated the correlation between GEN1 and human CAKUT. METHODS In this study, DNA from 910 individuals with CAKUT was collected; 26 GEN1 rare variants were identified, and two GEN1 (missense) variants in a non-CAKUT group were found. Mainly due to the stability results of the predicted mutant on the website, in vitro, 10 variants (eight CAKUT, two non-CAKUT) were selected to verify mutant protein stability. In addition, mainly based on the division of the mutation site located in the functional region of the GEN1 protein, 8 variants (six CAKUT, two non-CAKUT) were selected to verify enzymatic hydrolysis, and the splice variant GEN1 (c.1071 + 3(IVS10) A > G) was selected to verify shear ability. Based on the results of in vitro experiments and higher frequency, three sites with the most significant functional change were selected to build mouse models. RESULTS Protein stability changed in six variants in the CAKUT group. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift assay of eight variants (six CAKUT, two non-CAKUT), the enzymatic hydrolysis and DNA-binding abilities of mutant proteins were impaired in the CAKUT group. The most serious functional damage was observed in the Gen1 variant that produced a truncated protein. A mini-gene splicing assay showed that the variant GEN1 (c.1071 + 3(IVS10) A > G) in the CAKUT group significantly affected splicing function. An abnormal exon10 was detected in the mini-gene splicing assay. Point-mutant mouse strains were constructed (Gen1: c.1068 + 3 A > G, p.R400X, and p.T105R) based on the variant frequency in the CAKUT group and functional impairment in vitro study and CAKUT phenotypes were replicated in each. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings indicated GEN1 as a risk factor for human CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjin Du
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixin Ju
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Zhai
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubo Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, 201102, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China.
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Long HY, Qian ZP, Lan Q, Xu YJ, Da JJ, Yu FX, Zha Y. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids: Current progress and challenges. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:114-125. [PMID: 38455108 PMCID: PMC10915962 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived kidney organoids share similarities with the fetal kidney. However, the current hPSC-derived kidney organoids have some limitations, including the inability to perform nephrogenesis and lack of a corticomedullary definition, uniform vascular system, and coordinated exit pathway for urinary filtrate. Therefore, further studies are required to produce hPSC-derived kidney organoids that accurately mimic human kidneys to facilitate research on kidney development, regeneration, disease modeling, and drug screening. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the generation of hPSC-derived kidney organoids, how these organoids contribute to the understanding of human kidney development and research in disease modeling. Additionally, the limitations, future research focus, and applications of hPSC-derived kidney organoids were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Long
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zu-Ping Qian
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qin Lan
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yong-Jie Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Da
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Fu-Xun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Immune Diseases, National Health Commission, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yan Zha
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China.
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D'Cruz R, Kim YK, Mulder J, Ibeh N, Jiang N, Tian Y, Rosenblum ND. Hedgehog signalling in Foxd1+ embryonic kidney stromal progenitors controls nephron formation via Cxcl12 and Wnt5a. J Pathol 2023; 261:385-400. [PMID: 37772431 DOI: 10.1002/path.6195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are characterised by a spectrum of structural and histologic abnormalities and are the major cause of childhood kidney failure. During kidney morphogenesis, the formation of a critical number of nephrons is an embryonic process supported, in part, by signalling between nephrogenic precursors and Foxd1-positive stromal progenitor cells. Low nephron number and abnormal patterning of the stroma are signature pathological features among CAKUT phenotypes with decreased kidney function. Despite their critical contribution to CAKUT pathogenesis, the mechanisms that underlie a low nephron number and the functional contribution of a disorganised renal stroma to nephron number are both poorly defined. Here, we identify a primary pathogenic role for increased Hedgehog signalling in embryonic renal stroma in the genesis of congenital low nephron number. Pharmacologic activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signalling in human kidney organoid tissue decreased the number of nephrons and generated excess stroma. The mechanisms underlying these pathogenic effects were delineated in genetic mouse models in which Hh signalling was constitutively activated in a cell lineage-specific manner. Cre-mediated excision of Ptch1 in Foxd1+ stromal progenitor cells, but not in Six2+ nephrogenic precursor cells, generated kidney malformation, identifying the stroma as a driver of low nephron number. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis identified Cxcl12 and Wnt5a as downstream targets of increased stromal Hh signalling, findings supported by analysis in human kidney organoids. In vivo deficiency of Cxcl12 or Wnt5a in mice with increased stromal Hh signalling improved nephron endowment. These results demonstrate that dysregulated Hh signalling in embryonic renal stromal cells inhibits nephron formation in a manner dependent on Cxcl12 and Wnt5a. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D'Cruz
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yun-Kyo Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaap Mulder
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neke Ibeh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Unity Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nan Jiang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yilin Tian
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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5
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Belcher B, Vestal J, Lane S, Kell M, Smith L, Camarata T. The zebrafish paralog six2b is required for early proximal pronephros morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19699. [PMID: 37952044 PMCID: PMC10640633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Six2 plays a crucial role in maintaining self-renewing nephron progenitor cap mesenchyme (CM) during metanephric kidney development. In mouse and human, expression at single-cell resolution has detected Six2 in cells as they leave the CM pool and differentiate. The role Six2 may play in these cells as they differentiate remains unknown. Here, we took advantage of the zebrafish pronephric kidney which forms directly from intermediate mesoderm to test six2b function during pronephric tubule development and differentiation. Expression of six2b during early zebrafish development was consistent with a role in pronephros formation. Using morpholino knock-down and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we show a functional role for six2b in the development of proximal elements of the pronephros. By 48 h post-fertilization, six2b morphants and mutants showed disrupted pronephric tubule morphogenesis. We observed a lower-than-expected frequency of phenotypes in six2b stable genetic mutants suggesting compensation. Supporting this, we detected increased expression of six2a in six2b stable mutant embryos. To further confirm six2b function, F0 crispant embryos were analyzed and displayed similar phenotypes as morphants and stable mutants. Together our data suggests a conserved role for Six2 during nephrogenesis and a role in the morphogenesis of the proximal tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau Belcher
- Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, USA
| | - Justin Vestal
- Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, USA
| | - Samuel Lane
- Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, USA
| | - Margaret Kell
- Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, USA
| | - Luke Smith
- Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, USA
| | - Troy Camarata
- Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences, Baptist University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Baptist Health Sciences University, 1003 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA.
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Werfel L, Martens H, Hennies I, Gjerstad AC, Fröde K, Altarescu G, Banerjee S, Valenzuela Palafoll I, Geffers R, Kirschstein M, Christians A, Bjerre A, Haffner D, Weber RG. Diagnostic Yield and Benefits of Whole Exome Sequencing in CAKUT Patients Diagnosed in the First Thousand Days of Life. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:2439-2457. [PMID: 38025229 PMCID: PMC10658255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the predominant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in children. Although more than 60 genes are known to cause CAKUT if mutated, genetic etiology is detected, on average, in only 16% of unselected CAKUT cases, making genetic testing unproductive. Methods Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed in 100 patients with CAKUT diagnosed in the first 1000 days of life with CKD stages 1 to 5D/T. Variants in 58 established CAKUT-associated genes were extracted, classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines, and their translational value was assessed. Results In 25% of these mostly sporadic patients with CAKUT, a rare likely pathogenic or pathogenic variant was identified in 1 or 2 of 15 CAKUT-associated genes, including GATA3, HNF1B, LIFR, PAX2, SALL1, and TBC1D1. Of the 27 variants detected, 52% were loss-of-function and 18.5% de novo variants. The diagnostic yield was significantly higher in patients requiring KRT before 3 years of age (43%, odds ratio 2.95) and in patients with extrarenal features (41%, odds ratio 3.5) compared with patients lacking these criteria. Considering that all affected genes were previously associated with extrarenal complications, including treatable conditions, such as diabetes, hyperuricemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypoparathyroidism, the genetic diagnosis allowed preventive measures and/or early treatment in 25% of patients. Conclusion WES offers significant advantages for the diagnosis and management of patients with CAKUT diagnosed before 3 years of age, especially in patients who require KRT or have extrarenal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Werfel
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Martens
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Imke Hennies
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ann Christin Gjerstad
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kerstin Fröde
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gheona Altarescu
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Anne Christians
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Bjerre
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Congenital Kidney Diseases, Center for Rare Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruthild G. Weber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Congenital Kidney Diseases, Center for Rare Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Silva FA, Picorelli ACR, Veiga GS, Nery MF. Patterns of enrichment and acceleration in evolutionary rates of promoters suggest a role of regulatory regions in cetacean gigantism. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:62. [PMID: 37872505 PMCID: PMC10594719 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins) are a lineage of aquatic mammals from which some species became giants. Only recently, gigantism has been investigated from the molecular point of view. Studies focused mainly on coding regions, and no data on the influence of regulatory regions on gigantism in this group was available. Accordingly, we investigated the molecular evolution of non-coding regulatory regions of genes already described in the literature for association with size in mammals, focusing mainly on the promoter regions. For this, we used Ciiider and phyloP tools. Ciiider identifies significantly enriched transcription factor binding sites, and phyloP estimates the molecular evolution rate of the promoter. RESULTS We found evidence of enrichment of transcription binding factors related to large body size, with distinct patterns between giant and non-giant cetaceans in the IGFBP7 and NCAPG promoters, in which repressive agents are present in small cetaceans and those that stimulate transcription, in giant cetaceans. In addition, we found evidence of acceleration in the IGF2, IGFBP2, IGFBP7, and ZFAT promoters. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that regulatory regions may also influence cetaceans' body size, providing candidate genes for future research to understand the molecular basis of the largest living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Silva
- Dept of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnello C R Picorelli
- Dept of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna S Veiga
- Dept of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Nery
- Dept of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil.
