1
|
Curley AN, Petersen SV, Edie SM, Guo W. Biologically driven isotopic fractionations in bivalves: from palaeoenvironmental problem to palaeophysiological proxy. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1016-1032. [PMID: 36843233 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Traditional bulk stable isotope (δ18 O and δ13 C) and clumped isotope (Δ47 ) records from bivalve shells provide invaluable histories of Earth's local and global climate change. However, biologically driven isotopic fractionations (BioDIFs) can overprint primary environmental signals in the shell. Here, we explore how conventional measurements of δ18 O, δ13 C, and Δ47 in bivalve shells can be re-interpreted to investigate these physiological processes deliberately. Using intrashell Δ47 and δ18 O alignment as a proxy for equilibrium state, we separately examine fractionations and/or disequilibrium occurring in the two major stages of the biomineralisation process: the secretion of the extrapallial fluid (EPF) and the precipitation of shell material from the EPF. We measured δ18 O, δ13 C, and Δ47 in fossil shells representing five genera (Lahillia, Dozyia, Eselaevitrigonia, Nordenskjoldia, and Cucullaea) from the Maastrichtian age [66-69 million years ago (Ma)] López de Bertodano Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Material was sampled from both the outer and inner shell layers (OSL and ISL, respectively), which precipitate from separate EPF reservoirs. We find consistent δ18 O values across the five taxa, indicating that the composition of the OSL can be a reliable palaeoclimate proxy. However, relative to the OSL baseline, ISLs of all taxa show BioDIFs in one or more isotopic parameters. We discuss/hypothesise potential origins of these BioDIFs by synthesising isotope systematics with the physiological processes underlying shell biomineralisation. We propose a generalised analytical and interpretive framework that maximises the amount of palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiological information that can be derived from the isotopic composition of fossil shell material, even in the presence of previously confounding 'vital effects'. Applying this framework in deep time can expand the utility of δ18 O, δ13 C, and Δ47 measurements from proxies of past environments to proxies for certain biomineralisation strategies across space, time, and phylogeny among Bivalvia and other calcifying organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Curley
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sierra V Petersen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stewart M Edie
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Weifu Guo
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Knight BM, Edgar KJ, De Yoreo JJ, Dove PM. Chitosan as a Canvas for Studies of Macromolecular Controls on CaCO 3 Biological Crystallization. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1078-1102. [PMID: 36853173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of how macromolecules, typically as an organic matrix, nucleate and grow crystals to produce functional biomineral structures remains elusive. Advances in structural biology indicate that polysaccharides (e.g., chitin) and negatively charged proteoglycans (due to carboxyl, sulfate, and phosphate groups) are ubiquitous in biocrystallization settings and play greater roles than currently recognized. This review highlights studies of CaCO3 crystallization onto chitinous materials and demonstrates that a broader understanding of macromolecular controls on mineralization has not emerged. With recent advances in biopolymer chemistry, it is now possible to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels with tailored functional group compositions. By deploying these characterized compounds in hypothesis-based studies of nucleation rate, quantitative relationships between energy barrier to crystallization, macromolecule composition, and solvent structuring can be determined. This foundational knowledge will help researchers understand composition-structure-function controls on mineralization in living systems and tune the designs of new materials for advanced applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M Knight
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Patricia M Dove
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Proteomic and Transcriptomic Responses Enable Clams to Correct the pH of Calcifying Fluids and Sustain Biomineralization in Acidified Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416066. [PMID: 36555707 PMCID: PMC9781830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seawater pH and carbonate saturation are predicted to decrease dramatically by the end of the century. This process, designated ocean acidification (OA), threatens economically and ecologically important marine calcifiers, including the northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria). While many studies have demonstrated the adverse impacts of OA on bivalves, much less is known about mechanisms of resilience and adaptive strategies. Here, we examined clam responses to OA by evaluating cellular (hemocyte activities) and molecular (high-throughput proteomics, RNASeq) changes in hemolymph and extrapallial fluid (EPF-the site of biomineralization located between the mantle and the shell) in M. mercenaria continuously exposed to acidified (pH ~7.3; pCO2 ~2700 ppm) and normal conditions (pH ~8.1; pCO2 ~600 ppm) for one year. The extracellular pH of EPF and hemolymph (~7.5) was significantly higher than that of the external acidified seawater (~7.3). Under OA conditions, granulocytes (a sub-population of hemocytes important for biomineralization) were able to increase intracellular pH (by 54% in EPF and 79% in hemolymph) and calcium content (by 56% in hemolymph). The increased pH of EPF and hemolymph from clams exposed to high pCO2 was associated with the overexpression of genes (at both the mRNA and protein levels) related to biomineralization, acid-base balance, and calcium homeostasis, suggesting that clams can use corrective mechanisms to mitigate the negative impact of OA.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gilbert PUPA, Bergmann KD, Boekelheide N, Tambutté S, Mass T, Marin F, Adkins JF, Erez J, Gilbert B, Knutson V, Cantine M, Hernández JO, Knoll AH. Biomineralization: Integrating mechanism and evolutionary history. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9653. [PMID: 35263127 PMCID: PMC8906573 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) biomineralizing organisms have played major roles in the history of life and the global carbon cycle during the past 541 Ma. Both marine diversification and mass extinctions reflect physiological responses to environmental changes through time. An integrated understanding of carbonate biomineralization is necessary to illuminate this evolutionary record and to understand how modern organisms will respond to 21st century global change. Biomineralization evolved independently but convergently across phyla, suggesting a unity of mechanism that transcends biological differences. In this review, we combine CaCO3 skeleton formation mechanisms with constraints from evolutionary history, omics, and a meta-analysis of isotopic data to develop a plausible model for CaCO3 biomineralization applicable to all phyla. The model provides a framework for understanding the environmental sensitivity of marine calcifiers, past mass extinctions, and resilience in 21st century acidifying oceans. Thus, it frames questions about the past, present, and future of CaCO3 biomineralizing organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert
- Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Geoscience, and Materials Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author. (P.U.P.A.G.); (A.H.K.)
| | - Kristin D. Bergmann
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas Boekelheide
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Department of Marine Biology, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Tali Mass
- University of Haifa, Marine Biology Department, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Université de Bourgogne–Franche-Comté (UBFC), Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jess F. Adkins
- Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, MS 100-23, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jonathan Erez
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Earth Sciences, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vanessa Knutson
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Marjorie Cantine
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Javier Ortega Hernández
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew H. Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (P.U.P.A.G.); (A.H.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gránásy L, Rátkai L, Tóth GI, Gilbert PUPA, Zlotnikov I, Pusztai T. Phase-Field Modeling of Biomineralization in Mollusks and Corals: Microstructure vs Formation Mechanism. JACS AU 2021; 1:1014-1033. [PMID: 34337606 PMCID: PMC8317440 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
While biological crystallization processes have been studied on the microscale extensively, there is a general lack of models addressing the mesoscale aspects of such phenomena. In this work, we investigate whether the phase-field theory developed in materials' science for describing complex polycrystalline structures on the mesoscale can be meaningfully adapted to model crystallization in biological systems. We demonstrate the abilities of the phase-field technique by modeling a range of microstructures observed in mollusk shells and coral skeletons, including granular, prismatic, sheet/columnar nacre, and sprinkled spherulitic structures. We also compare two possible micromechanisms of calcification: the classical route, via ion-by-ion addition from a fluid state, and a nonclassical route, crystallization of an amorphous precursor deposited at the solidification front. We show that with an appropriate choice of the model parameters, microstructures similar to those found in biomineralized systems can be obtained along both routes, though the time-scale of the nonclassical route appears to be more realistic. The resemblance of the simulated and natural biominerals suggests that, underneath the immense biological complexity observed in living organisms, the underlying design principles for biological structures may be understood with simple math and simulated by phase-field theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- László Gránásy
- Laboratory
of Advanced Structural Studies, Institute for Solid State Physics
and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H−1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Brunel
Centre of Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, U.K.
