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Park K, Kim J. The Timing of Police Encounters in Adolescence and Adult Cognitive Function: Heterogeneity by Race/Ethnicity. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2025:10.1007/s40615-025-02470-1. [PMID: 40355791 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-025-02470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2025] [Revised: 04/25/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
This study investigated whether police stops in adolescence are associated with cognitive function in adulthood, with a particular focus on racial/ethnic heterogeneity. Moreover, this study explored how the timing of first stops affects these associations. Using data from waves I, III, and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study employed ordinary least squares regression models with school fixed effects. Participants' memory performance was used to measure cognitive function. Police stops in adolescence were negatively associated with cognitive function in adulthood, even after controlling for a set of individual- and family-level characteristics, as well as unobserved school-level confounders. Earlier experiences of first police stops (before age 15) exhibited a stronger association with adult cognitive function compared to later experiences (after age 16). These associations were more pronounced among racial/ethnic minorities, particularly Hispanics, compared to whites. The findings of this study suggest that policies aimed at reducing the stress and trauma of police stops could help alleviate disparities in cognitive function across different groups. Given the vulnerabilities of young adolescents and racial/ethnic minorities, policies and programs targeting these groups should carefully consider the nature of police encounters, promoting health equity through less intrusive law enforcement practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwoong Park
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Room 367, B-Dong Hana-Science Building, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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2
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Testa A, Jacobs B, Thompson J, Pang N, Jackson DB, Nagata JM, Ganson KT. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Police Contact in Canada. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2025; 40:2188-2204. [PMID: 39143752 PMCID: PMC11951447 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241270047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of research has demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a risk factor for criminal justice system contact. However, much of this research is limited by (1) being conducted in the United States and (2) a lack of details on specific types of harmful experiences of criminal justice system contact, such as police contact characterized by intrusion or harassment. Using survey data from 940 individuals aged 16 to 30 in Canada from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors, this study investigates the relationship between ACEs and police contact, focusing on encounters involving intrusion or harassment. Results from logistic and multinomial logistic regression analyses reveal that individuals with high ACE exposure, particularly those with four or more ACEs, are more likely to have police contact, including experiences of intrusion and harassment. The results are significant in understanding the interplay between childhood trauma and later encounters with the criminal justice system, emphasizing the need for trauma-informed approaches in policing and healthcare. The study highlights the importance of early interventions to mitigate the effects of ACEs and prevent adverse outcomes in police interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dylan B. Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Jackson DB, Fix RL, Testa A, Webb L, Mendelson T. When youth record police: Investigating officer intrusion and mental health repercussions among Black youth in Baltimore City, Maryland. Soc Sci Med 2025; 373:118001. [PMID: 40184764 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2025] [Accepted: 03/18/2025] [Indexed: 04/07/2025]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recording the police is a high-stakes racial justice issue for minoritized youth and communities. No studies to date have explored youths' efforts to record police and the mental health impacts of these experiences for youth. OBJECTIVE This study examined the features and mental health repercussions of in-person stops where youth attempted to record police. METHODS Data come from the Survey of Police-Adolescent Contact Experiences (SPACE), a cross-sectional survey of a community sample of Black youth ages 12-21 in Baltimore City, Maryland (n = 345), administered from August 2022 to July 2023. RESULTS Youth commonly attempted to record police during direct stops (33.63%) and in-person witnessed stops (39.18%). Across both types of stops, youths' attempts to record police were strongly associated with all forms of officer intrusion. Recording the police was also associated with significantly elevated police-initiated post-traumatic stress symptoms (PI-PTSS), even when adjusting for officer intrusion and other covariates. Recording the police was most relevant to PI-PTSS for stops with little to no officer intrusion. CONCLUSION In addition to systemic change that eliminates inequities in police violence against minoritized youth and communities, trauma-informed supports may be needed for youth who attempt to record police stops - even when stops feature little to no officer intrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Rebecca L Fix
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lindsey Webb
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tamar Mendelson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Jackson DB, Qureshi F, Testa A, Prins SJ. Police Contact and the Mental Health of Young Adults in the United States. J Adolesc Health 2025; 76:813-820. [PMID: 39969470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 12/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated mental health outcomes among young adults who experienced direct police contact - including unfair or aggressive policing - in the past year. METHODS Data came from 2019 participants enrolled in the nationally representative 2021 Transition to Adulthood Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Descriptive analyses provided population-based prevalence estimates of police contact measures (including being stopped unfairly, being frisked or searched, and officer verbal or physical aggression) in the overall sample and stratified by key sociodemographic factors. Linear regression models quantified associations between police contact and mental health domains (i.e., psychological distress, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and well-being), adjusting for sociodemographic factors and participants' history of arrest. RESULTS Males, lesbian, gay, or bisexual individuals, and those with lower levels of education reported the highest prevalence of frequent police contact (i.e., ≥2 times in a 12-month period). When considering aggressive policing, stark racial disparities emerged, with Black young adults exhibiting the highest prevalence. Net of covariates, more frequent police contact was associated with poorer mental health, with comparable effect estimates observed across all outcome domains. When considering unfair and aggressive policing, experiencing an unfair stop was the most strongly and consistently associated with higher levels of psychological distress (β = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00, 0.88), depression (β = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.81), and anxiety (β = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.17, 0.90). DISCUSSION Our findings underscore the need to implement policies and procedures that curtail frequent, unfair, and aggressive policing and surveillance of U.S. young adults - especially in minoritized and underresourced communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Farah Qureshi
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Seth J Prins
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
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Feelemyer J, Duncan DT, Akhidenor N, Mazumdar M, Irvine NM, Scheidell JD, Brewer RA, Turpin RE, Hucks-Ortiz C, Dyer TV, Cleland CM, Mayer KH, Khan MR. Police Harassment and Psychiatric, Sexual, and Substance Use Risk Among Black Sexual Minority Men and Black Transgender Women in the HIV Prevention Trials 061 Cohort. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2025; 12:692-702. [PMID: 38609695 PMCID: PMC11470103 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-01909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black sexual minority men and Black transgender women (BSMM/BTW) experience disproportionate levels of HIV/STI-related risk factors as well as police harassment (PH). PH is linked to psychiatric risk and could play a role in substance use, sexual risk behavior, and HIV/STI risk. METHODS We used data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 061(HPTN 061) study to examine associations between PH and HIV/STI-related outcomes. Using PH exposure measured at baseline and 6-month study visits, we examined an ordinal exposure (PH reported at both visits, PH reported at either visit, versus PH reported at neither baseline nor 6 months) and a binary exposure of persistent PH reported at both visits (yes versus no). We estimate risk ratios (RR) for associations between PH and depression, use of alcohol and methamphetamine, multiple partnerships, condomless sex, and syphilis. RESULTS Persistent PH (binary) was associated with a 20% or greater increase in the risk of depression (RR, 1.26 (1.07, 1.47)) and multiple partnerships (RR, 1.20 (1.05, 1.39)). There was evidence that ordinal PH was associated with elevated risk of alcohol use (RR, 1.17 (1.00, 1.36)); the point estimate for the association between persistent PH and alcohol use was similar but the imprecision was greater (RR, 1.16 (0.95, 1.42)). CONCLUSION PH may influence not only mental health but also behavioral risks that contribute to HIV/STI among BSMM/BTW, highlighting the potential wide-ranging and downstream effects of PH on health. Further research is required to confirm associations and elucidate pathways through which PH may influence HIV/STI among BSMM/BTW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Feelemyer
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naomi Akhidenor
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Medha Mazumdar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia M Irvine
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joy D Scheidell
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Rodman E Turpin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Typhanye V Dyer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Charles M Cleland
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Institute, Fenway Health and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria R Khan
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Parks A, Lopez WD, Abelson J, Wheeler D, Watkins DC, Fleming PJ. Working Toward Structural Change: Visions and Tension Points for a City-Wide Unarmed Response Program to Enhance Health Equity. Health Promot Pract 2025:15248399251328686. [PMID: 40138479 DOI: 10.1177/15248399251328686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
Amid growing evidence and high-profile incidents highlighting the dangers of current police practices, many are questioning the role of armed police in their communities. Police violence is a public health issue and unarmed nonpolice response programs represent one potential solution for addressing this issue. In this article, we describe local visions and key tension points for an unarmed public safety program to reduce police violence and improve the health and well-being of its residents. We report on interviews (n = 15) conducted with local leaders, activists, and social service providers in a small-sized Midwestern city that had allocated funding to pilot an unarmed response program. To supplement the interviews, we also systematically followed local news stories and city council meetings and participated as members of a coalition working toward implementing an unarmed response program. Our analysis focused on participants' visions and expectations for an unarmed safety program and identified several key concerns related to program logistics, including program reach, response time, funding, impact, and staffing. We found that key concerns raised by activists and leaders-including the scope of the program, the satisfaction the community has with the program, how it will be evaluated, and how community members will be involved-are similar to concerns raised in a typical health promotion program planning process. The visions and tensions detailed in this article can inform organizing efforts in other municipalities and suggest a role for public health practitioners in developing and implementing these programs.
