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Tsang TK, Du RQR, Fang VJ, Lau EHY, Chan KH, Chu DKW, Ip DKM, Peiris JSM, Leung GM, Cauchemez S, Cowling BJ. Decreased risk of non-influenza respiratory infection after influenza B virus infection in children. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e60. [PMID: 38584132 PMCID: PMC11062782 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that influenza virus infection may provide temporary non-specific immunity and hence lower the risk of non-influenza respiratory virus infection. In a randomized controlled trial of influenza vaccination, 1 330 children were followed-up in 2009-2011. Respiratory swabs were collected when they reported acute respiratory illness and tested against influenza and other respiratory viruses. We used Poisson regression to compare the incidence of non-influenza respiratory virus infection before and after influenza virus infection. Based on 52 children with influenza B virus infection, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of non-influenza respiratory virus infection after influenza virus infection was 0.47 (95% confidence interval: 0.27-0.82) compared with before infection. Simulation suggested that this IRR was 0.87 if the temporary protection did not exist. We identified a decreased risk of non-influenza respiratory virus infection after influenza B virus infection in children. Further investigation is needed to determine if this decreased risk could be attributed to temporary non-specific immunity acquired from influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim K. Tsang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Richael Q. R. Du
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vicky J. Fang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eric H. Y. Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel K. W. Chu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dennis K. M. Ip
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Gabriel M. Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong
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2
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Heimonen J, Chow EJ, Wang Y, Hughes JP, Rogers J, Emanuels A, O’Hanlon J, Han PD, Wolf CR, Logue JK, Ogokeh CE, Rolfes MA, Uyeki TM, Starita L, Englund JA, Chu HY. Risk of Subsequent Respiratory Virus Detection After Primary Virus Detection in a Community Household Study-King County, Washington, 2019-2021. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:422-431. [PMID: 37531658 PMCID: PMC10873185 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of respiratory viral infections is complex. How infection with one respiratory virus affects risk of subsequent infection with the same or another respiratory virus is not well described. METHODS From October 2019 to June 2021, enrolled households completed active surveillance for acute respiratory illness (ARI), and participants with ARI self-collected nasal swab specimens; after April 2020, participants with ARI or laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and their household members self-collected nasal swab specimens. Specimens were tested using multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for respiratory viruses. A Cox regression model with a time-dependent covariate examined risk of subsequent detections following a specific primary viral detection. RESULTS Rhinovirus was the most frequently detected pathogen in study specimens (406 [9.5%]). Among 51 participants with multiple viral detections, rhinovirus to seasonal coronavirus (8 [14.8%]) was the most common viral detection pairing. Relative to no primary detection, there was a 1.03-2.06-fold increase in risk of subsequent virus detection in the 90 days after primary detection; risk varied by primary virus: human parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Primary virus detection was associated with higher risk of subsequent virus detection within the first 90 days after primary detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Heimonen
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric J Chow
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Prevention Division, Public Health—Seattle & King County, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yongzhe Wang
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James P Hughes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia Rogers
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne Emanuels
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica O’Hanlon
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter D Han
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin R Wolf
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer K Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Constance E Ogokeh
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Military and Health Research Foundation, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa A Rolfes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lea Starita
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Salim S, Celiloglu H, Tayyab F, Malik ZA. Seasonal Prevalence of Respiratory Pathogens Among Children in the United Arab Emirates: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in the Pre-COVID-19 Era. Cureus 2023; 15:e45204. [PMID: 37842349 PMCID: PMC10576196 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral respiratory infections in children pose a significant burden on healthcare facilities globally. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE) these account for 15% of all healthcare encounters among children. However, the seasonal prevalence and molecular epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in the UAE remains unknown. We sought to determine trends in seasonal viral prevalence in order to monitor disease activity and optimize the timing of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) prophylaxis among high-risk infants in the UAE. Methods This cross-sectional multicenter study included children 0-18 years of age who presented to a large private healthcare group in Dubai, UAE, and had upper respiratory samples collected for multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) testing between January 1st and December 31st, 2019. Sociodemographic, clinical, and molecular data were examined for children who tested positive for any pathogen on the mPCR panel. Results A total of three thousand and ninety-eight infants and children had mPCR assays performed during the study period, of which 2427 (78.3%) were positive for any respiratory pathogen. The median age of our sample population was 39 months and 56.8% were male. Emergency room was the most common site (34.7%) of sample collection and the vast majority of children presented with fever (85.3%). Rhinovirus/enterovirus was the most prevalent viral infection (45%) throughout the year and peaked in September, followed by Influenza (20.2%), and RSV (17.1%). RSV season, defined as an infection prevalence of >10%, occurred from August to December with a peak in October. Adenovirus (15.6%) infections peaked in June and accounted for 43% of hospitalizations in our study (p<0.05). Viral co-infections with RSV and rhinovirus/enterovirus were most common and observed in 19.9 % of children. Conclusion Rhinovirus/enterovirus is the most prevalent viral pathogen throughout the calendar year among the pediatric population in the UAE. RSV season begins earlier than reported in other countries regionally, hence RSV prophylaxis should be initiated in August to optimize protection among high-risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, ARE
| | - Handan Celiloglu
- Department of Microbiology, Mediclinic City Hospital, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, ARE
| | - Farah Tayyab
- Department of Microbiology, Mediclinic City Hospital, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, ARE
| | - Zainab A Malik
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, ARE
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Chang D, Lin M, Song N, Zhu Z, Gao J, Li S, Liu H, Liu D, Zhang Y, Sun W, Zhou X, Yang B, Li Y, Wang L, Xiao Z, Li K, Xing L, Xie L, Sharma L. The emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021-2022 flu season in China. Virol J 2023; 20:189. [PMID: 37620959 PMCID: PMC10463403 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of COVID-19 and the implementation of preventive measures and behavioral changes have led to a significant decrease in the prevalence of other respiratory viruses. However, the manner in which seasonal viruses will reemerge in the absence of COVID-19-related restrictions remains unknown. METHODS Patients presenting with influenza-like illness in two hospitals in Beijing were subjected to testing for COVID-19, influenza A, and influenza B to determine the causative agent for viral infections. The prevalence of influenza B across China was confirmed using data from the Centers for Disease Control, China (China CDC). Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, imaging results, and mortality data were collected for a cohort of 70 hospitalized patients with confirmed influenza B from 9 hospitals across China. RESULTS Starting from October 2021, a substantial increase in the number of patients visiting the designated fever clinics in Beijing was observed, with this trend continuing until January 2022. COVID-19 tests conducted on these patients yielded negative results, while the positivity rate for influenza rose from approximately 8% in October 2021 to over 40% by late January 2022. The cases started to decline after this peak. Data from China CDC confirmed that influenza B is a major pathogen during the season. Sequencing of the viral strain revealed the presence of the Victoria-like lineage of the influenza B strain, with minor variations from the Florida/39/2018 strain. Analysis of the hospitalized patients' characteristics indicated that severe cases were relatively more prevalent among younger individuals, with an average age of 40.9 ± 24.1 years. Among the seven patients who succumbed to influenza, the average age was 30 ± 30.1 years. These patients exhibited secondary infections involving either bacterial or fungal pathogens and displayed elevated levels of cell death markers (such as LDH) and coagulation pathway markers (D-dimer). CONCLUSION Influenza B represents a significant infection threat and can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among young patients. To mitigate morbidity and mortality rates, it is imperative to implement appropriate vaccination and other preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Chang
- College of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 7th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100007, Beijing, China
| | - Mingui Lin
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhantao Zhu
- Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shujun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453199, Henan, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - DeZhi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xin Xiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Wenkui Sun
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of the Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anhui, 230011, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Vision Medicals Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Vision Medicals Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Zhiqing Xiao
- College of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 7th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100007, Beijing, China
| | - Kailong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lihua Xing
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Lixin Xie
- College of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520-8057, USA.