| | - László Rátkai
- Laboratory
of Advanced Structural Studies, Institute for Solid State Physics
and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H−1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula I. Tóth
- Department
of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert
- Departments
of Physics, Chemistry, Geoscience, Materials Science, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- B
CUBE−Center
for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische
Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tamás Pusztai
- Laboratory
of Advanced Structural Studies, Institute for Solid State Physics
and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H−1525 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahman MS, Rahman MS. Effects of elevated temperature on prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis and redox status in the American oyster: Signaling pathways of cellular apoptosis during heat stress. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110428. [PMID: 33186574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing seawater temperature affects growth, reproduction, development, and various other physiological processes in aquatic organisms, such as marine invertebrates, which are especially susceptible to high temperatures. In this study, we examined the effects of short-term heat stress (16, 22, 26, and 30 °C for 1-week exposure) on prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis and redox status in the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica, an edible and commercially cultivated bivalve mollusk) under controlled laboratory conditions. Immunohistochemical and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed to examine the expression of heat shock protein-70 (HSP70, a biomarker of heat stress), catalase (CAT, an antioxidant), superoxide dismutase (SOD, an antioxidant), dinitrophenyl protein (DNP, a biomarker of reactive oxygen species, ROS), and 3-nitrotyrosine protein (NTP, an indicator of reactive nitrogen species, RNS), in the gills and digestive glands of oysters. In situ TUNEL assay was performed to detect cellular apoptosis in tissues. Histological analysis showed an increase in mucus secretion in the gills and digestive glands of oysters exposed to higher temperatures (22, 26, and 30 °C) compared to control (16 °C). Immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR analyses showed significant increases in HSP70, DNP and NTP protein, and mRNA expressions in tissues at higher temperatures. Cellular apoptosis was also significantly increased at higher temperatures. Thus, heat-induced oxidative and nitrative stress likely occur due to overproduction of ROS and RNS. Interestingly, expression of CAT and SOD increased in oysters exposed to 22 and 26 °C, but was at or below control levels in the highest temperature exposure (30 °C). Collectively, these results suggest that elevated seawater temperatures cause oxidative/nitrative stress and induce cellular apoptosis through excessive ROS and RNS production, leading to inhibition of the antioxidant defense system in marine mollusks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadequr Rahman
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Md Saydur Rahman
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA; Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Compositional variability of Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Na/Ca in the deep-sea bivalve Acesta excavata (Fabricius, 1779). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245605. [PMID: 33930027 PMCID: PMC8087087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acesta excavata (Fabricius, 1779) is a slow growing bivalve from the Limidae family and is often found associated with cold-water coral reefs along the European continental margin. Here we present the compositional variability of frequently used proxy elemental ratios (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Na/Ca) measured by laser-ablation mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and compare it to in-situ recorded instrumental seawater parameters such as temperature and salinity. Shell Mg/Ca measured in the fibrous calcitic shell section was overall not correlated with seawater temperature or salinity; however, some samples show significant correlations with temperature with a sensitivity that was found to be unusually high in comparison to other marine organisms. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca measured in the fibrous calcitic shell section display significant negative correlations with the linear extension rate of the shell, which indicates strong vital effects in these bivalves. Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that up to 79% of elemental variability is explicable with temperature and salinity as independent predictor values. Yet, the overall results clearly show that the application of Element/Ca (E/Ca) ratios in these bivalves to reconstruct past changes in temperature and salinity is likely to be complicated due to strong vital effects and the effects of organic material embedded in the shell. Therefore, we suggest to apply additional techniques, such as clumped isotopes, in order to exactly determine and quantify the underlying vital effects and possibly account for these. We found differences in the chemical composition between the two calcitic shell layers that are possibly explainable through differences of the crystal morphology. Sr/Ca ratios also appear to be partly controlled by the amount of magnesium, because the small magnesium ions bend the crystal lattice which increases the space for strontium incorporation. Oxidative cleaning with H2O2 did not significantly change the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca composition of the shell. Na/Ca ratios decreased after the oxidative cleaning, which is most likely a leaching effect and not caused by the removal of organic matter.
Collapse
|
8
|
Piotrowski PK, Tasker TL, Geeza TJ, McDevitt B, Gillikin DP, Warner NR, Dorman FL. Forensic tracers of exposure to produced water in freshwater mussels: a preliminary assessment of Ba, Sr, and cyclic hydrocarbons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15416. [PMID: 32963276 PMCID: PMC7508860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is often criticized due in part to the potential degradation of ground and surface water quality by high-salinity produced water generated during well stimulation and production. This preliminary study evaluated the response of the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata, after exposure to produced water. A limited number of adult mussels were grown over an 8-week period in tanks dosed with produced water collected from a hydraulically fractured well. The fatty tissue and carbonate shells were assessed for accumulation of both inorganic and organic pollutants. Ba, Sr, and cyclic hydrocarbons indicated the potential to accumulate in the soft tissue of freshwater mussels following exposure to diluted oil and gas produced water. Exposed mussels showed accumulation of Ba in the soft tissue several hundred times above background water concentrations and increased concentrations of Sr. Cyclic hydrocarbons were detected in dosed mussels and principle component analysis of gas chromatograph time-of-flight mass spectrometer results could be a novel tool to help identify areas where aquatic organisms are impacted by oil and gas produced water, but larger studies with greater replication are necessary to confirm these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina K Piotrowski
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Travis L Tasker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Sackett Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Environmental Engineering, Saint Francis University, Loretto, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Geeza
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Sackett Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,EES-14, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Bonnie McDevitt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Sackett Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David P Gillikin
- Department of Geology, Union College, 807 Union St, Schenectady, NY, 12308, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Warner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Sackett Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Frank L Dorman
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Althouse Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eggermont M, Cornillie P, Dierick M, Adriaens D, Nevejan N, Bossier P, Van den Broeck W, Sorgeloos P, Defoirdt T, Declercq AM. The blue mussel inside: 3D visualization and description of the vascular-related anatomy of Mytilus edulis to unravel hemolymph extraction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6773. [PMID: 32317671 PMCID: PMC7174403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue mussel Mytilus edulis is an intensely studied bivalve in biomonitoring programs worldwide. The lack of detailed descriptions of hemolymph-withdrawal protocols, particularly with regard to the place from where hemolymph could be perfused from, raises questions regarding the exact composition of aspirated hemolymph and does not exclude the possibility of contamination with other body-fluids. This study demonstrates the use of high resolution X-ray computed tomography and histology combined with 3D-reconstruction using AMIRA-software to visualize some important vascular-related anatomic structures of Mytilus edulis. Based on these images, different hemolymph extraction sites used in bivalve research were visualized and described, leading to new insights into hemolymph collection. Results show that hemolymph withdrawn from the posterior adductor muscle could be extracted from small spaces and fissures between the muscle fibers that are connected to at least one hemolymph supplying artery, more specifically the left posterior gastro-intestinal artery. Furthermore, 3D-reconstructions indicate that puncturing hemolymph from the pericard, anterior aorta, atria and ventricle in a non-invasive way should be possible. Hemolymph withdrawal from the heart is less straightforward and more prone to contamination from the pallial cavity. This study resulted simultaneously in a detailed description and visualization of the vascular-related anatomy of Mytilus edulis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Eggermont
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Manuel Dierick
- Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Department Physics and Astronomy, Proeftuinstraat 86/N12, 9000, Gent, Belgium
- XRE nv. Bollebergen 2B box 1, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Adriaens
- Research Group Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy Nevejan
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Defoirdt
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Maria Declercq
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yen Le TT, García MR, Grabner D, Nachev M, Balsa-Canto E, Hendriks AJ, Zimmermann S, Sures B. Mechanistic simulation of bioconcentration kinetics of waterborne Cd, Ag, Pd, and Pt in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:124967. [PMID: 31677506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic models based on chemical properties of metals and body size have received substantial attention for their potential application to various metals and to different conditions without required calibration. This advantage has been demonstrated for a number of metals, such as Cd and Ag. However, the capacity of metal-specific chemical properties to explain variations in the accumulation for platinum-group elements (PGEs) has not been investigated yet, although emission of these metals is of increasing concern. Once being released, PGEs exist in the environment in mixtures with other metals. The present study attempted to model the accumulation of Pd and Pt in mixtures with Ag and Cd in the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) from the aqueous phase; and to investigate the potential application of mechanistic models to Pd and Pt. The present study showed statistically insignificant differences in metal accumulation among size groups in a narrow range of shell length (16-22 mm). Kinetic models could simulate well the accumulation of Cd, Ag, and Pt when metal-specific responses of zebra mussels are taken into consideration. These responses include enhanced immobilisation as a detoxifying mechanism and exchange between soft tissues and shells via the extrapallial fluid. Environmental conditions, e.g. the presence of abiotic ligands such as chloride, might also play an important role in metal accumulation. Significant relationships between the absorption efficiency and the covalent index indicate the potential application of mechanistic models based on this chemical property to Pt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T T Yen Le
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45141, Germany.
