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Tang JM, McClennan A, Liu L, Hadway J, Ronald JA, Hicks JW, Hoffman L, Anazodo UC. A Protocol for Simultaneous In Vivo Imaging of Cardiac and Neuroinflammation in Dystrophin-Deficient MDX Mice Using [ 18F]FEPPA PET. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087522. [PMID: 37108685 PMCID: PMC10144317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by dystrophin loss-notably within muscles and the central neurons system. DMD presents as cognitive weakness, progressive skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration until pre-mature death from cardiac or respiratory failure. Innovative therapies have improved life expectancy; however, this is accompanied by increased late-onset heart failure and emergent cognitive degeneration. Thus, better assessment of dystrophic heart and brain pathophysiology is needed. Chronic inflammation is strongly associated with skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration; however, neuroinflammation's role is largely unknown in DMD despite being prevalent in other neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present an inflammatory marker translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) protocol for in vivo concomitant assessment of immune cell response in hearts and brains of a dystrophin-deficient mouse model [mdx:utrn(+/-)]. Preliminary analysis of whole-body PET imaging using the TSPO radiotracer, [18F]FEPPA in four mdx:utrn(+/-) and six wildtype mice are presented with ex vivo TSPO-immunofluorescence tissue staining. The mdx:utrn(+/-) mice showed significant elevations in heart and brain [18F]FEPPA activity, which correlated with increased ex vivo fluorescence intensity, highlighting the potential of TSPO-PET to simultaneously assess presence of cardiac and neuroinflammation in dystrophic heart and brain, as well as in several organs within a DMD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Tang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Andrew McClennan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Linshan Liu
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Jennifer Hadway
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - John A Ronald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Justin W Hicks
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Lisa Hoffman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Udunna C Anazodo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
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Onisiforou A, Spyrou GM. Systems Bioinformatics Reveals Possible Relationship between COVID-19 and the Development of Neurological Diseases and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102270. [PMID: 36298824 PMCID: PMC9611753 DOI: 10.3390/v14102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with increased incidence of neurological diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders after infection, but how it contributes to their development remains under investigation. Here, we investigate the possible relationship between COVID-19 and the development of ten neurological disorders and three neuropsychiatric disorders by exploring two pathological mechanisms: (i) dysregulation of host biological processes via virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs), and (ii) autoreactivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epitopes with host "self" proteins via molecular mimicry. We also identify potential genetic risk factors which in combination with SARS-CoV-2 infection might lead to disease development. Our analysis indicated that neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have a higher number of disease-associated biological processes that can be modulated by SARS-CoV-2 via virus-host PPIs than neuropsychiatric disorders. The sequence similarity analysis indicated the presence of several matching 5-mer and/or 6-mer linear motifs between SARS-CoV-2 epitopes with autoreactive epitopes found in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The results include autoreactive epitopes that recognize amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), acetylcholine receptors, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light polypeptide (NfL) and major myelin proteins. Altogether, our results suggest that there might be an increased risk for the development of NDs after COVID-19 both via autoreactivity and virus-host PPIs.
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Tsagkaris C, Bilal M, Aktar I, Aboufandi Y, Tas A, Aborode AT, Suvvari TK, Ahmad S, Shkodina A, Phadke R, Emhamed MS, Baig AA, Alexiou A, Ashraf GM, Kamal MA. Cytokine storm and neuropathological alterations in patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:CAR-EPUB-126211. [PMID: 36089786 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220908084559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a respiratory pathogen with neuroinvasive potential. Neurological COVID-19 manifestations include loss of smell and taste, headache, dizziness, stroke, and potentially fatal encephalitis. Several studies found elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 IL-8, IL-10 IL-16, IL-17A, and IL-18 in severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients, which may persist even after apparent recovery from infection. Biomarker studies on CSF and plasma and serum from COVID-19 patients have also shown a high level of IL-6, intrathecal IgG, neurofilament light chain (NFL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and tau protein. Emerging evidence on the matter has established the concept of COVID-19 associated neuroinflammation, in the context of COVID-19 associated cytokine storm. While the short-term implications of this condition are extensively documented, its long-term implications are yet to be understood. The association of the aforementioned cytokines with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, may increase COVID-19 patients' risk to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Analysis of proinflammatory cytokines and CSF biomarkers in patients with COVID-19 can contribute to the early detection of the disease's exacerbation, monitoring the neurological implications of the disease and devising risk scales, and identifying treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical and health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Irem Aktar
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Tas
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,Turkey
| | | | | | - Shoaib Ahmad
- Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Atif Amin Baig
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, 2770 NSW, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, 1010 Wien, Austria
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 22254 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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Mohammadnejad A, Li W, Lund JB, Li S, Larsen MJ, Mengel-From J, Michel TM, Christiansen L, Christensen K, Hjelmborg J, Baumbach J, Tan Q. Global Gene Expression Profiling and Transcription Factor Network Analysis of Cognitive Aging in Monozygotic Twins. Front Genet 2021; 12:675587. [PMID: 34194475 PMCID: PMC8236849 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive aging is one of the major problems worldwide, especially as people get older. This study aimed to perform global gene expression profiling of cognitive function to identify associated genes and pathways and a novel transcriptional regulatory network analysis to identify important regulons. We performed single transcript analysis on 400 monozygotic twins using an assumption-free generalized correlation coefficient (GCC), linear mixed-effect model (LME) and kinship model and identified six probes (one significant at the standard FDR < 0.05 while the other results were suggestive with 0.18 ≤ FDR ≤ 0.28). We combined the GCC and linear model results to cover diverse patterns of relationships, and meaningful and novel genes like APOBEC3G, H6PD, SLC45A1, GRIN3B, and PDE4D were detected. Our exploratory study showed the downregulation of all these genes with increasing cognitive function or vice versa except the SLC45A1 gene, which was upregulated with increasing cognitive function. Linear models found only H6PD and SLC45A1, the other genes were captured by GCC. Significant functional pathways (FDR < 3.95e-10) such as focal adhesion, ribosome, cysteine and methionine metabolism, Huntington's disease, eukaryotic translation elongation, nervous system development, influenza infection, metabolism of RNA, and cell cycle were identified. A total of five regulons (FDR< 1.3e-4) were enriched in a transcriptional regulatory analysis in which CTCF and REST were activated and SP3, SRF, and XBP1 were repressed regulons. The genome-wide transcription analysis using both assumption-free GCC and linear models identified important genes and biological pathways implicated in cognitive performance, cognitive aging, and neurological diseases. Also, the regulatory network analysis revealed significant activated and repressed regulons on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Mohammadnejad
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Weilong Li
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesper Beltoft Lund
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Digital Health & Machine Learning Research Group, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shuxia Li
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin J Larsen
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonas Mengel-From
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lene Christiansen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hjelmborg
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Computational Biomedicine, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Chair of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Qihua Tan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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5
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Singh H, Singh A, Khan AA, Gupta V. Immune mediating molecules and pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated neurological disease. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105023. [PMID: 34090983 PMCID: PMC8177310 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Long period of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with psychiatric and cognitive disorders in adolescents and children. SARS-CoV-2 remains dormant in the CNS leading to neurological complications. The wide expression of ACE2 in the brain raises concern for its involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Though, the mechanistic insights about blood-brain barriers (BBB) crossing by SARS-CoV-2 and further brain infection are still not clear. Moreover, the mechanism behind dormant SARS-CoV-2 infections leading to chronic neurological disorders needs to be unveiled. There is an urgent need to find out the risk factor involved in COVID-19-associated neurological disease. Therefore, the role of immune-associated genes in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 associated neurological diseases is presented which could contribute to finding associated genetic risk factors. Method The search utilizing multiple databases, specifically, EMBASE, PubMed (Medline), and Google Scholar was performed. Moreover, the literature survey on the involvement of COVID-19, neuropathogenesis, and its consequences was done. Description Persistent inflammatory stimuli may promote the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. An increased expression level of cytokine, chemokine, and decreased expression level of immune cells has been associated with the COVID-19 patient. Cytokine storm was observed in severe COVID-19 patients. The nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be neuroinflammatory. Genes of immune response could be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion The present review will provide a useful framework and help in understanding COVID-19-associated neuropathogenesis. Experimental studies on immune-associated genes in COVID-19 patients with neurological manifestations could be helpful to establish its neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- HariOm Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India.