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Cao R, Du Y, Tong J, Xia D, Song Q, Xia Z, Liu M, Du H, Han J, Gao C. Influence of COVID-19 pandemic on the virus spectrum in children with respiratory infection in Xuzhou, China: a long-term active surveillance study from 2015 to 2021. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:467. [PMID: 37442963 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on the prevalence of respiratory viruses among pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in Xuzhou from 2015-2021. METHODS Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases in hospitalized children were collected from 2015-2021 in Xuzhou, China. Influenza virus(IFV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza virus type 3(hPIV-3), human rhinovirus (hRV), human adenovirus(hAdV), human coronavirus(hCoV) were detected by real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR), and the results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 23.0 software. RESULTS A total of 1663 samples with SARI were collected from 2015-2021, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.67:1 and a total virus detection rate of 38.5% (641/1663). The total detection rate of respiratory viruses decreased from 46.2% (2015-2019) to 36% (2020-2021) under the control measures for COVID-19 (P < 0.01). The three viruses with the highest detection rates changed from hRV, RSV, and hPIV-3 to hRV, RSV, and hCoV. The epidemic trend of hPIV-3 and hAdV was upside down before and after control measures(P < 0.01); however, the epidemic trend of RV and RSV had not changed from 2015 to 2021(P > 0.05). After the control measures, the detection rate of hPIV-3 decreased in all age groups, and the detection rate of hCoV increased in all except the 1 ~ 3 years old group. CONCLUSIONS Implementing control measures for COVID-19 outbreak curbed the spread of respiratory viruses among children as a whole. However, the epidemic of RV and RSV was not affected by the COVID-19 control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rundong Cao
- Center for Viral Resource, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yangguang Du
- Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Jing Tong
- Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Dong Xia
- Center for Viral Resource, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qinqin Song
- Center for Viral Resource, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Center for Viral Resource, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mi Liu
- Center for Viral Resource, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Haijun Du
- Center for Viral Resource, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jun Han
- Center for Viral Resource, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Chen Gao
- Center for Viral Resource, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Ong HH, Liu J, Oo Y, Thong M, Wang DY, Chow VT. Prolonged Primary Rhinovirus Infection of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Diminishes the Viral Load of Secondary Influenza H3N2 Infection via the Antiviral State Mediated by RIG-I and Interferon-Stimulated Genes. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081152. [PMID: 37190061 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that prolonged human rhinovirus (HRV) infection rapidly induces antiviral interferons (IFNs) and chemokines during the acute stage of infection. It also showed that expression levels of RIG-I and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were sustained in tandem with the persistent expression of HRV RNA and HRV proteins at the late stage of the 14-day infection period. Some studies have explored the protective effects of initial acute HRV infection on secondary influenza A virus (IAV) infection. However, the susceptibility of human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) to re-infection by the same HRV serotype, and to secondary IAV infection following prolonged primary HRV infection, has not been studied in detail. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of HRV persistence on the susceptibility of hNECs against HRV re-infection and secondary IAV infection. We analyzed the viral replication and innate immune responses of hNECs infected with the same HRV serotype A16 and IAV H3N2 at 14 days after initial HRV-A16 infection. Prolonged primary HRV infection significantly diminished the IAV load of secondary H3N2 infection, but not the HRV load of HRV-A16 re-infection. The reduced IAV load of secondary H3N2 infection may be explained by increased baseline expression levels of RIG-I and ISGs, specifically MX1 and IFITM1, which are induced by prolonged primary HRV infection. As is congruent with this finding, in those cells that received early and multi-dose pre-treatment with Rupintrivir (HRV 3C protease inhibitor) prior to secondary IAV infection, the reduction in IAV load was abolished compared to the group without pre-treatment with Rupintrivir. In conclusion, the antiviral state induced from prolonged primary HRV infection mediated by RIG-I and ISGs (including MX1 and IFITM1) can confer a protective innate immune defense mechanism against secondary influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao Hui Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Yukei Oo
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Mark Thong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Vincent T Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
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Sharp decline in rates of community respiratory viral detection among patients at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:62-67. [PMID: 35177161 PMCID: PMC9021590 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the frequency and rates of community respiratory virus infections detected in patients at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (NIHCC) between January 2015 and March 2021, comparing the trends before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study comparing frequency and rates of community respiratory viruses detected in NIHCC patients between January 2015 and March 2021. Test results from nasopharyngeal swabs and washes, bronchoalveolar lavages, and bronchial washes were included in this study. Results from viral-challenge studies and repeated positives were excluded. A quantitative data analysis was completed using cross tabulations. Comparisons were performed using mixed models, applying the Dunnett correction for multiplicity. RESULTS Frequency of all respiratory pathogens declined from an annual range of 0.88%-1.97% between January 2015 and March 2020 to 0.29% between April 2020 and March 2021. Individual viral pathogens declined sharply in frequency during the same period, with no cases of influenza A/B orparainfluenza and 1 case of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Rhino/enterovirusdetection continued, but with a substantially lower frequency of 4.27% between April 2020 and March 2021, compared with an annual range of 8.65%-18.28% between January 2015 and March 2020. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in viral respiratory infections detected in NIHCC patients during the pandemic was likely due to the layered COVID-19 prevention and mitigation measures implemented in the community and the hospital. Hospitals should consider continuing the use of nonpharmaceutical interventions in the future to prevent nosocomial transmission of respiratory viruses during times of high community viral load.
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8
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Geng Y, Hao Y, Xu X, Huang R, He F, Ni J, Zhan J, Chen Y, Hu F, Wu C. Clinical features and viral etiology of acute respiratory infection in an outpatient fever clinic during COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary hospital in Nanjing, China. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24778. [PMID: 36447425 PMCID: PMC9756996 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical feature and viral etiology for acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the community was unknown during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. OBJECTIVE In a retrospective study, we aimed to characterize the clinical feature and etiology for the ARI patients admitted to the outpatient fever clinic in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between November 2020 and March 2021. METHODS Fifteen common respiratory pathogens were tested using pharyngeal swabs by multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS Of the 242 patients, 56 (23%) were tested positive for at least one viral agent. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus (HRV) (5.4%), parainfluenza virus type III (PIV-III) (5.0%), and human coronavirus-NL63 (HCoV-NL63) (3.7%). Cough, sputum, nasal obstruction, and rhinorrhea were the most prevalent symptoms in patients with viral infection. Elderly and the patients with underlying diseases were susceptible to pneumonia accompanied with sputum and chest oppression. Three (5.4%) patients in virus infection group, whereas 31 (16.7%) in non-viral infection group (p = 0.033), were empirically prescribed with antiviral agents. Among 149 patients who received antibiotic therapy, 30 (20.1%) patients were later identified with viral infection. CONCLUSION Our study indicated the importance of accurate diagnosis of ARI, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, which might facilitate appropriate clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Geng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yingying Hao
- Department of Intensive Care UnitsNanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Fei He
- Department of Emergency MedicineNanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jie Zhan
- Department of Infectious DiseasesNanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu UniversityNanjingChina
| | - FengHua Hu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
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9
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Viral Coinfections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122645. [PMID: 36560647 PMCID: PMC9784482 DOI: 10.3390/v14122645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, viral coinfection is as widespread as viral infection alone. Viral coinfections often cause altered viral pathogenicity, disrupted host defense, and mixed-up clinical symptoms, all of which result in more difficult diagnosis and treatment of a disease. There are three major virus-virus interactions in coinfection cases: viral interference, viral synergy, and viral noninterference. We analyzed virus-virus interactions in both aspects of viruses and hosts and elucidated their possible mechanisms. Finally, we summarized the protocol of viral coinfection studies and key points in the process of virus separation and purification.
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10
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Silva PAN, Ito CRM, Moreira ALE, Santos MO, Barbosa LCG, Wastowski IJ, Carneiro LC, Avelino MAG. Influenza and other respiratory viruses in children: prevalence and clinical features. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 41:1445-1449. [PMID: 36287292 PMCID: PMC9607802 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic still ongoing, the annual season of influenza and other respiratory virus epidemics has arrived. Specimens from patients suspected of respiratory viruses infection were collected. Viral detection was performed following RNA extraction and real-time RT-PCR. During the study period, we received and tested a total of 606 specimens. Rhinovirus virus was the viral type most prevalent, detected in 186 (45.47%) specimens. The age range of patients positive for influenza A, influenza A (H1N1), and influenza B was 18 days to 13 years. With female prevalence for this viral type, cough and asthma were the main clinical manifestations presented by this viral type. Our results indicate that rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, metapneumoviruses, and influenza are among the most important agents of ARI in pediatrics. The epidemic period of respiratory infections observed in Goiânia can be useful for planning and implementing some prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Alex N Silva
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory of Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Malveste Ito
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory of Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - André Luís Elias Moreira
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory of Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Mônica Oliveira Santos
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory of Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lucas Candido Gonçalves Barbosa
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory of Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian Carla Carneiro
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory of Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Ameloti Gomes Avelino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory of Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Departament of Pediatrics, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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11
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Takashima MD, Grimwood K, Sly PD, Lambert SB, Ware RS. Interference between rhinovirus and other RNA respiratory viruses in the first 2-years of life: A longitudinal community-based birth cohort study. J Clin Virol 2022; 155:105249. [PMID: 35939878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies report negative associations between rhinovirus and other RNA respiratory viruses. However, longitudinal studies with frequent, serial sampling are needed to identify the directionality of this relationship and its nature. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between rhinovirus and other RNA respiratory viruses detected 1-week apart. METHODS The Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases cohort study was conducted in Brisbane, Australia (2010-2014). Parents collected nasal swabs weekly from birth until age 2-years. Swabs were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The association between new rhinovirus detections and five other RNA viruses (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, seasonal human coronaviruses, and human metapneumovirus) in paired swabs 1-week apart were investigated. RESULTS Overall, 157 children provided 8,101 swabs, from which 4,672 paired swabs 1-week apart were analysed. New rhinovirus detections were negatively associated with new pooled RNA respiratory virus detections 1-week later (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13-0.83), as were pooled RNA virus detections with new rhinovirus detections the following week (aOR 0.34; 95%CI: 0.09-0.60). At the individual species level, rhinovirus had the strongest negative association with new seasonal human coronavirus detections in the subsequent week (aOR 0.34; 95%CI: 0.120.95) and respiratory syncytial virus had the strongest negative association with rhinovirus 1-week later (aOR 0.21; 95%CI: 0.050.88). CONCLUSION A strong, negative bidirectional association was observed between rhinovirus and other RNA viruses in a longitudinal study of a community-based cohort of young Australian children. This suggests within-host interference between RNA respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari D Takashima
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Keith Grimwood
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Queensland, Australia; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast 4215, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Dai Y, Zhong J, Lan Y. Virus-virus interactions of febrile respiratory syndrome among patients in China based on surveillance data from February 2011 to December 2020. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4369-4377. [PMID: 35514049 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of acute respiratory infections is still considerable, and virus-virus interactions may affect their epidemics, but previous evidence is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To quantitatively investigate the interactions among respiratory viruses at both the population and individual levels. METHODS Cases tested for influenza virus (IV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza virus (PIV), human Adenovirus (AdV), human coronavirus (CoV), human bocavirus (BoV) and rhinoviruses (RV) were collected from the pathogen surveillance for febrile respiratory syndrome (FRS) in China from February 2011 to December 2020. We used spearman's rank correlation coefficients and binary logistic regression models to analyze the interactions between any two of the viruses at the population and individual levels, respectively. RESULTS Among 120,237 cases, 4.5% were co-infected with two or more viruses. Correlation coefficients showed 7 virus pairs were positively correlated, namely: IV and RSV, PIV and AdV, PIV and CoV, PIV and BoV, PIV and RV, AdV and BoV, CoV and RV. Regression models showed except for the negative interaction between IV and RV (OR=0.70, 95%CI: 0.61-0.81), all other virus pairs had positive interactions. CONCLUSION Most of the respiratory viruses interact positively, while IV and RV interact negatively. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucen Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041
| | - Jiao Zhong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041.,Department of Osteoporosis, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041
| | - Yajia Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041
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13
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Camporesi A, Morello R, Ferro V, Pierantoni L, Rocca A, Lanari M, Trobia GL, Sciacca T, Bellinvia AG, De Ferrari A, Valentini P, Roland D, Buonsenso D. Epidemiology, Microbiology and Severity of Bronchiolitis in the First Post-Lockdown Cold Season in Three Different Geographical Areas in Italy: A Prospective, Observational Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9040491. [PMID: 35455535 PMCID: PMC9024462 DOI: 10.3390/children9040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology, disease severity, and microbiology of bronchiolitis in Italy during the 2021–2022 cold season, outside of lockdowns. Before COVID-19, the usual bronchiolitis season in Italy would begin in November and end in April, peaking in February. We performed a prospective observational study in four referral pediatric centers located in different geographical areas in Italy (two in the north, one in the center and one in the south). From 1 July 2021 to 31 January 2022, we collected all new clinical diagnoses of bronchiolitis in children younger than two years of age recording demographic, clinical and microbiological data. A total of 657 children with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis were enrolled; 56% children were admitted and 5.9% required PICU admission. The first cases were detected during the summer, peaking in November 2021 and declining into December 2021 with only a few cases detected in January 2022. RSV was the commonest etiological agent, while SARS-CoV-2 was rarely detected and only since the end of December 2021. Disease severity was similar in children with RSV vs. non-RSV bronchiolitis, and in those with a single infectious agent detected compared with children with co-infections. The 2021–2022 bronchiolitis season in Italy started and peaked earlier than the usual pre-pandemic seasons, but had a shorter duration. Importantly, the current bronchiolitis season was not more severe when data were compared with Italian published data, and SARS-CoV-2 was rarely a cause of bronchiolitis in children younger than 24 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Camporesi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Rosa Morello
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Valentina Ferro
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Bambin Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (A.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Alessandro Rocca
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (A.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (A.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Gian Luca Trobia
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Room Unit, Cannizzaro Emergency Hospital-Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.L.T.); (T.S.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Tiziana Sciacca
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Room Unit, Cannizzaro Emergency Hospital-Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.L.T.); (T.S.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Agata Giuseppina Bellinvia
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Room Unit, Cannizzaro Emergency Hospital-Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.L.T.); (T.S.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Alessandra De Ferrari
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Piero Valentini
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Damian Roland
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine Leicester Academic (PEMLA) Group, Leicester Hospital, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK;
- Social science APPlied to Healthcare Improvement REsearch, SAPPHIRE Group, Health Sciences, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.V.)