| | - Míriam R García
- Process Engineering Group, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45141, Germany
| | - Milen Nachev
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45141, Germany
| | - Eva Balsa-Canto
- Process Engineering Group, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525, HP, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Zimmermann
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45141, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45141, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chandra Rajan K, Vengatesen T. Molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to high-CO 2 oceans - The known and the unknown. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 155:104883. [PMID: 32072987 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-CO2 induced ocean acidification (OA) reduces the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation level (Ω) and the pH of oceans. Consequently, OA is causing a serious threat to several ecologically and economically important biomineralising molluscs. Biomineralisation is a highly controlled biochemical process by which molluscs deposit their calcareous structures. In this process, shell matrix proteins aid the nucleation, growth and assemblage of the CaCO3 crystals in the shell. These molluscan shell proteins (MSPs) are, ultimately, responsible for determination of the diverse shell microstructures and mechanical strength. Recent studies have attempted to integrate gene and protein expression data of MSPs with shell structure and mechanical properties. These advances made in understanding the molecular mechanism of biomineralisation suggest that molluscs either succumb or adapt to OA stress. In this review, we discuss the fate of biomineralisation process in future high-CO2 oceans and its ultimate impact on the mineralised shell's structure and mechanical properties from the perspectives of limited substrate availability theory, proton flux limitation model and the omega myth theory. Furthermore, studying the interplay of energy availability and differential gene expression is an essential first step towards understanding adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to OA, because if there is a need to change gene expression under stressors, any living system would require more energy than usual. To conclude, we have listed, four important future research directions for molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation in high-CO2 oceans: 1) Including an energy budgeting factor while understanding differential gene expression of MSPs and ion transporters under OA. 2) Unraveling the genetic or epigenetic changes related to biomineralisation under stressors to help solving a bigger picture about future evolution of molluscs, and 3) Understanding Post Translational Modifications of MSPs with and without stressors. 4) Understanding carbon uptake mechanisms across taxa with and without OA to clarify the OA theories on Ω.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanmani Chandra Rajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Thiyagarajan Vengatesen
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu YW, Sutton JN, Ries JB, Eagle RA. Regulation of calcification site pH is a polyphyletic but not always governing response to ocean acidification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax1314. [PMID: 32064331 PMCID: PMC6989143 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The response of marine-calcifying organisms to ocean acidification (OA) is highly variable, although the mechanisms behind this variability are not well understood. Here, we use the boron isotopic composition (δ11B) of biogenic calcium carbonate to investigate the extent to which organisms' ability to regulate pH at their site of calcification (pHCF) determines their calcification responses to OA. We report comparative δ11B analyses of 10 species with divergent calcification responses (positive, parabolic, threshold, and negative) to OA. Although the pHCF is closely coupled to calcification responses only in 3 of the 10 species, all 10 species elevate pHCF above pHsw under elevated pCO2. This result suggests that these species may expend additional energy regulating pHCF under future OA. This strategy of elevating pHCF above pHsw appears to be a polyphyletic, if not universal, response to OA among marine calcifiers-although not always the principal factor governing a species' response to OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Liu
- Université de Brest, UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LEMAR, Rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. (Y.-W.L.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Jill N. Sutton
- Université de Brest, UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LEMAR, Rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Justin B. Ries
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Rd., Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Robert A. Eagle
- Université de Brest, UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LEMAR, Rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California–Los Angeles, La Kretz Hall, 619 Charles E. Young Dr. E #300, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Department, University of California–Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.-W.L.); (R.A.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Iwatsubo T, Kishi R, Yamaguchi T. Calcium Carbonate Skeletal Material Is Synthesized via Phase Transition of the Calcium Carbonate Cartilaginous Material. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:14820-14830. [PMID: 31552321 PMCID: PMC6751545 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation mechanism of calcium carbonate (CC) skeletal tissues in biomineralization has remained poorly understood for a long time. Here, we propose an artificial CC biomineralization system equivalent to the natural one in terms of the primary physicochemical mechanism. Our system is constructed of a polymer gel and a CC solution unsaturated by a dissociated anionic polymer. The gel network consists of proton donor and proton acceptor polymers, which are analogues of polymers in the natural biomineralization system and have affinity for each other through hydrogen bonding interaction. Artificial biomineralization takes place within the polymer gel to produce a monolithic composite of the network and CC, whose powder X-ray diffraction pattern indicates calcite or calcite/vaterite. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy observation of the composite during the mineralization process revealed a two-phase structure (network/CC solid solution phase and CC hypercomplex gel phase). As artificial biomineralization proceeds, the solid phase grows in size at the cost of the gel phase as if the latter is substituted with the former, until the solid phase occupies the whole depth of the composite. These results suggest that the hypercomplex gel is the precursor of the resultant network/CC solid solution, and its discontinuous change is a phase transition to the solid solution. Despite minute differences in higher-order structures between our model system and the natural system, the fundamental structure of CC skeletal tissues in the latter can be interpreted as a network/CC solid solution, whereas that of CC cartilaginous tissues as a CC hypercomplex gel. Then, it can be deduced that, in biomineralization, the CC skeletal tissue is in principle formed via a phase transition of the CC cartilaginous tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iwatsubo
- Research Institute for Sustainable
Chemistry and CNT-Application Research Center, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST), Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Kishi
- Research Institute for Sustainable
Chemistry and CNT-Application Research Center, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST), Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamaguchi
- Research Institute for Sustainable
Chemistry and CNT-Application Research Center, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST), Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Messerli MA, Raihan MJ, Kobylkevich BM, Benson AC, Bruening KS, Shribak M, Rosenthal JJ, Sohn JJ. Construction and Composition of the Squid Pen from Doryteuthis pealeii. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019; 237:1-15. [PMID: 31441702 PMCID: PMC7340512 DOI: 10.1086/704209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pen, or gladius, of the squid is an internalized shell. It serves as a site of attachment for important muscle groups and as a protective barrier for the visceral organs. The pen's durability and flexibility are derived from its unique composition of chitin and protein. We report the characterization of the structure, development, and composition of pens from Doryteuthis pealeii. The nanofibrils of the polysaccharide β-chitin are arranged in an aligned configuration in only specific regions of the pen. Chitin is secreted early in development, enabling us to characterize the changes in pen morphology prior to hatching. The chitin and proteins are assembled in the shell sac surrounded by fluid that has a significantly different ionic composition from squid plasma. Two groups of proteins are associated with the pen: those on its surface and those embedded within the pen. Only 20 proteins are identified as embedded within the pen. Embedded proteins are classified into six groups, including chitin associated, protease, protease inhibitors, intracellular, extracellular matrix, and those that are unknown. The pen proteins share many conserved domains with proteins from other chitinous structures. We conclude that the pen is one of the least complex, load-bearing, chitin-rich structures currently known and is amenable to further studies to elucidate natural construction mechanisms using chitin and protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Messerli
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007
| | - M. Jahir Raihan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007
| | - Brian M. Kobylkevich
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007
| | - Austin C. Benson
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007
| | - Kristi S. Bruening
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007
| | - Michael Shribak
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Joshua J.C. Rosenthal