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7
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Jackson DB, Testa A, Semenza DC, Crifasi CK, Ward JA. Juvenile Injuries and Deaths From Shootings by Police in the United States, 2015-2020. J Adolesc Health 2025; 76:308-315. [PMID: 39570272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study describes juveniles injured in fatal and nonfatal shootings by the police from 2015 to 2020, compares characteristics of juvenile victimizations to adult victimizations, and estimates the odds of a shooting victim being a juvenile v. adult, given known characteristics. METHODS From July 2021 to April 2023, we manually reviewed publicly available records on all 2015-2020 injurious shootings by the US police, identified from Gun Violence Archive. We first calculated counts and proportions of victim, incident, and response characteristics among juvenile and adult injured people, then estimated the odds of juvenile (vs. adult) victimization associated with each characteristic in multilevel logistic regression models with random intercepts to account for state- and incident-level correlation. RESULTS 97 percent of shootings involved presumed on-duty officers and victims whose categorical age status (i.e., juvenile or adult) was reported (n = 10,382). Included among these injured people were 317 juveniles, 33% of whom were fatally injured (mean reported juvenile age = 15.5 years). Several patterns differentiated juveniles from adult police shooting victims, including multiple demographic characteristics (e.g., race or ethnicity and gender) and the outcomes of and circumstances surrounding these events (e.g., fatality, victim weapon status, and single-officer response). DISCUSSION Findings point to a critical need to identify and implement public health and policing strategies that greatly reduce the number of juveniles shot by the police every year, so that all children have the opportunity to thrive into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Cassandra K Crifasi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie A Ward
- Department of Medicine, Health and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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8
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Woodward KP, Fix RL, Testa A, Jackson DB. Self-Directed Violence Among Black Young Adults with Negative Police Experiences. Community Ment Health J 2025:10.1007/s10597-024-01442-9. [PMID: 39827431 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-024-01442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
The current study assessed associations between negative experiences with police and self-directed violence (SDV) among a United States (US) sample of Black young adults ages 18-29 reporting lifetime police stops. Data come from the "INtervening on Self-Harm and Policing to Increase Racial Equity" (INSPIRE) survey (N = 672) and were collected between December 2023 and March 2024. This high-risk sample exhibited elevated rates of self-harm ideation or NSSI (27.23%) and attempted suicide (48.22%). Findings also revealed that, net of covariates, both police discrimination and arrest increased the relative risk of self-harm or NSSI by 257% and 242%, respectively. These police experiences also significantly increased the risk of attempted suicide. When examining specific forms of police discrimination, discrimination by race, immigration status, and sexual orientation emerged as significant predictors of one or more SDV outcomes. Results signal a need for SDV screenings among Black young adults with a history of negative experiences with police discrimination and arrest in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista P Woodward
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, East Baltimore Campus, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca L Fix
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, East Baltimore Campus, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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9
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Hailu EM, Riddell CA, Tucker C, Ahern J, Bradshaw PT, Carmichael SL, Mujahid MS. Neighborhood-level fatal police violence and severe maternal morbidity in California. Am J Epidemiol 2024; 193:1675-1683. [PMID: 38879741 PMCID: PMC11637510 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwae124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Police violence is a pervasive issue that may have adverse implications for severe maternal morbidity (SMM). We assessed how the occurrence of fatal police violence (FPV) in one's neighborhood before or during pregnancy may influence SMM risk. Hospital discharge records from California between 2002 and 2018 were linked with the Fatal Encounters database (n = 2 608 682). We identified 2184 neighborhoods (census tracts) with at least 1 FPV incident during the study period and used neighborhood fixed-effects models adjusting for individual sociodemographic characteristics to estimate odds of SMM associated with experiencing FPV in one's neighborhood anytime within the 24 months before childbirth. We did not find conclusive evidence on the link between FPV occurrence before delivery and SMM. However, estimates show that birthing people residing in neighborhoods where 1 or more FPV events had occurred within the preceding 24 months of giving birth may have mildly elevated odds of SMM than those residing in the same neighborhoods with no FPV occurrence during the 24 months preceding childbirth (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.05), particularly among those living in neighborhoods with fewer FPV incidents (1-2) throughout the study period (OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06). Our findings provide evidence for the need to continue to examine the population health consequences of police violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elleni M Hailu
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Corinne A Riddell
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United State
| | - Curisa Tucker
- Division of Neonatal & Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Jennifer Ahern
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Patrick T Bradshaw
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Suzan L Carmichael
- Division of Neonatal & Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Mahasin S Mujahid
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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10
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Oppenheim S, Webb L, Testa A, Fix RL, Clary L, Mendelson T, Jackson DB. Police Violence Exposure and Traumatic Stress Among Youth: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:3662-3679. [PMID: 38903028 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241255735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Youth exposure to violence increases the risk of poor mental and physical health outcomes lasting into adulthood. Traumatic stress is an outcome of particular concern as the physiological stress response impacts the developing brain. Recently, youth exposure to police violence has been conceptualized as an adverse childhood experience that may impact traumatic stress. To examine this possibility, we conducted a systematic review, drawing upon five databases to gather the existing quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed research on exposure to police violence and traumatic stress in youth. Searches yielded 27 relevant articles utilizing various study designs: thirteen quantitative, thirteen qualitative, and one mixed method. Twenty-six of the 27 studies found evidence of a relationship between police violence exposure and traumatic stress in youth. Police violence was associated with youth traumatic stress across three types of exposures: direct, vicarious, and anticipated. Studies also explored differential impacts by race and gender. The review revealed current gaps in the literature, such as a lack of data on select sociodemographic groups (e.g., rural youth, LGBTQ+ youth) and potential protective factors (e.g., resilience and school connectedness). In line with the findings, we put forth a research agenda as well as policy and practice recommendations to improve police interactions with youth and mental health services for youth who have been exposed to police violence. Recommendations include improving systematic data collection to track all types of police violence exposure, creating spaces for positive police interactions with youth, and training mental health practitioners to support youth exposed to police violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsey Webb
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Rebecca L Fix
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Clary
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamar Mendelson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Motley RO, Patel P, Roh H, Walker DT. Police Violence Exposure and Associated Health Outcomes Among Latinx Adults in the United States: An Integrative Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:4204-4215. [PMID: 39162204 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241270078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Police violence exposure among Latinx adults in the United States is increasingly concerning due to its prevalence and associated risks for adverse mental, behavioral, and physical health outcomes. This integrative review appraised studies published from 2003 to 2023 that examine the relationship between police violence exposure and negative health outcomes in Latinx adults. Using structured search terms, articles were identified in APA PsycInfo and PubMed databases, supplemented by a gray literature search and citation mining. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicate a significant positive association between police violence exposure and adverse mental (n = 9), behavioral (n = 2), and physical (n = 1) health outcomes. The results underscore the mental, behavioral, and physical health consequences of police violence exposure for Latinx adults. Given the increasing Latinx population in the United States, further research is needed to better understand this relationship and inform interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Motley
- Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Priti Patel
- Boston College Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - HeeJoo Roh
- Boston College Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Danielle T Walker
- Boston College Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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12
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Jackson DB, Fix RL, Semenza DC, Testa A, Ward JA, Crifasi CK. Officer gunpoint during police stops: Repercussions for youth mental health and perceived safety. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024; 34:1679-1687. [PMID: 39030754 DOI: 10.1111/jora.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Youth-police contact is increasingly acknowledged as a stressor and a racialized adverse childhood experience that can undermine youths' mental health. The present study investigates a particularly distressing feature of youths' direct and witnessed in-person police stops-officer gunpoint (i.e., officers drawing of firearms and pointing them at youth, their peers, or other community members). We examine patterns of youths' officer gunpoint exposure and associations with youth mental health and safety perceptions. Data come from the Survey of Police-Adolescent Contact Experiences (SPACE), a cross-sectional survey of a community-based sample of Black youth ages 12-21 in Baltimore City, Maryland (n = 335), administered from August 2022 to July 2023. Findings indicate that ~33% of youth reporting in-person police stops had been exposed to officer gunpoint during stops. Officer gunpoint was significantly and positively associated with being male, unemployed, having an incarcerated parent, living in a neighborhood with greater disorder, and having been directly stopped by police, in addition to youth delinquency and impulsivity. Net of covariates, experiencing officer gunpoint was associated with a significantly higher rate of youth emotional distress during stops. Significant associations between officer gunpoint and youths' current police violence stress, police avoidance, and diminished safety perceptions also emerged and were largely explained by youths' heightened emotional distress at the time of police stops. Trauma-informed approaches are needed to mitigate the mental health harms of youth experiencing officer gunpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca L Fix
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Julie A Ward
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cassandra K Crifasi
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Algrim K, Keita M, Herbert C, Moreno F, Boxer P. Perceptions of police as a moderator between negative experiences and mental health symptoms. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 52:1163-1178. [PMID: 39126676 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Negative experiences with police present serious risks for mental health. However, interpretation plays a meaningful and little understood role in the effects of those experiences. This study expands on previous work exploring coping responses to negative police experiences and investigates the relation between negative experiences with police and mental health outcomes. Participants (N = 198) were from a diverse sample of young adults at a minority-serving institution. Black/African American, Hispanic/Latinx, and Middle Eastern/North African participants reported significantly more negative police experiences than White and Asian/Asian American participants. Black/African American and Hispanic/Latinx also showed more negative perceptions of police. Negative police experiences were positively related to depression but not posttraumatic stress symptoms. There were also meaningful interactive effects between negative experiences and perceptions of police on levels of posttraumatic stress and depression, suggesting negative perceptions of police may buffer negative effects of negative police experiences. Our findings point to the importance of addressing negative encounters with police as mental health stressors, as well as effects of crucial differences in perceptions of police by race. This research contributes to a growing understanding of the complex nature and effects of experiences with police on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylise Algrim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mamadee Keita
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christian Herbert
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Franklin Moreno
- Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Boxer
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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14