- Center for Global Health Research Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-30154390
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14
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He J, Hou S, Chen Y, Yu JL, Chen QQ, He L, Liu J, Gong L, Huang XE, Wu JB, Pan HF, Gao RB. The Epidemiological Pattern and Co-infection of Influenza A and B by Surveillance Network From 2009 to 2014 in Anhui Province, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:825645. [PMID: 35284384 PMCID: PMC8907529 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.825645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-like illness (ILI) is one of the most important public health problems globally, causing an enormous disease burden. Influenza infections are the most common cause of ILI. Bacterial and virus co-infection is common yet the data of co-infection with influenza A and B viruses are scarce. To identify the epidemiological patterns of and co-infection of influenza A and B in Anhui province, China, we analyzed the surveillance data of 5 years from 2009 to 2014 collected by the Chinese National influenzas network. The results showed that the weekly ratio of ILI was 3.96 ± 1.9% (95% CI 3.73–4.2%) in outpatients and the highest affected population was children under 5 years old. The epidemic of influenza viruses was highest during 2009–2010. For the other 4 surveillance years, school-aged people (5–14 years) were the most highly affected population. Influenza B and H3N2 viruses were more prevalent than H1N1pdm09 virus after 2010. In addition, a significant co-circulation of influenza A (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2) and influenza B virus was detected with 0.057% PCR positive rate during 2009–2014 in Eastern China, yet isolated only in pediatric patients. Our data reveals school-aged population would be the main vulnerable population and a distinct seasonality for influenza. In addition, the co-infection of influenza A and B were found in Anhui Province, China. Ongoing surveillance is critical to understand the seasonality variation and make evidence-based vaccination recommendations. Information on the epidemiological patterns and co-infections of influenza A and B can help us to implement different strategies for selecting vaccine formulations and monitoring new emerging influenza strains. In addition, the identification of the susceptible population can help us to develop more precise protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Ling Yu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Qing Chen
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lan He
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Huainan City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huainan, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xin-Er Huang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Bing Wu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Hai-Feng Pan ;
| | - Rong-Bao Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Rong-Bao Gao
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15
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Abstract
Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. Infection by a first virus could enhance or reduce infection and replication of a second virus, resulting in positive (additive or synergistic) or negative (antagonistic) interaction. The concept of viral interference has been demonstrated at the cellular, host, and population levels. The mechanisms involved in viral interference have been evaluated in differentiated airway epithelial cells and in animal models susceptible to the respiratory viruses of interest. A likely mechanism is the interferon response that could confer a temporary nonspecific immunity to the host. During the coronavirus disease pandemic, nonpharmacologic interventions have prevented the circulation of most respiratory viruses. Once the sanitary restrictions are lifted, circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses is expected to resume and will offer the opportunity to study their interactions, notably with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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16
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Lazova S, Velikova T. DYNAMICS OF CHILDHOOD RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE EFFECT OF QUARANTINE АND BEYOND. CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HYPOTHESES AND ETHICS 2021. [DOI: 10.47316/cajmhe.2021.2.3.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring epidemic processes and the dynamics of the spread of infectious diseases is essential for predicting their distribution and effective planning in healthcare. The importance of studying seasonal trends in the spread of respiratory viral infections and the specific effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions in nationwide scales and the use of available vaccines stand out even more in the context of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even if the dynamics of pediatric respiratory viral infections show some variation at the national and local levels, depending on health regulation, respiratory viral pathogens follow a typical pattern of incidence. Therefore, we hypothesize that anticipated reduction of the incidence of common respiratory viral infections would undoubtedly exert positive effects, such as ease of burdening healthcare that combates the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we suspect a shift in familiar seasonal characteristics of common respiratory viral infections. We also speculate that strict long-term limitations of the natural spread of respiratory viral infections can lead to the development of hard-to-predict epidemiological outliers. Additionally, the tricky balance between humanity’s natural impulse to return to normalcy and control the new and still dynamically evolving infection could lead to new threats from old and well-known pathogens. Finally, we hypothesize that the absence of regular influenza virus circulation may lead to a high mismatch rate and a significant reduction in flu vaccine efficacy.
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17
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Lee YM, Kim T, Park KH, Choi SH, Kwak YG, Choo EJ, Chung JW, Lee MS. Dual respiratory virus detection in adult patients with acute respiratory illness. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:997. [PMID: 34556046 PMCID: PMC8460188 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonrandom multiple respiratory virus (RV) detection provides evidence for viral interference among respiratory viruses. However, little is known as to whether it occurs randomly. METHODS The prevalence of dual RV detection (DRVD) in patients with acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) at 4 academic medical centers was investigated; data about the prevalence of 8 RVs were collected from the Korean national RV surveillance dataset. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation between observed and estimated prevalence of each type of DRVD. RESULTS In total, 108 patients with ARIs showing DRVD were included in this study between 2011 and 2017. In several types of regression analysis, a strong correlation was observed between the observed and estimated prevalence of each type of DRVD. Excluding three DRVD types (influenza/picornavirus, influenza/human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus/respiratory syncytial virus), the slope of the regression line was higher than that of the line of random occurrence (1.231 > 1.000) and the 95% confidence interval of the regression line was located above the line of random occurrence. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the results of previous epidemiologic studies, most types of DRVD occur more frequently than expected from the prevalence rates of individual RV, except for three underrepresented pairs above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tark Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06973, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yee Gyung Kwak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Choo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Suk Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Rodgers L, Sheppard M, Smith A, Dietz S, Jayanthi P, Yuan Y, Bull L, Wotiz S, Schwarze T, Azondekon R, Hartnett K, Adjemian J, Kirking HL, Kite-Powell A. Changes in Seasonal Respiratory Illnesses in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S110-S117. [PMID: 33912902 PMCID: PMC8135472 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory tract infections are common, often seasonal, and caused by multiple pathogens. We assessed whether seasonal respiratory illness patterns changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We categorized emergency department (ED) visits reported to the National Syndromic Surveillance Program according to chief complaints and diagnosis codes, excluding visits with diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infections. For each week during March 1, 2020 through December 26, 2020 (“pandemic period”), we compared the proportion of ED visits in each respiratory category with the proportion of visits in that category during the corresponding weeks of 2017–2019 (“pre-pandemic period”). We analyzed positivity of respiratory viral tests from two independent clinical laboratories. Results During March 2020, cough, shortness of breath, and influenza-like illness accounted for twice as many ED visits compared with the pre-pandemic period. During the last four months of 2020, all respiratory conditions, except shortness of breath, accounted for a smaller proportion of ED visits than during the pre-pandemic period. Percent positivity for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human parainfluenza virus, adenoviruses, and human metapneumovirus were lower in 2020 than 2019. Although test volume decreased, percent positivity was higher for rhinovirus/enterovirus during the final weeks of 2020 compared with 2019; with ED visits similar to the pre-pandemic period. Discussion Broad reductions in respiratory test positivity and respiratory emergency department visits (excluding COVID-19) occurred during 2020. Interventions for mitigating spread of SARS-CoV-2 likely also reduced transmission of other pathogens. Timely surveillance is needed to understand community health threats, particularly when current trends deviate from seasonal norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Rodgers
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Sheppard
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda Smith
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Epidemic Intelligence Service assigned to Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephanie Dietz
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Praveena Jayanthi
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,ICF International, Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yan Yuan
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lara Bull
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samantha Wotiz
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Deloitte, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tessa Schwarze
- Office of Safety, Security, and Asset Management, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Chenega Enterprise Systems and Solutions, LLC, Chesapeake, Virginia, USA
| | - Roseric Azondekon
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathleen Hartnett
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Adjemian
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah L Kirking
- US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland, USA.,Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aaron Kite-Powell
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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19