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Joel J. Sohn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Calvo-Iglesias J, Pérez-Estévez D, González-Fernández Á. MSP22.8 is a protease inhibitor-like protein involved in shell mineralization in the edible mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1539-1556. [PMID: 28979842 PMCID: PMC5623705 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mussel shell protein 22.8 (MSP22.8) is recognized by a monoclonal antibody (M22.8) directed against larvae of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. After being secreted by cells of the mantle-edge epithelium into the extrapallial (EP) space (the gap between the mantle and the shell), the protein is detected in the extrapallial fluid (EPF) and EP hemocytes and finally becomes part of the shell matrix framework in adult specimens of M. galloprovincialis. In the work described here, we show how MSP22.8 is detected in EPF samples from different species of mussels (M. galloprovincialis, Mytilus edulis, and Xenostrobus securis), and also as a shell matrix protein in M. galloprovincialis, Mytilus chilensis, and Perna canaliculus. A multistep purification strategy was employed to isolate the protein from the EPF, which was then analyzed by mass spectrometry in order to identify it. The results indicate that MSP22.8 is a serpin-like protein that has great similarity with the protease inhibitor-like protein-B1, reported previously for Mytilus coruscus. We suggest that MSP22.8 is part of a system offering protection from proteolysis during biomineralization and is also part of the innate immune system in mussels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Calvo-Iglesias
- Immunology Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) Centro Singular de investigación de Galicia Institute of Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV) University of Vigo Pontevedra Spain
| | | | - África González-Fernández
- Immunology Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) Centro Singular de investigación de Galicia Institute of Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV) University of Vigo Pontevedra Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bahn SY, Jo BH, Choi YS, Cha HJ. Control of nacre biomineralization by Pif80 in pearl oyster. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700765. [PMID: 28782039 PMCID: PMC5540247 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Molluscan nacre is a fascinating biomineral consisting of a highly organized calcium carbonate composite that provides unique fracture toughness and an iridescent color. Organisms elaborately control biomineralization using organic macromolecules. We propose the involvement of the matrix protein Pif80 from the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata in the development of the inorganic phase during nacre biomineralization, based on experiments using the recombinant form of Pif80. Through interactions with calcium ions, Pif80 participates in the formation of polymer-induced liquid precursor-like amorphous calcium carbonate granules and stabilizes these granules by forming calcium ion-induced coacervates. At the calcification site, the disruption of Pif80 coacervates destabilizes the amorphous mineral precursors, resulting in the growth of a crystalline structure. The redissolved Pif80 controls the growth of aragonite on the polysaccharide substrate, which contributes to the formation of polygonal tablet structure of nacre. Our findings provide insight into the use of organic macromolecules by living organisms in biomineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Jo
- Division of Life Science and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Yoo Seong Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Corresponding author. (Y.S.C.); (H.J.C.)
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Corresponding author. (Y.S.C.); (H.J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ivanina AV, Falfushynska HI, Beniash E, Piontkivska H, Sokolova IM. Biomineralization-related specialization of hemocytes and mantle tissues of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3209-3221. [PMID: 28667243 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molluscan exoskeleton (shell) plays multiple important roles including structural support, protection from predators and stressors, and physiological homeostasis. Shell formation is a tightly regulated biological process that allows molluscs to build their shells even in environments unfavorable for mineral precipitation. Outer mantle edge epithelial cells (OME) and hemocytes were implicated in this process; however, the exact functions of these cell types in biomineralization are not clear. Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were used to study differences in the expression profiles of selected biomineralization-related genes in hemocytes and mantle cells, and the functional characteristics of hemocytes such as adhesion, motility and phagocytosis. The specialized role of OME in shell formation was supported by high expression levels of the extracellular matrix (ECM) related and cell-cell interaction genes. Density gradient separation of hemocytes revealed distinct phenotypes based on the cell morphology, gene expression patterns, motility and adhesion characteristics. These hemocyte fractions can be categorized into two functional groups, i.e. biomineralization and immune response cells. Gene expression profiles of the putative biomineralizing hemocytes indicate that in addition to their proposed role in mineral transport, hemocytes also contribute to the formation of the ECM, thus challenging the current paradigm of the mantle as the sole source of the ECM for shell formation. Our findings corroborate the specialized roles of hemocytes and the OME in biomineralization and emphasize complexity of the biological controls over shell formation in bivalves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Ivanina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Halina I Falfushynska
- Department of Human Health, I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, Ternopil 46000, Ukraine
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jeffrey JD, Hannan KD, Hasler CT, Suski CD. Responses to elevated CO2 exposure in a freshwater mussel, Fusconaia flava. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:87-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Calvo-Iglesias J, Pérez-Estévez D, Lorenzo-Abalde S, Sánchez-Correa B, Quiroga MI, Fuentes JM, González-Fernández Á. Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Directed against Mytilus spp Larvae Reveals an Antigen Involved in Shell Biomineralization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152210. [PMID: 27008638 PMCID: PMC4805170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The M22.8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) developed against an antigen expressed at the mussel larval and postlarval stages of Mytilus galloprovincialis was studied on adult samples. Antigenic characterization by Western blot showed that the antigen MSP22.8 has a restricted distribution that includes mantle edge tissue, extrapallial fluid, extrapallial fluid hemocytes, and the shell organic matrix of adult samples. Other tissues such as central mantle, gonadal tissue, digestive gland, labial palps, foot, and byssal retractor muscle did not express the antigen. Immunohistochemistry assays identified MSP22.8 in cells located in the outer fold epithelium of the mantle edge up to the pallial line. Flow cytometry analysis showed that hemocytes from the extrapallial fluid also contain the antigen intracellularly. Furthermore, hemocytes from hemolymph have the ability to internalize the antigen when exposed to a cell-free extrapallial fluid solution. Our findings indicate that hemocytes could play an important role in the biomineralization process and, as a consequence, they have been included in a model of shell formation. This is the first report concerning a protein secreted by the mantle edge into the extrapallial space and how it becomes part of the shell matrix framework in M. galloprovincialis mussels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Calvo-Iglesias
- Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Lorenzo-Abalde
- Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sánchez-Correa
- Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José M. Fuentes
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Medio Rural e do Mar, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Merschel G, Bau M. Rare earth elements in the aragonitic shell of freshwater mussel Corbicula fluminea and the bioavailability of anthropogenic lanthanum, samarium and gadolinium in river water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 533:91-101. [PMID: 26151653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High-technology metals - such as the rare earth elements (REE) - have become emerging contaminants in the hydrosphere, yet little is known about their bioavailability. The Rhine River and the Weser River in Germany are two prime examples of rivers that are subjected to anthropogenic REE input. While both rivers carry significant loads of anthropogenic Gd, originating from contrast agents used for magnetic resonance imaging, the Rhine River also carries large amounts of anthropogenic La and lately Sm which are discharged into the river from an industrial point source. Here, we assess the bioavailability of these anthropogenic microcontaminants in these rivers by analyzing the aragonitic shells of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Concentrations of purely geogenic REE in shells of comparable size cover a wide range of about one order of magnitude between different sampling sites. At a given sampling site, geogenic REE concentrations depend on shell size, i.e. mussel age. Although both rivers show large positive Gd anomalies in their dissolved loads, no anomalous enrichment of Gd relative to the geogenic REE can be observed in any of the analyzed shells. This indicates that the speciations of geogenic and anthropogenic Gd in the river water differ from each other and that the geogenic, but not the anthropogenic Gd is incorporated into the shells. In contrast, all shells sampled at sites downstream of the industrial point source of anthropogenic La and Sm in the Rhine River show positive La and Sm anomalies, revealing that these anthropogenic REE are bioavailable. Only little is known about the effects of long-term exposure to dissolved REE and their general ecotoxicity, but considering that anthropogenic Gd and even La have already been identified in German tap water and that anthropogenic La and Sm are bioavailable, this should be monitored and investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gila Merschel