| | - Amita Singh
- District Women Hospital, Prayagraj, UP, 211003, India
| | - Abdul Arif Khan
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, 282001, India
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6
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Kolla VK, Sultana S, Davala SAJ, Valluri VL. A Study on the Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytokines TNFα, IFNγ and IL10 in South Indian Leprosy Patients. Indian J Dermatol 2021; 66:138-144. [PMID: 34188268 PMCID: PMC8208288 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_684_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a chronic, debilitating disease predominantly of the peripheral nervous system characterized by the impairment of peripheral nerves and subsequent sensory loss caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine genes play a major role in nerve damage in leprosy. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the present study is to ascertain the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms TNFα - 308G/A (rs 1800629), IFNγ +874A/T (rs 2430561), and IL10 - 1082G/A rs 1800896 in causation with leprosy. Materials and Methods: The present study comprised 365 leprosy patients and 185 control subjects. The polymorphisms in TNFα-308, IFNγ+874, and IL10-1082 genes were typed using the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction method (ARMS PCR). Results: The present study found significant association between IL10-1082 GA heterozygote (P < 0.02) and IFNγ+874 AA (P < 0.001) genotype and leprosy. TNFα-308GA could not establish any association with the disease. Conclusion: The identification of genetic variations in pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines that are susceptible to leprosy would assist in better understanding of the pathogenesis of leprosy and perhaps lead to new approaches for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Karunakar Kolla
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shehnaz Sultana
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Cataldi M, Pignataro G, Taglialatela M. Neurobiology of coronaviruses: Potential relevance for COVID-19. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:105007. [PMID: 32622086 PMCID: PMC7329662 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the first two decades of the 21st century, there have been three outbreaks of severe respiratory infections caused by highly pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) around the world: the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by the SARS-CoV in 2002-2003, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) by the MERS-CoV in June 2012, and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the SARS-CoV-2 presently affecting most countries In all of these, fatalities are a consequence of a multiorgan dysregulation caused by pulmonary, renal, cardiac, and circulatory damage; however, COVID patients may show significant neurological signs and symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and sensory disturbances, the most prominent being anosmia and ageusia. The neuroinvasive potential of CoVs might be responsible for at least part of these symptoms and may contribute to the respiratory failure observed in affected patients. Therefore, in the present manuscript, we have reviewed the available preclinical evidence on the mechanisms and consequences of CoVs-induced CNS damage, and highlighted the potential role of CoVs in determining or aggravating acute and long-term neurological diseases in infected individuals. We consider that a widespread awareness of the significant neurotropism of CoVs might contribute to an earlier recognition of the signs and symptoms of viral-induced CNS damage. Moreover, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which CoVs affect CNS function and cause CNS damage could help in planning new strategies for prognostic evaluation and targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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8
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Cytokine and Cancer Biomarkers Detection: The Dawn of Electrochemical Paper-Based Biosensor. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071854. [PMID: 32230808 PMCID: PMC7180619 DOI: 10.3390/s20071854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the established ELISA-based sensing platforms have many benefits, the importance of cytokine and cancer biomarkers detection for point-of-care diagnostics has propelled the search for more specific, sensitive, simple, accessible, yet economical sensor. Paper-based biosensor holds promise for future in-situ applications and can provide rapid analysis and data without the need to conduct in a laboratory. Electrochemical detection plays a vital role in interpreting results obtained from qualitative assessment to quantitative determination. In this review, various factors affecting the design of an electrochemical paper-based biosensor are highlighted and discussed in depth. Different detection methods, along with the latest development in utilizing them in cytokine and cancer biomarkers detection, are reviewed. Lastly, the fabrication of portable electrochemical paper-based biosensor is ideal in deliberating positive societal implications in developing countries with limited resources and accessibility to healthcare services.
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Colostral Proline-Rich Polypeptide Complexes. Comparative Study of the Antioxidant Properties, Cytokine-Inducing Activity, and Nitric Oxide Release of Preparations Produced by a Laboratory and a Large-Scale Method. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Doulberis M, Kotronis G, Thomann R, Polyzos SA, Boziki M, Gialamprinou D, Deretzi G, Katsinelos P, Kountouras J. Review: Impact of Helicobacter pylori on Alzheimer's disease: What do we know so far? Helicobacter 2018; 23. [PMID: 29181894 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori has changed radically gastroenterologic world, offering a new concept in patients' management. Over time, more medical data gave rise to diverse distant, extragastric manifestations and interactions of the "new" discovered bacterium. Special interest appeared within the field of neurodegenerative diseases and particularly Alzheimer's disease, as the latter and Helicobacter pylori infection are associated with a large public health burden and Alzheimer's disease ranks as the leading cause of disability. However, the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and Alzheimer's disease remains uncertain. METHODS We performed a narrative review regarding a possible connection between Helicobacter pylori and Alzheimer's disease. All accessible relevant (pre)clinical studies written in English were included. Both affected pathologies were briefly analyzed, and relevant studies are discussed, trying to focus on the possible pathogenetic role of this bacterium in Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS Data stemming from both epidemiologic studies and animal experiments seem to be rather encouraging, tending to confirm the hypothesis that Helicobacter pylori infection might influence the course of Alzheimer's disease pleiotropically. Possible main mechanisms may include the bacterium's access to the brain via the oral-nasal-olfactory pathway or by circulating monocytes (infected with Helicobacter pylori due to defective autophagy) through disrupted blood-brain barrier, thereby possibly triggering neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS Current data suggest that Helicobacter pylori infection might influence the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. However, further large-scale randomized controlled trials are mandatory to clarify a possible favorable effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology, before the recommendation of short-term and cost-effective therapeutic regimens against Helicobacter pylori-related Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doulberis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bürgerspital Hospital, Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Kotronis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Agios Pavlos General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Robert Thomann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bürgerspital Hospital, Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Dimitra Gialamprinou
- Department of Pediatrics, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Georgia Deretzi
- Department of Neurology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Katsinelos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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Zambrowicz A, Zabłocka A, Sudoł M, Bobak Ł, Sosicka P, Trziszka T. The effect of carbohydrate moieties on immunoregulatory activity of yolkin polypeptides naturally occurring in egg yolk. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on locomotor activity in ethanol-treated HIV-1 transgenic rats. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:88-97. [PMID: 29260441 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Binge drinking affects the onset and progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurological disorders. The HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat was created with a gag- and pol-deleted HIV-1 viral genome to mimic HIV-infected patients receiving combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a marine compound that modulates inflammatory responses. Using HIV-1Tg rats subjected to binge exposure to ethanol (EtOH), this study examined whether DHA could reduce the detrimental neurological effects of EtOH and HIV proteins. Young adult male HIV-1Tg and F344 control rats received 4 mL/kg/day saline as a control (Saline group), 20 mg/kg/day DHA (DHA group), 4.8 g/kg/day 52% w/v EtOH (EtOH group), or 4.8 g/kg/day 52% w/v EtOH and 20 mg/kg/d DHA (DHA + EtOH group) by gavage for 5 weeks (n = 6 per group). EtOH was administrated on days 5, 6, and 7 of each week. Locomotor activity (LMA) was assessed using open field tests before and 45, 90, 135, and 180 min after each treatment. Repeated binge EtOH exposure gradually decreased LMA measured before daily treatments in HIV-1Tg and F344 rats, an effect that was reversed by DHA only in the HIV-1Tg rats. Decreased LMA of rats after treatment and under the influence of EtOH was less pronounced, and the reversal effect of DHA did not reach statistical significance. The plasma endotoxin level was significantly higher in HIV-1Tg rats than in F344 rats. IL-6 and IL-18 expression in the striatum was significantly higher in the HIV-1Tg EtOH group than in the F344 EtOH group. DHA significantly decreased the high levels of IL-6, IL-18, and NF-κB expression observed in the HIV-1Tg EtOH group. DHA appears to ameliorate inflammation and consequently lessen the reductions in LMA produced by the combination of EtOH and HIV-1 viral proteins.