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Cheemarla NR, Watkins TA, Mihaylova VT, Wang B, Zhao D, Wang G, Landry ML, Foxman EF. Dynamic innate immune response determines susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and early replication kinetics. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212380. [PMID: 34128960 PMCID: PMC8210587 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract is required to establish infection, and the replication level correlates with the likelihood of viral transmission. Here, we examined the role of host innate immune defenses in restricting early SARS-CoV-2 infection using transcriptomics and biomarker-based tracking in serial patient nasopharyngeal samples and experiments with airway epithelial organoids. SARS-CoV-2 initially replicated exponentially, with a doubling time of ∼6 h, and induced interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the upper respiratory tract, which rose with viral replication and peaked just as viral load began to decline. Rhinovirus infection before SARS-CoV-2 exposure accelerated ISG responses and prevented SARS-CoV-2 replication. Conversely, blocking ISG induction during SARS-CoV-2 infection enhanced viral replication from a low infectious dose. These results show that the activity of ISG-mediated defenses at the time of SARS-CoV-2 exposure impacts infection progression and that the heterologous antiviral response induced by a different virus can protect against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjuna R Cheemarla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Timothy A Watkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Valia T Mihaylova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Bao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Dejian Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Yale Center for Genomic Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Guilin Wang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Yale Center for Genomic Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Marie L Landry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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20
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Mosaddeghi P, Shahabinezhad F, Dorvash M, Goodarzi M, Negahdaripour M. Harnessing the non-specific immunogenic effects of available vaccines to combat COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1650-1661. [PMID: 33185497 PMCID: PMC7678415 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1833577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
No proven remedy is identified for COVID-19 yet. SARS-CoV-2, the viral agent, is recognized by some endosomal and cytosolic receptors following cell entry, entailing innate and adaptive immunity stimulation, notably through interferon induction. Impairment in immunity activation in some patients, mostly elderlies, leads to high mortalities; thus, promoting immune responses may help. BCG vaccine is under investigation to prevent COVID-19 due to its non-specific effects on the immune system. However, other complementary immune-induction methods at early stages of the disease may be needed. Here, the potentially preventive immunologic effects of BCG and influenza vaccination are compared with the immune response defects caused by aging and COVID-19. BCG co-administration with interferon-α/-β, or influenza vaccine is suggested to overcome its shortcomings in interferon signaling against COVID-19. However, further studies are highly recommended to assess the outcomes of such interventions considering their probable adverse effects especially augmented innate immune responses and overproduction of proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Mosaddeghi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farbod Shahabinezhad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Dorvash
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Goodarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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21
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Kovesdi I, Bakacs T. Therapeutic Exploitation of Viral Interference. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:423-432. [PMID: 30950360 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666190405140858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral interference, originally, referred to a state of temporary immunity, is a state whereby infection with a virus limits replication or production of a second infecting virus. However, replication of a second virus could also be dominant over the first virus. In fact, dominance can alternate between the two viruses. Expression of type I interferon genes is many times upregulated in infected epithelial cells. Since the interferon system can control most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity, it was proposed that viral induction of a nonspecific localized temporary state of immunity may provide a strategy to control viral infections. Clinical observations also support such a theory, which gave credence to the development of superinfection therapy (SIT). SIT is an innovative therapeutic approach where a non-pathogenic virus is used to infect patients harboring a pathogenic virus. For the functional cure of persistent viral infections and for the development of broad- spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses a paradigm shift was recently proposed. Instead of the virus, the therapy should be directed at the host. Such a host-directed-therapy (HDT) strategy could be the activation of endogenous innate immune response via toll-like receptors (TLRs). Superinfection therapy is such a host-directed-therapy, which has been validated in patients infected with two completely different viruses, the hepatitis B (DNA), and hepatitis C (RNA) viruses. SIT exerts post-infection interference via the constant presence of an attenuated non-pathogenic avian double- stranded (ds) RNA viral vector which boosts the endogenous innate (IFN) response. SIT could, therefore, be developed into a biological platform for a new "one drug, multiple bugs" broad-spectrum antiviral treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kovesdi
- ImiGene, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA,HepC, Inc., Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Zhang D, Yang B, Zhang T, Shi X, Shen C, Zheng H, Liu X, Zhang K. In vitro and in vivo analyses of co-infections with peste des petits ruminants and capripox vaccine strains. Virol J 2021; 18:69. [PMID: 33827620 PMCID: PMC8025577 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and goat pox (GTP) are two devastating animal epidemic diseases that affect small ruminants. Vaccination is one of the most important measures to prevent and control these two severe infectious diseases. METHODS In this study, we vaccinated sheep with PPR and POX vaccines to compare the changes in the antibody levels between animals vaccinated with PPRV and POX vaccines alone and those co-infected with both vaccines simultaneously. The cell infection model was used to explore the interference mechanism between the vaccines in vitro. The antibody levels were detected with the commercial ELISA kit. The Real-time Quantitative PCR fluorescent quantitative PCR method was employed to detect the viral load changes and cytokines expression after the infection. RESULTS The concurrent immunization of GTP and PPR vaccine enhanced the PPR vaccine's immune effect but inhibited the immune effect of the GTP vaccine. After the infection, GTP and PPR vaccine strains caused cytopathic effect; co-infection with GTP and PPR vaccine strains inhibited the replication of PPR vaccine strains; co-infection with GTP and PPR vaccine strains enhanced the replication of GTP vaccine strains. Moreover, virus mixed infection enhanced the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, and IFN-β by 2-170 times. GTP vaccine strains infection alone can enhanced the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, while the expression of IFN-α mRNA is inhibited. PPR vaccine strains alone can enhanced the mRNA expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, TNF-α, and has little effect the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10. The results showed that GTP and PPR vaccine used simultaneously in sheep enhanced the PPR vaccine's immune effect but inhibited the immune effect of the GTP vaccine in vivo. Furthermore, an infection of GTP and PPR vaccine strains caused significant cell lesions in vitro; co-infection with GTP + PPR vaccine strains inhibited the replication of PPR vaccine strains, while the co-infection of GTP followed by PPR infection enhanced the replication of GTP vaccine strains. Moreover, virus infection enhanced the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, and IFN-β. CONCLUSIONS Peste des petits ruminants and capripox vaccine strains interfere with each other in vivo and vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Takashita E, Kawakami C, Momoki T, Saikusa M, Shimizu K, Ozawa H, Kumazaki M, Usuku S, Tanaka N, Okubo I, Morita H, Nagata S, Watanabe S, Hasegawa H, Kawaoka Y. Increased risk of rhinovirus infection in children during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:488-494. [PMID: 33715290 PMCID: PMC8189209 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), was first detected in Japan in January 2020 and has spread throughout the country. Previous studies have reported that viral interference among influenza virus, rhinovirus, and other respiratory viruses can affect viral infections at the host and population level. Methods To investigate the impact of COVID‐19 on influenza and other respiratory virus infections, we analyzed clinical specimens collected from 2244 patients in Japan with respiratory diseases between January 2018 and September 2020. Results The frequency of influenza and other respiratory viruses (coxsackievirus A and B; echovirus; enterovirus; human coronavirus 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43; human metapneumovirus; human parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3, and 4; human parechovirus; human respiratory syncytial virus; human adenovirus; human bocavirus; human parvovirus B19; herpes simplex virus type 1; and varicella‐zoster virus) was appreciably reduced among all patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic except for that of rhinovirus in children younger than 10 years, which was appreciably increased. COVID‐19 has not spread among this age group, suggesting an increased risk of rhinovirus infection in children. Conclusions Rhinovirus infections should be continuously monitored to understand their increased risk during the COVID‐19 pandemic and viral interference with SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takashita
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Momoki
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miwako Saikusa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimizu
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ozawa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Shuzo Usuku
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuko Tanaka
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Okubo
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Morita
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1001. [PMID: 33579926 PMCID: PMC7881137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stringent nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as lockdowns and border closures are not currently recommended for pandemic influenza control. New Zealand used these NPIs to eliminate coronavirus disease 2019 during its first wave. Using multiple surveillance systems, we observed a parallel and unprecedented reduction of influenza and other respiratory viral infections in 2020. This finding supports the use of these NPIs for controlling pandemic influenza and other severe respiratory viral threats. New Zealand has been relatively successful in controlling COVID-19 due to implementation of strict non-pharmaceutical interventions. Here, the authors demonstrate a striking decline in reports of influenza and other non-influenza respiratory pathogens over winter months in which the interventions have been in place.