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Williams K, French A, Jackson N, McMickens CL, White D, Vinson SY. Mental Health Crisis Responses and (In)Justice: Intrasystem and Intersystem Implications. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2024; 47:445-456. [PMID: 39122339 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Mental health crises among people who are marginalized merit special consideration. These groups are both overserved and underserved by mental health crisis systems: over-represented in acute treatment settings by number while facing inequities in outcomes. The predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors that contribute to crises, however, neither begin nor end with the mental health system. Rather, these factors are multisystemic. As an illustration of this concept, this article highlights select marginalized groups, those that have faced inequities in mental health diagnosis and treatment due to race, medical complexity, age, and criminal justice system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamille Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
| | - Alexis French
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, 2608 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Nicole Jackson
- Lorio Forensics, 675 Seminole Avenue Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Courtney L McMickens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, 2608 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Lorio Forensics, 675 Seminole Avenue Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - DeJuan White
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sarah Y Vinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; Lorio Forensics, 675 Seminole Avenue Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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15
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Mattingly DT, Fleischer NL. Trends in youth opinions about police agencies in the United States, 2017-2021. SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES OPEN 2024; 10:100972. [PMID: 39633849 PMCID: PMC11616161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Introduction As civil unrest about policing in the United States (US) continue, research on changing opinions about police agencies is needed, especially among younger populations. These opinions may be associated with distress and other health outcomes that come with public health implications. Methods We aggregated and used yearly 2017 to 2021 data on 12th-grade youth living in the US from the Monitoring the Future cross-sectional study (n = 7132). We categorized opinions about police agency job performance into 1) very poor/poor (hereafter: poor), 2) fair/good/very good, and 3) no opinion. To examine trends in policy agency opinions over time, we conducted logistic regression between year and opinions, adjusted for age, sex, and race and ethnicity, and included a two-way interaction between year and race and ethnicity to determine differences across racial and ethnic groups by year. Results From 2017 to 2020, the proportion of youth who believed police did a poor job remained constant. However, from 2020 to 2021, this proportion increased from 24.4% to 50.0%. Results from regression models showed that year 2021 (vs. 2017) was associated with nearly three times higher odds of perceiving police agencies do a poor job (OR: 2.90, 95% CI: 1.87-4.52). The interaction between year and race and ethnicity indicated that each racial and ethnic group in 2021 had higher odds of perceiving police agencies do a poor job compared to 2017, with associations strongest for non-Hispanic Black (OR: 6.46, 95% CI: 3.74-11.18) and non-Hispanic multiracial (OR: 7.38, 95% CI: 2.99-18.25) youth. Conclusions Negative opinions about police agencies increased from 2017 to 2021, and differences were observed by race and ethnicity. Shifting youth views about police agencies in the US reflect the greater social context of the period, with potential implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delvon T. Mattingly
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Center for Health Equity Transformation, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Nancy L. Fleischer
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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16
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Dyer L, Judson J, Jahn JL, Wallace M. Investigating the Black Birth Experience: A Race-Stratified Analysis of Preterm Birth Risk and Exposure to Metropolitan Statistical Area-Level Police-Related Deaths, US 2018-2019. J Urban Health 2024; 101:464-472. [PMID: 38753137 PMCID: PMC11190101 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Police-related violence may be a source of chronic stress underlying entrenched racial inequities in reproductive health in the USA. Using publicly available data on police-related fatalities, we estimated total and victim race-specific rates of police-related fatalities (deaths per 100,000 population) in 2018-2019 for Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) and counties within MSAs in the USA. Rates were linked to data on live births by maternal MSA and county of residence. We fit adjusted log-Poisson models with generalized estimating equations and cluster-robust standard errors to estimate the relative risk of preterm birth associated with the middle and highest tertiles of police-related fatalities compared to the lowest tertile. We included a test for heterogeneity by maternal race/ethnicity and additionally fit race/ethnicity-stratified models for associations with victim race/ethnicity-specific police-related fatality rates. Fully adjusted models indicated significant adverse associations between police-related fatality rates and relative risk of preterm birth for the total population, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White groups separately. Results confirm the role of fatal police violence as a social determinant of population health outcomes and inequities, including preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Dyer
- Mary Amelia Center for Women's Health Equity Research, Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jé Judson
- Center for Antiracism Research for Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 2001 Plymouth Ave Ste. 106, Minneapolis, MN, 55411, USA
| | - Jaquelyn L Jahn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maeve Wallace
- Mary Amelia Center for Women's Health Equity Research, Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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17
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Osborne KR, Morton LB, Anderson LA, O'Brien Caughy M. "At the end of the day, someone done lost their child": A mixed methods analysis of Black families' experiences of the sociopolitical climate. FAMILY PROCESS 2024; 63:749-767. [PMID: 38258316 PMCID: PMC11245373 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
How Black Americans in the United States (U.S.) make sense of a sociopolitical climate marked by racist imagery, tensions, and police violence is important to understand given the numerously documented detrimental effects of racism-related stress on the well-being of Black parents and children. Informed by Racism-Related Stress Theory, the current study employed a convergent parallel mixed methods design to better understand the ways racism-related stressors in the sociopolitical climate impacted the daily lives and mental health of a sample of Black families with low income. Seventy-eight Black American preadolescents (Mage = 11.0; 43.6% girls) and their parents (79% mothers; 76% living below the U.S. federal poverty level [FPL]) from the southwestern U.S. reported their symptoms of depression and how they had been affected by racial stressors in the sociopolitical climate between Fall 2018 and Summer 2019. A nested sample of 10 parents (80% mothers; 80% living below the FPL) from the quantitative sample also participated in a semi-structured interview. Meta-inferences across methods were drawn pertaining to the influence of child gender on parents' interpretation of effects for children, the toll racism-related stress in the sociopolitical climate takes on Black families, and the transferal of effects on parents to children through parenting and parental depressive symptoms. Findings spotlight the need for policies and family-centered programming that address the racism-related stress faced by many Black youth and their families. Providing families with opportunities and tools that can potentially mitigate harmful effects and foster empowerment could promote positive and lasting change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Osborne
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - LaRen B Morton
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Leslie A Anderson
- Department of Family & Consumer Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret O'Brien Caughy
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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18
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Geier TJ, Timmer-Murillo SC, Brandolino AM, Piña I, Harb F, deRoon-Cassini TA. History of Racial Discrimination by Police Contributes to Worse Physical and Emotional Quality of Life in Black Americans After Traumatic Injury. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:1774-1782. [PMID: 37249827 PMCID: PMC10228454 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black Americans are more likely than their White counterparts to experience traumatic injury and worse functional outcomes. Unfair police treatment has been identified as one specific form of racial discrimination potentially driving these deleterious outcomes. The aim of the investigation was to better understand the relationship between experiences of discrimination by police and trauma-specific quality of life outcomes, including PTSD symptom severity, in Black Americans following traumatic injury. METHOD Traumatically injured Black American adults (N = 53) presenting to a level 1 trauma center completed a measure of police and law enforcement discrimination at baseline, and quality of life and PTSD were assessed 6 months later. RESULTS Stepwise regressions results showed more frequent discrimination by police and law enforcement significantly predicted lower emotional and physical well-being 6 months after injury. Further, more frequent police discrimination resulted in more severe PTSD symptoms by 6 months after injury. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore that following an injury not specifically related to discrimination by police, patients' historical, negative police experiences contributed to worse physical and emotional recovery in the present. These findings, in unison with prior investigations, reveal the need to consider patients' history of negative police experiences as a social determinant of health in their recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Geier
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Sydney C Timmer-Murillo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Amber M Brandolino
- Comprehensive Injury Center, Division of Data Surveillance and Informatics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Isela Piña
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Farah Harb
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Terri A deRoon-Cassini
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Comprehensive Injury Center, Division of Data Surveillance and Informatics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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19
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Sharpe T, Aqil N, Donkin V. Invisible Wounds: Exploring the Coping Strategies of Black Survivors of Homicide Victims in Canada. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241246423. [PMID: 38635949 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241246423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Canada has experienced a steady increase in homicide. Specifically, out of the 10 provinces and 3 territories, Ontario has consistently experienced the highest number of homicides, the majority concentrated within predominantly African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) communities in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Despite this disproportionate reality, there is limited research on the ways in which survivors of homicide victims cope with the murder of their loved ones. This article explores the identification and characterization of coping strategies for ACB survivors of homicide victims residing in five neighbourhoods in the GTA. Participants in this study provided their insights and experiences, highlighting the coping mechanisms employed, the influence of cultural identity, and the challenges they experienced in accessing adequate care following the death of their loved ones. Implications for future research, policy and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Sharpe
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nauman Aqil
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria Donkin
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Venkataramani AS, Bair EF, Bor J, Jackson CL, Kawachi I, Lee J, Papachristos A, Tsai AC. Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep Health. JAMA Intern Med 2024; 184:363-373. [PMID: 38315465 PMCID: PMC10845041 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Importance Racial disparities in sleep health may mediate the broader health outcomes of structural racism. Objective To assess changes in sleep duration in the Black population after officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, a cardinal manifestation of structural racism. Design, Setting, and Participants Two distinct difference-in-differences analyses examined the changes in sleep duration for the US non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) population before vs after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, using data from adult respondents in the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS; 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2018) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS; 2013-2019) with data on officer-involved killings from the Mapping Police Violence database. Data analyses were conducted between September 24, 2021, and September 12, 2023. Exposures Occurrence of any police killing of an unarmed Black person in the state, county, or commuting zone of the survey respondent's residence in each of the four 90-day periods prior to interview, or occurence of a highly public, nationally prominent police killing of an unarmed Black person anywhere in the US during the 90 days prior to interview. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported total sleep duration (hours), short sleep (<7 hours), and very short sleep (<6 hours). Results Data from 181 865 Black and 1 799 757 White respondents in the BRFSS and 9858 Black and 46 532 White respondents in the ATUS were analyzed. In the larger BRFSS, the majority of Black respondents were between the ages of 35 and 64 (99 014 [weighted 51.4%]), women (115 731 [weighted 54.1%]), and college educated (100 434 [weighted 52.3%]). Black respondents in the BRFSS reported short sleep duration at a rate of 45.9%, while White respondents reported it at a rate of 32.6%; for very short sleep, the corresponding values were 18.4% vs 10.4%, respectively. Statistically significant increases in the probability of short sleep and very short sleep were found among Black respondents when officers killed an unarmed Black person in their state of residence during the first two 90-day periods prior to interview. Magnitudes were larger in models using exposure to a nationally prominent police killing occurring anywhere in the US. Estimates were equivalent to 7% to 16% of the sample disparity between Black and White individuals in short sleep and 13% to 30% of the disparity in very short sleep. Conclusions and Relevance Sleep health among Black adults worsened after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black individuals. These empirical findings underscore the role of structural racism in shaping racial disparities in sleep health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheendar S. Venkataramani