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Yasuno F, Kazui H, Kajimoto K, Ihara M, Morita N, Taguchi A, Yamamoto A, Matsuoka K, Takahashi M, Nakagawara J, Tsuji M, Iida H, Kishimoto T, Nagatsuka K. Mutual effect of cerebral amyloid β and peripheral lymphocytes in cognitively normal older individuals. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:e93-e99. [PMID: 28111810 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that cerebral amyloid accumulation is reflected in the periphery in the pre-dementia stage and used flow cytometry to investigate the peripheral lymphocytes as an easily accessible biomarker to observe neuro-inflammation. We aimed to determine whether peripheral lymphocytes are related to the cortical amyloid burden or vice versa in cognitively normal older subjects. METHODS We applied [11 C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-positron emission tomography to 36 cognitively normal older individuals, and Aβ deposition was quantified by cortical binding potential (PiB-BPND ). Blood samples were obtained, and lymphocyte subsets were evaluated. We examined differences between low and high PiB-BPND groups in the percentage of B cells, T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and natural killer cells. RESULTS: Subjects with high PiB-BPND showed significantly higher percentage of cytotoxic T cells (%CD3+ ). Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the percentage of cytotoxic T cells and global cortical mean PiB-BPND . Hierarchical regression analyses showed that cytotoxic T cells were significantly related to the value of global cortical mean PiB-BPND and vice versa. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that a specific peripheral immune response, reflected in the increased ratio of cytotoxic T cells, could be regarded as a preclinical sign of AD and could be attributed to the Aβ neuropathological mechanism. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Yasuno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.,Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kazui
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
| | - Katsufumi Kajimoto
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Naomi Morita
- Department of Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihide Yamamoto
- Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Matsuoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Jyoji Nakagawara
- Department of Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahito Tsuji
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Iida
- Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Nagatsuka
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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15
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Cheng J, Lin X, Morgan D, Gordon M, Chen X, Wang ZH, Li HN, He LJ, Zhou SF, Cao C. Dendritic and Langerhans cells respond to Aβ peptides differently: implication for AD immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35443-57. [PMID: 26473448 PMCID: PMC4742117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both wild-type and mutated beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides can elicit an immune response when delivered subcutaneously. However, only mutated forms of Aβ can sensitize dendritic cells when administered intravenously or intraperitoneally. To understand the role of mutation and delivery routes in creating immune responses, and the function of dendritic cells as therapeutic agents, we used fluorescent-conjugated WT Aβ1-40 (WT40) and artificially mutated Aβ1-40 (22W40) peptides to treat dendritic and Langerhans cells from young and/or old mice at different time points. The cell types were analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to identify differences in function and antigen presentation, and Luminex and Western blots for cell activation and associated mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that the artificial mutant, 22W40, enhanced dendritic cell's phagocytosis and antigen presentation better than the WT40. Interestingly, Langerhans cells were more effective at early presentation. The artificial mutant 22W40 increased CD8α+ dendritic cells, CD8+ T-cells, and IFN-γ production when co-cultured with self-lymphocytes and dendritic cells from aged mice (30-month-old). Here, the 22W40 mutant peptide has been found to be potent enough to activate DCs, and that dendritic cell-based therapy may be a more effective treatment for age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David Morgan
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Marcia Gordon
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhen-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Hai-Ning Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lan-Jie He
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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16
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Astilbin ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by decreased Th17 cytokines and up-regulated T regulatory cells. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 298:138-45. [PMID: 27609287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astilbin, a major bioactive compound extracted from Rhizoma smilacis glabrae (RSG), has been reported to possess immunosuppressive properties. Our study first evaluated the effect of astilbin on experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in Lewis rats. The results showed that astilbin could attenuate the severity of EAMG by decreasing antigen-specific autoantibodies with up-regulation of regulatory T cells and down-regulation of Th17 cells. In addition to, astilbin also reduced the efficiency of the antigen presenting cells on which the expression of MHC class II decreased. These results suggest that astilbin might be a candidate drug for immunoregulation of EAMG, and provide us new treatment ideas for human myasthenia gravis (MG).
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17
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Administration of Myelin Basic Protein Peptides Encapsulated in Mannosylated Liposomes Normalizes Level of Serum TNF-α and IL-2 and Chemoattractants CCL2 and CCL4 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2847232. [PMID: 27239100 PMCID: PMC4864531 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2847232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunodominant MBP peptides encapsulated in mannosylated liposomes (Xemys) effectively suppressed experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Within the frames of the successfully completed phase I clinical trial, we investigated changes in the serum cytokine profile after Xemys administration in MS patients. We observed a statistically significant decrease of MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1β/CCL4, IL-7, and IL-2 at the time of study completion. In contrast, the serum levels of TNF-α were remarkably elevated. Our data suggest that the administration of Xemys leads to a normalization of cytokine status in MS patients to values commonly reported for healthy subjects. These data are an important contribution for the upcoming Xemys clinical trials.