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25
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Sofi MS, Hamid A, Bhat SU. SARS-CoV-2: A critical review of its history, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020; 2:217-225. [PMID: 33196035 PMCID: PMC7648888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the deadly virus (novel coronavirus or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) that emerged in December 2019, remained a controversial subject of intense speculations regarding its origin, became a worldwide health problem resulting in serious coronavirus disease 2019 (acronym COVID-19). The concern regarding this new viral strain "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2" (acronym SARS-CoV-2) and diseases it causes (COVID-19) is well deserved at all levels. The incidence of COVID-19 infection and infectious patients are increasing at a high rate. Coronaviruses (CoVs), enclosed positive-sense RNA viruses, are distinguished by club-like spikes extending from their surface, an exceptionally large genome of RNA, and a special mechanism for replication. Coronaviruses are associated with a broad variety of human and other animal diseases spanning from enteritis in cattle and pigs and upper chicken respiratory disease to extremely lethal human respiratory infections. With World Health Organization (WHO) declaring COVID-19 as pandemic, we deemed it necessary to provide a detailed review of coronaviruses discussing their history, current situation, coronavirus classification, pathogenesis, structure, mode of action, diagnosis and treatment, the effect of environmental factors, risk reduction and guidelines to understand the virus and develop ways to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sami Ullah Bhat
- Corresponding author: Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, 190006, India
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26
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Pimentel AC, Beraldo CS, Cogni R. Host-shift as the cause of emerging infectious diseases: Experimental approaches using Drosophila-virus interactions. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 44:e20200197. [PMID: 33237151 PMCID: PMC7731900 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host shifts, when a cross-species transmission of a pathogen can lead to successful infections, are the main cause of emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. A complex challenge faced by the scientific community is to address the factors that determine whether the cross-species transmissions will result in spillover or sustained onwards infections. Here we review recent literature and present a perspective on current approaches we are using to understand the mechanisms underlying host shifts. We highlight the usefulness of the interactions between Drosophila species and viruses as an ideal study model. Additionally, we discuss how cross-infection experiments - when pathogens from a natural reservoir are intentionally injected in novel host species- can test the effect cross-species transmissions may have on the fitness of virus and host, and how the host phylogeny may influence this response. We also discuss experiments evaluating how cooccurrence with other viruses or the presence of the endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia may affect the performance of new viruses in a novel host. Finally, we discuss the need of surveys of virus diversity in natural populations using next-generation sequencing technologies. In the long term, these approaches can contribute to a better understanding of the basic biology of host shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C. Pimentel
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de
Ecologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila S. Beraldo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de
Ecologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- University of Helsinki, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research
Program, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rodrigo Cogni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de
Ecologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Huang QS, Wood T, Jelley L, Jennings T, Jefferies S, Daniells K, Nesdale A, Dowell T, Turner N, Campbell-Stokes P, Balm M, Dobinson HC, Grant CC, James S, Aminisani N, Ralston J, Gunn W, Bocacao J, Danielewicz J, Moncrieff T, McNeill A, Lopez L, Waite B, Kiedrzynski T, Schrader H, Gray R, Cook K, Currin D, Engelbrecht C, Tapurau W, Emmerton L, Martin M, Baker MG, Taylor S, Trenholme A, Wong C, Lawrence S, McArthur C, Stanley A, Roberts S, Ranama F, Bennett J, Mansell C, Dilcher M, Werno A, Grant J, van der Linden A, Youngblood B, Thomas PG, Webby RJ. Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.11.11.20228692. [PMID: 33200149 PMCID: PMC7668762 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.11.20228692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stringent nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as lockdowns and border closures are not currently recommended for pandemic influenza control. New Zealand used these NPIs to eliminate coronavirus disease 2019 during its first wave. Using multiple surveillance systems, we observed a parallel and unprecedented reduction of influenza and other respiratory viral infections in 2020. This finding supports the use of these NPIs for controlling pandemic influenza and other severe respiratory viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Sue Huang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tim Wood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lauren Jelley
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tineke Jennings
- Regional Public Health, Hutt Valley District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Jefferies
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Karen Daniells
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Annette Nesdale
- Regional Public Health, Hutt Valley District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tony Dowell
- University of Otago, School of Medicine in Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Michelle Balm
- Capital Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Shelley James
- Capital Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nayyereh Aminisani
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jacqui Ralston
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Wendy Gunn
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Judy Bocacao
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Tessa Moncrieff
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrea McNeill
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Liza Lopez
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ben Waite
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Hannah Schrader
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rebekah Gray
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kayla Cook
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Danielle Currin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chaune Engelbrecht
- Regional Public Health, Hutt Valley District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Whitney Tapurau
- Regional Public Health, Hutt Valley District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Leigh Emmerton
- Regional Public Health, Hutt Valley District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Maxine Martin
- Regional Public Health, Hutt Valley District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Baker
- University of Otago, School of Medicine in Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Susan Taylor
- Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Conroy Wong
- Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Sally Roberts
- Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jenny Bennett
- Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Chris Mansell
- Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Meik Dilcher
- Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anja Werno
- Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Ben Youngblood
- WHO Collaborating Centre, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- WHO Collaborating Centre, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- WHO Collaborating Centre, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
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28
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Wu A, Mihaylova VT, Landry ML, Foxman EF. Interference between rhinovirus and influenza A virus: a clinical data analysis and experimental infection study. LANCET MICROBE 2020; 1:e254-e262. [PMID: 33103132 PMCID: PMC7580833 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background During the 2009 pandemic of an emerging influenza A virus (IAV; H1N1pdm09), data from several European countries indicated that the spread of the virus might have been interrupted by the annual autumn rhinovirus epidemic. We aimed to investigate viral interference between rhinovirus and IAV with use of clinical data and an experimental model. Methods We did a clinical data analysis and experimental infection study to investigate the co-occurrence of rhinovirus and IAV in respiratory specimens from adults (≥21 years) tested with a multiplex PCR panel at Yale-New Haven Hospital (CT, USA) over three consecutive winter seasons (Nov 1 to March 1, 2016–17, 2017–18, and 2018–19). We compared observed versus expected co-detections using data extracted from the Epic Systems electronic medical record system. To assess how rhinovirus infection affects subsequent IAV infection, we inoculated differentiated primary human airway epithelial cultures with rhinovirus (HRV-01A; multiplicity of infection [MOI] 0·1) or did mock infection. On day 3 post-infection, we inoculated the same cultures with IAV (H1N1 green fluorescent protein [GFP] reporter virus or H1N1pdm09; MOI 0·1). We used reverse transcription quantitative PCR or microscopy to quantify host cell mRNAs for interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) on day 3 after rhinovirus or mock infection and IAV RNA on days 4, 5, or 6 after rhinovirus or mock infection. We also did sequential infection studies in the presence of BX795 (6 μM), to inhibit the interferon response. We compared ISG expression and IAV RNA and expression of GFP by IAV reporter virus. Findings Between July 1, 2016, and June 30, 2019, examination of 8284 respiratory samples positive for either rhinovirus (n=3821) or IAV (n=4463) by any test method was used to establish Nov 1 to March 1 as the period of peak virus co-circulation. After filtering for samples within this time frame meeting the inclusion criteria (n=13 707), there were 989 (7·2%) rhinovirus and 922 (6·7%) IAV detections, with a significantly lower than expected odds of co-detection (odds ratio 0·16, 95% CI 0·09–0·28). Rhinovirus infection of cell cultures induced ISG expression and protected against IAV infection 3 days later, resulting in an approximate 50 000-fold decrease in IAV H1N1pdm09 viral RNA on day 5 post-rhinovirus inoculation. Blocking the interferon response restored IAV replication following rhinovirus infection. Interpretation These findings show that one respiratory virus can block infection with another through stimulation of antiviral defences in the airway mucosa, supporting the idea that interference from rhinovirus disrupted the 2009 IAV pandemic in Europe. These results indicate that viral interference can potentially affect the course of an epidemic, and this possibility should be considered when designing interventions for seasonal influenza epidemics and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Funding National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and the Yale Department of Laboratory Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchi Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (A Wu BSE, V T Mihaylova PhD, Prof M L Landry MD, Prof E F Foxman MD), Department of Internal Medicine (Prof M L Landry), and Department of Immunobiology (A Wu, Prof E F Foxman), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Valia T Mihaylova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (A Wu BSE, V T Mihaylova PhD, Prof M L Landry MD, Prof E F Foxman MD), Department of Internal Medicine (Prof M L Landry), and Department of Immunobiology (A Wu, Prof E F Foxman), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marie L Landry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (A Wu BSE, V T Mihaylova PhD, Prof M L Landry MD, Prof E F Foxman MD), Department of Internal Medicine (Prof M L Landry), and Department of Immunobiology (A Wu, Prof E F Foxman), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (A Wu BSE, V T Mihaylova PhD, Prof M L Landry MD, Prof E F Foxman MD), Department of Internal Medicine (Prof M L Landry), and Department of Immunobiology (A Wu, Prof E F Foxman), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and the Heightened Risk of Coronavirus and Other Pandemic Virus Infections: Fact or Fiction? Indian Pediatr 2020. [PMID: 32525495 PMCID: PMC7444173 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dynamics and predisposition of respiratory viral co-infections in children and adults. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:631.e1-631.e6. [PMID: 32540470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The epidemiology of respiratory co-infection pairings is poorly understood. Here we assess the dynamics of respiratory viral co-infections in children and adults and determine predisposition for or against specific viral pairings. METHODS Over five respiratory seasons from 30 November 2013 through 6 June 2018, the mono-infection and co-infection prevalence of 13 viral pathogens was tabulated at The Cleveland Clinic. Employing a model to proportionally distribute viral pairs using individual virus co-infection rate with prevalence patterns of concurrent co-circulating viruses, we compared predicted occurrence with observed occurrence of 132 viral pairing permutations using binomial analysis. RESULTS Of 30 535 respiratory samples, 9843 (32.2%) were positive for at least one virus and 1018 (10.8%) of these were co-infected. Co-infected samples predominantly originated from children. Co-infection rate in paediatric population was 35.0% (2068/5906), compared with only 5.8% (270/4591) in adults. Adenovirus C (ADVC) had the highest co-infection rate (426/623, 68.3%) while influenza virus B had the lowest (55/546, 10.0%). ADVC-rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA)-HRV and RSVB-HRV pairings occurred at significantly higher frequencies than predicted by the proportional distribution model (p < 0.05). Additionally, several viral pairings had fewer co-infections than predicted by our model: notably metapneumovirus (hMPV)-parainfluenza virus 3, hMPV-RSVA and RSVA-RSVB. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the largest studies on respiratory viral co-infections in children and adults. Co-infections are substantially more common in children, especially under 5 years of age, and the most frequent pairings occurred at a higher frequency than would be expected by random. Specific pairings occur at altered rates compared with those predicted by proportional distribution, suggesting either direct or indirect interactions result between specific viral pathogens.