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Elizabeth F. Bair
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jacob Bor
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chandra L. Jackson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alexander C. Tsai
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Fix RL. Racism and violence in policing: Perspectives from a juvenile prison. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 52:459-474. [PMID: 38356270 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Following recent events involving racism and violence in policing, the current study sought to understand factors associated with support for related social movements and worries about personal, family, and peer safety. Data were from 78 currently incarcerated young people (M = 16.5 years; 31% Black) and 20 juvenile prison staff (M = 40.3 years; 72% Black) via online surveys. A comparable proportion of young people (47.3%) and staff (47.4%) reported participating in the Black Lives Matter movement. Among young people, prior experiences with police were significantly associated with support for social movements and worries about safety concerning racism and violence in policing. Among staff, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and racial and ethnic identity were significantly associated with social movement support and worries about safety. Civic education and interventions to promote racial and ethnic identity may promote support for systemic change and buffer against worries about racism and violence in policing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Fix
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Vodovotz Y, Arciero J, Verschure PF, Katz DL. A multiscale inflammatory map: linking individual stress to societal dysfunction. FRONTIERS IN SCIENCE 2024; 1:1239462. [PMID: 39398282 PMCID: PMC11469639 DOI: 10.3389/fsci.2023.1239462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
As populations worldwide show increasing levels of stress, understanding emerging links among stress, inflammation, cognition, and behavior is vital to human and planetary health. We hypothesize that inflammation is a multiscale driver connecting stressors that affect individuals to large-scale societal dysfunction and, ultimately, to planetary-scale environmental impacts. We propose a 'central inflammation map' hypothesis to explain how the brain regulates inflammation and how inflammation impairs cognition, emotion, and action. According to our hypothesis, these interdependent inflammatory and neural processes, and the inter-individual transmission of environmental, infectious, and behavioral stressors - amplified via high-throughput digital global communications - can culminate in a multiscale, runaway, feed-forward process that could detrimentally affect human decision-making and behavior at scale, ultimately impairing the ability to address these same stressors. This perspective could provide non-intuitive explanations for behaviors and relationships among cells, organisms, and communities of organisms, potentially including population-level responses to stressors as diverse as global climate change, conflicts, and the COVID-19 pandemic. To illustrate our hypothesis and elucidate its mechanistic underpinnings, we present a mathematical model applicable to the individual and societal levels to test the links among stress, inflammation, control, and healing, including the implications of transmission, intervention (e.g., via lifestyle modification or medication), and resilience. Future research is needed to validate the model's assumptions, expand the factors/variables employed, and validate it against empirical benchmarks. Our model illustrates the need for multilayered, multiscale stress mitigation interventions, including lifestyle measures, precision therapeutics, and human ecosystem design. Our analysis shows the need for a coordinated, interdisciplinary, international research effort to understand the multiscale nature of stress. Doing so would inform the creation of interventions that improve individuals' lives and communities' resilience to stress and mitigate its adverse effects on the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Julia Arciero
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul Fmj Verschure
- Laboratory of Synthetic, Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive Systems (SPECS), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Donders Centre for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Radboud University, Netherlands
| | - David L Katz
- Founder, True Health Initiative, The Health Sciences Academy, London, United Kingdom
- Tangelo Services, Auckland, United States
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23
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Fayaz I, Saharan A. Assessment of factors leading to resilience among adults in violence-affected area of Kashmir: an exploratory study employing content analysis and best-worst method. Med Confl Surviv 2024; 40:5-27. [PMID: 38297973 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2024.2309189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to violence can have profound and lasting effects on individuals and communities, impacting various aspects of their lives. Understanding the relationship between exposure to violence and resilience is crucial for designing effective interventions and support systems. This study aims to identify resilience factors among adults living in such areas and rank them from most to least important. Two staged mixed-method approaches, including face-to-face interviews and the best-worst method, were used to identify factors, assign weights, and rank them. A total of twenty-three sub-factors classified under seven broader factors were identified and ranked by triangulating the opinions of victims, experts, and scholars. Out of twenty-three sub-factors, the top-ranked six factors included family support, trusting higher powers, peer support, better interpersonal relationships, engaging in regular prayers, and better role models, which contributes fifty two percent to resilience formation. By promoting these factors, individuals and communities can better cope with the stress and trauma of violence, promote positive adaptation and growth, and build social support networks to help promote recovery and healing. Implications for practice, policy, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Fayaz
- Jindal Institute of Behavioural Sciences (JIBS), O P Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India
| | - Akash Saharan
- Jindal Global Business School (JGBS), O P Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India
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24
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Mattingly DT, Mezuk B, Elliott MR, Neighbors HW, Leventhal AM, Fleischer NL. Distress about social problems and tobacco and cannabis use outcomes among young adults in Los Angeles County. Prev Med 2024; 179:107850. [PMID: 38199591 PMCID: PMC10843547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of concern, worry, and stress about discrimination, shootings/violence, and police brutality and exclusive and dual tobacco and cannabis use among young adults. METHODS A prospective, racially/ethnically diverse cohort of young adults (n = 1960) living in Los Angeles, California completed a baseline survey in 2020 (age range: 19-23) and a follow-up survey in 2021. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed on nine variables assessing levels of concern, worry, and stress about societal discrimination, societal shootings/violence, and community police brutality at baseline. Past 30-day tobacco and cannabis use at follow-up was categorized as current exclusive tobacco, exclusive cannabis, and dual tobacco and cannabis (vs never/former) use based on eleven use variables. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated adjusted associations between each factor score (translated to standard deviation units) with exclusive and dual tobacco and cannabis use. RESULTS The EFA produced four factor scores representing concern/worry/stress (i.e., distress) about community police brutality (F1), distress about societal shootings/violence (F2), and distress about societal discrimination (F3), as well as generalized stress about police brutality, shootings/violence, and discrimination (F4). F1, F2, and F3 were associated with subsequent exclusive current cannabis use, with F1 having the strongest association (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18-1.55), while only F1 (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.27-1.78) was associated with dual tobacco and cannabis use. None of the factors were associated with exclusive tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS Young adult concern, worry, and/or stress about social problems may increase risk of cannabis use with or without concurrent tobacco use 6-12 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delvon T Mattingly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Health Equity Transformation, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Briana Mezuk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Harold W Neighbors
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Schlegel EC, Pickler RH, Tate JA, Williams KP, Smith LH. The EMeRGE theory of emerging adult-aged women's sexual and reproductive health self-management: A grounded theory study. J Adv Nurs 2024; 80:510-525. [PMID: 37533185 PMCID: PMC10834842 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore how emerging adult-aged women self-manage their sexual and reproductive health and to generate a grounded theory of these self-management processes. DESIGN Grounded theory methods using a constructivist approach. METHODS Between September 2019 and September 2020, 18- to 25-years-old women (n = 13) were recruited from a 4-year university, a 2-year community college, and neighbourhoods surrounding the institutions of higher education. Individual interviews were transcribed verbatim and qualitatively analysed using a constant comparative method and inductive coding. RESULTS The theory purports that core processes of sexual and reproductive health self-management used by the women in this study included both passive and (re)active processes. These processes expanded upon and/or maintained the women's accessible sexual and reproductive health knowledge, behaviour and beliefs, defined as the sexual and reproductive health repertoire. The processes appeared to be cyclical and were often initiated by a catalysing event or catalyst and resulted in conversations with confidantes, or trusted individuals. A catalyst was either resolved or normalized by expanding or maintaining the sexual and reproductive health repertoire. CONCLUSION The resulting theory, EMeRGE Theory, offers insight into the complex and cyclical processes emerging adult-aged women use to simultaneously develop and adapt their foundational sexual and reproductive health knowledge, behaviours and beliefs. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE This explication of emerging adult-aged women's sexual and reproductive health self-management processes can be used by nurses and nurse researchers to better address this population's unique health needs. IMPACT The EMeRGE Theory provides valuable guidance for future exploratory and intervention research aimed at improving the health and well-being of emerging adult-aged women. REPORTING METHOD The authors adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative studies (COREQ) in preparation of this publication. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION No patient or public contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Schlegel
- Center for Nursing Research, Scholarship and Innovation, College of Nursing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Martha S. Pitzer Center for Women, Children and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rita H Pickler
- Martha S. Pitzer Center for Women, Children and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Judith A Tate
- Center for Aging, Self-Management and Complex Care, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen Patricia Williams
- Martha S. Pitzer Center for Women, Children and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laureen H Smith
- Martha S. Pitzer Center for Women, Children and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Williams SC, Quach AM, McMillian M, Hepburn AM. Experiences, Expectations, and Satisfaction with Police-a Population-Based Study of Differences by Race and Ethnicity in Two Counties. J Urban Health 2023; 100:1159-1169. [PMID: 37989814 PMCID: PMC10728027 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
We used the 2021 Policing in America Survey to examine experiences with police and perceptions of policing in Cook County, IL, and Dallas County, TX. Substantial portions of residents believe that local police use force during at least half of arrests (Cook 45.8%, Dallas 52.2%) and report dissatisfaction with local policing efforts (Cook 49.0%, Dallas 48.5%). Black and Hispanic residents in both communities were more likely than white, non-Hispanic residents to have frequent use of force expectations and dissatisfaction with police. Several other indicators of experiences with and perceptions of police also varied by race and ethnicity. We combined individual-level survey data with neighborhood-level data from the American Community Survey in multilevel logistic regression models to examine differences between groups for primary outcomes. Some findings were consistent for both counties. Black residents (Cook aOR = 3.63; Dallas aOR = 5.07) and those who had witnessed police misconduct were more likely to have frequent use of force expectations (Cook aOR = 6.44; Dallas aOR = 14.91). Differences between Black, Hispanic, and white residents were not associated with dissatisfaction in the adjusted models. Negative experiences with police (Cook aOR = 10.73; Dallas aOR = 12.11), witnessing misconduct (Cook aOR = 3.87; Dallas aOR = 3.55), and feeling unsafe in one's neighborhood (Cook aOR = 4.56; Dallas aOR = 3.49) were independently associated with greater odds of dissatisfaction. Inequities in exposure to unsafe neighborhoods, witnessing misconduct, and negative interactions with police are key drivers of variation in expectations and perceptions of police. Optimizing transparency and assurances of procedural justice are needed to reduce fear and increase satisfaction with police in the USA.