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Kabir M, Stuart HM, Lopes FM, Fotiou E, Keavney B, Doig AJ, Woolf AS, Hentges KE. Predicting congenital renal tract malformation genes using machine learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13204. [PMID: 37580336 PMCID: PMC10425350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital renal tract malformations (RTMs) are the major cause of severe kidney failure in children. Studies to date have identified defined genetic causes for only a minority of human RTMs. While some RTMs may be caused by poorly defined environmental perturbations affecting organogenesis, it is likely that numerous causative genetic variants have yet to be identified. Unfortunately, the speed of discovering further genetic causes for RTMs is limited by challenges in prioritising candidate genes harbouring sequence variants. Here, we exploited the computer-based artificial intelligence methodology of supervised machine learning to identify genes with a high probability of being involved in renal development. These genes, when mutated, are promising candidates for causing RTMs. With this methodology, the machine learning classifier determines which attributes are common to renal development genes and identifies genes possessing these attributes. Here we report the validation of an RTM gene classifier and provide predictions of the RTM association status for all protein-coding genes in the mouse genome. Overall, our predictions, whilst not definitive, can inform the prioritisation of genes when evaluating patient sequence data for genetic diagnosis. This knowledge of renal developmental genes will accelerate the processes of reaching a genetic diagnosis for patients born with RTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Kabir
- CentreDivision of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Helen M Stuart
- CentreDivision of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Filipa M Lopes
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Elisavet Fotiou
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- C.B.B Lifeline Biotech Ltd, 5 Propontidos Street, Strovolos, 2033, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Bernard Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Manchester Heart Institute, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Andrew J Doig
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester, M13 9BL, UK
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Kathryn E Hentges
- CentreDivision of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Chen Y, Rui R, Wang L, Wang H, Zhu B, Cao A. Huangqi decoction ameliorates kidney injury in db/db mice by regulating the BMP/Smad signaling pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:209. [PMID: 37365530 PMCID: PMC10294356 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of Huangqi decoction (HQD) on Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in diabetic db/db mice. METHODS Eight-week-old male diabetic db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups: Model (1% CMC), HQD-L (0.12 g/kg), HQD-M (0.36 g/kg), and HQD-H (1.08 g/kg) groups. Non-diabetic db/m mice were served as the control group. These mice received HQD treatment for 8 weeks. After treatment, the kidney function, histopathology, micro-assay, and protein expression levels were assessed. RESULTS HQD treatment improved the albumin/creatine ratio (ACR) and 24 h urinary albumin excretion, prevented the pathological phenotypes of increased glomerular volume, widened mesangial areas, the of mesangial matrix proliferation, foot process effacement, decreased nephrin expression and reduced number of podocytes. Expression profiling analysis revealed global transcriptional changes that predicted related functions, diseases and pathways. HQD treatment activated protein expressions of BMP2, BMP7, BMPR2, and active-Rap1, while inhibiting Smad1 and phospho-ERK. In addition, HQD was associated with improvements in lipid deposition in the kidneys of db/db mice. CONCLUSION HQD ameliorated the progression of DKD in db/db mice by regulating BMP transcription and downstream targets, inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK and the expression of Smad1, promoting Rap1 binding to GTP, and regulating the lipid metabolism. These findings provide a potential therapeutic approach for treating DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 164 LanXi Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Rong Rui
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 164 LanXi Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 164 LanXi Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 164 LanXi Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Bingbing Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 164 LanXi Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Aili Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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10
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Li J, Cheng C, Xu J, Zhang T, Tokat B, Dolios G, Ramakrishnan A, Shen L, Wang R, Xu PX. The transcriptional coactivator Eya1 exerts transcriptional repressive activity by interacting with REST corepressors and REST-binding sequences to maintain nephron progenitor identity. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10343-10359. [PMID: 36130284 PMCID: PMC9561260 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eya1 is critical for establishing and maintaining nephron progenitor cells (NPCs). It belongs to a family of proteins called phosphatase-transcriptional activators but without intrinsic DNA-binding activity. However, the spectrum of the Eya1-centered networks is underexplored. Here, we combined transcriptomic, genomic and proteomic approaches to characterize gene regulation by Eya1 in the NPCs. We identified Eya1 target genes, associated cis-regulatory elements and partner proteins. Eya1 preferentially occupies promoter sequences and interacts with general transcription factors (TFs), RNA polymerases, different types of TFs, chromatin-remodeling factors with ATPase or helicase activity, and DNA replication/repair proteins. Intriguingly, we identified REST-binding motifs in 76% of Eya1-occupied sites without H3K27ac-deposition, which were present in many Eya1 target genes upregulated in Eya1-deficient NPCs. Eya1 copurified REST-interacting chromatin-remodeling factors, histone deacetylase/lysine demethylase, and corepressors. Coimmunoprecipitation validated physical interaction between Eya1 and Rest/Hdac1/Cdyl/Hltf in the kidneys. Collectively, our results suggest that through interactions with chromatin-remodeling factors and specialized DNA-binding proteins, Eya1 may modify chromatin structure to facilitate the assembly of regulatory complexes that regulate transcription positively or negatively. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for how Eya1 exerts its activity by forming unique multiprotein complexes in various biological processes to maintain the cellular state of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bengu Tokat
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Georgia Dolios
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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11
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Jee H, Park E, Hur K, Kang M, Kim Y. High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Suppresses Cancer Growth by Regulating Skeletal Muscle-Derived Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:818470. [PMID: 35801156 PMCID: PMC9254717 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.818470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity aerobic exercise (90% of the maximal heart rate) can effectively suppress cancer cell proliferation in vivo. However, the molecular effects of exercise and its relevance to cancer prevention remain uninvestigated. In this study, mice with colorectal cancer were subjected to high-intensity aerobic exercise, and mRNA-seq analysis was performed on the heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle tissues to analyze the genome-wide molecular effects of exercise. The skeletal muscle-derived genes with exercise-dependent differential expression were further evaluated for their effects on colorectal cancer cell viability. Compared to the results obtained for the control groups (healthy and cancer with no exercise), the regular and high-intensity aerobic physical activity in the mice produced positive results in comprehensive parameters (i.e., food intake, weight gain, and survival rate). A heatmap of differentially expressed genes revealed markedly different gene expression patterns among the groups. RNA-seq analysis of 23,282 genes expressed in the skeletal muscle yielded several anticancer effector genes (e.g., Trim63, Fos, Col1a1, and Six2). Knockdown and overexpression of selected anticancer genes repressed CT26 murine colorectal carcinoma cell proliferation by 20% (p < 0.05). Our findings, based on the aerobic exercise cancer mouse model, suggest that high-intensity aerobic exercise results in a comprehensive change in the expression patterns of genes, particularly those that can affect cancer cell viability. Such an approach may identify key exercise-regulated genes that can help the body combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseok Jee
- School of Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyunseok Jee, ; Yoosik Kim,
| | - Eunmi Park
- College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minjeong Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoosik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyunseok Jee, ; Yoosik Kim,
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12
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Khan K, Ahram DF, Liu YP, Westland R, Sampogna RV, Katsanis N, Davis EE, Sanna-Cherchi S. Multidisciplinary approaches for elucidating genetics and molecular pathogenesis of urinary tract malformations. Kidney Int 2022; 101:473-484. [PMID: 34780871 PMCID: PMC8934530 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in clinical diagnostics and molecular tools have improved our understanding of the genetically heterogeneous causes underlying congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). However, despite a sharp incline of CAKUT reports in the literature within the past 2 decades, there remains a plateau in the genetic diagnostic yield that is disproportionate to the accelerated ability to generate robust genome-wide data. Explanations for this observation include (i) diverse inheritance patterns with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, (ii) rarity of single-gene drivers such that large sample sizes are required to meet the burden of proof, and (iii) multigene interactions that might produce either intra- (e.g., copy number variants) or inter- (e.g., effects in trans) locus effects. These challenges present an opportunity for the community to implement innovative genetic and molecular avenues to explain the missing heritability and to better elucidate the mechanisms that underscore CAKUT. Here, we review recent multidisciplinary approaches at the intersection of genetics, genomics, in vivo modeling, and in vitro systems toward refining a blueprint for overcoming the diagnostic hurdles that are pervasive in urinary tract malformation cohorts. These approaches will not only benefit clinical management by reducing age at molecular diagnosis and prompting early evaluation for comorbid features but will also serve as a springboard for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Khan