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Abstract
The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands of years, as annual epidemics of the common cold and influenza disease hit the human population like clockwork in the winter season in temperate regions. Moreover, epidemics caused by viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 occur during the winter months. The mechanisms underlying the seasonal nature of respiratory viral infections have been examined and debated for many years. The two major contributing factors are the changes in environmental parameters and human behavior. Studies have revealed the effect of temperature and humidity on respiratory virus stability and transmission rates. More recent research highlights the importance of the environmental factors, especially temperature and humidity, in modulating host intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune responses to viral infections in the respiratory tract. Here we review evidence of how outdoor and indoor climates are linked to the seasonality of viral respiratory infections. We further discuss determinants of host response in the seasonality of respiratory viruses by highlighting recent studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Moriyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Walter J Hugentobler
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich and University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland CH-8091
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA; .,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06512, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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Virus-virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:27142-27150. [PMID: 31843887 PMCID: PMC6936719 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911083116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When multiple pathogens cocirculate this can lead to competitive or cooperative forms of pathogen–pathogen interactions. It is believed that such interactions occur among cold and flu viruses, perhaps through broad-acting immunity, resulting in interlinked epidemiological patterns of infection. However, to date, quantitative evidence has been limited. We analyzed a large collection of diagnostic reports collected over multiple years for 11 respiratory viruses. Our analyses provide strong statistical support for the existence of interactions among respiratory viruses. Using computer simulations, we found that very short-lived interferences may explain why common cold infections are less frequent during flu seasons. Improved understanding of how the epidemiology of viral infections is interlinked can help improve disease forecasting and evaluation of disease control interventions. The human respiratory tract hosts a diverse community of cocirculating viruses that are responsible for acute respiratory infections. This shared niche provides the opportunity for virus–virus interactions which have the potential to affect individual infection risks and in turn influence dynamics of infection at population scales. However, quantitative evidence for interactions has lacked suitable data and appropriate analytical tools. Here, we expose and quantify interactions among respiratory viruses using bespoke analyses of infection time series at the population scale and coinfections at the individual host scale. We analyzed diagnostic data from 44,230 cases of respiratory illness that were tested for 11 taxonomically broad groups of respiratory viruses over 9 y. Key to our analyses was accounting for alternative drivers of correlated infection frequency, such as age and seasonal dependencies in infection risk, allowing us to obtain strong support for the existence of negative interactions between influenza and noninfluenza viruses and positive interactions among noninfluenza viruses. In mathematical simulations that mimic 2-pathogen dynamics, we show that transient immune-mediated interference can cause a relatively ubiquitous common cold-like virus to diminish during peak activity of a seasonal virus, supporting the potential role of innate immunity in driving the asynchronous circulation of influenza A and rhinovirus. These findings have important implications for understanding the linked epidemiological dynamics of viral respiratory infections, an important step towards improved accuracy of disease forecasting models and evaluation of disease control interventions.
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The epidemiology and severity of respiratory viral infections in a tropical country: Ecuador, 2009-2016. J Infect Public Health 2018; 12:357-363. [PMID: 30573330 PMCID: PMC7102740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections (RVI) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. We compared the epidemiology and severity of RVI in Ecuador during 2009-2016. METHODS Respiratory specimens collected within the national surveillance system were tested for influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and human metapneumovirus. Overall and virus-specific positive detection rate (PDR) were calculated and compared the timing of epidemics caused by the different viruses. Logistic regression models were used to compare the age distribution and risk of death across respiratory viruses. RESULTS A total of 41,172 specimens were analyzed: influenza (PDR=14.3%) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (PDR=9.5%) were the most frequently detected viruses. Influenza epidemics typically peaked in December-January and RSV epidemics in March; seasonality was less evident for the other viruses. Compared to adults, children were more frequently infected with RSV, adenovirus, parainfluenza, and influenza B, while the elderly were less frequently infected with influenza A(H1N1)p. The age-adjusted risk of death was highest for A(H1N1)p (odds ratio [OR] 1.73, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.38-2.17), and lowest for RSV (OR 0.75, 95%CI 0.57-0.98). CONCLUSIONS Whilst influenza and RSV were the most frequently detected pathogens, the risk of death differed by RVI, being highest for pandemic influenza and lowest for RSV.
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Pisareva MM, Eder VA, Buzitskaya ZV, Musaeva TD, Afanaseva VS, Go AA, Obraztsova EA, Sukhovetskaya VF, Komissarov AB. [Etiological structure of influenza and other ARVI in St. Petersburg during epidemic seasons 2012-2016.]. Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:233-239. [PMID: 30550100 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-5-233-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The etiological structure of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections including their rate of incidence in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region during 4 epidemic seasons has been studied. Seasonality of some respiratory viruses was shown and peaks of circulation of RSV, adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses, rhinovirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus and coronavirus were marked. The interference of influenza A viruses and RSV, RSV and rhinoviruses was highlighted. A high incidence of adenovirus infection in organized communities and RSV infection in children was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Pisareva
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - V A Eder
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - Zh V Buzitskaya
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - T D Musaeva
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - V S Afanaseva
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - A A Go
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - E A Obraztsova
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - V F Sukhovetskaya
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - A B Komissarov
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
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Attenuation of Influenza A Virus Disease Severity by Viral Coinfection in a Mouse Model. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00881-18. [PMID: 30232180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00881-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses and rhinoviruses are responsible for a large number of acute respiratory viral infections in human populations and are detected as copathogens within hosts. Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that coinfection by rhinovirus and influenza virus may reduce disease severity and that they may also interfere with each other's spread within a host population. To determine how coinfection by these two unrelated respiratory viruses affects pathogenesis, we established a mouse model using a minor serogroup rhinovirus (rhinovirus strain 1B [RV1B]) and mouse-adapted influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 [PR8]). Infection of mice with RV1B 2 days before PR8 reduced the severity of infection by a low or medium, but not high, dose of PR8. Disease attenuation was associated with an early inflammatory response in the lungs and enhanced clearance of PR8. However, coinfection by RV1B did not reduce PR8 viral loads early in infection or inhibit replication of PR8 within respiratory epithelia or in vitro Inflammation in coinfected mice remained focal compared to diffuse inflammation and damage in the lungs of mice infected by PR8. The timing of RV1B coinfection was a critical determinant of protection, suggesting that sufficient time is needed to induce this response. Finally, disease attenuation was not unique to RV1B: dose-dependent coinfection by a murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 [MHV-1]) also reduced the severity of PR8 infection. Unlike RV1B, coinfection with MHV-1 reduced early PR8 replication, which was associated with upregulation of beta interferon (IFN-β) expression. This model is critical for understanding the mechanisms responsible for influenza disease attenuation during coinfection by unrelated respiratory viruses.IMPORTANCE Viral infections in the respiratory tract can cause severe disease and are responsible for a majority of pediatric hospitalizations. Molecular diagnostics have revealed that approximately 20% of these patients are infected by more than one unrelated viral pathogen. To understand how viral coinfection affects disease severity, we inoculated mice with a mild viral pathogen (rhinovirus or murine coronavirus), followed 2 days later by a virulent viral pathogen (influenza A virus). This model demonstrated that rhinovirus can reduce the severity of influenza A virus, which corresponded with an early but controlled inflammatory response in the lungs and early clearance of influenza A virus. We further determined the dose and timing parameters that were important for effective disease attenuation and showed that influenza disease is also reduced by coinfection with a murine coronavirus. These findings demonstrate that coinfecting viruses can alter immune responses and pathogenesis in the respiratory tract.
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Goh EH, Jiang L, Hsu JP, Tan LWL, Lim WY, Phoon MC, Leo YS, Barr IG, Chow VTK, Lee VJ, Lin C, Lin R, Sadarangani SP, Young B, Chen MIC. Epidemiology and Relative Severity of Influenza Subtypes in Singapore in the Post-Pandemic Period from 2009 to 2010. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 65:1905-1913. [PMID: 29028950 PMCID: PMC5850443 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1) [A(H1N1)pdm09] cocirculated with A(H3N2) and B in Singapore. Methods A cohort of 760 participants contributed demographic data and up to 4 blood samples each from October 2009 to September 2010. We compared epidemiology of the 3 subtypes and investigated evidence for heterotypic immunity through multivariable logistic regression using a generalized estimating equation. To examine age-related differences in severity between subtypes, we used LOESS (locally weighted smoothing) plots of hospitalization to infection ratios and explored birth cohort effects referencing the pandemic years (1957; 1968). Results Having more household members aged 5–19 years and frequent public transport use increased risk of infection, while preexisting antibodies against the same subtype (odds ratio [OR], 0.61; P = .002) and previous influenza infection against heterotypic infections (OR, 0.32; P = .045) were protective. A(H1N1)pdm09 severity peaked in those born around 1957, while A(H3N2) severity was least in the youngest individuals and increased until it surpassed A(H1N1)pdm09 in those born in 1952 or earlier. Further analysis showed that severity of A(H1N1)pdm09 was less than that for A(H3N2) in those born in 1956 or earlier (P = .021) and vice versa for those born in 1968 or later (P < .001), with no difference in those born between 1957 and 1967 (P = .632). Conclusions Our findings suggest that childhood exposures had long-term impact on immune responses consistent with the theory of antigenic sin. This, plus observations on short-term cross-protection, have implications for vaccination and influenza epidemic and pandemic mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Hui Goh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore
| | - Lili Jiang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore
| | - Jung Pu Hsu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital
| | - Linda Wei Lin Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore
| | - Wei Yen Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore
| | - Meng Chee Phoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital
| | - Ian G Barr
- World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Tak Kwong Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Vernon J Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore.,Biodefence Centre, Singapore Armed Forces
| | - Cui Lin
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.,National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sapna P Sadarangani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital
| | - Barnaby Young
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital
| | - Mark I-Cheng Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital
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Abstract
Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical syndrome as the consequence of infection by a single virus that is isolated from clinical specimens. However, this biased laboratory approach omits detection of additional agents that could be contributing to the clinical outcome, including novel agents not usually considered pathogens. The presence of an additional agent may also interfere with the targeted isolation of a known virus. Viral interference, a phenomenon where one virus competitively suppresses replication of other coinfecting viruses, is the most common outcome of viral coinfections. In addition, coinfections can modulate virus virulence and cell death, thereby altering disease severity and epidemiology. Immunity to primary virus infection can also modulate immune responses to subsequent secondary infections. In this review, various virological mechanisms that determine viral persistence/exclusion during coinfections are discussed, and insights into the isolation/detection of multiple viruses are provided. We also discuss features of heterologous infections that impact the pattern of immune responsiveness that develops.