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Saadi A, Ray VE. Police Violence in Health Care Settings in US Media Coverage. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2342998. [PMID: 37955898 PMCID: PMC10644214 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.42998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Hospitals do not collect or share data tracking their policing and security activities despite their reliance on police and security personnel, including armed officers. Thus, little is known about how hospital security is associated with patient and staff safety. Objective To examine the harms exerted by health care-affiliated police and security personnel. Design, Setting, and Participants For this qualitative study, data were collected using a systematic Media Cloud search for US news media coverage from January 2011 to May 2022. A total of 18 987 articles on policing and hospitals were screened and a content and thematic analysis of articles that met the search criteria was conducted, which involved incidents that revealed harm to patients, patients' families, and staff. Data were analyzed from October 2022 to April 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident year, incident location (hospital name, city, state), survivor and victim characteristics (race and ethnicity, presence of mental illness), and a narrative description of the incident focusing on outcomes of harm exerted by police and security personnel in the health care setting. Results A total of 48 unique stories across 25 US states were included. The median (range) year published was 2017 (2009-2022). Harms reported to have been perpetuated by health care-affiliated police and security personnel were identified within 5 domains from 48 unique incidents: (1) patients shot by police or security personnel (17 patients); (2) patients subject to excessive use of force (17 patients); (3) patients arrested (7 patients); (4) patients subject to sexual assault (2 patients); and (5) hospital personnel or those considered collateral damage shot, injured, or arrested (5 individuals). Most survivors and victims were Black, although the race and/or ethnicity of involved individuals was not routinely reported across the news stories. Mental illness was the most documented medical condition among patients injured or killed by health care-affiliated police and security personnel. Conclusions and Relevance This qualitative study of US news media found that police and security personnel in hospitals were reported to have perpetuated harm via excessive force, sexual assaults, injuring patients and health care workers, and fatal shootings. Compounded by a lack of transparency and accountability mechanisms, this may represent an underrecognized manifestation of structural racism at the organizational level. Policy suggestions include introducing accountability measures, deescalation techniques, and removing arms from hospital security personnel to reduce harm and fulfill health care's healing mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Saadi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Victor E. Ray
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Iowa, Iowa City
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Kunstman JW, Ogungbadero T, Deska JC, Bernstein MJ, Smith AR, Hugenberg K. Race-based biases in psychological distress and treatment judgments. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293078. [PMID: 37856467 PMCID: PMC10586605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Racism creates and sustains mental health disparities between Black and White Americans and the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing harassment directed at Black Americans has exacerbated these inequities. Yet, as the mental health needs of Black Americans rise, there is reason to believe the public paradoxically believes that psychopathology hurts Black individuals less than White individuals and these biased distress judgments affect beliefs about treatment needs. Four studies (two pre-registered) with participants from the American public and the field of mental health support this hypothesis. When presented with identical mental illnesses (e.g., depression, anxiety, schizophrenia), both laypeople and clinicians believed that psychopathology would be less distressing to Black relative to White individuals. These distress biases mediate downstream treatment judgments. Across numerous contexts, racially-biased judgments of psychological distress may negatively affect mental healthcare and social support for Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Kunstman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tade Ogungbadero
- Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Deska
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael J. Bernstein
- Psychological and Social Sciences, Pennsylvania State University–Abington, Abington, PA, United States of America
| | - April R. Smith
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kurt Hugenberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
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Alang S, Haile R, Mitsdarffer ML, VanHook C. Inequities in Anticipatory Stress of Police Brutality and Depressed Mood Among Women. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2104-2113. [PMID: 35976605 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Police brutality towards racially minoritized populations is structural racism. Even though most of the research on the health impacts of police brutality centers the experiences of men, women are also harmed by this structural violence. OBJECTIVES We identify factors associated with the anticipatory stress of police brutality among women and examine its relationship with depressed mood across ethno-racial categories. METHODS Data came from the cross-sectional Survey of the Health of Urban Residents in the United States (N = 2796). Logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with odds of always worrying about the possibility of becoming a victim of police brutality and to examine its association with depression among Latinas, Black, and White women. RESULTS Odds of always worrying about police brutality were greater among Black women and Latinas compared to White women. Household history of incarceration was associated with anticipation of police brutality among Black women and Latinas but not among White women. Black women and Latinas with constant anticipation of police brutality and history of incarceration of a household member during their childhood had elevated odds of depressed mood. CONCLUSION Although police brutality harms all women, the stressful anticipation of police brutality does not burden all women equally. Structural racism in communities of color continues to be associated with the anticipatory stress of police brutality and it harms the mental health of women of color. Developing policies to eliminate structural racism and for the allocation of resources to persons who are strongly impacted by these injustices is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirry Alang
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Program in Health Medicine and Society and Institute for Critical Race and Ethnic Studies, Health Justice collaborative, Lehigh University, 31 Williams Drive #280, PA, Bethlehem, USA.
| | - Rahwa Haile
- Department of Public Health, State University of New York (SUNY) Old Westbury, Long Island, NY, USA
| | - Mary Louise Mitsdarffer
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Program in Health Medicine and Society and Institute for Critical Race and Ethnic Studies, Health Justice collaborative, Lehigh University, 31 Williams Drive #280, PA, Bethlehem, USA
| | - Cortney VanHook
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Fix RL, Jindal M, Fine AD. Working to Improve Youth-Police Interactions: A Pilot Evaluation of a Program for Young People. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION (2022) 2023; 44:535-559. [PMID: 37351705 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-023-00736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In addition to training law enforcement personnel in strategies to promote positive youth-police interactions, equipping youth with similar knowledge is critical in ensuring safe and effective youth-police encounters. The classroom-based Juvenile Justice Curriculum was designed to equip young people with knowledge about the law and their rights and to empower them to have safer interactions with police. In the current study, we conducted the first evaluation of Strategies for Youth's nationally recognized classroom-based intervention. Cross-sectional data were collected from 155 youth (M age = 15.3; 43% White, 23% Black; 61% boys) after they completed the Juvenile Justice Curriculum. Results from our study indicated young people learned new information regarding what leads to arrest and multiple ways they might consider changing their behaviors when interacting with police. Young people's negative experiences with police officers were significantly associated with reduced views that police respect them and reports that they respect police, and with increased views of police as ethnoracially biased after completing the program. Altogether, our pilot program evaluation of this program demonstrated increased awareness of what constitutes illegal behavior, program engagement, and learned strategies to improve future interactions with police. Findings highlight the importance of policy makers supporting programming like the Juvenile Justice Curriculum as one means of preventing juvenile legal system involvement. While the onus to ensure safe and effective interactions with police should not be on young people, empowering young people to understand the law and their rights may help improve the social climate surrounding community responses to police and police interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Fix
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Monique Jindal
- Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Adam D Fine
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
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Richardson AS, Collins RL, Burns RM, Cantor J, Siddiqi SM, Dubowitz T. Police Bias and Low Relatability and Diet Quality: Examining the Importance of Psychosocial Factors in Predominantly Black Communities. J Urban Health 2023; 100:924-936. [PMID: 37792250 PMCID: PMC10618126 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
How police bias and low relatability may contribute to poor dietary quality is poorly understood. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 2021 from a cohort of n = 724 adults living in predominantly Black communities in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; these adults were mostly Black (90.6%), low-income (median household income $17,500), and women (79.3%). We estimated direct and indirect paths between police mistrust and dietary quality (measured by Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015) through perceived stress, community connectedness, and subjective social status. Dietary quality was poor (mean HEI-2015 score was 50) and mistrust of police was high: 78% of participants either agreed or strongly agreed that something they say might be interpreted as criminal by the police due to their race/ethnicity. Police bias and low relatability was associated with lower perceived social status [Formula: see text]= - 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: - 0.05, - 0.01). Police bias and low relatability was marginally associated with low dietary quality β = - 0.14 (95% CI: - 0.29, 0.02). Nineteen percent of the total association between police bias and low relatability and lower dietary quality β = - 0.16 (- 0.01, - 0.31) was explained by an indirect association through lower community connectedness, or how close respondents felt with their community [Formula: see text] Police bias and low relatability may play a role in community connection, social status, and ultimately dietary disparities for Black Americans. Addressing police bias and low relatability is a continuing and pressing public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Richardson
- Department of Behavioral and Policy Sciences, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Collins
- Department of Behavioral and Policy Sciences, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 90401, USA
| | - Rachel M Burns
- Department of Behavioral and Policy Sciences, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Economics, Statistics, and Sociology, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan Cantor
- Department of Economics, Statistics, and Sociology, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 90401, USA
| | - Sameer M Siddiqi
- Department of Behavioral and Policy Sciences, RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Tamara Dubowitz
- Department of Behavioral and Policy Sciences, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Myers N, Hutnyan M, Daley TC, Bello I, Chacon M, Currie A, Davis BJ, Dixon LB, George PE, Giannicchi A, Kwashie AN, McCormick KA, Meyer-Kalos P, Nagendra A, Nayar S, Sarpal DK, Sepahpour TY, Shapiro DI, Taylor-Zoghby J. Pathways Through Early Psychosis Care for U.S. Youths From Ethnically and Racially Minoritized Groups: A Systematic Review. Psychiatr Serv 2023; 74:859-868. [PMID: 36789610 PMCID: PMC10425565 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20220121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors of this systematic review examined service utilization and outcomes among youths from ethnoracially minoritized groups after the youths initiated treatment for a psychotic disorder-that is, the youths' "pathway through care." Also examined were potential moderating variables in pathways through care for these youths at the clinic, family, and cultural levels. The goal was to describe methodologies, summarize relevant findings, highlight knowledge gaps, and propose future research on pathways through care for young persons from ethnoracially minoritized groups who experience early psychosis. METHODS The PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science literature databases were systematically searched for studies published between January 1, 2010, and June 1, 2021. Included articles were from the United States and focused on young people after they initiated treatment for early psychosis. Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Sixteen of the 18 studies were published in the past 5 years, and 11 had an explicit focus on race and ethnicity as defined by the studies' authors. Studies varied in terminology, outcomes measures, methodologies, and depth of analysis. Being an individual from an ethnoracially minoritized group appeared to affect care utilization and outcomes. Insufficient research was found about potential moderating variables at the clinic, family, and cultural levels. CONCLUSIONS Studies of pathways through care for persons from minoritized groups warrant further funding and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neely Myers