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (current address)
| | - Dina F. Ahram
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Yangfan P. Liu
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rik Westland
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amsterdam UMC- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, NL
| | | | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (current address); Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (current address).,Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO: Simone Sanna-Cherchi, MD, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Phone: 212-851-4925; Fax: 212-851-5461; . Erica E. Davis, PhD, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Phone: 312-503-7662; Fax: 312-503-7343; , Nicholas Katsanis, PhD, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Phone: 312-503-7339; Fax: 312-503-7343;
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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13
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Bonatesta F, Emadi C, Price ER, Wang Y, Greer JB, Xu EG, Schlenk D, Grosell M, Mager EM. The developing zebrafish kidney is impaired by Deepwater Horizon crude oil early-life stage exposure: A molecular to whole-organism perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151988. [PMID: 34838918 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil is known to induce developmental defects in teleost fish exposed during early life stages (ELSs). While most studies in recent years have focused on cardiac endpoints, evidence from whole-animal transcriptomic analyses and studies with individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicate that the developing kidney (i.e., pronephros) is also at risk. Considering the role of the pronephros in osmoregulation, and the common observance of edema in oil-exposed ELS fish, surprisingly little is known regarding the effects of oil exposure on pronephros development and function. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) ELSs, we assessed the transcriptional and morphological responses to two dilutions of high-energy water accommodated fractions (HEWAF) of oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill using a combination of qPCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization (WM-ISH) of candidate genes involved in pronephros development and function, and immunohistochemistry (WM-IHC). To assess potential functional impacts on the pronephros, three 24 h osmotic challenges (2 hypo-osmotic, 1 near iso-osmotic) were implemented at two developmental time points (48 and 96 h post fertilization; hpf) following exposure to HEWAF. Changes in transcript expression level and location specific to different regions of the pronephros were observed by qPCR and WM-ISH. Further, pronephros morphology was altered in crude oil exposed larvae, characterized by failed glomerulus and neck segment formation, and straightening of the pronephric tubules. The osmotic challenges at 96 hpf greatly exacerbated edema in both HEWAF-exposed groups regardless of osmolarity. By contrast, larvae at 48 hpf exhibited no edema prior to the osmotic challenge, but previous HEWAF exposure elicited a concentration-response increase in edema at hypo-osmotic conditions that appeared to have been largely alleviated under near iso-osmotic conditions. In summary, ELS HEWAF exposure impaired proper pronephros development in zebrafish, which coupled with cardiotoxic effects, most likely reduced or inhibited pronephros fluid clearance capacity and increased edema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bonatesta
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Cameron Emadi
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Edwin R Price
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin B Greer
- Western Fisheries Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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14
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Xu J, Li J, Ramakrishnan A, Yan H, Shen L, Xu PX. Six1 and Six2 of the Sine Oculis Homeobox Subfamily are Not Functionally Interchangeable in Mouse Nephron Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:815249. [PMID: 35178390 PMCID: PMC8844495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.815249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate Six1 and Six2 arose by gene duplication from the Drosophila sine oculis and have since diverged in their developmental expression patterns. Both genes are expressed in nephron progenitors of human fetal kidneys, and mutations in SIX1 or SIX2 cause branchio-oto-renal syndrome or renal hypodysplasia respectively. Since ∼80% of SIX1 target sites are shared by SIX2, it is speculated that SIX1 and SIX2 may be functionally interchangeable by targeting common downstream genes. In contrast, in mouse kidneys, Six1 expression in the metanephric mesenchyme lineage overlaps with Six2 only transiently, while Six2 expression is maintained in the nephron progenitors throughout development. This non-overlapping expression between Six1 and Six2 in mouse nephron progenitors promoted us to examine if Six1 can replace Six2. Surprisingly, forced expression of Six1 failed to rescue Six2-deficient kidney phenotype. We found that Six1 mediated Eya1 nuclear translocation and inhibited premature epithelialization of the progenitors but failed to rescue the proliferation defects and cell death caused by Six2-knockout. Genome-wide binding analyses showed that Six1 selectively occupied a small subset of Six2 target sites, but many Six2-bound loci crucial to the renewal and differentiation of nephron progenitors lacked Six1 occupancy. Altogether, these data indicate that Six1 cannot substitute Six2 to drive nephrogenesis in mouse kidneys, thus demonstrating that the difference in physiological roles of Six1 and Six2 in kidney development stems from both transcriptional regulations of the genes and divergent biochemical properties of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Hanen Yan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Chen TJ, Song R, Janssen A, Yosypiv IV. Cytogenomic aberrations in isolated multicystic dysplastic kidney in children. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:659-664. [PMID: 33790410 PMCID: PMC8481348 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a common form of congenital kidney anomaly. The cause of MCDK is unknown. We investigated whether MCDK in children is linked to cytogenomic aberrations. METHODS We conducted array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in ten unrelated children with MCDK. The pattern of inheritance was determined by real-time PCR in patients and their biological parents. RESULTS Pathogenic aberrations were detected in three patients: a deletion at 7p14.3 with a size of 2.07 Mb housing 12 genes, including BBS9 (Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9) and BMPER (BMP binding endothelial regulator); a duplication at 16p13.11p12.3 with a size of 3.28 Mb that included >20 genes; and monosomy X for a female patient. The deletion at 7p14.3 was inherited from the patient's father, while the duplication at 16p13.11p12.3 was derived from the patient's mother. CONCLUSIONS Up to 30% of patients with MCDK possess cytogenomic aberrations. BBS9 and BMPER variants have been reported to result in cystic kidney dysplasia, suggesting a possible pathogenic function for the deletion at 7p14.3 in children with MCDK. The duplication at 16p13.11p12.3 was not reported previously to associate with MCDK. Both variations were inherited from parents, indicating hereditary contributions in MCDK. Thus, aCGH is an informative tool to unravel the pathogenic mechanisms of MCDK. IMPACT Cytogenomic aberrations are common in children with MCDK. Cytogenomic aberrations are inherited from parents, indicating hereditary contributions in MCDK. aCGH is a valuable tool to reveal pathogenic mechanisms of MCDK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jian Chen
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112,Hayward Genetic Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Renfang Song
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Adam Janssen
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112,Hayward Genetic Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Ihor V. Yosypiv
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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16
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Fan C, Ouyang Y, Yuan X, Wang J. An enhancer trap zebrafish line for lateral line development and regulation of six2b expression. Gene Expr Patterns 2022; 43:119231. [PMID: 34995793 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2022.119231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish lateral line system which is derived from neurogenic placodes has become a popular model for developmental biology since its formation involves cell migration, pattern formation, organogenesis, and hair cell regeneration. Transgenic lines play a crucial role in lateral line system study. Here, we identified an enhancer trap transgenic zebrafish line Et(gata2a:EGFP)189b (ET189b for short), which expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in the pituitary, otic, and lateral line placodes and their derivatives. Especially, in neuromast, the accessory cells rather than hair cells were labeled by EGFP. Furthermore, we found the Tol2 transposon construct is integrated at the proximal upstream region of six2b gene locus. And EGFP expression of ET189b closely reflects the expression of endogenous six2b during development and after dkk1b over-expression. Taken together, our results indicated that ET189b is an ideal line for research on lateral line development and regulation of six2b expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxin Fan
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neuroscience, International Center for Marine Studies, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.
| | - Yajing Ouyang
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neuroscience, International Center for Marine Studies, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neuroscience, International Center for Marine Studies, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.