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18
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Neuroprotective Effects of Cistanches Herba Therapy on Patients with Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:103985. [PMID: 26435722 PMCID: PMC4576016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cistanches Herba (CH) is thought to be a “Yang-invigorating” material in traditional Chinese medicine. We evaluated neuroprotective effects of Cistanches Herba on Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Moderate AD participants were divided into 3 groups: Cistanches Herba capsule (CH, n = 10), Donepezil tablet (DON, n = 8), and control group without treatment (n = 6). We assessed efficacy by MMSE and ADAS-cog, and investigated the volume changes of hippocampus by 1.5 T MRI scans. Protein, mRNA levels, and secretions of total-tau (T-tau), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin- (IL) 1β (IL-1β) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were detected by Western blot, RT-PCR, and ELISA. The scores showed statistical difference after 48 weeks of treatment compared to control group. Meanwhile, volume changes of hippocampus were slight in drug treatment groups but distinct in control group; the levels of T-tau, TNF-α, and IL-1β were decreased compared to those in control group. Cistanches Herba could improve cognitive and independent living ability of moderate AD patients, slow down volume changes of hippocampus, and reduce the levels of T-tau, TNF-α, and IL-1β. It suggested that Cistanches Herba had potential neuroprotective effects for moderate AD.
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19
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Li D, He HL, Yao MZ, Chen ML, Chen X. Cortistatin is dysregulated in skin tissue of patients with psoriasis vulgaris and suppresses keratinocyte proliferation in vitro. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:e309-14. [PMID: 26094977 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is characterized by the unregulated proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and increased expression of proinflammatory mediators in the skin. Cortistatin, an endogenous cyclic neuropeptide, inhibits the proliferation of inflammatory cells. We investigated the expression of cortistatin in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and examined its effects on keratinocyte growth in vitro. METHODS Serum levels of cortistatin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 72 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 76 age-matched healthy volunteers. Cortistatin expression was also examined by immunohistochemistry of skin biopsies from 14 patients and 14 healthy subjects. The effects of cortistatin on the proliferation of primary keratinocytes were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and BrdU incorporation assay. Intracellular levels of cAMP in keratinocytes in the presence or absence of cortistatin were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Serum levels of cortistatin and expression levels in skin were significantly lower in patients with psoriasis than in healthy subjects. Cortistatin inhibited keratinocyte proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and substantially reduced intracellular cAMP levels in keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS Cortistatin is downregulated in the skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris and suppresses keratinocyte growth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui-Lan He
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Liang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Shi L, Liu T, Zhang M, Guo Y, Song C, Song D, Liu H. miR-15b is Downregulated in Myasthenia Gravis Patients and Directly Regulates the Expression of Interleukin-15 (IL-15) in Experimental Myasthenia Gravis Mice. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1774-80. [PMID: 26087886 PMCID: PMC4485652 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miR-15b is significantly and consistently downregulated in different clinical phenotypes of myasthenia gravis (MG). However, its role in pathogenesis of MG is still not clear. This study aimed to explore the function of miR-15b in MG. Material/Methods Blood samples from early-onset MG, late-onset MG, thymoma patients, and healthy participants were collected. The expression pattern of IL-15 and miR-15b was identified by qRT-PCR and ELISA in patient serum and mouse tissue samples. The regulative role of miR-15b on IL-15 expression was verified in an experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) mice model. Results qRT-PCR and ELISA showed that miR-15b expression was significantly lower and IL-15 expression was significantly higher in all EMG, LMG, and thymoma cases compared to healthy controls. Based on mouse model, we confirmed that miR-15b knockdown could increase IL-15 expression in healthy mice, while miR-15b overexpression could inhibit IL-15 expression in EAMG mice. Through searching in bioinformatics databases, we identified a highly conserved consequential pairing between IL-15 and miR-15b. Subsequent dual luciferase assay further verified this match. Conclusions This study is the first to report the miR-15b-IL-15 axis can directly regulate IL15 expression, which helps to further explain the abnormal IL-15 expression in MG patients and the pathogenesis of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Zhongnan University Xiangya Medical College, Xiangya, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Yapei Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Changdong Song
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Hengfang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
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21
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Zhang L, Liu J, Wang H, Zhao C, Lu J, Xue J, Gu Y, Hao C, Lin S, Lv C. Double filtration plasmapheresis benefits myasthenia gravis patients through an immunomodulatory action. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:1570-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Kritas SK, Saggini A, Cerulli G, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Pantalone A, Rosati M, Tei M, Speziali A, Saggini R, Conti P. Corticotropin-releasing hormone, microglia and mental disorders. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 27:163-7. [PMID: 25004828 DOI: 10.1177/039463201402700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia derive from mononuclear myeloid progenitors and are a major glial complement of the central nervous system. When microglia are activated they secrete inflammatory cytokines and toxic mediators which amplify the inflammatory response. In addition, the microglia inflammatory products are implicated in the neuronal destruction usually observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia cells express corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) receptors, and activation of microglia by CRH releases bioactive molecules which have a biological effect in the brain and regulate several neurological diseases. CRH plays a pivotal role in stress responses and is a key mediator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system. CRH is expressed in human mast cells, leading to autocrine effects and participates in inflammatory response together with neuropeptides, and stimulates mast cells. IL-33-activated mast cells release vascular endothelial growth factor in response to CRH and act synergistically to increase vascular permeability. CRH also up-regulates IL-18 expression by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen in microglia cells. Here we report the relationship between CRH, microglia and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - A Saggini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G Cerulli
- Nicolas Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Caraffa
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P Antinolfi
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Pantalone
- Orthopedic Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Rosati
- Gynecology Clinic, Pescara Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - M Tei
- Nicolas Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Speziali
- Nicolas Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - R Saggini
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, G. dAnnunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - P Conti
- Immunology Division, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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23
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Ahmad K, Khan S, Adil M, Saeed M, Srivastava AK. Structure based molecular inhibition of Caspase-8 for treatment of multi-neurodegenerative diseases using known natural compounds. Bioinformation 2014; 10:191-5. [PMID: 24966519 PMCID: PMC4070048 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are often associated with excessive neuronal apoptosis. It is well known that apoptosis is regulated by some intracellular proteases, such as, Caspases (cysteine-dependent, aspartate-specific proteases). In fact, Caspase-8 which is an initiator caspase, has been identified as a key mediator of neuronal apoptosis. In addition, Caspase-8 is found to be coupled with the regulation of various neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer׳s disease (AD), Parkinson׳s disease (PD), Huntington׳s Diseases (HD) and Dentatorubral Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA). Caspase-8 inhibition may provide an effective means of treatment for multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the present study describes the molecular interaction of some selected natural compounds with known anti neurodegenerative properties with Caspase-8. Docking between Caspase-8 and each of these compounds (separately) was performed using 'Autodock4.2'. Out of all the selected compounds, rosmarinic acid and curcumin proved to be the most potent inhibitors of Caspase-8 with binding energy (ΔG) of -7.10 Kcal/mol and -7.08 Kcal/mol, respectively. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to validate the anti-neurodegenerative potential of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saif Khan
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha׳il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adil
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow