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Matthew Hutnyan
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Tamara C Daley
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Iruma Bello
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Marne Chacon
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Ariel Currie
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Beshaun J Davis
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Lisa B Dixon
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Preethy E George
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Anna Giannicchi
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Anita N Kwashie
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Katie A McCormick
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Piper Meyer-Kalos
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Arundati Nagendra
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Swati Nayar
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Deepak K Sarpal
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Tiana Y Sepahpour
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Daniel I Shapiro
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
| | - Jessica Taylor-Zoghby
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (Myers, Hutnyan, Chacon); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Myers); Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina (Daley); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Bello, Dixon, Giannicchi) and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Bello, Dixon), New York City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Currie, Meyer-Kalos); Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Davis, Taylor-Zoghby); Westat, Rockville, Maryland (George); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Kwashie); Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin (McCormick); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nagendra); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Nayar, Sarpal); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Sepahpour); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis (Shapiro)
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Osborne KR, Smith-Bynum MA, Walsdorf AA, Anderson LA, O'Brien Caughy M. Preparing Black and Latinx children for police encounters: Caregiver response profiles and child self-regulation. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:547-563. [PMID: 36544246 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the goodness-of-fit between profiles of observed, caregiver-provided ethnic-racial socialization (ERS), and child self-regulation (i.e., inhibitory control) would differentially associate with child behavioral outcomes. Conversations between 80 caregivers (45% Latinx; 55% Black) and their children (M age = 11.09; 46% female) were rated for ERS. Measures included an inhibitory control composite (ages 2.5-3.5) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; age 12). Three profiles were determined: Comprehensive (n = 34), Reactive (n = 8), and Pragmatic (n = 38). Only youth with low inhibitory control in preschool appeared to benefit from Pragmatic ERS, whereas youth with normative or high inhibitory control in early childhood displayed lower internalizing and externalizing behaviors when they had Comprehensive or Reactive rather than Pragmatic caregivers.
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Motley RO, Chen YC, Motley JD. Prevalence and Correlates of Adverse Mental Health Outcomes among Male and Female Black Emerging Adults with a History of Exposure (Direct versus Indirect) to Police Use of Force. SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH 2023; 47:125-134. [PMID: 37197700 PMCID: PMC10183966 DOI: 10.1093/swr/svad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety, depression, and psychological distress are public health concerns for Black emerging adults ages 18-29, given their prevalence in this population. However, we have scant empirical research investigating the prevalence and correlates of negative mental outcomes among Black emerging adults with a history of exposure to police use of force. Thus, the current study examined the prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being and how they vary among a sample of Black emerging adults with a history of direct or indirect exposure to police use of force. Computer-assisted surveys were administered to a sample of Black emerging adults (N = 300). Univariate, bivariate, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. Black women with a history of direct or indirect exposure to police use of force had significantly less favorable scores on the depression and anxiety scales compared with Black men. Study findings suggest that Black emerging adults, particularly women, with a history of exposure to police use of force are at risk of experiencing adverse mental health outcomes. Future research with a larger and ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults that examines the prevalence and correlates of adverse mental health outcomes and how they vary by gender, ethnicity, and exposure to police use of force is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Motley
- Jr., PhD, is assistant professor, School of Social Work, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, McGuinn Hall, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- PhD, is assistant professor, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jamie D Motley
- PhD, is Anne Shen Chao ’74 Director of Student Success, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
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Parrott S, Allen HG. Swapping Insults, Neglecting Policy: How U.S. Presidential Candidates Communicate About Mental Health. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:866-874. [PMID: 34555997 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1980252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Candidates for high office in the United States play an important role in determining the political agenda and shaping public and mass media understanding of which issues should receive attention. Critics contend politicians rarely address mental health, despite the importance of the federal government in ensuring Americans access to quality care. Two studies sought to understand how candidates for the presidency communicated about mental health using formal (mental, depress, anxiety) and informal (crazy, insane) terminology in social media posts and debates. Two coders examined 1,807 tweets from 41 politicians who competed in the 2016 and 2020 races, plus transcripts from 47 debates during the primaries and General Elections. Politicians often stigmatized mental illness, using mental health-related slang to insult opponents. They afforded less attention to policy and calls for action. The authors offer recommendations for mental health professionals and advocates to encourage politicians to address mental health policy while avoiding stigmatizing language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Parrott
- Department of Journalism and Creative Media, The University of Alabama
| | - Hailey Grace Allen
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, The University of North Carolina
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36
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Turney K, Testa A, Jackson DB. Stigma Arising from Youth Police Contact: The Protective Role of Mother-Youth Closeness. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2023; 85:477-493. [PMID: 38106990 PMCID: PMC10723111 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between mother-youth closeness and stigma stemming from police contact. Background Research increasingly indicates that stigma stemming from police-youth encounters links police contact to compromised outcomes among youth, though less is known about the correlates of stigma stemming from this criminal legal contact. Close mother-youth relationships, commonly understood to be protective for youth outcomes, may be one factor that buffers against stop-related stigma, especially the anticipation of stigma. Method We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a sample of youth born in urban areas around the turn of the 21st century, to examine the relationship between mother-youth closeness and stop-related stigma. Results We find that mother-youth closeness is negatively associated with stop-related anticipated stigma but not stop-related experienced stigma. We also find that the relationship between mother-youth closeness and stop-related anticipated stigma is concentrated among youth experiencing a non-intrusive stop. Conclusion Close mother-youth relationships may protect against stigma stemming from criminal legal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Turney
- University of California, Irvine, 3151 Social Science Plaza, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Alexander Testa
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7411 John Smith Drive, Suite 1100, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore MD, 21205
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Harris LK, Conklin JL, Woods-Giscombe CL, Cortés YI. Mapping definitions, measures and methodologies of assessing police violence in the health literature: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e066946. [PMID: 36921937 PMCID: PMC10030772 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Police violence is a growing public health issue in the USA. Emerging evidence suggests that negative police encounters are associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes. There is a critical need to examine the relationship between police violence and health disparities. However, the lack of consensus on a conceptual and operational definition of police violence is a limitation in scientific investigations on police violence and its health impacts. Here, we present the protocol for a scoping review that maps definitions, measures and methodologies of assessing police violence in the health literature. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will comprehensively search PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and APA PsycInfo databases. We will use the following string of key terms separated with the Boolean operator 'or': 'police violence', 'police brutality', 'police use of force', 'law enforcement violence', 'law enforcement brutality', 'law enforcement use of force' and 'legal intervention'. An English language limit will be applied. We will include studies published in English or that have an English language abstract available. Eligible studies will include: (1) a definition of police violence and/or (2) a measurement of police violence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This scoping review does not require ethical approval. The findings of this review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and at conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latesha K Harris
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie L Conklin
- Health Science Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cheryl L Woods-Giscombe
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yamnia I Cortés
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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DeVylder J, Anglin D, Munson MR, Nishida A, Oh H, Marsh J, Narita Z, Bareis N, Fedina L. Ethnoracial Variation in Risk for Psychotic Experiences. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:385-396. [PMID: 36398917 PMCID: PMC10016402 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & HYPOTHESIS Psychotic disorders are inequitably distributed by race in the United States, although it is not known whether this is due to assessment biases or inequitable distributions of risk factors. Psychotic experiences are subclinical hallucinations and delusions used to study the etiology of psychosis, which are based on self-report and therefore not subject to potential clinician biases. In this study, we test whether the prevalence of psychotic experiences (PE) varies by race and if this variance is explained by socioenvironmental risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Data on demographics, PE, and socioenvironmental risk factors were collected through the National Survey of Poly-victimization and Mental Health, a national probability sample of US young adults. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether PE prevalence varied by race/ethnicity and, if so, whether this was attenuated with inclusion of indicators of income, education, urban/rural living, discrimination, and trauma exposure. STUDY RESULTS Black and Hispanic respondents reported PE at significantly greater rates than White or "other" ethnoracial groups, with hallucinations more commonly reported by Hispanic respondents. PE were significantly associated with police violence exposure, discrimination, adverse childhood experiences, and educational attainment. These factors statistically explained ethnoracial differences in the likelihood of overall PE occurrence and of nearly all PE subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Previously observed racial differences in psychosis extend beyond clinical schizophrenia, and therefore, are unlikely to be explained entirely by clinician biases. Instead, racial disparities in PE appear to be driven by features of structural racism, trauma, and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, USA
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Deidre Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Atsushi Nishida
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jonathan Marsh
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, USA
| | - Zui Narita