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Michael Bau
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hancock LG, Walker SE, Pérez-Huerta A, Bowser SS. Population Dynamics and Parasite Load of a Foraminifer on Its Antarctic Scallop Host with Their Carbonate Biomass Contributions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132534. [PMID: 26186724 PMCID: PMC4505869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the population dynamics and parasite load of the foraminifer Cibicides antarcticus on its host the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki from three localities differing by sea ice cover within western McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica: Explorers Cove, Bay of Sails and Herbertson Glacier. We also estimated CaCO3 biomass and annual production for both species. Cibicides populations varied by locality, valve type, and depth. Explorers Cove with multiannual sea ice had larger populations than the two annual sea ice localities, likely related to differences in nutrients. Populations were higher on Adamussium top valves, a surface that is elevated above the sediment. Depth did not affect Cibicides distributions except at Bay of Sails. Cibicides parasite load (the number of complete boreholes in Adamussium valves) varied by locality between 2% and 50%. For most localities the parasite load was < 20%, contrary to a previous report that ~50% of Cibicides were parasitic. The highest and lowest parasite load occurred at annual sea ice localities, suggesting that sea ice condition is not important. Rather, the number of adults that are parasitic could account for these differences. Cibicides bioerosion traces were categorized into four ontogenetic stages, ranging from newly attached recruits to parasitic adults. These traces provide an excellent proxy for population structure, revealing that Explorers Cove had a younger population than Bay of Sails. Both species are important producers of CaCO3. Cibicides CaCO3 biomass averaged 47-73 kg ha(-1) and Adamussium averaged 4987-6806 kg ha(-1) by locality. Annual production rates were much higher. Moreover, Cibicides represents 1.0-2.3% of the total host-parasite CaCO3 biomass. Despite living in the coldest waters on Earth, these species can contribute a substantial amount of CaCO3 to the Ross Sea and need to be incorporated into food webs, ecosystem models, and carbonate budgets for Antarctica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne G. Hancock
- Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sally E. Walker
- Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alberto Pérez-Huerta
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Samuel S. Bowser
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Weber E, Pokroy B. Intracrystalline inclusions within single crystalline hosts: from biomineralization to bio-inspired crystal growth. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00389j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A review of the inclusion of organic matter within single crystalline hosts: from biogenic minerals to bio-inspired nanohybrid single crystal composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Weber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology
- , Israel
| | - Boaz Pokroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology
- , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yasumoto K, Yasumoto-Hirose M, Yasumoto J, Murata R, Sato SI, Baba M, Mori-Yasumoto K, Jimbo M, Oshima Y, Kusumi T, Watabe S. Biogenic polyamines capture CO2 and accelerate extracellular bacterial CaCO3 formation. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:465-474. [PMID: 24493382 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, including cyanobacteria, as well as some fungi, are known to deposit calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) extracellularly in calcium-containing artificial medium. Despite extensive investigation, the mechanisms involved in extracellular formation of CaCO(3) by bacteria have remained unclear. The ability of synthetic amines to remove carbon dioxide (CO(2)) from natural gas led us to examine the role of biogenic polyamines in CaCO(3) deposition by bacteria. Here, we demonstrated that biogenic polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were able to react with atmospheric CO(2) and the resultant carbamate anion was characterized by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Biogenic polyamines accelerated the formation of CaCO(3), and we artificially synthesized the dumbbell-shaped calcites, which had the same form as observed with bacterial CaCO3 precipitates, under nonbacterial conditions by using polyamines. The reaction rate of calcification increased with temperature with an optimum of around 40 °C. Our observation suggests a novel scheme for CO(2) dissipation that could be a potential tool in reducing atmospheric CO(2) levels and, therefore, global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ko Yasumoto
- Kitasato University School of Marine Biosciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Álvarez Nogal R, Molist García P. The outer mantle epithelium ofHaliotis tuberculata(Gastropoda Haliotidae): an ultrastructural and histochemical study using lectins. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Álvarez Nogal
- Department of Molecular Biology (Celular Biology); Campus Vergaza; University of León; León 24071 Spain
| | - Pilar Molist García
- Departament of Functional Biology and Health Sciences; As Lagoas Marcosende; University of Vigo; Vigo 36310 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Asplund ME, Baden SP, Russ S, Ellis RP, Gong N, Hernroth BE. Ocean acidification and host-pathogen interactions: blue mussels,Mytilus edulis, encounteringVibrio tubiashii. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:1029-39. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Asplund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Kristineberg 566 SE - 451 78 Fiskebäckskil Sweden
| | - Susanne P. Baden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Kristineberg 566 SE - 451 78 Fiskebäckskil Sweden
| | - Sarah Russ
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Kristineberg 566 SE - 451 78 Fiskebäckskil Sweden
| | - Robert P. Ellis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD UK
| | - Ningping Gong
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 463 SE - 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Bodil E. Hernroth
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; Kristineberg 566 SE - 451 78 Fiskebäckskil Sweden
- Department of Natural Science; Inst. Biomedicine; Kristianstad University; SE - 291 88 Kristianstad Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Olson IC, Blonsky AZ, Tamura N, Kunz M, Pokroy B, Romao CP, White MA, Gilbert PUPA. Crystal nucleation and near-epitaxial growth in nacre. J Struct Biol 2013; 184:454-63. [PMID: 24121160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nacre is the iridescent inner lining of many mollusk shells, with a unique lamellar structure at the sub-micron scale, and remarkable resistance to fracture. Despite extensive studies, nacre formation mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here we present 20-nm, 2°-resolution polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) images of shells from 15 mollusk species, mapping nacre tablets and their orientation patterns. These data show where new crystal orientations appear and how similar orientations propagate as nacre grows. In all shells we found stacks of co-oriented aragonite (CaCO₃) tablets arranged into vertical columns or staggered diagonally. Near the nacre-prismatic (NP) boundary highly disordered spherulitic aragonite is nucleated. Overgrowing nacre tablet crystals are most frequently co-oriented with the underlying aragonite spherulites, or with another tablet. Away from the NP-boundary all tablets are nearly co-oriented in all species, with crystal lattice tilting, abrupt or gradual, always observed and always small (plus or minus 10°). Therefore aragonite crystal growth in nacre is near-epitaxial. Based on these data, we propose that there is one mineral bridge per tablet, and that "bridge tilting" may occur without fracturing the bridge, hence providing the seed from which the next tablet grows near-epitaxially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Olson
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu F, Nishimura T, Sakamoto T, Tomono H, Nada H, Okumura Y, Kikuchi H, Kato T. Tuning the Stability of CaCO3Crystals with Magnesium Ions for the Formation of Aragonite Thin Films on Organic Polymer Templates. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:3002-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
28
|
Elevated CO₂ levels do not affect the shell structure of the bivalve Arctica islandica from the Western Baltic. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70106. [PMID: 23922922 PMCID: PMC3726507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shells of the bivalve Arctica islandica are used to reconstruct paleo-environmental conditions (e.g. temperature) via biogeochemical proxies, i.e. biogenic components that are related closely to environmental parameters at the time of shell formation. Several studies have shown that proxies like element and isotope-ratios can be affected by shell growth and microstructure. Thus it is essential to evaluate the impact of changing environmental parameters such as high pCO2 and consequent changes in carbonate chemistry on shell properties to validate these biogeochemical proxies for a wider range of environmental conditions. Growth experiments with Arctica islandica from the Western Baltic Sea kept under different pCO2 levels (from 380 to 1120 µatm) indicate no affect of elevated pCO2 on shell growth or crystal microstructure, indicating that A. islandica shows an adaptation to a wider range of pCO2 levels than reported for other species. Accordingly, proxy information derived from A. islandica shells of this region contains no pCO2 related bias.