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17
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McCarthy SS, Karolak M, Oxburgh L. Smad4 controls proliferation of interstitial cells in the neonatal kidney. Development 2022; 149:273660. [PMID: 34878095 PMCID: PMC8783041 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of interstitial cells in the adult kidney is a hallmark of chronic disease, whereas their proliferation during fetal development is necessary for organ formation. An intriguing difference between adult and neonatal kidneys is that the neonatal kidney has the capacity to control interstitial cell proliferation when the target number has been reached. In this study, we define the consequences of inactivating the TGFβ/Smad response in the mouse interstitial cell lineage. We find that pathway inactivation through loss of Smad4 leads to overproliferation of interstitial cells regionally in the kidney medulla. Analysis of markers for BMP and TGFβ pathway activation reveals that loss of Smad4 primarily reduces TGFβ signaling in the interstitium. Whereas TGFβ signaling is reduced in these cells, marker analysis shows that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is increased. Our analysis supports a model in which Wnt/β-catenin-mediated proliferation is attenuated by TGFβ/Smad to ensure that proliferation ceases when the target number of interstitial cells has been reached in the neonatal medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S. McCarthy
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Michele Karolak
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Leif Oxburgh
- Kidney Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, The Rogosin Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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18
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Meurer L, Ferdman L, Belcher B, Camarata T. The SIX Family of Transcription Factors: Common Themes Integrating Developmental and Cancer Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707854. [PMID: 34490256 PMCID: PMC8417317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The sine oculis (SIX) family of transcription factors are key regulators of developmental processes during embryogenesis. Members of this family control gene expression to promote self-renewal of progenitor cell populations and govern mechanisms of cell differentiation. When the function of SIX genes becomes disrupted, distinct congenital defects develops both in animal models and humans. In addition to the embryonic setting, members of the SIX family have been found to be critical regulators of tumorigenesis, promoting cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Research in both the fields of developmental biology and cancer research have provided an extensive understanding of SIX family transcription factor functions. Here we review recent progress in elucidating the role of SIX family genes in congenital disease as well as in the promotion of cancer. Common themes arise when comparing SIX transcription factor function during embryonic and cancer development. We highlight the complementary nature of these two fields and how knowledge in one area can open new aspects of experimentation in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Meurer
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Leonard Ferdman
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Beau Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Troy Camarata
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
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19
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Lindström NO, Sealfon R, Chen X, Parvez RK, Ransick A, De Sena Brandine G, Guo J, Hill B, Tran T, Kim AD, Zhou J, Tadych A, Watters A, Wong A, Lovero E, Grubbs BH, Thornton ME, McMahon JA, Smith AD, Ruffins SW, Armit C, Troyanskaya OG, McMahon AP. Spatial transcriptional mapping of the human nephrogenic program. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2381-2398.e6. [PMID: 34428401 PMCID: PMC8396064 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract are among the most common birth defects, affecting 3% of newborns. The human kidney forms around a million nephrons from a pool of nephron progenitors over a 30-week period of development. To establish a framework for human nephrogenesis, we spatially resolved a stereotypical process by which equipotent nephron progenitors generate a nephron anlage, then applied data-driven approaches to construct three-dimensional protein maps on anatomical models of the nephrogenic program. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified progenitor states, which were spatially mapped to the nephron anatomy, enabling the generation of functional gene networks predicting interactions within and between nephron cell types. Network mining identified known developmental disease genes and predicted targets of interest. The spatially resolved nephrogenic program made available through the Human Nephrogenesis Atlas (https://sckidney.flatironinstitute.org/) will facilitate an understanding of kidney development and disease and enhance efforts to generate new kidney structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rachel Sealfon
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Ransick
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guilherme De Sena Brandine
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bill Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert D Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alicja Tadych
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Aaron Watters
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lovero
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seth W Ruffins
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Armit
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; BGI Hong Kong, 26/F, Kings Wing Plaza 2, 1 On Kwan Street, Shek Mun, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Olga G Troyanskaya
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Stippel M, Riedhammer KM, Lange-Sperandio B, Geßner M, Braunisch MC, Günthner R, Bald M, Schmidts M, Strotmann P, Tasic V, Schmaderer C, Renders L, Heemann U, Hoefele J. Renal and Skeletal Anomalies in a Cohort of Individuals With Clinically Presumed Hereditary Nephropathy Analyzed by Molecular Genetic Testing. Front Genet 2021; 12:642849. [PMID: 34122504 PMCID: PMC8188481 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.642849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in childhood and adolescence occurs with a median incidence of 9 per million of the age-related population. Over 70% of CKD cases under the age of 25 years can be attributed to a hereditary kidney disease. Among these are hereditary podocytopathies, ciliopathies and (monogenic) congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). These disease entities can present with a vast variety of extrarenal manifestations. So far, skeletal anomalies (SA) have been infrequently described as extrarenal manifestation in these entities. The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate a cohort of individuals with hereditary podocytopathies, ciliopathies or CAKUT, in which molecular genetic testing had been performed, for the extrarenal manifestation of SA. Material and Methods: A cohort of 65 unrelated individuals with a clinically presumed hereditary podocytopathy (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome), ciliopathy (nephronophthisis, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, autosomal recessive/dominant polycystic kidney disease), or CAKUT was screened for SA. Data was acquired using a standardized questionnaire and medical reports. 57/65 (88%) of the index cases were analyzed using exome sequencing (ES). Results: 8/65 (12%) index individuals presented with a hereditary podocytopathy, ciliopathy, or CAKUT and an additional skeletal phenotype. In 5/8 families (63%), pathogenic variants in known disease-associated genes (1x BBS1, 1x MAFB, 2x PBX1, 1x SIX2) could be identified. Conclusions: This study highlights the genetic heterogeneity and clinical variability of hereditary nephropathies in respect of skeletal anomalies as extrarenal manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Stippel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian M Riedhammer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Geßner
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias C Braunisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Günthner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Bald
- Pediatric Nephrology, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Strotmann
- Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital, München-Klinik Schwabing, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty of Skopje, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Renders
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Heemann
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hoefele
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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21
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Mansilla MA, Sompallae RR, Nishimura CJ, Kwitek AE, Kimble MJ, Freese ME, Campbell CA, Smith RJ, Thomas CP. Targeted broad-based genetic testing by next-generation sequencing informs diagnosis and facilitates management in patients with kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:295-305. [PMID: 31738409 PMCID: PMC7834596 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical diagnosis of genetic renal diseases may be limited by the overlapping spectrum of manifestations between diseases or by the advancement of disease where clues to the original process are absent. The objective of this study was to determine whether genetic testing informs diagnosis and facilitates management of kidney disease patients. Methods We developed a comprehensive genetic testing panel (KidneySeq) to evaluate patients with various phenotypes including cystic diseases, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), tubulointerstitial diseases, transport disorders and glomerular diseases. We evaluated this panel in 127 consecutive patients ranging in age from newborns to 81 years who had samples sent in for genetic testing. Results The performance of the sequencing pipeline for single-nucleotide variants was validated using CEPH (Centre de’Etude du Polymorphism) controls and for indels using Genome-in-a-Bottle. To test the reliability of the copy number variant (CNV) analysis, positive samples were re-sequenced and analyzed. For patient samples, a multidisciplinary review board interpreted genetic results in the context of clinical data. A genetic diagnosis was made in 54 (43%) patients and ranged from 54% for CAKUT, 53% for ciliopathies/tubulointerstitial diseases, 45% for transport disorders to 33% for glomerulopathies. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants included 46% missense, 11% nonsense, 6% splice site variants, 23% insertion–deletions and 14% CNVs. In 13 cases, the genetic result changed the clinical diagnosis. Conclusion Broad genetic testing should be considered in the evaluation of renal patients as it complements other tests and provides insight into the underlying disease and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adela Mansilla
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Carla J Nishimura
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mycah J Kimble
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Colleen A Campbell
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Richard J Smith
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christie P Thomas
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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22
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Kohl S, Habbig S, Weber LT, Liebau MC. Molecular causes of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Mol Cell Pediatr 2021; 8:2. [PMID: 33625646 PMCID: PMC7904997 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-021-00112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) occur in 0.5–1/100 newborns and as a group they represent the most frequent cause for chronic kidney failure in children. CAKUT comprise clinically heterogeneous conditions, ranging from mild vesicoureteral reflux to kidney aplasia. Most forms of CAKUT share the pathophysiology of an impaired developmental interaction of the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM). In most cases, CAKUT present as an isolated condition. They also may occur as a component in rare multi-organ syndromes. Many CAKUT probably have a multifactorial etiology. However, up to 20% of human patients and > 200 transgenic mouse models have a monogenic form of CAKUT, which has fueled our efforts to unravel molecular kidney (mal-)development. To date, genetic variants in more than 50 genes have been associated with (isolated) CAKUT in humans. In this short review, we will summarize typical imaging findings in patients with CAKUT and highlight recent mechanistic insight in the molecular pathogenesis of monogenic forms of CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kohl
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sandra Habbig
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz T Weber
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max C Liebau
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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23
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Tan L, Yu M, Li Y, Xue S, Chen J, Zhai Y, Fang X, Liu J, Liu J, Wu X, Xu H, Shen Q. Overexpression of Long Non-coding RNA 4933425B07 Rik Causes Urinary Malformations in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:594640. [PMID: 33681192 PMCID: PMC7933199 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.594640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) is a common birth defect and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in children. The etiology of CAKUT is complex and includes mainly genetic and environmental factors. However, these factors cannot fully explain the etiological mechanism of CAKUT. Recently, participation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of the circulatory and nervous systems was demonstrated; however, the role of lncRNAs in the development of the kidney and urinary tract system is unclear. In this study, we used the piggyBac (PB) transposon-based mutagenesis to construct a mouse with lncRNA 4933425B07Rik (Rik) PB insertion (RikPB/PB) and detected overexpression of Rik and a variety of developmental abnormalities in the urinary system after PB insertion, mainly including renal hypo/dysplasia. The number of ureteric bud (UB) branches in the RikPB/PB embryonic kidney was significantly decreased in embryonic kidney culture. Only bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), a key molecule regulating UB branching, is significantly downregulated in RikPB/PB embryonic kidney, while the expression levels of other molecules involved in the regulation of UB branching were not significantly different according to the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data, and the results were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence assays. Besides, the expression of pSmad1/5/8, a downstream molecule of BMP4 signaling, decreased by immunofluorescence. These findings suggest that abnormal expression of Rik may cause a reduction in the UB branches by reducing the expression levels of the UB branching-related molecule Bmp4, thus leading to the development of CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Zhai
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Kubik MJ, Wyczanska M, Gasparitsch M, Keller U, Weber S, Schaefer F, Lange-Sperandio B. Renal developmental genes are differentially regulated after unilateral ureteral obstruction in neonatal and adult mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19302. [PMID: 33168884 PMCID: PMC7653944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital obstructive nephropathy hinders normal kidney development. The severity and the duration of obstruction determine the compensatory growth of the contralateral, intact opposite kidney. We investigated the regulation of renal developmental genes, that are relevant in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in obstructed and contralateral (intact opposite) kidneys after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in neonatal and adult mice. Newborn and adult mice were subjected to complete UUO or sham-operation, and were sacrificed 1, 5, 12 and 19 days later. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed in obstructed, intact opposite kidneys and sham controls for Gdnf, Pax2, Six4, Six2, Dach1, Eya1, Bmp4, and Hnf-1β. Neonatal UUO induced an early and strong upregulation of all genes. In contrast, adult UUO kidneys showed a delayed and less pronounced upregulation. Intact opposite kidneys of neonatal mice revealed a strong upregulation of all developmental genes, whereas intact opposite kidneys of adult mice demonstrated only a weak response. Only neonatal mice exhibited an increase in BMP4 protein expression whereas adult kidneys strongly upregulated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase class III, essential for compensatory hypertrophy. In conclusion, gene regulation differs in neonatal and adult mice with UUO. Repair and compensatory hypertrophy involve different genetic programs in developing and adult obstructed kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Kubik