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie Bareis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Fedina
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Cela T, Marcelin LH, Waldman R, Dembo R, Demezier D, Clement R, Arcayos A, Santisteban D, Jean-Gilles M, Hogue A. Haitian and Haitian American experiences of racism and socioethnic discrimination in Miami-Dade county: At-risk and court-involved youth. FAMILY PROCESS 2023; 62:216-229. [PMID: 35272392 PMCID: PMC9463396 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We examine how juvenile justice-involved youth of Haitian descent in Miami-Dade County cope with structural racism and its impact on their mental health. Drawing on longitudinal ethnography, psychosocial assessment data, and a family-based clinical intervention funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, this article explores youth narratives of discrimination prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We use critical race theory and theory of practice to understand youths' perceptions as racialized bodies and stigmatized selves, highlighting the experiences and perspectives of a particular black immigrant group, ethnic beings caught up in the everyday practices of racialization, sociocultural marginalization, and racism. We frame these experiences as a variation of the complex continuum of structural racism and racial domination in the US. These experiences have caused anger, fear, anxiety, chronic anticipatory distress, and hopelessness among youth of Haitian descent. We conclude with some recommendations for therapeutic support that encourages youth to process their experiences, promotes their development of a positive self-concept, and provides them with mind-body techniques to attenuate the physical impacts of discriminatory events. The clinical trial registration number for this study intervention is NCT03876171.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Cela
- Department of Anthropology, Global Health Studies Program, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
- Laboratory on Health, Family and Migration, Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Louis Herns Marcelin
- Department of Anthropology, Global Health Studies Program, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
- Laboratory on Health, Family and Migration, Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Rachel Waldman
- Global Health Studies Program, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Dembo
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Danna Demezier
- School of Education, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida, USA
| | - Roy Clement
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandra Arcayos
- Global Health Studies Program, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel Santisteban
- School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Michèle Jean-Gilles
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Aaron Hogue
- Research and Clinical Science, Family and Adolescent Clinical Technology & Science (FACTS), Partnership to End Addiction, New York, New York, USA
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Martinez A, Swaner R, Ramdath C, Kusiak Carey K. Police, courts, and corrections: Experiences of procedural injustice among Black adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 71:147-157. [PMID: 36378576 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Racial disparities and a corresponding lack of trust have been documented within the criminal legal system. In response, criminal legal system actors have sought to strengthen the legitimacy of their agencies. However, legitimizing these agencies can be problematic. Some argue that the current criminal legal system continues the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow as Blacks are disproportionately policed and incarcerated. As a framework, procedural injustice can offer a unique backdrop and interrogate ways in which the criminal legal system engages in delegitimizing actions that provoke noncompliance and enable social control. Using a procedural injustice lens, this study examines how justice-involved Black adults experience mistreatment by justice system actors. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 84 Black adults in Newark and Cleveland. Study findings offer a comprehensive account of how participants experience procedural injustice as arrestees, defendants, and incarcerated persons. More specifically, participant narratives describe deliberately antagonistic, abusive, and dehumanizing treatment by justice-system agents-often depicted as racially motivated. Participant accounts also describe this mistreatment as occurring in a context of coercion and powerlessness and as being institutionally sanctioned. Implications for the preservation of racial hierarchies, research, practice, and community psychology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martinez
- Research Department, Center for Court Innovation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Swaner
- Research Department, Center for Court Innovation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cassandra Ramdath
- Research Department, Center for Court Innovation, New York, New York, USA
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41
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Efird CR, Matthews DD, Muessig KE, Barrington CL, Metzl JM, Lightfoot AF. Rural and nonrural racial variation in mentally unhealthy days: Findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system in North Carolina, 2015–2019. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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Wilson BL, Wooten NR, Pitner RO. Examining Historical and Contemporary Policing Disparities in the Black Community: Implications for Social Work. SOCIAL WORK 2022; 68:8-17. [PMID: 36346331 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An alarming number of unarmed Black men and women have been killed by police in the United States. Though research suggests that police violence is not a new phenomenon in Black communities in the United States, several shocking high-profile incidents of unarmed Black people killed by police in recent years have catapulted this problem more sharply into our nation's consciousness. Despite recent efforts to engage in critical discourse about police violence against unarmed Black people in mainstream media and across multiple disciplines, limited research exists on the connection between historical and contemporary acts of police violence in Black communities. This article conducts a critical analysis of the extant literature on historical and contemporary policing in the Black community and identifies linkages between these time periods using critical race theory. This article concludes with implications for social work to combat the issue of police violence in Black communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty L Wilson
- PhD candidate, College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nikki R Wooten
- PhD, LISW-CP, is associate professor, College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ronald O Pitner
- PhD, is department chair and professor, Department of Social Work, Birminghan, AL, USA
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Szlyk H, Motley R, Joe S, Nonas-Barnes L, Azasu E. An Examination of Suicidal Behavior among Black College Students with Exposure to Police Violence. SOCIAL WORK 2022; 68:18-27. [PMID: 36367833 PMCID: PMC10961707 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is limited research about suicidal behaviors among Black emerging adults (peak age of suicide risk) who report exposure to police violence. The current study applies an integrated approach to examine individual, immediate environment, and community-based risk and protective factors of suicide among Black college students who reported previous exposure to police violence. A purposive sample of Black college students (N = 300) was analyzed using bivariate analyses and binary logistic regression. Outcome variables investigated were lifetime suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. Twenty-eight percent of participants reported lifetime suicidal ideation and 14 percent reported lifetime attempts. Female students were significantly more likely to report lifetime suicidal ideation and recent symptoms of anxiety and to engage in emotional social support than male peers. Logistic regression results demonstrated that higher income and greater depression symptoms were associated with lower reporting of lifetime suicidal ideation. Reporting of more grit, the trait of perseverance and passion for long-term goals, was associated with a lower reporting of both lifetime suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. Findings have implications for how social workers in higher education are encouraged to address suicidal behavior among Black students, including the cultivation of grit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Szlyk
- PhD, LCSW, is instructor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Motley
- PhD, assistant professor, School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Sean Joe
- PhD, is Benjamin E. Youngdahl Professor of Social Development, The Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lucy Nonas-Barnes
- MSSW, LMSW, is a doctoral student, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Enoch Azasu
- MSW, is a doctoral student, The Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Cela T, Demezier D, Waldman R, Clement R, Dembo R, Jean-Gilles M, Hogue A, Arcayos A, Santisteban D, Marcelin LH. Juvenile justice-involved Haitian families' experiences of structural racism and socioethnic discrimination. FAMILY RELATIONS 2022; 71:1993-2010. [PMID: 36817967 PMCID: PMC9937033 DOI: 10.1111/fare.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective This article examines how Haitian families with youth interfacing with the juvenile justice system cope with structural racism and socioethnic discrimination (RSD). Background Haitian families' experiences of discrimination based on their histories, immigrant status, and positionality illustrates the need for more scientific scrutiny of the experiences of RSD among Black immigrant groups. This National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded study details the narratives of and responses to RSD experienced by Haitian families interfacing with the juvenile justice system. Method Data are drawn from psychosocial assessment tools, therapeutic sessions, and ethnographic interviews conducted with Haitian families participating in a family-based therapeutic intervention. Using critical race theory, we foreground the voices of those negatively impacted and use Bourdieu's theory of practice to examine the intersectionality of race and ethnicity in this population's experiences of RSD. Results The different experiences of and responses to RSD among youth and caregivers of Haitian descent are both a variation of the complex continuum of structural racism in the United States and unique to their immigrant experience of marginalization and cultural invalidation by public institutions, community members, and peers. Conclusion Professionals working with this population must be sensitive to the ways these experiences impact young people's identity development processes, their health, and well-being. Haitian caregivers should be encouraged to protect their children by engaging in racial and socioethnic socialization that validates their RSD experiences. Implications Understanding the intergenerational experiences of RSD among Black, immigrant groups and encouraging family dialogue and adolescent support will strengthen family cohesion during this period of racial reckoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Cela
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
- Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Danna Demezier
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Rachel Waldman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Roy Clement
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Richard Dembo
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Michèle Jean-Gilles
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Aaron Hogue
- Family and Adolescent Clinical Technology & Science (FACTS) Partnership to End Addiction, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Louis Herns Marcelin
- Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- Departments of Anthropology & Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
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Psychosocial aspects of coping that predict post-traumatic stress disorder for African American survivors of homicide victims. Prev Med 2022; 165:107277. [PMID: 36162488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
African Americans disproportionately experience homicide, and the psychological consequence of experiencing this traumatic event interferes with daily function, often in the form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to the Model of Coping for African American Survivors of Homicide Victims (MCAASHV), African Americans coping with the traumatic impact of homicide are influenced by: the violent nature of the death itself, racial- and cultural-bound experiences (e.g., cultural trauma, the culture of homicide including stigma, blame, shame, and lack of justice) and psychological processes including racial appraisal and coping strategies (e.g., spiritual, collective, meaning making). This study examined the direct and indirect effects racial- and cultural-bound experiences have on PTSD through coping strategies among 304 African American survivors of homicide victims across the United States using Qualtrics Panel collected in March-May 2018. The path analysis model demonstrated strong model fit, and the variables in the model accounted for 34% variance in PTSD. Coping (β = -0.38, p < .001) and culture of homicide (β = -0.27, p < .001) were negatively related to PTSD. Cultural trauma (β = 0.11, p < .014), culture of homicide (β = 0.43, p < .001), reactions to homicide (β = 0.11, p < .006) and racial appraisal (β = 0.32, p < .001) were positively associated with coping (R2 = 52%), and all were indirectly associated with PTSD through coping. Findings provide strong support for the MCAASHV and highlight the direct and indirect effects of racial and cultural experiences of coping that explain PTSD among African Americans chronically exposed to homicide.