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38
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Rikin S, Jia H, Vargas CY, Castellanos de Belliard Y, Reed C, LaRussa P, Larson EL, Saiman L, Stockwell MS. Assessment of temporally-related acute respiratory illness following influenza vaccination. Vaccine 2018. [PMID: 29525279 PMCID: PMC7115556 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated risk of acute respiratory illness post-influenza vaccination. Post-vaccination risk of non-influenza respiratory pathogen was higher in children. Patient perceptions of illness following influenza vaccination may be supported. Assessments of potential mechanisms for findings are needed.
Background A barrier to influenza vaccination is the misperception that the inactivated vaccine can cause influenza. Previous studies have investigated the risk of acute respiratory illness (ARI) after influenza vaccination with conflicting results. We assessed whether there is an increased rate of laboratory-confirmed ARI in post-influenza vaccination periods. Methods We conducted a cohort sub-analysis of children and adults in the MoSAIC community surveillance study from 2013 to 2016. Influenza vaccination was confirmed through city or hospital registries. Cases of ARI were ascertained by twice-weekly text messages to household to identify members with ARI symptoms. Nasal swabs were obtained from ill participants and analyzed for respiratory pathogens using multiplex PCR. The primary outcome measure was the hazard ratio of laboratory-confirmed ARI in individuals post-vaccination compared to other time periods during three influenza seasons. Results Of the 999 participants, 68.8% were children, 30.2% were adults. Each study season, approximately half received influenza vaccine and one third experienced ≥1 ARI. The hazard of influenza in individuals during the 14-day post-vaccination period was similar to unvaccinated individuals during the same period (HR 0.96, 95% CI [0.60, 1.52]). The hazard of non-influenza respiratory pathogens was higher during the same period (HR 1.65, 95% CI [1.14, 2.38]); when stratified by age the hazard remained higher for children (HR 1·71, 95% CI [1.16, 2.53]) but not for adults (HR 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 3.69]). Conclusion Among children there was an increase in the hazard of ARI caused by non-influenza respiratory pathogens post-influenza vaccination compared to unvaccinated children during the same period. Potential mechanisms for this association warrant further investigation. Future research could investigate whether medical decision-making surrounding influenza vaccination may be improved by acknowledging patient experiences, counseling regarding different types of ARI, and correcting the misperception that all ARI occurring after vaccination are caused by influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Rikin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haomiao Jia
- School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Carrie Reed
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philip LaRussa
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine L Larson
- School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Saiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa S Stockwell
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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Opatowski L, Baguelin M, Eggo RM. Influenza interaction with cocirculating pathogens and its impact on surveillance, pathogenesis, and epidemic profile: A key role for mathematical modelling. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006770. [PMID: 29447284 PMCID: PMC5814058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that influenza virus interacts with other pathogens colonising or infecting the human respiratory tract. Taking into account interactions with other pathogens may be critical to determining the real influenza burden and the full impact of public health policies targeting influenza. This is particularly true for mathematical modelling studies, which have become critical in public health decision-making. Yet models usually focus on influenza virus acquisition and infection alone, thereby making broad oversimplifications of pathogen ecology. Herein, we report evidence of influenza virus interactions with bacteria and viruses and systematically review the modelling studies that have incorporated interactions. Despite the many studies examining possible associations between influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, etc., very few mathematical models have integrated other pathogens alongside influenza. The notable exception is the pneumococcus-influenza interaction, for which several recent modelling studies demonstrate the power of dynamic modelling as an approach to test biological hypotheses on interaction mechanisms and estimate the strength of those interactions. We explore how different interference mechanisms may lead to unexpected incidence trends and possible misinterpretation, and we illustrate the impact of interactions on public health surveillance using simple transmission models. We demonstrate that the development of multipathogen models is essential to assessing the true public health burden of influenza and that it is needed to help improve planning and evaluation of control measures. Finally, we identify the public health, surveillance, modelling, and biological challenges and propose avenues of research for the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulla Opatowski
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Institut Pasteur, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Marc Baguelin
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind M. Eggo
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Zheng X, Song Z, Li Y, Zhang J, Wang XL. Possible interference between seasonal epidemics of influenza and other respiratory viruses in Hong Kong, 2014-2017. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:772. [PMID: 29246199 PMCID: PMC5732536 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike influenza viruses, little is known about the prevalence and seasonality of other respiratory viruses because laboratory surveillance for non-influenza respiratory viruses is not well developed or supported in China and other resource-limited countries. We studied the interference between seasonal epidemics of influenza viruses and five other common viruses that cause respiratory illnesses in Hong Kong from 2014 to 2017. Methods The weekly laboratory-confirmed positive rates of each virus were analyzed from 2014 to 2017 in Hong Kong to describe the epidemiological trends and interference between influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), adenovirus, enterovirus and rhinovirus. A sinusoidal model was established to estimate the peak timing of each virus by phase angle parameters. Results Seasonal features of the influenza viruses, PIV, enterovirus and adenovirus were obvious, whereas annual peaks of RSV and rhinovirus were not observed. The incidence of the influenza viruses usually peaked in February and July, and the summer peaks in July were generally caused by the H3 subtype of influenza A alone. When influenza viruses were active, other viruses tended to have a low level of activity. The peaks of the influenza viruses were not synchronized. An epidemic of rhinovirus tended to shift the subsequent epidemics of the other viruses. Conclusion The evidence from recent surveillance data in Hong Kong suggests that viral interference during the epidemics of influenza viruses and other common respiratory viruses might affect the timing and duration of subsequent epidemics of a certain or several viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengyu Song
- Department of Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Ling Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
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41
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van Asten L, Bijkerk P, Fanoy E, van Ginkel A, Suijkerbuijk A, van der Hoek W, Meijer A, Vennema H. Early occurrence of influenza A epidemics coincided with changes in occurrence of other respiratory virus infections. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:14-26. [PMID: 26369646 PMCID: PMC4687500 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral interaction in which outbreaks of influenza and other common respiratory viruses might affect each other has been postulated by several short studies. Regarding longer time periods, influenza epidemics occasionally occur very early in the season, as during the 2009 pandemic. Whether early occurrence of influenza epidemics impacts outbreaks of other common seasonal viruses is not clear. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether early occurrence of influenza outbreaks coincides with shifts in the occurrence of other common viruses, including both respiratory and non-respiratory viruses. METHODS We investigated time trends of and the correlation between positive laboratory diagnoses of eight common viruses in the Netherlands over a 10-year time period (2003-2012): influenza viruses types A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, coronavirus, norovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus. We compared trends in viruses between early and late influenza seasons. RESULTS Between 2003 and 2012, influenza B, RSV, and coronavirus showed shifts in their occurrence when influenza A epidemics occurred earlier than usual (before week 1). Although shifts were not always consistently of the same type, when influenza type A hit early, RSV outbreaks tended to be delayed, coronavirus outbreaks tended to be intensified, and influenza virus type B tended not to occur at all. Occurrence of rhinovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and enterovirus did not change. CONCLUSION When influenza A epidemics occured early, timing of the epidemics of several respiratory winter viruses usually occurring close in time to influenza A was affected, while trends in rhinoviruses (occurring in autumn) and trends in enteral viruses were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte van Asten
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Bijkerk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Fanoy
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarijn van Ginkel
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Suijkerbuijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Meijer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Kumar N, Barua S, Riyesh T, Chaubey KK, Rawat KD, Khandelwal N, Mishra AK, Sharma N, Chandel SS, Sharma S, Singh MK, Sharma DK, Singh SV, Tripathi BN. Complexities in Isolation and Purification of Multiple Viruses from Mixed Viral Infections: Viral Interference, Persistence and Exclusion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156110. [PMID: 27227480 PMCID: PMC4881941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful purification of multiple viruses from mixed infections remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) mixed infection in goats. Rather than in a single cell type, cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus was observed in cocultured Vero/BHK-21 cells at 6th blind passage (BP). PPRV, but not FMDV could be purified from the virus mixture by plaque assay. Viral RNA (mixture) transfection in BHK-21 cells produced FMDV but not PPRV virions, a strategy which we have successfully employed for the first time to eliminate the negative-stranded RNA virus from the virus mixture. FMDV phenotypes, such as replication competent but noncytolytic, cytolytic but defective in plaque formation and, cytolytic but defective in both plaque formation and standard FMDV genome were observed respectively, at passage level BP8, BP15 and BP19 and hence complicated virus isolation in the cell culture system. Mixed infection was not found to induce any significant antigenic and genetic diversity in both PPRV and FMDV. Further, we for the first time demonstrated the viral interference between PPRV and FMDV. Prior transfection of PPRV RNA, but not Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and rotavirus RNA resulted in reduced FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells suggesting that the PPRV RNA-induced interference was specifically directed against FMDV. On long-term coinfection of some acute pathogenic viruses (all possible combinations of PPRV, FMDV, NDV and buffalopox virus) in Vero cells, in most cases, one of the coinfecting viruses was excluded at passage level 5 suggesting that the long-term coinfection may modify viral persistence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented evidence describing a natural mixed infection of FMDV and PPRV. The study not only provides simple and reliable methodologies for isolation and purification of two epidemiologically and economically important groups of viruses, but could also help in establishing better guidelines for trading animals that could transmit further infections and epidemics in disease free nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan K. Chaubey
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil K. Mishra
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Surender S. Chandel
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj K. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Dinesh K. Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Shoor V. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Milne GJ, Halder N, Kelso JK, Barr IG, Moyes J, Kahn K, Twine R, Cohen C. Trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccination effectiveness in Australia and South Africa: results from a modelling study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:324-32. [PMID: 26663701 PMCID: PMC4910176 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A modelling study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of trivalent (TIV) and quadrivalent (QIV) vaccination in South Africa and Australia. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the potential benefits of alternative vaccination strategies which may depend on community-specific demographic and health characteristics. METHODS Two influenza A and two influenza B strains were simulated using individual-based simulation models representing specific communities in South Africa and Australia over 11 years. Scenarios using TIV or QIV, with alternative prioritisation strategies and vaccine coverage levels, were evaluated using a country-specific health outcomes process. RESULTS In South Africa, approximately 18% fewer deaths and hospitalisations would be expected to result from the use of QIV compared to TIV over the 11 modelled years (P = 0·031). In Australia, only 2% (P = 0·30) fewer deaths and hospitalisations would result. Vaccinating 2%, 5%, 15% or 20% of the population with TIV using a strategy of prioritising vulnerable age groups, including HIV-positive individuals, resulted in reductions in hospitalisations and mortality of at least 7%, 18%, 57% and 66%, respectively, in both communities. CONCLUSIONS The degree to which QIV can reduce health burden compared to TIV is strongly dependent on the number of years in which the influenza B lineage in the TIV matches the circulating B lineages. Assuming a moderate level of B cross-strain protection, TIV may be as effective as QIV. The choice of vaccination prioritisation has a greater impact than the QIV/TIV choice, with strategies targeting those most responsible for transmission being most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Milne
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nilimesh Halder
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joel K Kelso
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jocelyn Moyes
- Centre for Respiratory Disease and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty of Health Science, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rhian Twine
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty of Health Science, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Disease and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Science, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Seasonal variations of respiratory viruses and etiology of human rhinovirus infection in children. J Clin Virol 2015; 73:14-19. [PMID: 26521224 PMCID: PMC7106374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nasal aspirates were subjected to real-time PCR to detect 16 respiratory viruses. One or more viruses were detected in 83% of specimens. Rhinoviruses were the most frequently detected viruses. Seasonal distribution was seen for each virus. The clinical severity did not differ among main respiratory viral infections.