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja Wyczanska
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Lindwurmstr.4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Mojca Gasparitsch
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Lindwurmstr.4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Keller
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Lindwurmstr.4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Weber
- University Children's Hospital, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Lindwurmstr.4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
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25
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Anslow MJ, Bodnar AJ, Cerqueira DM, Bushnell D, Shrom BE, Sims-Lucas S, Bates CM, Ho J. Increased rates of vesicoureteral reflux in mice from deletion of Dicer in the peri-Wolffian duct stroma. Pediatr Res 2020; 88:382-390. [PMID: 32015493 PMCID: PMC7396288 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), backflow of urine into the kidney, is associated with urinary tract infections and chronic kidney disease. Integrity of the vesicoureteral junction (VUJ), where reflux occurs, is determined largely by proper induction of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. Induction is modulated by signals from the surrounding peri-Wolffian duct stroma. We evaluated whether miRNAs in the peri-Wolffian duct stroma are necessary for proper ureteric induction, VUJ formation, and suppression of VUR. METHODS We generated a mouse with loss of miRNAs in the peri-Wolffian duct stroma. We evaluated embryos for ureteric bud induction defects and expression of genes that regulate induction. We performed cystograms to assess for reflux and assessed VUJs in postnatal mice. RESULTS Mutant embryos had cranially displaced ureteric bud induction sites vs. controls. We observed no changes in expression of genes known to regulate induction. While mutants were early postnatal lethal, they had high rates of VUR vs. controls. Mutant VUJs that refluxed had low inserting ureters and shortened intravesicular tunnels vs. non-refluxing mice. CONCLUSIONS We found that miRNAs in the peri-Wolffian duct stroma are required for normal ureteric bud induction, VUJ formation, and prevention of VUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Anslow
- Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA,Corresponding author: Dr. Melissa Anslow, Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1522441, USA, Phone: 412-692-7808,
| | - Andrew J. Bodnar
- Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - Débora M. Cerqueira
- Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - Daniel Bushnell
- Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - Brynn E. Shrom
- Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA,Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - Carlton M. Bates
- Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
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26
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Martens H, Hennies I, Getwan M, Christians A, Weiss AC, Brand F, Gjerstad AC, Christians A, Gucev Z, Geffers R, Seeman T, Kispert A, Tasic V, Bjerre A, Lienkamp SS, Haffner D, Weber RG. Rare heterozygous GDF6 variants in patients with renal anomalies. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:1681-1693. [PMID: 32737436 PMCID: PMC7784874 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although over 50 genes are known to cause renal malformation if mutated, the underlying genetic basis, most easily identified in syndromic cases, remains unsolved in most patients. In search of novel causative genes, whole-exome sequencing in a patient with renal, i.e., crossed fused renal ectopia, and extrarenal, i.e., skeletal, eye, and ear, malformations yielded a rare heterozygous variant in the GDF6 gene encoding growth differentiation factor 6, a member of the BMP family of ligands. Previously, GDF6 variants were reported to cause pleiotropic defects including skeletal, e.g., vertebral, carpal, tarsal fusions, and ocular, e.g., microphthalmia and coloboma, phenotypes. To assess the role of GDF6 in the pathogenesis of renal malformation, we performed targeted sequencing in 193 further patients identifying rare GDF6 variants in two cases with kidney hypodysplasia and extrarenal manifestations. During development, gdf6 was expressed in the pronephric tubule of Xenopus laevis, and Gdf6 expression was observed in the ureteric tree of the murine kidney by RNA in situ hybridization. CRISPR/Cas9-derived knockout of Gdf6 attenuated migration of murine IMCD3 cells, an effect rescued by expression of wild-type but not mutant GDF6, indicating affected variant function regarding a fundamental developmental process. Knockdown of gdf6 in Xenopus laevis resulted in impaired pronephros development. Altogether, we identified rare heterozygous GDF6 variants in 1.6% of all renal anomaly patients and 5.4% of renal anomaly patients additionally manifesting skeletal, ocular, or auricular abnormalities, adding renal hypodysplasia and fusion to the phenotype spectrum of GDF6 variant carriers and suggesting an involvement of GDF6 in nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Martens
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Imke Hennies
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Getwan
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Christians
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Brand
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ann Christin Gjerstad
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Christians
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zoran Gucev
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tomáš Seeman
- Department of Paediatrics and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Motol, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Anna Bjerre
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Soeren S Lienkamp
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruthild G Weber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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27
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Chen CH, Bournat JC, Wilken N, Rosenfeld JA, Zhang J, Seth A, Jorgez CJ. Variants in ALX4 and their association with genitourinary defects. Andrology 2020; 8:1243-1255. [PMID: 32385972 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genitourinary anomalies occur in approximately 1% of humans, but in most cases, the cause is unknown. Aristaless-like homeobox 4 (ALX4) is an important homeodomain transcription factor. ALX4 mutations in humans and mouse have been associated with craniofacial defects and genitourinary anomalies such as cryptorchidism and epispadias. OBJECTIVES To investigate the presence and the functional impact of ALX4 variants in patients with genitourinary defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two separate patient cohorts were analyzed. One includes clinical exome-sequencing (ES) data from 7500 individuals. The other includes 52 ALX4 Sanger-sequenced individuals with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC). Dual luciferase assays were conducted to investigate the functional transcriptional impact of ALX4 variants in HeLa cells and HEK293 cells. RESULTS A total of 41 distinct ALX4 heterozygous missense variants were identified in the ES cohort with 15 variants present as recurrent in multiple patients. p.G369E and p.L373F were the only two present in individuals with genitourinary defects. A p.L373F heterozygous variant was also identified in one of the 52 individuals in the BEEC cohort. p.L373F and p.G369E were tested in vitro as both are considered damaging by MutationTaster, although only p.G369E was considered damaging by PolyPhen-2. p.L373F did not alter transcriptional activity in HeLa and HEK293 cells. p.G369E caused a significant 3.4- and 1.8-fold decrease in transcriptional activities relative to wild-type ALX4 in HEK293 and HeLa cells, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the idea that transcription factors like ALX4 could influence the normal development of the GU tract in humans as demonstrated in mouse models as ALX4 variant p.G369E (predicted pathogenic by multiple databases) affects ALX4 function in vitro. Variant p.L373F (predicted pathogenic by only MutationTaster) did not affect ALX4 function in vitro. Exon-sequence information and mouse genetics provide important insights into the complex mechanisms driving genitourinary defects allowing the association of transcriptional defects with congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching H Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juan C Bournat
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan Wilken
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abhishek Seth
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carolina J Jorgez
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Jackson AR, Ching CB, McHugh KM, Becknell B. Roles for urothelium in normal and aberrant urinary tract development. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:459-468. [PMID: 32647226 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUTs) represent the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease in children. Increasing evidence points to critical roles for the urothelium in the developing urinary tract and in the genesis of CAKUTs. The involvement of the urothelium in patterning the urinary tract is supported by evidence that CAKUTs can arise as a result of abnormal urothelial development. Emerging evidence indicates that congenital urinary tract obstruction triggers urothelial remodelling that stabilizes the obstructed kidney and limits renal injury. Finally, the diagnostic potential of radiological findings and urinary biomarkers derived from the urothelium of patients with CAKUTs might aid their contribution to clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Jackson
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christina B Ching
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian Becknell
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Nephrology Division, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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29
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Alkhunaizi E, Unger S, Shannon P, Nishimura G, Blaser S, Chitayat D. Maternal SLE and brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata in a patient with unrelated de novo RAF1 and SIX2 variants. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1807-1811. [PMID: 32506814 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Our improved tools to identify the aetiologies in patients with multiple abnormalities resulted in the finding that some patients have more than a single genetic condition and that some of the diagnoses made in the past are acquired rather than inherited. However, limited knowledge has been accumulated regarding the phenotypic outcome of the interaction between different genetic conditions identified in the same patients. We report a newborn girl with brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata (BCDP) as well as frontonasal dysplasia, ptosis, bilateral hearing loss, vertebral anomalies, and pulmonary hypoplasia who was found, by whole exome sequencing, to have a de novo pathogenic variant in RAF1 (c.770C>T, [p.Ser257Leu]) and a likely pathogenic variant in SIX2 (c.760G>A [p.A254T]), as well as maternal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This case shows that BCDP is most probably not a diagnostic entity and can be associated with various conditions associated with CDP including maternal SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Alkhunaizi
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Unger
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Shannon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Susan Blaser
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Chitayat
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Little MH, Quinlan C. Advances in our understanding of genetic kidney disease using kidney organoids. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:915-926. [PMID: 31065797 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of kidney disease presenting in childhood is likely genetic in origin with a growing number of genes implicated in its development. However, many children may have changes in previously undescribed or unrecognised genes. The recent development of methods for generating human kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells has the potential to substantially change the rate of diagnosis and the development of new treatments for some forms of genetic kidney disease. In this review, we discuss how accurately a kidney organoid models the human kidney, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these potentially patient-derived models of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Catherine Quinlan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are a highly diverse group of diseases that together belong to the most common abnormalities detected in the new-born child. Consistent with this diversity, CAKUT are caused by mutations in a large number of genes and present a wide spectrum of phenotypes. In this review, we will focus on duplex kidneys, a relatively frequent form of CAKUT that is often asymptomatic but predisposes to vesicoureteral reflux and hydronephrosis. We will summarise the molecular programs responsible for ureter induction, review the genes that have been identified as risk factors in duplex kidney formation and discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms that may lead to this malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir M Kozlov
- iBV, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Cote d'Azur, Centre de Biochimie, UFR Sciences, Parc Valrose, Nice Cedex 2, 06108, France
| | - Andreas Schedl
- iBV, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Cote d'Azur, Centre de Biochimie, UFR Sciences, Parc Valrose, Nice Cedex 2, 06108, France
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32
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Kuure S, Sariola H. Mouse Models of Congenital Kidney Anomalies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:109-136. [PMID: 32304071 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects, which cause the majority of chronic kidney diseases in children. CAKUT covers a wide range of malformations that derive from deficiencies in embryonic kidney and lower urinary tract development, including renal aplasia, hypodysplasia, hypoplasia, ectopia, and different forms of ureter abnormalities. The majority of the genetic causes of CAKUT remain unknown. Research on mutant mice has identified multiple genes that critically regulate renal differentiation. The data generated from this research have served as an excellent resource to identify the genetic bases of human kidney defects and have led to significantly improved diagnostics. Furthermore, genetic data from human CAKUT studies have also revealed novel genes regulating kidney differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Kuure
- GM-Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hannu Sariola
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Paediatric Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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33
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Faraj R, Irizarry-Alfonzo A, Puri P. Molecular characterization of nephron progenitors and their early epithelial derivative structures in the nephrogenic zone of the canine fetal kidney. Eur J Histochem 2019; 63. [PMID: 31544449 PMCID: PMC6763752 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2019.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephron progenitors (NPs) and nephrogenesis have been extensively studied in mice and humans and have provided insights into the mechanisms of renal development, disease and possibility of NP-based therapies. However, molecular features of NPs and their derivatives in the canine fetal kidney (CFK) remain unknown. This study was focused to characterize the expression of potential markers of canine NPs and their derivatives by immuno-fluorescence and western blot analysis. Transcription factors (TFs) SIX1 and SIX2, well-characterized human NP markers, were expressed in NPs surrounding the ureteric bud in the CFK. Canine NPs also expressed ITGA8 and NCAM1, surface markers previously used to isolate NPs from the mouse and human fetal kidneys. TF, PAX2 was detected in the ureteric bud, NPs and their derivative structures such as renal vesicle and S-shaped body. This study highlights the similarities in dog, mouse and human renal development and characterizes markers to identify canine NPs and their derivatives. These results will facilitate the isolation of canine NPs and their functional characterization to develop NP-based therapies for canine renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawah Faraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee.