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Zhang HL, Wu L, Wu X, Zhu J. Can IFN-γ be a therapeutic target in Guillain-Barré syndrome? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:355-63. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.882899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Secondary damage caused by CD11b+ microglia following diffuse axonal injury in rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 73:1168-74. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318246eaf4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Jiang L, Cheng Z, Qiu S, Que Z, Bao W, Jiang C, Zou F, Liu P, Liu J. Altered let-7 expression in Myasthenia gravis and let-7c mediated regulation of IL-10 by directly targeting IL-10 in Jurkat cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:217-23. [PMID: 22835429 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell-dependent and B cell-mediated autoimmune disease of neuromuscular junctions and cytokines may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of MG. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated as fine-tuning regulators controlling diverse biological processes at the level of posttranscriptional repression. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been described in various disease states. In this study, miRNA microarrays identified let-7 family to be decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MG patients compared to the healthy controls. We next demonstrated the differential expression of let-7 family in larger samples by quantitative real-time PCR. Using a combination of bioinformatics and molecular approaches, we confirmed IL-10 as a target for let-7c. IL-10 expression also showed a negative correlation with let-7c expression in PBMCs from MG patients. Further experiments revealed that induced levels of IL-10 were inversely related to let-7c levels. We also showed that let-7c could regulate IL-10 expression in Jurkat cells. In summary, our results suggest that abnormal expression/regulation of microRNAs may contribute to or be indicative of the initiation and progression of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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27
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Ydens E, Cauwels A, Asselbergh B, Goethals S, Peeraer L, Lornet G, Almeida-Souza L, Van Ginderachter JA, Timmerman V, Janssens S. Acute injury in the peripheral nervous system triggers an alternative macrophage response. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:176. [PMID: 22818207 PMCID: PMC3419084 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of the immune system in neurodegeneration has detrimental as well as beneficial effects. Which aspects of this immune response aggravate the neurodegenerative breakdown and which stimulate regeneration remains an open question. To unravel the neuroprotective aspects of the immune system we focused on a model of acute peripheral nerve injury, in which the immune system was shown to be protective. METHODS To determine the type of immune response triggered after axotomy of the sciatic nerve, a model for Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system, we evaluated markers representing the two extremes of a type I and type II immune response (classical vs. alternative) using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our results showed that acute peripheral nerve injury triggers an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive response, rather than a pro-inflammatory response. This was reflected by the complete absence of classical macrophage markers (iNOS, IFN γ, and IL12p40), and the strong up-regulation of tissue repair markers (arginase-1, Ym1, and Trem2). The signal favoring the alternative macrophage environment was induced immediately after nerve damage and appeared to be established within the nerve, well before the infiltration of macrophages. In addition, negative regulators of the innate immune response, as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were induced. The strict regulation of the immune system dampens the potential tissue damaging effects of an over-activated response. CONCLUSIONS We here demonstrate that acute peripheral nerve injury triggers an inherent protective environment by inducing the M2 phenotype of macrophages and the expression of arginase-1. We believe that the M2 phenotype, associated with a sterile inflammatory response and tissue repair, might explain their neuroprotective capacity. As such, shifting the neurodegeneration-induced immune responses towards an M2/Th2 response could be an important therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Ydens
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Anje Cauwels
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goethals
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Lieve Peeraer
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Lornet
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- GROUP-ID Consortium, Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, GhentUniversity, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Almeida-Souza
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- GROUP-ID Consortium, Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, GhentUniversity, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and clinical studies support a pathogenic role of microglial activation and proliferation (MAP) in epileptogenesis. METHODS From a consecutive series of 319 surgically treated epilepsy cases, we retrospectively reviewed the histopathological sections of 92 cases to define the prevalence and severity of MAP after excluding the other 227 because of coexisting disorders that might contribute to MAP. Severity of MAP was compared with underlying abnormalities. We assessed the response to intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis in one patient with severe MAP who had failed multiple antiepileptic drugs and epilepsy surgery. RESULTS MAP was detected with routine (hematoxylin and eosin) stain in 46 of 92 cases (50%). MAP was mild in 32 cases (69.6%), moderate in 12 (26.1%), and severe in 2 (4.3%). The prevalence and severity of MAP were independent of underlying abnormalities. Immunomodulatory therapy was followed by a greater than 90% reduction in seizure activity in the treated patient. CONCLUSION MAP is prevalent in resected human epilepsy tissue. Failure to down-regulate MAP contributes to chronic neuronal hyperexcitability. We hypothesize that MAP initiates a cycle of inflammation-induced seizures and seizure-induced inflammation. Microglia-driven epilepsy may be a primary pathogenic process in a small number of cases, as suggested by the pathology and therapeutic response in our patient, but may contribute to epileptogenesis in many more.
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Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:223-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Burguillos MA, Deierborg T, Kavanagh E, Persson A, Hajji N, Garcia-Quintanilla A, Cano J, Brundin P, Englund E, Venero JL, Joseph B. Caspase signalling controls microglia activation and neurotoxicity. Nature 2011; 472:319-24. [PMID: 21389984 DOI: 10.1038/nature09788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of microglia and inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity are suggested to play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Activated microglia release pro-inflammatory factors that may be neurotoxic. Here we show that the orderly activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3/7, known executioners of apoptotic cell death, regulate microglia activation through a protein kinase C (PKC)-δ-dependent pathway. We find that stimulation of microglia with various inflammogens activates caspase-8 and caspase-3/7 in microglia without triggering cell death in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown or chemical inhibition of each of these caspases hindered microglia activation and consequently reduced neurotoxicity. We observe that these caspases are activated in microglia in the ventral mesencephalon of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the frontal cortex of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Taken together, we show that caspase-8 and caspase-3/7 are involved in regulating microglia activation. We conclude that inhibition of these caspases could be neuroprotective by targeting the microglia rather than the neurons themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Burguillos
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Andrzejczak D. Padaczka a cytokiny prozapalne. Immunomodulujące właściwości leków przeciwpadaczkowych. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2011; 45:275-85. [DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Down-regulation of IL-6 production by astaxanthin via ERK-, MSK-, and NF-κB-mediated signals in activated microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1560-72. [PMID: 20932499 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of astaxanthin on IL-6 in activated microglial cells because excessive interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by activated brain microglia has been linked to many neurological disorders and proper regulation of IL-6 is critical for maintaining brain homeostasis. Astaxanthin inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IL-6 mRNA and protein in BV-2 microglial cells. Moreover, LPS-induced p-IKKα, p-IκBα, and p-NF-κB p65 levels were all suppressed by astaxanthin. The translocation of p-NF-κB p65 from the cytosol into the nucleus and transcriptional activity were inhibited by astaxanthin. IL-6 expression and NF-κB transcriptional activation were inhibited by astaxanthin, as well as inhibitors of NF-κB and MAPK in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Consistent with these findings, astaxanthin down-regulated the activation of p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and p-mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1(p-MSK1), but not of p-c-jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK). Astaxathin also decreased IL-6 mRNA and protein levels in LPS-stimulated primary microglial cells, RAW264.7 macrophages, and peritoneal macrophages. In addition, IL-6 suppression through astaxanthin-induced down-regulation of p-ERK1/2, p-MSK1, and p-NF-κB p65 occurred in microglial cells stimulated with LPS or stromal derived factor (SDF)-1α. Astaxathin also inhibited the secretion and mRNA expression of IL-6 in SDF-1α-stimulated microglial cells. SDF-1α-stimulated ERK1/2, MSK1, and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation were reduced by astaxanthin. Therefore, our results suggest that astaxanthin regulates IL-6 production through a p-ERK1/2-MSK-1- and p-NF-κB p65-dependent pathway in activated microglial cells.