Collapse
|
29
|
Polysaccharide chemistry regulates kinetics of calcite nucleation through competition of interfacial energies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9261-6. [PMID: 23690577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222162110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcified skeletons are produced within complex assemblages of proteins and polysaccharides whose roles in mineralization are not well understood. Here we quantify the kinetics of calcite nucleation onto a suite of high-purity polysaccharide (PS) substrates under controlled conditions. The energy barriers to nucleation are PS-specific by a systematic relationship to PS charge density and substrate structure that is rooted in minimization of the competing substrate-crystal and substrate-liquid interfacial energies. Chitosan presents a low-energy barrier to nucleation because its near-neutral charge favors formation of a substrate-crystal interface, thus reducing substrate interactions with water. Progressively higher barriers are measured for negatively charged alginates and heparin that favor contact with the solution over the formation of new substrate-crystal interfaces. The findings support a directing role for PS in biomineral formation and demonstrate that substrate-crystal interactions are one end-member in a larger continuum of competing forces that regulate heterogeneous crystal nucleation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Weiss IM, Lüke F, Eichner N, Guth C, Clausen-Schaumann H. On the function of chitin synthase extracellular domains in biomineralization. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:216-25. [PMID: 23643908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molluscs with various shell architectures evolved around 542-525 million years ago, as part of a larger phenomenon related to the diversification of metazoan phyla. Molluscs deposit minerals in a chitin matrix. The mollusc chitin is synthesized by transmembrane enzymes that contain several unique extracellular domains. Here we investigate the assembly mechanism of the chitin synthase Ar-CS1 via its extracellular domain ArCS1_E22. The corresponding transmembrane protein ArCS1_E22TM accumulates in membrane fractions of the expression host Dictyostelium discoideum. Soluble recombinant ArCS1_E22 proteins can be purified as monomers only at basic pH. According to confocal fluorescence microscopy experiments, immunolabeled ArCS1_E22 proteins adsorb preferably to aragonitic nacre platelets at pH 7.75. At pH 8.2 or pH 9.0 the fluorescence signal is less intense, indicating that protein-mineral interaction is reduced with increasing pH. Furthermore, ArCS1_E22 forms regular nanostructures on cationic substrates as revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments on modified mica cleavage planes. These experiments suggest that the extracellular domain ArCS1_E22 is involved in regulating the multiple enzyme activities of Ar-CS1 such as chitin synthesis and myosin movements by interaction with mineral surfaces and eventually by protein assembly. The protein complexes could locally probe the status of mineralization according to pH unless ions and pCO2 are balanced with suitable buffer substances. Taking into account that the intact enzyme could act as a force sensor, the results presented here provide further evidence that shell formation is coordinated physiologically with precise adjustment of cellular activities to the structure, topography and stiffness at the mineralizing interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Weiss
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials gGmbH, Biomineralization Group, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shi Y, Yu C, Gu Z, Zhan X, Wang Y, Wang A. Characterization of the pearl oyster (Pinctada martensii) mantle transcriptome unravels biomineralization genes. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:175-187. [PMID: 22941536 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii, is a marine bivalve species widely distributed in tropic and subtropic marine coasts. Mantle is the special tissue of P. martensii that secretes biomineralization proteins inducing shell deposition as well as iridescent nacre both in the inner shell and artificial nucleus. The pearl oyster is very efficient for artificial pearl production and is therefore an ideal organism for studies into the processes of biomineralization. However, deficiency of transcriptome information limits the insight into biomineralization mechanisms and pearl formation. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the P. martensii mantle transcriptome using 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 25,723 unique transcripts were assembled from 220,824 quality reads, followed by annotation and Gene Ontology classification analysis. A total of 146 unique transcript segments homologous to 49 reference biomineralization genes were identified, including calcineurin-binding protein, amorphous calcium carbonate binding protein 1, calmodulin, calponin-like protein, carbonic anhydrase 1, glycine-rich shell matrix protein, lysine-rich matrix protein, mantle gene or protein, nacrein, pearlin, PIF, regucalcin, and shematrin. The sequence data enabled the identification of 10,285 potential single nucleotide polymorphism loci and 7,836 putative indels, providing a resource for molecular biomarker, population genetics, and functional genomic studies. A large number of candidate genes for biomineralization were identified, considerably enriching resources for the study of shell formation. These sequence data will notably advance biomineralization and transcriptome study in pearl oyster and other Pinctada species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources-Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiological Technology, The Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dickinson GH, Matoo OB, Tourek RT, Sokolova IM, Beniash E. Environmental salinity modulates the effects of elevated CO2 levels on juvenile hard-shell clams, Mercenaria mercenaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:2607-18. [PMID: 23531824 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.082909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations results in a decrease in seawater pH and shifts in the carbonate chemistry that can negatively affect marine organisms. Marine bivalves such as the hard-shell clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, serve as ecosystem engineers in estuaries and coastal zones of the western Atlantic and, as for many marine calcifiers, are sensitive to the impacts of ocean acidification. In estuaries, the effects of ocean acidification can be exacerbated by low buffering capacity of brackish waters, acidic inputs from freshwaters and land, and/or the negative effects of salinity on the physiology of organisms. We determined the interactive effects of 21 weeks of exposure to different levels of CO2 (~395, 800 and 1500 μatm corresponding to pH of 8.2, 8.1 and 7.7, respectively) and salinity (32 versus 16) on biomineralization, shell properties and energy metabolism of juvenile hard-shell clams. Low salinity had profound effects on survival, energy metabolism and biomineralization of hard-shell clams and modulated their responses to elevated PCO2. Negative effects of low salinity in juvenile clams were mostly due to the strongly elevated basal energy demand, indicating energy deficiency, that led to reduced growth, elevated mortality and impaired shell maintenance (evidenced by the extensive damage to the periostracum). The effects of elevated PCO2 on physiology and biomineralization of hard-shell clams were more complex. Elevated PCO2 (~800-1500 μatm) had no significant effects on standard metabolic rates (indicative of the basal energy demand), but affected growth and shell mechanical properties in juvenile clams. Moderate hypercapnia (~800 μatm PCO2) increased shell and tissue growth and reduced mortality of juvenile clams in high salinity exposures; however, these effects were abolished under the low salinity conditions or at high PCO2 (~1500 μatm). Mechanical properties of the shell (measured as microhardness and fracture toughness of the shells) were negatively affected by elevated CO2 alone or in combination with low salinity, which may have important implications for protection against predators or environmental stressors. Our data indicate that environmental salinity can strongly modulate responses to ocean acidification in hard-shell clams and thus should be taken into account when predicting the effects of ocean acidification on estuarine bivalves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Dickinson
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 589 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hettinger A, Sanford E, Hill TM, Russell AD, Sato KNS, Hoey J, Forsch M, Page HN, Gaylord B. Persistent carry-over effects of planktonic exposure to ocean acidification in the Olympia oyster. Ecology 2013; 93:2758-68. [PMID: 23431605 DOI: 10.1890/12-0567.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Predicting impacts of global environmental change is challenging due to the complex life cycles that characterize many terrestrial and aquatic taxa. Different life stages often interact with the physical environment in distinct ways, and a growing body of work suggests that stresses experienced during one life stage can "carry over" to influence subsequent stages. Assessments of population responses to environmental perturbation must therefore consider how effects might propagate across life-history transitions. We investigated consequences of ocean acidification (decreased pH and carbonate saturation) for early life stages of the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), a foundation species in estuaries along the Pacific coast of North America. We reared oysters at three levels of seawater pH, including a control (8.0) and two additional levels (7.9 and 7.8). Oysters were cultured through their planktonic larval period to metamorphosis and into early juvenile life. Larvae reared under pH 7.8 exhibited a 15% decrease in larval shell growth rate, and a 7% decrease in shell area at settlement, compared to larvae reared under control conditions. Impacts were even more pronounced a week after settlement, with juveniles that had been reared as larvae under reduced pH exhibiting a 41% decrease in shell growth rate. Importantly, the latter effect arose regardless of the pH level the oysters experienced as juveniles, indicating a strong carry-over effect from the larval phase. Adverse impacts of early exposure to low pH persisted for at least 1.5 months after juveniles were transferred to a common environment. Overall, our results suggest that a stringent focus on a single phase of the life cycle (e.g., one perceived as the "weakest link") may neglect critical impacts that can be transferred across life stages in taxa with complex life histories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annaliese Hettinger