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34
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Anhydramnios in the Setting of Renal Malformations: The National Institutes of Health Workshop Summary. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 131:1069-1079. [PMID: 29742659 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anhydramnios in the setting of severe malformations of the fetal kidney and urinary tract is associated with a high incidence of stillbirths and life-threatening complications, including severe pulmonary hypoplasia, umbilical cord compression, and perinatal asphyxia. To prevent such adverse outcomes, some centers in the United States and elsewhere are offering amniotic fluid restoration for women diagnosed with anhydramnios in the setting of fetal renal malformations. The procedures include infusions of amniotic fluid substitutes (normal saline), percutaneously or through an amnioport-an implanted system for serial or continuous infusion of normal saline to maintain the desired amniotic fluid volume. The procedures are intended to prevent pulmonary hypoplasia and allow the pregnancy to progress closer to term gestation, enabling postnatal renal management, including long-term dialysis and renal transplantation. However, these procedures have not been recommended as standard of care by the professional societies because there are many knowledge gaps, including few data on short-term and long-term renal outcomes. The available diagnostic methods do not provide reliable prognostic information, and the current maternal and fetal interventions have not been standardized. To address these unresolved issues and to propose a research agenda, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases invited a panel of experts to a workshop in August 2016. This report provides a summary of that meeting.
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35
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Blackburn PR, Zepeda-Mendoza CJ, Kruisselbrink TM, Schimmenti LA, García-Miñaur S, Palomares M, Nevado J, Mori MA, Le Meur G, Klee EW, Le Caignec C, Lapunzina P, Isidor B, Babovic-Vuksanovic D. Variable expressivity of syndromic BMP4-related eye, brain, and digital anomalies: A review of the literature and description of three new cases. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1379-1388. [PMID: 31053785 PMCID: PMC6777538 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia with brain and digital anomalies (MCOPS6, MIM# 607932) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by loss-of-function variants or large deletions involving BMP4, which encodes bone morphogenetic protein 4, a member of the TGF-β protein superfamily. BMP4 has a number of roles in embryonic development including neurogenesis, lens induction, development of cartilage and bone, urogenital development, limb and digit patterning, hair follicle regeneration, as well as tooth formation. In addition to syndromic microphthalmia, BMP4 variants have been implicated in non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and congenital healed cleft lip indicating different allelic presentations. MCOPS6 subjects may also lack some of the major phenotypic hallmarks of the disorder, including microphthalmia, indicating variable expressivity. As only a handful of individuals with MCOPS6 have been described, we review the clinical findings in previously reported cases with either deletions or loss-of-function variants in BMP4. We describe three new cases, including two subjects with novel deletions and one subject with a likely pathogenic de novo nonsense variant [c.1052C>G, p.(S351*)] in BMP4. One of the subjects had dual molecular diagnoses including a co-occurring microdeletion at 17q21.31 associated with Koolen de Vries syndrome, which has a partially overlapping disease phenotype. None of these individuals had clinically apparent microphthalmia or anopthalmia, which have been reported in a majority of previously described cases. One subject had exophthalmia and strabismus, while another had bilateral Peters anomaly and sclerocornea, thus expanding the phenotype associated with BMP4 loss-of-function variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Blackburn
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Teresa M Kruisselbrink
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lisa A Schimmenti
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sixto García-Miñaur
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Palomares
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Mori
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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36
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COL4A1 mutations as a potential novel cause of autosomal dominant CAKUT in humans. Hum Genet 2019; 138:1105-1115. [PMID: 31230195 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (~ 45%) that manifests before 30 years of age. The genetic locus containing COL4A1 (13q33-34) has been implicated in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), but mutations in COL4A1 have not been reported in CAKUT. We hypothesized that COL4A1 mutations cause CAKUT in humans. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in 550 families with CAKUT. As negative control cohorts we used WES sequencing data from patients with nephronophthisis (NPHP) with no genetic cause identified (n = 257) and with nephrotic syndrome (NS) due to monogenic causes (n = 100). We identified a not previously reported heterozygous missense variant in COL4A1 in three siblings with isolated VUR. When examining 549 families with CAKUT, we identified nine additional different heterozygous missense mutations in COL4A1 in 11 individuals from 11 unrelated families with CAKUT, while no COL4A1 mutations were identified in a control cohort with NPHP and only one in the cohort with NS. Most individuals (12/14) had isolated CAKUT with no extrarenal features. The predominant phenotype was VUR (9/14). There were no clinical features of the COL4A1-related disorders (e.g., HANAC syndrome, porencephaly, tortuosity of retinal arteries). Whereas COL4A1-related disorders are typically caused by glycine substitutions in the collagenous domain (84.4% of variants), only one variant in our cohort is a glycine substitution within the collagenous domain (1/10). We identified heterozygous COL4A1 mutations as a potential novel autosomal dominant cause of CAKUT that is allelic to the established COL4A1-related disorders and predominantly caused by non-glycine substitutions.
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37
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Yu M, Wang H, Fan Z, Xie C, Liu H, Liu Y, Han D, Wong SW, Feng H. BMP4 mutations in tooth agenesis and low bone mass. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 103:40-46. [PMID: 31128441 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify an uncommon genetic cause of tooth agenesis (TA) by utilizing whole exome sequencing (WES) and targeted Sanger sequencing in a cohort of 120 patients with isolated TA. DESIGN One deleterious mutation in the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) was identified in 6 unrelated patients with TA by WES. After that, the coding exons of BMP4 were examined in 114 TA patients using Sanger sequencing. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure the bone mineral density of patients who carried a BMP4 mutation. Finally, preliminary functional studies of two BMP4 mutants were performed. RESULTS We detected 3 novel missense mutations (c.58 G > A: p.Gly20Ser, c.326 G > T: p.Arg109Leu and c.614 T > C: p.Val205Ala) and 1 reported mutation in the BMP4 gene among 120 TA probands. The previously reported BMP4 mutation (c.751C > T: p.His251Tyr) was associated with urethra and eye anomalies. By extending the pedigrees, we determined that the tooth phenotypes had an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, as individuals carrying a BMP4 mutation exhibit different types of dental anomalies. Interestingly, we observed that patients harboring a BMP4 mutation manifested early onset osteopenia or osteoporosis. Further in vitro functional assays demonstrated that two BMP4 mutants resulted in a decreased activation of Smad signaling. Therefore, a loss-of-function in BMP4 may contribute to the clinical phenotypes seen in this study. CONCLUSIONS We identified 4 mutations in the BMP4 gene in 120 TA patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe human skeletal diseases associated with BMP4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Fan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
| | - Chencheng Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford Medical School, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China.