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Serum cytokine alteration is associated with optic neuropathy in human primary open angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2010; 19:324-30. [PMID: 19730118 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0b013e3181b4cac7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to compare human serum levels of TH1 and TH2 cytokines between 2 stages of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and nonglaucomatous controls. METHODS Thirty-two patients with primary POAG and 26 normal control subjects were enrolled into this study. The 32 patients with POAG were divided into 2 subgroups according to their mean defect (MD) with MD better than -12 dB and worse than -12 dB on the visual field. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assay for the levels of TH1 cytokines serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon-gamma, and TH2 cytokines IL-4, IL-6 in the peripheral serum. RESULTS Patients with mild glaucomatous neuropathy exhibited significant elevations in IL-4 (P<0.0001) and IL-6 (P=0.0302) compared with the controls, whereas higher concentrations of IL-4 (P<0.0001) and IL-6 (P=0.0084) were found in patients with severe glaucomatous neuropathy. The level of IL-12p70 was significantly increased in both the MD >/=12 dB (P<0.0001) and MD <12 dB (P<0.0001) groups. A significant decrease in TNF-alpha levels were observed in MD <12 dB group compared with the controls (P=0.0464), and TNF-alpha levels in MD <12 dB group were lower than MD >/=12 dB group (P=0.0328). No significant differences in serum concentrations of IL-2, sIL-2R IL-12p40, IL-23 and interferon-gamma were found between MD <12 dB group, MD >or=12 dB group, and control group. CONCLUSIONS Significant alterations of serum TH1 and TH2 cytokines are associated with glaucoma, suggesting the possibility that abnormal immune environments contribute to the glaucomatous neuropathy of POAG.
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Oncel C, Baser S, Cam M, Akdağ B, Taspinar B, Evyapan F. Peripheral neuropathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD 2010; 7:11-6. [PMID: 20214459 DOI: 10.3109/15412550903499480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of peripheral nervous system involvement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its relation with proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, IGF-1 and CRP. Forty chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with a mean age 62.8 +/- 5.5 years and 33 healthy controls with a mean age of 61.8 +/- 7.4 were included into this study. All subjects were evaluated with standard motor and sensory nerve conduction studies. Serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, CRP and IGF-1 were measured. The muscle strengths of three muscle groups (knee extensors, shoulder abductors and flexors) were assessed with a hand-held dynamometer. Peripheral neuropathy was detected at 15% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Ulnar motor and sensory nerves, left sural nerve distal latencies were found significantly prolonged than healthy volunteers (p = 0.011), peroneal nerve conduction velocities was found lower in patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.021), tibial nerve amplitudes was found lower in patients than healthy controls (p = 0.046). CRP and TNF-alpha were found significantly higher in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and IGF-1 was found significantly lower in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. There was no correlations between proinflammatory cytokines, CRP and electrophysiological findings. Left sural nerve's sensory nerve action potential amplitude was correlated positively with FEV(1)% (r = 0.425; p = 0.009). Muscle strength at the shoulder and knee were significantly reduced in patients with COPD when compared with controls. The frequency of neuropathy was higher in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease when compared with the healthy controls. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients have subclinical peripheral nerve involvements.
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Elsais A, Johansen B, Kerty E. Airway limitation and exercise intolerance in well-regulated myasthenia gravis patients. Acta Neurol Scand 2010:12-7. [PMID: 20586729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of neuromuscular synapses, characterized by muscular weakness and reduced endurance. Remission can be obtained in many patients. However, some of these patients complain of fatigue. The aim of this study was to assess exercise capacity and lung function in well-regulated MG patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ten otherwise healthy MG patients and 10 matched controls underwent dynamic spirometry, and a ramped symptom-limited bicycle exercise test. Spirometric variables included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). Exercise variables included maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2) max), anaerobic threshold (VO(2) AT) maximum work load (W), maximum ventilation (VE max), and limiting symptom. RESULTS Myasthenia gravis patients had significantly lower FEV1/FVC ratio than controls. This was more marked in patients on acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. On the contrary, patients not using acetylcholine esterase inhibitors had a significantly lower exercise endurance time. CONCLUSION Well-regulated MG patients, especially those using pyridostigmine, tend to have an airway obstruction. The modest airway limitation might be a contributing factor to their fatigue. Patients who are not using acetylcholinesterase inhibitor seem to have diminished exercise endurance in spite of their clinically complete remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elsais
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Alboni S, Cervia D, Sugama S, Conti B. Interleukin 18 in the CNS. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:9. [PMID: 20113500 PMCID: PMC2830964 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 is a cytokine isolated as an important modulator of immune responses and subsequently shown to be pleiotropic. IL-18 and its receptors are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) where they participate in neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative processes but also influence homeostasis and behavior. Work on IL-18 null mice, the localization of the IL-18 receptor complex in neurons and the neuronal expression of decoy isoforms of the receptor subunits are beginning to reveal the complexity and the significance of the IL-18 system in the CNS. This review summarizes current knowledge on the central role of IL-18 in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Wang L, Han Y, Chen D, Xiao Z, Xi Z, Xiao F, Wang X. Cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E concentration decreases after seizure. Seizure 2010; 19:79-83. [PMID: 20093050 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In epilepsy, many studies were focus on apoE gene polymorphism and found APOE epsilon4 to be associated with earlier onset of temporal lobe epilepsy. There is not any study about apoE in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of epileptic patients, so we detect the CSF-apoE and determine whether it is changed after seizure. METHODS A total of 60 epileptic patients and 28 subjects with no evidence of any neurological diseases were studied. The concentrations of CSF-apoE were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The CSF-apoE levels in epilepsy and control group were 5.78+/-2.15 mg/l and 13.60+/-12.11 mg/l, and there were statistical difference. In epilepsy group, the CSF-apoE concentration was 6.53+/-2.55 mg/l in male patients, and 4.98+/-1.21 mg/l in female. In secondary epilepsy group was 5.06+/-1.31 mg/l, and in idiopathic epilepsy was 6.04+/-2.34 mg/l. In different seizure types groups, including complex partial seizure (CPS), secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizure (SGTC), generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), and absence seizure (AS), the mean concentrations of CSF-apoE were 6.62+/-3.13 mg/l, 5.21+/-1.22 mg/l, 5.00+/-1.09 mg/l and 7.25+/-1.88 mg/l, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CSF-apoE concentration decreases after seizures, correlated with the gender, etiological factor and seizure types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 You Yi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