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Watson SA, Peck LS, Tyler PA, Southgate PC, Tan KS, Day RW, Morley SA. Marine invertebrate skeleton size varies with latitude, temperature and carbonate saturation: implications for global change and ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2012; 18:3026-3038. [PMID: 28741833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is great concern over the future effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms, especially for skeletal calcification, yet little is known of natural variation in skeleton size and composition across the globe, and this is a prerequisite for identifying factors currently controlling skeleton mass and thickness. Here, taxonomically controlled latitudinal variations in shell morphology and composition were investigated in bivalve and gastropod molluscs, brachiopods, and echinoids. Total inorganic content, a proxy for skeletal CaCO3 , decreased with latitude, decreasing seawater temperature, and decreasing seawater carbonate saturation state (for CaCO3 as calcite (Ωcal )) in all taxa. Shell mass decreased with latitude in molluscs and shell inorganic content decreased with latitude in buccinid gastropods. Shell thickness decreased with latitude in buccinid gastropods (excepting the Australian temperate buccinid) and echinoids, but not brachiopods and laternulid clams. In the latter, the polar species had the thickest shell. There was no latitudinal trend in shell thickness within brachiopods. The variation in trends in shell thickness by taxon suggests that in some circumstances ecological factors may override latitudinal trends. Latitudinal gradients may produce effects similar to those of future CO2 -driven ocean acidification on CaCO3 saturation state. Responses to latitudinal trends in temperature and saturation state may therefore be useful in informing predictions of organism responses to ocean acidification over long-term adaptive timescales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Ann Watson
- School Of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3, ZH, United Kingdom
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Tyler
- School Of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3, ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Southgate
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Koh Siang Tan
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 14 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119223, Singapore
| | - Robert W Day
- Zoology Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Simon A Morley
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xiao J, Yang S. Bio-inspired synthesis: understanding and exploitation of the crystallization process from amorphous precursors. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:54-65. [PMID: 22068899 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many biominerals, such as mollusk nacre, sea urchin, bone and teeth, are found to form by an amorphous precursor pathway, and these biominerals have remarkable properties, which are better than their artificial material counterparts that are formed at high temperatures and high pressures. More than ever, synthesizing technologically relevant materials following nature's way with a specific size, shape, orientation, organization, and complex form has been a focus of ongoing interest due to the increasing need for low cost and environmentally friendly approaches to processing advanced materials. Herein, we present recent developments in the crystallization process from amorphous precursors by primarily drawing on results from our own laboratory, and discuss some unique characteristics from the transformation process that can be exploited for the design and synthesis of artificial functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dickinson GH, Ivanina AV, Matoo OB, Pörtner HO, Lannig G, Bock C, Beniash E, Sokolova IM. Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:29-43. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Rising levels of atmospheric CO2 lead to acidification of the ocean and alter seawater carbonate chemistry, which can negatively impact calcifying organisms, including mollusks. In estuaries, exposure to elevated CO2 levels often co-occurs with other stressors, such as reduced salinity, which enhances the acidification trend, affects ion and acid–base regulation of estuarine calcifiers and modifies their response to ocean acidification. We studied the interactive effects of salinity and partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) on biomineralization and energy homeostasis in juveniles of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, a common estuarine bivalve. Juveniles were exposed for 11 weeks to one of two environmentally relevant salinities (30 or 15 PSU) either at current atmospheric PCO2 (∼400 μatm, normocapnia) or PCO2 projected by moderate IPCC scenarios for the year 2100 (∼700–800 μatm, hypercapnia). Exposure of the juvenile oysters to elevated PCO2 and/or low salinity led to a significant increase in mortality, reduction of tissue energy stores (glycogen and lipid) and negative soft tissue growth, indicating energy deficiency. Interestingly, tissue ATP levels were not affected by exposure to changing salinity and PCO2, suggesting that juvenile oysters maintain their cellular energy status at the expense of lipid and glycogen stores. At the same time, no compensatory upregulation of carbonic anhydrase activity was found under the conditions of low salinity and high PCO2. Metabolic profiling using magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed altered metabolite status following low salinity exposure; specifically, acetate levels were lower in hypercapnic than in normocapnic individuals at low salinity. Combined exposure to hypercapnia and low salinity negatively affected mechanical properties of shells of the juveniles, resulting in reduced hardness and fracture resistance. Thus, our data suggest that the combined effects of elevated PCO2 and fluctuating salinity may jeopardize the survival of eastern oysters because of weakening of their shells and increased energy consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary H. Dickinson
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 589 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anna V. Ivanina
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Omera B. Matoo
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Hans O. Pörtner
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Hermann von Helmholtz Association of National Research Centers e.V. (HGF), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gisela Lannig
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Hermann von Helmholtz Association of National Research Centers e.V. (HGF), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Christian Bock
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Hermann von Helmholtz Association of National Research Centers e.V. (HGF), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 589 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Inna M. Sokolova
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kanduc T, Medaković D, Hamer B. Mytilus galloprovincialis as a bioindicator of environmental conditions: the case of the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2011; 47:42-61. [PMID: 21271424 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2011.548866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis lives attached to the surface of hard substrata, where its exposure and relative immobility allow it to record changes in ambient seawater. It is also found along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. Oxygen and carbon isotopes were analysed for calcite and aragonite in separate shell layers, while major, minor and trace elements in the bulk shell were analysed to evaluate environmental conditions such as the temperature of carbonate deposition, freshwater influence and locations of anthropogenic pollution. We found that, on average, aragonite is enriched by 1.1‰ in (13)C and by 0.2‰ in (18)O compared with calcite. The calculated temperatures for M. galloprovincialis shell growth from the investigated area range from 13.4 to 20.9 °C for calcite and from 16.6 to 23.1 °C for aragonite. According to the δ(18)O and δ(13)C values of shell layers, we can separate the investigated area into three locations: those with more influence of freshwater, those with less influence of freshwater and those with marine environments. The highest concentrations of manganese, barium, boron, arsenic, nickel and chromium were observed in shells from Omis, Bacvice and Zablace (Central Adriatic) and Sv. Ivan (South Adriatic), where chemical and heavy industries are located and where sewage is known to be discharged into coastal areas. The highest concentrations of zinc, lead and copper were measured in samples from Pula, Rijeka and Gruz, where there are also ports in addition to industry.