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China.
| | - Sing-Wai Wong
- Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
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38
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Chen H, Liu C, Chen C, Su Z, Shu J, Zhang M, Li H, Cheng B. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 regulates immortalized chicken preadipocyte proliferation by promoting G1/S cell cycle progression. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1109-1118. [PMID: 30972973 PMCID: PMC6551497 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has been reported to regulate adipose development, but its role in preadipocyte proliferation has not been explored in vitro. Here, we investigated the effect of BMP4 on chicken preadipocyte proliferation using immortalized chicken preadipocytes (ICP1 cells) as a cell model. We report that BMP4 expression increases during preadipocyte proliferation. Overexpression and knockdown of BMP4 promotes and inhibits preadipocyte proliferation, respectively. In addition, overexpression of BMP4 decreased the number of preadipocytes at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and increased the proportion of cells at S phase. In contrast, knockdown of BMP4 increased the number of preadipocytes at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and decreased the proportion of cells at the S and G2 phases. Furthermore, overexpression of BMP4 promoted the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Id2, cyclin E, and cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), while knockdown of BMP4 inhibited the expression of Id2, cyclin E, and CDK2. Finally, neither BMP4 overexpression nor BMP4 knockdown affected cell apoptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that BMP4 may promote proliferation of ICP1 cells by driving cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingting Shu
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bohan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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39
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Blackburn ATM, Miller RK. Modeling congenital kidney diseases in Xenopus laevis. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/4/dmm038604. [PMID: 30967415 PMCID: PMC6505484 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) occur in ∼1/500 live births and are a leading cause of pediatric kidney failure. With an average wait time of 3-5 years for a kidney transplant, the need is high for the development of new strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of CAKUT and preserving renal function. Next-generation sequencing has uncovered a significant number of putative causal genes, but a simple and efficient model system to examine the function of CAKUT genes is needed. Xenopus laevis (frog) embryos are well-suited to model congenital kidney diseases and to explore the mechanisms that cause these developmental defects. Xenopus has many advantages for studying the kidney: the embryos develop externally and are easily manipulated with microinjections, they have a functional kidney in ∼2 days, and 79% of identified human disease genes have a verified ortholog in Xenopus. This facilitates high-throughput screening of candidate CAKUT-causing genes. In this Review, we present the similarities between Xenopus and mammalian kidneys, highlight studies of CAKUT-causing genes in Xenopus and describe how common kidney diseases have been modeled successfully in this model organism. Additionally, we discuss several molecular pathways associated with kidney disease that have been studied in Xenopus and demonstrate why it is a useful model for studying human kidney diseases. Summary: Understanding how congenital kidney diseases arise is imperative to their treatment. Using Xenopus as a model will aid in elucidating kidney development and congenital kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria T M Blackburn
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel K Miller
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA .,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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40
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Vanslambrouck JM, Woodard LE, Suhaimi N, Williams FM, Howden SE, Wilson SB, Lonsdale A, Er PX, Li J, Maksimovic J, Oshlack A, Wilson MH, Little MH. Direct reprogramming to human nephron progenitor-like cells using inducible piggyBac transposon expression of SNAI2-EYA1-SIX1. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1153-1166. [PMID: 30827514 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
All nephrons in the mammalian kidney arise from a transient nephron progenitor population that is lost close to the time of birth. The generation of new nephron progenitors and their maintenance in culture are central to the success of kidney regenerative strategies. Using a lentiviral screening approach, we previously generated a human induced nephron progenitor-like state in vitro using a pool of six transcription factors. Here, we sought to develop a more efficient approach for direct reprogramming of human cells that could be applied in vivo. PiggyBac transposons are a non-viral integrating gene delivery system that is suitable for in vivo use and allows for simultaneous delivery of multiple genes. Using an inducible piggyBac transposon system, we optimized a protocol for the direct reprogramming of HK2 cells to induced nephron progenitor-like cells with expression of only 3 transcription factors (SNAI2, EYA1, and SIX1). Culture in conditions supportive of the nephron progenitor state further increased the expression of nephron progenitor genes. The refined protocol was then applied to primary human renal epithelial cells, which integrated into developing nephron structures in vitro and in vivo. Such inducible reprogramming to nephron progenitor-like cells could facilitate direct cellular reprogramming for kidney regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Vanslambrouck
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lauren E Woodard
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Norseha Suhaimi
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felisha M Williams
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sean B Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pei X Er
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joan Li
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jovana Maksimovic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew H Wilson
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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41
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Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 1: Non-syndromic anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2019; 138:799-830. [PMID: 30762128 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eye formation is the result of coordinated induction and differentiation processes during embryogenesis. Disruption of any one of these events has the potential to cause ocular growth and structural defects, such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). A/M can be isolated or occur with systemic anomalies, when they may form part of a recognizable syndrome. Their etiology includes genetic and environmental factors; several hundred genes involved in ocular development have been identified in humans or animal models. In humans, around 30 genes have been repeatedly implicated in A/M families, although many other genes have been described in single cases or families, and some genetic syndromes include eye anomalies occasionally as part of a wider phenotype. As a result of this broad genetic heterogeneity, with one or two notable exceptions, each gene explains only a small percentage of cases. Given the overlapping phenotypes, these genes can be most efficiently tested on panels or by whole exome/genome sequencing for the purposes of molecular diagnosis. However, despite whole exome/genome testing more than half of patients currently remain without a molecular diagnosis. The proportion of undiagnosed cases is even higher in those individuals with unilateral or milder phenotypes. Furthermore, even when a strong gene candidate is available for a patient, issues of incomplete penetrance and germinal mosaicism make diagnosis and genetic counseling challenging. In this review, we present the main genes implicated in non-syndromic human A/M phenotypes and, for practical purposes, classify them according to the most frequent or predominant phenotype each is associated with. Our intention is that this will allow clinicians to rank and prioritize their molecular analyses and interpretations according to the phenotypes of their patients.
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42
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Rodas LM, Garcia-Herrera A, Ramirez Bajo M, Fernandez-Larrea C, Cibeira MT, Blasco M, Rosiñol L, Solé M, Blade J, Campistol JM, Quintana LF. Six-2 glomerular expression for the prediction of renal outcome in systemic amyloidosis. Amyloid 2019; 26:97-98. [PMID: 31343337 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2019.1582483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lida M Rodas
- a Department of Nephrology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Adriana Garcia-Herrera
- b Department of Pathology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Maria Ramirez Bajo
- a Department of Nephrology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Larrea
- c Department of Haematology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - M Teresa Cibeira
- c Department of Haematology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Miquel Blasco
- a Department of Nephrology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Laura Rosiñol
- c Department of Haematology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Manel Solé
- b Department of Pathology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Joan Blade
- c Department of Haematology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Josep M Campistol
- a Department of Nephrology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Luis F Quintana
- a Department of Nephrology, Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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43
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Tham MS, Smyth IM. Cellular and molecular determinants of normal and abnormal kidney development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 8:e338. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming S. Tham
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Ian M. Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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44
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Kosfeld A, Martens H, Hennies I, Haffner D, Weber RG. Kongenitale Anomalien der Nieren und ableitenden Harnwege (CA KUT). MED GENET-BERLIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-018-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Der Begriff CAKUT (Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract) bezeichnet diverse angeborene Fehlbildungen der Nieren und ableitenden Harnwege. Da alle CAKUT-Phänotypen zusammengenommen etwa 15–30 % aller pränatal diagnostizierten Fehlbildungen ausmachen und etwa 40 % der Fälle mit terminalem Nierenversagen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen verursachen, sind diese Anomalien epidemiologisch hochrelevant. Die Diagnosestellung erfolgt mit radiologischen Verfahren, insbesondere mit Ultraschall, wobei bei vielen Patienten eine Kombination verschiedener CAKUT-Phänotypen nachgewiesen wird. CAKUT tritt zu etwa 85 % sporadisch auf, zu etwa 15 % familiär. Das Vererbungsmuster ist häufig dominant, kann aber auch rezessiv sein. CAKUT kann isoliert auftreten, aber auch als Teil einer syndromalen Erkrankung. Variable Expressivität und inkomplette Penetranz sind bei CAKUT häufig. CAKUT ist genetisch sehr heterogen. Im Mausmodell wurden bislang über 180 CAKUT-assoziierte Gene beschrieben. Da Mutationen in den etwa 50 bisher bekannten humanen CAKUT-Genen nur ca. 20 % der CAKUT-Fälle erklären und sich verschiedene chromosomale Aberrationen wie Mikrodeletionen in weiteren ca. 15 % der Patienten insbesondere mit syndromalen CAKUT finden, sind exom-/genomweite Screeningverfahren für die Aufklärung genetischer CAKUT-Ursachen besonders geeignet. Bei sporadischen Fällen ist eine Trio-basierte Analyse der Exome/Genome von Patienten-Eltern-Trios zur Identifizierung von De-novo-Aberrationen und biallelischen Varianten vielversprechend. Eine Abklärung der genetischen Ursache ist für die Präzisierung von Wiederholungsrisiken sowie eine gezielte Untersuchung von CAKUT-Patienten im Hinblick auf extrarenale Phänotypen von klinischer Bedeutung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kosfeld
- Aff1 0000 0000 9529 9877 grid.10423.34 Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1 30625 Hannover Deutschland
| | - Helge Martens
- Aff1 0000 0000 9529 9877 grid.10423.34 Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1 30625 Hannover Deutschland
| | - Imke Hennies
- Aff2 0000 0000 9529 9877 grid.10423.34 Klinik für Pädiatrische Nieren-, Leber- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Hannover Deutschland
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Aff2 0000 0000 9529 9877 grid.10423.34 Klinik für Pädiatrische Nieren-, Leber- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Hannover Deutschland
| | - Ruthild G. Weber
- Aff1 0000 0000 9529 9877 grid.10423.34 Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1 30625 Hannover Deutschland
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45