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Guyton MK, Brahmachari S, Das A, Samantaray S, Inoue J, Azuma M, Ray SK, Banik NL. Inhibition of calpain attenuates encephalitogenicity of MBP-specific T cells. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1895-907. [PMID: 19627443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS, possessing both immune and neurodegenerative events that lead to disability. Adoptive transfer (AT) of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells into naïve female SJL/J mice results in a relapsing-remitting (RR) form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Blocking the mechanisms by which MBP-specific T cells are activated before AT may help characterize the immune arm of MS and offer novel targets for therapy. One such target is calpain, which is involved in activation of T cells, migration of immune cells into the CNS, degradation of axonal and myelin proteins, and neuronal apoptosis. Thus, the hypothesis that inhibiting calpain in MBP-specific T cells would diminish their encephalitogenicity in RR-EAE mice was tested. Incubating MBP-specific T cells with the calpain inhibitor SJA6017 before AT markedly suppressed the ability of these T cells to induce clinical symptoms of RR-EAE. These reductions correlated with decreases in demyelination, inflammation, axonal damage, and loss of oligodendrocytes and neurons. Also, calpain : calpastatin ratio, production of truncated Bid, and Bax : Bcl-2 ratio, and activities of calpain and caspases, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation were attenuated. Thus, these data suggest calpain as a promising target for treating EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Guyton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Yeh JH, Wang SH, Chien PJ, Shih CM, Chiu HC. Changes in serum cytokine levels during plasmapheresis in patients with myasthenia gravis. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:1318-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Suppression of nuclear factor kappa B ameliorates astrogliosis but not amyloid burden in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neuroscience 2009; 161:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pucak ML, Carroll KAL, Kerr DA, Kaplin AI. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of depression in multiple sclerosis: neuroinflammatory, neuroendocrine, and neurotrophic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated depression. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2007. [PMID: 17726912 PMCID: PMC3181849 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2007.9.2/mpucak] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is largely biologically mediated by some of the same processes involved in the immunopathogenesis of this neurologic disease. In particular, the increase in proinflammatory cytokines, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and reduction in neurotrophic factors that occur in MS may each account for the increased rate of depression seen in MS. The possible contributions of these neuroinflammatory, neuroendocrine, and neurotrophic mechanisms suggest a diverse array of novel treatment strategies for depression, both in the context of inflammatory conditions as well as in idiopathic depression. Furthermore, if such processes in MS play a causative role in the pathogenesis of depression, and depression in turn has affects on neurophysiological processes related to immune function, then treatment of depression might have a positive effect on MS disease progression. This makes treating MS depression a neuropsychiatric imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Pucak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Ferrier CH, Aronica E, Leijten FSS, Spliet WGM, Boer K, van Rijen PC, van Huffelen AC. Electrocorticography discharge patterns in patients with a cavernous hemangioma and pharmacoresistent epilepsy. J Neurosurg 2007; 107:495-503. [PMID: 17886546 DOI: 10.3171/jns-07/09/0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Neurodevelopmental lesions (NDLs) such as glioneuronal tumors and cortical dysplasia produce characteristic electrocorticography (ECoG) discharge patterns. Because cavernomas, another congenital abnormality, are also associated with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, the authors wondered whether they exhibit discharge patterns similar to those occurring in NDLs. METHODS Intraoperative ECoG recordings from 19 patients with cavernomas and 54 with NDLs were reviewed for continuous spikes, bursts, or recruiting discharges and to determine whether these patterns were spatially coincident with the lesion. Relative densities of microglia and the intensity of Fe3+ staining in surgical samples were evaluated. Seizure outcome was assessed 1 year after surgery. RESULTS The mean ages at seizure onset and surgery were higher in patients in the cavernoma group than in the NDL group (22.5 and 36.4 years compared with 10.0 and 25.2 years, respectively). Neocortical discharge patterns occurred equally in patients with either cavernomas (53%) or NDLs (41%). In the mesiotemporal area coincident bursts occurred more often in patients with cavernomas than patients with NDLs (55% compared with 10%, respectively). Coincident continuous spiking was associated with a longer duration of epilepsy in patients with cavernomas (23.5 years compared with 11.4 years for those without coincident continuous spiking) and with a lower age at seizure onset in those with NDLs (4.1 years compared with 11.8 years for those without coincident continuous spiking). In the cavernoma group the absence of coincident bursts was associated with high microglia density. There were no associations between the intensity of Fe3+ staining and discharge patterns, although the discharge patterns were associated with a worse outcome in patients with NDLs. CONCLUSIONS In patients with NDLs, continuous spiking patterns may be markers of a widespread epileptogenic zone due to an early insult to the developing brain; in patients with cavernomas, such patterns may indicate secondary epileptogenesis. Microglia may inhibit discharge patterns in patients with cavernomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille H Ferrier
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Lipid metabolism is of particular interest due to its high concentration in CNS. The importance of lipids in cell signaling and tissue physiology is demonstrated by many CNS disorders and injuries that involve deregulated metabolism. The long suffering lipid field is gaining reputation and respect as evidenced through the Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Lipidomics and Pathobiology (COBRE), Lipid MAPS (Metabolites And Pathways Strategy) Consortium sponsored by NIH, European initiatives for decoding the lipids through genomic approaches, and Genomics of Lipid-associated Disorder (GOLD) project initiated by Austrian government. This review attempts to provide an overview of the lipid imbalances associated with neurological disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's; Niemann-Pick; Multiple sclerosis, Huntington, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and epilepsy) and CNS injury (Stroke, traumatic brain injury; and spinal cord injury) and a few provocative thoughts. Lipidomic analyses along with RNA silencing will provide new insights into the role of lipid intermediates in cell signaling and hopefully open new avenues for prevention or treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Muralikrishna Adibhatla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - J. F. Hatcher
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Chang KH, Lyu RK, Tseng MY, Ro LS, Wu YR, Chang HS, Hsu WC, Kuo HC, Huang CC, Chu CC, Hsieh SY, Chen CM. Elevated haptoglobin level of cerebrospinal fluid in Guillain-Barré syndrome revealed by proteomics analysis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:467-75. [PMID: 21136698 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200600949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune inflammatory polyneuropathy with a high risk of respiratory failure and unclear pathogenesis. Currently, there are no valid biomarkers for diagnosis of GBS. We used 2-DE and MS to analyze the protein profiles of five pairs of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of the GBS patients and the patient controls. Three proteins (orosomucoid, haptoglobin and apolipoprotein A-IV) were up-regulated, and two proteins (prostaglandin D2 synthase and transthyretin) were down-regulated in the CSF of the GBS patients. The CSF haptoglobin level, quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was significantly higher in the GBS patients (12.44 ± 2.70 μg/mL) compared to the chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (2.82 ± 0.83 μg/mL), viral meningitis (3.57 ± 0.97 μg/mL) and control patients (1.44 ± 0.35 μg/mL, p<0.05). This study indicated that protein profile analysis using a combination of 2-DE and MS provides an effective strategy for elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying potential CSF biomarkers for GBS. The raised intrathecal synthesis of haptoglobin specifically only in GBS patients, but not in patients with other neurological diseases examined, provides evidence of central nervous system involvement in GBS, and may be used as a potential diagnostic marker for GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kang MJ, Homer RJ, Gallo A, Lee CG, Crothers KA, Cho SJ, Rochester C, Cain H, Chupp G, Yoon HJ, Elias JA. IL-18 is induced and IL-18 receptor alpha plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema and inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:1948-59. [PMID: 