Collapse
|
38
|
Heinemann F, Gummich M, Radmacher M, Fritz M. Modification of CaCO3 precipitation rates by water-soluble nacre proteins. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
39
|
Zuykov M, Pelletier E, Demers S. Colloidal complexed silver and silver nanoparticles in extrapallial fluid of Mytilus edulis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 71:17-21. [PMID: 20950850 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal transport in mollusk extrapallial fluid (EPF) that acts as a "bridge" between soft tissues and shell has surprisingly received little attention until now. Using ultrafiltration and radiotracer techniques we determined silver concentrations and speciation in the EPF of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis after short-term uptake and depuration laboratory experiments. Radiolabelled silver ((¹¹⁰m)Ag) was used in dissolved or nanoparticulate phases (AgNPs < 40 nm), with a similar low Ag concentration (total radioactive and cold Ag ~0.7 μg/L) in a way that mussels could uptake radiotracers only from seawater. Our results indicated that silver nanoparticles were transported to the EPF of blue mussels at a level similar to the Ag ionic form. Bulk activity of radiolabelled silver in the EPF represented only up to 7% of the bulk activity measured in the whole mussels. The EPF extracted from mussels exposed to both treatments exhibited an Ag colloidal complexed form based on EPF ultrafiltration through a 3 kDa filter. This original study brings new insights to internal circulation of nanoparticles in living organisms and contributes to the international effort in studying the potential impacts of engineered nanomaterials on marine bivalves which play an essential role in coastal ecosystems, and are important contributors to human food supply from the sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zuykov
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, QC G5L3A1, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Heinemann F, Launspach M, Gries K, Fritz M. Gastropod nacre: Structure, properties and growth — Biological, chemical and physical basics. Biophys Chem 2011; 153:126-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
41
|
Lopes A, Lopes-Lima M, Bobos I, Ferreira J, Gomes S, Reis R, Mano J, Machado J. The effects of Anodonta cygnea biological fluids on biomineralization of chitosan membranes. J Memb Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
42
|
Hobo F, Takahashi M, Saito Y, Sato N, Takao T, Koshiba S, Maeda H. 33S nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biological samples obtained with a laboratory model 33S cryogenic probe. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:054302. [PMID: 20515157 DOI: 10.1063/1.3424853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
(33)S nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is limited by inherently low NMR sensitivity because of the quadrupolar moment and low gyromagnetic ratio of the (33)S nucleus. We have developed a 10 mm (33)S cryogenic NMR probe, which is operated at 9-26 K with a cold preamplifier and a cold rf switch operated at 60 K. The (33)S NMR sensitivity of the cryogenic probe is as large as 9.8 times that of a conventional 5 mm broadband NMR probe. The (33)S cryogenic probe was applied to biological samples such as human urine, bile, chondroitin sulfate, and scallop tissue. We demonstrated that the system can detect and determine sulfur compounds having SO(4)(2-) anions and -SO(3)(-) groups using the (33)S cryogenic probe, as the (33)S nuclei in these groups are in highly symmetric environments. The NMR signals for other common sulfur compounds such as cysteine are still undetectable by the (33)S cryogenic probe, as the (33)S nuclei in these compounds are in asymmetric environments. If we shorten the rf pulse width or decrease the rf coil diameter, we should be able to detect the NMR signals for these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Hobo
- Graduate School of Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zuykov M, Pelletier E, Rouleau C, Popov L, Fowler SW, Orlova M. Autoradiographic study on the distribution of 241Am in the shell of the freshwater zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
44
|
Huang J, Wang H, Cui Y, Zhang G, Zheng G, Liu S, Xie L, Zhang R. Identification and comparison of amorphous calcium carbonate-binding protein and acetylcholine-binding protein in the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:596-607. [PMID: 19139957 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nacre has two different microarchitectures: columnar nacre and sheet nacre. We previously identified an important regulator of the morphology of sheet nacre tablets, which was named amorphous calcium carbonate-binding protein (pf-ACCBP). However, little is known about its counterpart in columnar nacre. Moreover, pf-ACCBP shares significant sequence similarity with a group of acetylcholine-binding proteins (AChBP) that participate in neuronal synapses transmission, but the relationships between the two proteins, which are homologous in sequences but disparate in function, have not been studied yet. Here, we identified an amorphous calcium carbonate-binding protein and an acetylcholine-binding protein in the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, named hdh-ACCBP and hdh-AChBP, respectively. Studies of hdh-ACCBP indicated that it was a counterpart of pf-ACCBP in gastropods that might function similarly in columnar nacre formation and supersaturated extrapallial fluid. Analysis of hdh-AChBP showed that unlike previously identified AChBP, hdh-AChBP was not only expressed in the nervous system but could also be detected in non-nervous system cells, such as the goblet cells of the mantle pallial. Additionally, its expression patterns during embryo and larval development did not accord with ganglion development. These phenomena indicated that AChBP might play more general roles than just in neuronal synapses transmission. Comparison of hdh-ACCBP and hdh-AChBP revealed that they were quite different in their post-translational modification and oligomerization and that they were controlled under different transcriptional regulation systems, consequently obtaining disparate expression profiles. Our results also implied that ACCBP and AChBP might come from a common ancestor through gene duplication and divergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stanley SM. Effects of global seawater chemistry on biomineralization: past, present, and future. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4483-98. [PMID: 18939884 DOI: 10.1021/cr800233u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Stanley
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Hawaii, 701 POST Building, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ma Z, Huang J, Sun J, Wang G, Li C, Xie L, Zhang R. A novel extrapallial fluid protein controls the morphology of nacre lamellae in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23253-63. [PMID: 17558025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mollusk shell nacre is known for its superior mechanical properties and precisely controlled biomineralization process. However, the question of how mollusks control the morphology of nacre lamellae remains unresolved. Here, a novel 38-kDa extrapallial fluid (EPF) protein, named amorphous calcium carbonate-binding protein (ACCBP), may partially answer this question. Although sequence analysis indicated ACCBP is a member of the acetylcholine-binding protein family, it is actively involved in the shell mineralization process. In vitro, ACCBP can inhibit the growth of calcite and induce the formation of amorphous calcium carbonate. When ACCBP functions were restrained in vivo, the nacre lamellae grew in a screw-dislocation pattern, and low crystallinity CaCO(3) precipitated from the EPF. Crystal binding experiments further revealed that ACCBP could recognize different CaCO(3) crystal phases and crystal faces. With this capacity, ACCBP could modify the morphology of nacre lamellae by inhibiting the growth of undesired aragonite crystal faces and meanwhile maintain the stability of CaCO(3)-supersaturated body fluid by ceasing the nucleation and growth of calcite. Furthermore, the crystal growth inhibition capacity of ACCBP was proved to be directly related to its acetylcholine-binding site. Our results suggest that a "safeguard mechanism" of undesired crystal growth is necessary for shell microstructure formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Ma
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang C, Zhang R. Matrix proteins in the outer shells of molluscs. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 8:572-86. [PMID: 16614870 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-005-6029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The shells of molluscs are composed mainly of calcium carbonate crystals, with small amounts of matrix proteins. For more than 50 years, they have attracted attention for their unique mechanical and biological properties. Only recently, however, have researchers begun to realize that it is the matrix proteins that control the formation of calcium carbonate crystals and play key roles in their extraordinary properties, despite the fact that matrix proteins comprise less than 5% of the shell weight. This article reviews the matrix proteins identified to date from the shells of molluscs, their structural characteristics, and their roles in shell formation. Some suggestions are given for further investigation based on the summary and analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cen Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Duplat D, Puisségur M, Bédouet L, Rousseau M, Boulzaguet H, Milet C, Sellos D, Van Wormhoudt A, Lopez E. Identification of calconectin, a calcium-binding protein specifically expressed by the mantle of Pinctada margaritifera. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2435-41. [PMID: 16638568 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nacre or mother-of-pearl in the shell of Pinctada margaritifera is composed of 95-99% calcium carbonate and 1-5% organic matrix. In this study, we developed an original technique to characterize the genes differentially expressed in nacre-forming cells (NFC) by combining suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), to establish a cDNA subtractive library, with rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR. Seventy-two specific cDNA sequences have been obtained so far. These include a protein containing two EF-hand Ca2+-binding domains which was completely sequenced after amplification by RACE-PCR. Its specific expression as well as the specificity of the SSH method was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR on NFC and mantle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Duplat
- USM 0401, UMR CNRS 5178 Biologie des Organismes Marins et Ecosystèmes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Heinemann F, Treccani L, Fritz M. Abalone nacre insoluble matrix induces growth of flat and oriented aragonite crystals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:45-9. [PMID: 16631428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mollusc shell formation takes place in a preformed extracellular matrix, composed of insoluble chitin, coated with proteins and dissolved macromolecules. The water-soluble matrix is known to have a strong influence on the growth of CaCO(3), whereas the role of the insoluble matrix on mineralization is unclear. Therefore, we mineralized the EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) insoluble organic matrix of abalone nacre with a modified double-diffusion set-up, where the diffusing solutions were constantly renewed. Control experiments were performed with cellulose and chitosan foils. The mineralized matrices/foils were analyzed with SEM. We show that the insoluble matrix of abalone nacre induces the growth of flat and roughly polygonal CaCO(3) crystals. In some of the experiments with the insoluble matrix, the growth of three-dimensional parallel sheets of densely packed platelets inside the insoluble matrix was observed. XRD on these samples revealed that they consist of oriented aragonite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Heinemann
- Biophysics Institute, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|