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Jain S, Chen F. Developmental pathology of congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies. Clin Kidney J 2018; 12:382-399. [PMID: 31198539 PMCID: PMC6543978 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys or lower urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common causes of renal failure in children and account for 25% of end-stage renal disease in adults. The spectrum of anomalies includes renal agenesis; hypoplasia; dysplasia; supernumerary, ectopic or fused kidneys; duplication; ureteropelvic junction obstruction; primary megaureter or ureterovesical junction obstruction; vesicoureteral reflux; ureterocele; and posterior urethral valves. CAKUT originates from developmental defects and can occur in isolation or as part of other syndromes. In recent decades, along with better understanding of the pathological features of the human congenital urinary tract defects, researchers using animal models have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, the genetic causes and etiology of many CAKUT cases remain unknown, presenting challenges in finding effective treatment. Here we provide an overview of the critical steps of normal development of the urinary system, followed by a description of the pathological features of major types of CAKUT with respect to developmental mechanisms of their etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Jain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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46
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Espiritu EB, Crunk AE, Bais A, Hochbaum D, Cervino AS, Phua YL, Butterworth MB, Goto T, Ho J, Hukriede NA, Cirio MC. The Lhx1-Ldb1 complex interacts with Furry to regulate microRNA expression during pronephric kidney development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16029. [PMID: 30375416 PMCID: PMC6207768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular events driving specification of the kidney have been well characterized. However, how the initial kidney field size is established, patterned, and proportioned is not well characterized. Lhx1 is a transcription factor expressed in pronephric progenitors and is required for specification of the kidney, but few Lhx1 interacting proteins or downstream targets have been identified. By tandem-affinity purification, we isolated FRY like transcriptional coactivator (Fryl), one of two paralogous genes, fryl and furry (fry), have been described in vertebrates. Both proteins were found to interact with the Ldb1-Lhx1 complex, but our studies focused on Lhx1/Fry functional roles, as they are expressed in overlapping domains. We found that Xenopus embryos depleted of fry exhibit loss of pronephric mesoderm, phenocopying the Lhx1-depleted animals. In addition, we demonstrated a synergism between Fry and Lhx1, identified candidate microRNAs regulated by the pair, and confirmed these microRNA clusters influence specification of the kidney. Therefore, our data shows that a constitutively-active Ldb1-Lhx1 complex interacts with a broadly expressed microRNA repressor, Fry, to establish the kidney field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenel B Espiritu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda E Crunk
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abha Bais
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Hochbaum
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ailen S Cervino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yu Leng Phua
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Toshiyasu Goto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Cecilia Cirio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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47
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Impact of next generation sequencing on our understanding of CAKUT. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:104-110. [PMID: 30172048 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) form the leading cause of pediatric end-stage renal disease. Knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that underlie CAKUT leads to the improvement of DNA diagnostics and counseling regarding prognosis and recurrence risk estimation for CAKUT patients and their relatives. Implementation of next generation sequencing in research and diagnostic settings has led to the identification of the molecular basis of many developmental diseases. In this review, we summarize the efforts on next generation sequencing in CAKUT research and we discuss how next generation sequencing added to our understanding of CAKUT genetics. Although next generation sequencing has certainly proven to be a game changer in the field of disease gene identification and novel CAKUT-causing gene variants have been identified, most CAKUT cases still remain unsolved. Occurring with genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity along with incomplete penetrance, the identification of CAKUT etiology poses many challenges. We see great potential for combined -omics approaches that include next generation sequencing in the identification of CAKUT-specific biomarkers, which is necessary to optimize the care for CAKUT patients.
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48
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SIX2 gene haploinsufficiency leads to a recognizable phenotype with ptosis, frontonasal dysplasia, and conductive hearing loss. Clin Dysmorphol 2018; 27:27-30. [PMID: 29315086 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous microdeletions of chromosome 2p21 encompassing only the SIX2 gene have been described in two families to date. The clinical phenotype comprised autosomal-dominant inherited frontonasal dysplasia with ptosis in one family. In the second family, conductive hearing loss was the major clinical feature described; however, the affected persons also had ptosis. Here, we present a large family combining all three predescribed features of SIX2 gene deletion. The phenotype in four affected family members in three generations consisted of bilateral congenital ptosis, epicanthus inversus, frontonasal dysplasia with broad nasal bridge and hypertelorism, frontal bossing and large anterior fontanel in childhood, narrow ear canals, and mild conductive hearing loss with onset in childhood. Thus, the phenotypic spectrum of SIX2 haploinsufficiency is widened. Moreover, 2p21 microdeletions with SIX2 haploinsufficiency appear to lead to a recognizable phenotype with facial features resembling blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome.
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49
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Elmonem MA, Berlingerio SP, van den Heuvel LP, de Witte PA, Lowe M, Levtchenko EN. Genetic Renal Diseases: The Emerging Role of Zebrafish Models. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090130. [PMID: 30200518 PMCID: PMC6162634 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and functional similarity of the larval zebrafish pronephros to the human nephron, together with the recent development of easier and more precise techniques to manipulate the zebrafish genome have motivated many researchers to model human renal diseases in the zebrafish. Over the last few years, great advances have been made, not only in the modeling techniques of genetic diseases in the zebrafish, but also in how to validate and exploit these models, crossing the bridge towards more informative explanations of disease pathophysiology and better designed therapeutic interventions in a cost-effective in vivo system. Here, we review the significant progress in these areas giving special attention to the renal phenotype evaluation techniques. We further discuss the future applications of such models, particularly their role in revealing new genetic diseases of the kidney and their potential use in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elmonem
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 11628 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sante Princiero Berlingerio
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lambertus P van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter A de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Bio-Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Martin Lowe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Elena N Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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50
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van der Ven AT, Connaughton DM, Ityel H, Mann N, Nakayama M, Chen J, Vivante A, Hwang DY, Schulz J, Braun DA, Schmidt JM, Schapiro D, Schneider R, Warejko JK, Daga A, Majmundar AJ, Tan W, Jobst-Schwan T, Hermle T, Widmeier E, Ashraf S, Amar A, Hoogstraaten CA, Hugo H, Kitzler TM, Kause F, Kolvenbach CM, Dai R, Spaneas L, Amann K, Stein DR, Baum MA, Somers MJG, Rodig NM, Ferguson MA, Traum AZ, Daouk GH, Bogdanović R, Stajić N, Soliman NA, Kari JA, El Desoky S, Fathy HM, Milosevic D, Al-Saffar M, Awad HS, Eid LA, Selvin A, Senguttuvan P, Sanna-Cherchi S, Rehm HL, MacArthur DG, Lek M, Laricchia KM, Wilson MW, Mane SM, Lifton RP, Lee RS, Bauer SB, Lu W, Reutter HM, Tasic V, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Causative Mutations in Families with Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2348-2361. [PMID: 30143558 PMCID: PMC6115658 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017121265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most prevalent cause of kidney disease in the first three decades of life. Previous gene panel studies showed monogenic causation in up to 12% of patients with CAKUT. METHODS We applied whole-exome sequencing to analyze the genotypes of individuals from 232 families with CAKUT, evaluating for mutations in single genes known to cause human CAKUT and genes known to cause CAKUT in mice. In consanguineous or multiplex families, we additionally performed a search for novel monogenic causes of CAKUT. RESULTS In 29 families (13%), we detected a causative mutation in a known gene for isolated or syndromic CAKUT that sufficiently explained the patient's CAKUT phenotype. In three families (1%), we detected a mutation in a gene reported to cause a phenocopy of CAKUT. In 15 of 155 families with isolated CAKUT, we detected deleterious mutations in syndromic CAKUT genes. Our additional search for novel monogenic causes of CAKUT in consanguineous and multiplex families revealed a potential single, novel monogenic CAKUT gene in 19 of 232 families (8%). CONCLUSIONS We identified monogenic mutations in a known human CAKUT gene or CAKUT phenocopy gene as the cause of disease in 14% of the CAKUT families in this study. Whole-exome sequencing provides an etiologic diagnosis in a high fraction of patients with CAKUT and will provide a new basis for the mechanistic understanding of CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie T van der Ven
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dervla M Connaughton
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hadas Ityel
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nina Mann
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julian Schulz
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniela A Braun
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - David Schapiro
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jillian K Warejko
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ankana Daga
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weizhen Tan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tilman Jobst-Schwan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tobias Hermle
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eugen Widmeier
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shazia Ashraf
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Amar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charlotte A Hoogstraaten
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hannah Hugo
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas M Kitzler
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Franziska Kause
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leslie Spaneas
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kassaundra Amann
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah R Stein
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle A Baum
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J G Somers
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy M Rodig
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael A Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Avram Z Traum
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ghaleb H Daouk
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Radovan Bogdanović
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute for Mother and Child Health Care, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Stajić
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute for Mother and Child Health Care, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Cairo University, Egypt
- Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jameela A Kari
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif El Desoky
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M Fathy
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Danko Milosevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Muna Al-Saffar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazem S Awad
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Kidney Center Of Excellence, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Loai A Eid
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Kidney Center Of Excellence, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aravind Selvin
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabha Senguttuvan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Dr. Mehta's Multi-Specialty Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Heidi L Rehm
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen M Laricchia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael W Wilson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shrikant M Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Richard S Lee
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stuart B Bauer
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weining Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heiko M Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics and
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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