17237446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Th1 inflammation and remodeling characterized by local tissue destruction coexist in pulmonary emphysema and other diseases. To test the hypothesis that IL-18 plays an important role in these responses, we characterized the regulation of IL-18 in lungs from cigarette smoke (CS) and room air-exposed mice and characterized the effects of CS in wild-type mice and mice with null mutations of IL-18Ralpha (IL-18Ralpha(-/-)). CS was a potent stimulator and activator of IL-18 and caspases 1 and 11. In addition, although CS caused inflammation and emphysema in wild-type mice, both of these responses were significantly decreased in IL-18Ralpha(-/-) animals. CS also induced epithelial apoptosis, activated effector caspases and stimulated proteases and chemokines via IL-18Ralpha-dependent pathways. Importantly, the levels of IL-18 and its targets, cathepsins S and B, were increased in pulmonary macrophages from smokers and patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Elevated levels of circulating IL-18 were also seen in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. These studies demonstrate that IL-18 and the IL-18 pathway are activated in CS-exposed mice and man. They also demonstrate, in a murine modeling system, that IL-18R signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of CS-induced inflammation and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jong Kang
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Kountouras J, Gavalas E, Zavos C, Stergiopoulos C, Chatzopoulos D, Kapetanakis N, Gisakis D. Alzheimer's disease and Helicobacter pylori infection: Defective immune regulation and apoptosis as proposed common links. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:378-88. [PMID: 16979298 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), have an increasingly high impact on aged population their association with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has not as yet been thoroughly researched. Current H. pylori infection appears to induce irregular humoral and cellular immune responses that, owing to the sharing of homologous epitopes (molecular mimicry), cross-react with components of nerves, thereby contributing and possibly perpetuating the apoptotic neural tissue damage observed in neurodegenerative diseases including AD. An association between AD and H. pylori infection has been recently addressed by two studies. A higher seropositivity for anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibodies in 30 patients with AD than in 30 age-matched controls was reported in one study; this serological test, however, has limitations because it does not discriminate between current and old infections. In the other study, by introducing the histological method (the actual gold standard) for diagnosis of H. pylori infection, we reported a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection in 50 AD patients than in 30 anemic controls. This pathogen may influence the pathophysiology of AD by promoting platelet and platelet-leukocyte aggregation; releasing various pro-inflammatory and vasoactive substances; developing cross-mimicry with host antigens; producing reactive oxygen metabolites and circulating lipid peroxides; influencing the apoptotic process; and increasing, through induction of atrophic gastritis, homocysteine, which contributes to vascular disorders implicated in endothelial damage and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Li Z, Liu Q, Zhu C, Wang W. Effect of coriaria lactone-activated astrocyte-conditioned medium on the cerebral TNF-alpha of normal rats. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2006; 26:161-3, 184. [PMID: 16850735 DOI: 10.1007/bf02895804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effect of coriaria lactone (CL)-activated astrocyte-conditioned medium on the cerebral TNF-alpha of normal rats, the CL-activated astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) was injected into the lateral ventricle of SD rats. The rats were observed for behavioral changes, and the changes of the expression of TNF-alpha in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were immunohistochemically examined by employing SP method. TNF-alpha level was assessed by means of radioimmunoassay in homogenate of cerebral cortex and hippocampus as well as cerebrospinal fluid. Seizure episodes were observed in ACM group 30 min after the ACM injection, but they were not observed in the control group. Immunohistochemical detection showed that the immunoreaction of TNF-alpha in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats were stronger than that of the control group 4 h after the ACM injection (P<0. 05). In this group, the concentrations of TNF-alpha in homogenate of cerebral cortex and hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). It is suggested that the ACM activated by CL can enhance the expression of TNF-alpha in normal rats, and is related to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Li
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Jurado J, Caula J, Pou i Torelló JM. [Selection of risk and diagnosis in diabetic polyneuropathy. Validation of method of new systems]. Aten Primaria 2006; 38:116-21. [PMID: 16828016 PMCID: PMC7679805 DOI: 10.1157/13090436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In a previous study we developed a specific algorithm, the polyneuropathy selection method (PSM) with 4 parameters (age, HDL-C, HbA1c, and retinopathy), to select patients at risk of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). We also developed a simplified method for DPN diagnosis: outpatient polyneuropathy diagnosis (OPD), with 4 variables (symptoms and 3 objective tests). OBJECTIVES To confirm the validity of conventional tests for DPN diagnosis; to validate the discriminatory power of the PSM and the diagnostic value of OPD by evaluating their relationship to electrodiagnosis studies and objective clinical neurological assessment; and to evaluate the correlation of DPN and pro-inflammatory status. DESIGN Cross-sectional, crossed association for PSM validation. Paired samples for OPD validation. SETTING Primary care in 3 counties. PARTICIPANTS Random sample of 75 subjects from the type-2 diabetes census for PSM evaluation. Thirty DPN patients and 30 non-DPN patients (from 2 DM2 sub-groups in our earlier study) for OPD evaluation. METHODS The gold standard for DPN diagnosis will be studied by means of a clinical neurological study (symptoms, physical examination, and sensitivity tests) and electrodiagnosis studies (sensitivity and motor EMG). Risks of neuropathy, macroangiopathy and pro-inflammatory status (PCR, TNF soluble fraction and total TGF-beta1) will be studied in every subject. EXPECTED RESULTS Electrodiagnosis studies should confirm the validity of conventional tests for DPN diagnosis. PSM and OPD will be valid methods for selecting patients at risk and diagnosing DPN. There will be a significant relationship between DPN and pro-inflammatory tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo Jurado
- Enfermería, Equipo de Atención Primaria, ABS Olot, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Olot, Girona, España.
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Zhang X, Surguladze N, Slagle-Webb B, Cozzi A, Connor JR. Cellular iron status influences the functional relationship between microglia and oligodendrocytes. Glia 2006; 54:795-804. [PMID: 16958088 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that there is a spatiotemporal relationship between iron accumulation in microglia and oligodendrocytes during normal development and in remyelination following injury. This in vivo observation has prompted us to develop a cell culture model to test the relationship between iron status of microglia and survival of oligodendrocytes. We found that conditioned media from iron-loaded microglia increases the survival of oligodendrocytes; but conditioned media from iron loaded activated microglia is toxic to oligodendrocytes. In the trophic condition, one of the proteins released by iron-loaded microglia is H-ferritin, and transfecting the microglia with siRNA for H-ferritin blocks the trophic response on oligodendrocytes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation decreases the amount of H-ferritin that is released from microglia and increases the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1. LPS activation of iron-enriched microglia results in the activation of NF-kB and greater release of cytokines when compared with that of control microglia; whereas treating microglia with an iron chelator is associated with less NF-kB activation and less release of cytokines. These results indicate that microglia play an important role in iron homoeostasis and that their iron status can influence how microglia influence growth and survival of oligodendrocytes. The results further indicate that ferritin, released by microglia, is a significant source of iron for oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
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