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46
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Webb L, Jackson DB, Jindal M, Alang S, Mendelson T, Clary LK. Anticipation of Racially Motivated Police Brutality and Youth Mental Health. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2022; 83:101967. [PMID: 38846374 PMCID: PMC11156263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Exposure to police brutality is a significant risk to adolescent mental health. This study extends this literature by exploring connections between anticipation of racially motivated police brutality and multiple facets of adolescent mental health. Methods Students ages 14 to 18 (n = 151) were recruited from a study administered in Baltimore City public schools. Between December 2020 and July 2021, participants completed a questionnaire assessing anticipatory stress regarding racially motivated police brutality and current mental health. Regression models examined associations between this anticipatory stress and mental health. Latent profile and regression analyses were used to examine whether anticipatory stress was more salient among adolescents with comorbid mental health symptoms, compared to those without comorbid symptoms. Results Youth with anticipatory stress stemming from both personal and vicarious police brutality had more symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD, as well as lower hope, compared to youth without anticipatory stress. The association between anticipatory stress and anxiety was stronger for girls than boys. Conclusions Findings from this study highlight racialized police brutality as a common anticipated stressor among youth, particularly for girls. Findings have implications for policing interventions, including development of additional trainings for police officers and promoting positive police/youth interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Webb
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Monique Jindal
- Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago
| | - Sirry Alang
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Lehigh University
| | - Tamar Mendelson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Laura K. Clary
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Sweet CMC, Li EJ, Sagui-Henson S, Chamberlain CEW, Altman M. Impact of Online Group Psychoeducation and Support Sessions on Receptivity Towards Digital Mental Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1-9. [PMID: 36189429 PMCID: PMC9510187 DOI: 10.1007/s41347-022-00281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While social distancing was crucial to slow the COVID-19 virus, it also contributed to social isolation and emotional strain. This pilot study evaluated the impact of stand-alone psychoeducational group sessions designed to build social connectedness and space for people to learn about mental health during the pandemic. The study examined if offering the stand-alone group sessions increased uptake of and receptivity to additional mental health services. People had access to free, online group psychoeducational sessions offered by a digital mental health platform company. Sessions were offered to (1) employees who had mental health benefits offered through their employer, and to (2) members of the general public. Session formats included discussions, didactic lectures, and workshops, were facilitated by a mental health provider, and used live video conference technology. Topics included race and identity, stress management, coping with political events, relationship issues, and self-compassion. First-time session registrations were tracked from June 2020 to July 2021 on 6723 participants (3717 benefits-eligible employees and 3006 from the general public). Among the employee subsample, 49.5% attended a group session as their first use of any available service on the platform; 52.5% of these employees sought additional services after their first session. In anonymous post-session surveys of employees and members of the general public, 86% of respondents endorsed knowledge increases, 79.5% reported improved understanding of their mental health, 80.3% endorsed gaining actionable steps to improve mental health, 76.5% said that they would consider group sessions in addition to therapy, and 43.5% said that they would consider group sessions instead of therapy. These results suggest that scalable, brief group psychoeducational sessions are a useful conduit to mental health care and have potential to reach people who may not otherwise access available mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Myra Altman
- Clinical Research, Modern Health, San Francisco, CA USA
- Stanford Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford, CA USA
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48
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Dirzyte A, Antanaitis F, Patapas A. Law Enforcement Officers’ Ability to Recognize Emotions: The Role of Personality Traits and Basic Needs’ Satisfaction. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12100351. [PMID: 36285920 PMCID: PMC9598174 DOI: 10.3390/bs12100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study intended to explore the role of personality traits and basic psychological needs in law enforcement officers’ ability to recognize emotions: anger, joy, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust, and neutral. It was significant to analyze law enforcement officers’ emotion recognition and the contributing factors, as this field has been under-researched despite increased excessive force use by officers in many countries. Methods: This study applied the Big Five–2 (BFI-2), the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS), and the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces set of stimuli (KDEF). The data was gathered using an online questionnaire provided directly to law enforcement agencies. A total of 154 law enforcement officers participated in the study, 50.65% were females, and 49.35% were males. The mean age was 41.2 (age range = 22–61). In order to analyze the data, SEM and multiple linear regression methods were used. Results: This study analyzed variables of motion recognition, personality traits, and needs satisfaction and confirmed that law enforcement officers’ personality traits play a significant role in emotion recognition. Respondents’ agreeableness significantly predicted increased overall emotion recognition; conscientiousness predicted increased anger recognition; joy recognition was significantly predicted by extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. This study also confirmed that law enforcement officers’ basic psychological needs satisfaction/frustration play a significant role in emotion recognition. Respondents’ relatedness satisfaction significantly predicted increased overall emotion recognition, fear recognition, joy recognition, and sadness recognition. Relatedness frustration significantly predicted decreased anger recognition, surprise recognition, and neutral face recognition. Furthermore, this study confirmed links between law enforcement officers’ personality traits, satisfaction/frustration of basic psychological needs, and emotion recognition, χ2 = 57.924; df = 41; p = 0.042; TLI = 0.929; CFI = 0.956; RMSEA = 0.042 [0.009–0.065]. Discussion: The findings suggested that agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism play an essential role in satisfaction and frustration of relatedness needs, which, subsequently, link to emotion recognition. Due to the relatively small sample size, the issues of validity/reliability of some instruments, and other limitations, the results of this study should preferably be regarded with concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiste Dirzyte
- Institute of Psychology, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Faustas Antanaitis
- Institute of Psychology, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aleksandras Patapas
- Institute of Public Administration, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania
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49
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Jackson DB, Semenza DC, Testa A, Vaughn MG. Silence After Stops? Assessing Youth Disclosure of Police Encounters. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:1246-1258. [PMID: 34553445 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Youth-police encounters are common in the United States, with potentially serious mental health ramifications requiring social supports to cope. Still, no research has examined youth disclosure of these experiences to others. Using a national sample of youth stopped by police (N = 918; 56.09% Black, 20.48% Hispanic), we find that more than two-thirds disclosed police encounters-most commonly to mothers. Even so, disclosure became less likely as perceptions of procedural injustice, social stigma, and legal cynicism increased. Among youth who disclosed stops but not to parents, disclosure to friends was common (61.18%), whereas disclosure to nonparent adults was not. Enhanced training for teachers, school counselors, and community leaders may improve youth outcomes by facilitating additional opportunities for disclosure and support.
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50
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Mercado M, Wachter K, Schuster RC, Mathis CM, Johnson E, Davis OI, Johnson-Agbakwu CE. A cross-sectional analysis of factors associated with stress, burnout and turnover intention among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e2690-e2701. [PMID: 35037346 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, healthcare workers faced the COVID-19 pandemic amidst other salient sociopolitical stressors. This study, therefore, set out to examine associations between personal, work-related and contextual factors and three outcomes - stress, burnout and turnover intention - at a critical juncture in the pandemic. In December 2020, we recruited a broad array of healthcare workers (n = 985) in a public safety net healthcare system serving socially and economically marginalised communities in the Southwest region of the United States using a cross-sectional online survey. The results indicated that more health problems were associated with higher stress and burnout symptoms. While seeking emotional support and using drugs or alcohol to cope were associated with higher stress, a positive social outlook was associated with lower stress. Lower quality of work-life was associated with higher burnout symptoms and turnover intention. Negative effects of the pandemic on wellbeing and higher number of COVID-19-related concerns were associated with higher stress and burnout symptoms. Contrary to the original hypotheses, self-care was not associated with any of the three outcomes, and effects of the political climate and issues of racism on wellbeing were not associated with stress, burnout or turnover intention. However, identifying as a Person of Colour was associated with higher stress, as well as lower burnout. The findings on worker health, social outlook, quality of work-life and race/ethnicity, in particular, suggest a critical need for healthcare systems to address the wellbeing of workers through equitable organisational policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Mercado
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Watts College, School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Karin Wachter
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Watts College, School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Roseanne C Schuster
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Cherra M Mathis
- Watts College, School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Emma Johnson
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Barretts Honors College, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Olga Idriss Davis
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Barretts Honors College, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Crista E Johnson-Agbakwu
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Refugee Women's Health Clinic, Valleywise Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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