Background Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method it is possible to detect uncultivable viruses and discover multiple viral infections. However, the clinical importance of these findings in relation to symptoms is not known. Objectives The seasonal fluctuations of respiratory viruses and the clinical outcomes of single infections and dual infections were investigated. Study design Nasal aspirate samples were obtained from outpatients and inpatients of a children’s hospital and these samples were subjected to real-time PCR to detect 16 respiratory viruses. Seasonal variations of the 16 viruses and the clinical outcomes such as wheezing, the need for oxygenation and prolonged hospitalization of patients with single viral infections and multiple infections were determined for the 5 most often detected viruses. Results Among 512 specimens analyzed, one or more viruses were detected in 424 (83%) specimens. Two or more viruses were detected in 160 samples (31% of all samples). The epidemic peaks of the viruses did not coincide with each other. Rhinoviruses were the most frequently detected viruses and their coinfection rates were also higher. However, the disease severity in the lower respiratory tract did not differ in most respiratory viral infections regardless of whether there was single infection or dual infection with a rhinovirus and other respiratory virus. Conclusions Seasonal distribution was seen for each virus. There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms in the children studied. Because the infection of rhinoviruses is the common occurrence in children, it is hypothesized that the factors related to disease severity are mainly the underlying conditions of the children.
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Laurie KL, Guarnaccia TA, Carolan LA, Yan AWC, Aban M, Petrie S, Cao P, Heffernan JM, McVernon J, Mosse J, Kelso A, McCaw JM, Barr IG. Interval Between Infections and Viral Hierarchy Are Determinants of Viral Interference Following Influenza Virus Infection in a Ferret Model. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1701-10. [PMID: 25943206 PMCID: PMC4633756 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest that, following infection with influenza virus, there is a short period during which a host experiences a lower susceptibility to infection with other influenza viruses. This viral interference appears to be independent of any antigenic similarities between the viruses. We used the ferret model of human influenza to systematically investigate viral interference. METHODS Ferrets were first infected then challenged 1-14 days later with pairs of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2), and influenza B viruses circulating in 2009 and 2010. RESULTS Viral interference was observed when the interval between initiation of primary infection and subsequent challenge was <1 week. This effect was virus specific and occurred between antigenically related and unrelated viruses. Coinfections occurred when 1 or 3 days separated infections. Ongoing shedding from the primary virus infection was associated with viral interference after the secondary challenge. CONCLUSIONS The interval between infections and the sequential combination of viruses were important determinants of viral interference. The influenza viruses in this study appear to have an ordered hierarchy according to their ability to block or delay infection, which may contribute to the dominance of different viruses often seen in an influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Teagan A Guarnaccia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Louise A Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Ada W C Yan
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne
| | - Malet Aban
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Stephen Petrie
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne
| | - Pengxing Cao
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne
| | - Jane M Heffernan
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne Modelling Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute for Health Research Program in Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne Modelling and Simulation Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne
| | - Jennifer Mosse
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Anne Kelso
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - James M McCaw
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne Modelling and Simulation Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
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Velasco-Hernández JX, Núñez-López M, Comas-García A, Cherpitel DEN, Ocampo MC. Superinfection between influenza and RSV alternating patterns in San Luis Potosí State, México. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115674. [PMID: 25803450 PMCID: PMC4372574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to explain through the ecological hypothesis superinfection and competitive interaction between two viral populations and niche (host) availability, the alternating patterns of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and influenza observed in a regional hospital in San Luis Potosí State, México using a mathematical model as a methodological tool. The data analyzed consists of community-based and hospital-based Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) consultations provided by health-care institutions reported to the State Health Service Epidemiology Department from 2003 through 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayra Núñez-López
- Departamento de Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas, DMAS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Col. Santa Fe Cuajimalpa, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, 05300, México, D.F., México
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreu Comas-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Av. Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ernesto Noyola Cherpitel
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Marcos Capistrán Ocampo
- Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas A.C., Jalisco S/N, Col. Valenciana, 36240, Guanajuato, Gto., México
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Potential effect of virus interference on influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates in test-negative designs. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 142:2642-6. [PMID: 25372226 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A hypothetical influenza infection-induced non-specific immunity may reduce the risk of subsequent non-influenza respiratory virus (NIRV) infection and bias the influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates in test-negative designs (TNDs). We conducted a simulation study using a simple TND model and explored the degree of bias in the VE estimates. The bias was marginal during the usual seasons and most of the time during pandemics; the bias only became large when the influenza infection attack rate increased to pandemic levels (>50%), the true VE was low to moderate, and the non-specific immunity almost completely protected from NIRV infections and lasted at least half the influenza season.
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Goka EA, Vallely PJ, Mutton KJ, Klapper PE. Single and multiple respiratory virus infections and severity of respiratory disease: a systematic review. Paediatr Respir Rev 2014; 15:363-70. [PMID: 24361079 PMCID: PMC7106320 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are suggestions that virus co-infections may influence the clinical outcome of respiratory virus illness. We performed a systematic review of the literature to summarise the evidence. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid and WEB of Science databases, major organisation websites and reference lists of published studies were searched. The quality of studies was assessed using the STROBE tool (von Elm et al., 1) Individual study data was analyzed using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals as a measure of association between exposure (co-infection), patient outcome and results summarised using forest plots and tables RESULTS Nineteen (19) studies from all over the world were identified and included in the review. Most of the studies 73.7% (14/19) recruited children ≤ 6 years old. Evidence on the role of co-infection in increasing disease severity was inconclusive. In five out of eight studies, co-infection significantly increased risk of admission to general ward (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3 - 4.4, p = 0.005; OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1 - 7.7, P = 0.04; OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.0 - 5.1, p = <0.001; OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.7-3.4, p = <0.0001 and OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1 - 5.1, p = 0.34), one found it did not (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.4 - 0.9, p = 0.02) and the other 2 had insignificant results. Similarly on risk of admission to ICU, some studies found that co-infection significantly increased risk of admission to ICU (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.4 - 5.9, p = 0.004 and OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.7 - 5.6, p = <0.0001), whereas others did not (OR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05 - 0.75, p = 0.02 and OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2 - 0.6, p = <0.0001). There was no evidence for or against respiratory virus co-infections and risk of bronchiolitis or pneumonia. CONCLUSION The influence of co-infections on severe viral respiratory disease is still unclear. The observed conflict in outcomes could be because they were conducted in different seasons and covered different years and periods. It could also be due to bias towards the null, especially in studies where only crude analysis was conducted. Future studies should employ stratified analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Anthony Goka
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester.
| | - Pamela J. Vallely
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester
| | - Kenneth J. Mutton
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester,Department of Clinical Virology, Central Manchester Universities NHS Trust
| | - Paul E. Klapper
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester,Department of Clinical Virology, Central Manchester Universities NHS Trust
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Skog L, Linde A, Palmgren H, Hauska H, Elgh F. Spatiotemporal characteristics of pandemic influenza. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:378. [PMID: 25011543 PMCID: PMC4226939 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediction of timing for the onset and peak of an influenza pandemic is of vital importance for preventive measures. In order to identify common spatiotemporal patterns and climate influences for pandemics in Sweden we have studied the propagation in space and time of A(H1N1)pdm09 (10,000 laboratory verified cases), the Asian Influenza 1957-1958 (275,000 cases of influenza-like illness (ILI), reported by local physicians) and the Russian Influenza 1889-1890 (32,600 ILI cases reported by physicians shortly after the end of the outbreak). METHODS All cases were geocoded and analysed in space and time. Animated video sequences, showing weekly incidence per municipality and its geographically weighted mean (GWM), were created to depict and compare the spread of the pandemics. Daily data from 1957-1958 on temperature and precipitation from 39 weather stations were collected and analysed with the case data to examine possible climatological effects on the influenza dissemination. RESULTS The epidemic period lasted 11 weeks for the Russian Influenza, 10 weeks for the Asian Influenza and 9 weeks for the A(H1N1)pdm09. The Russian Influenza arrived in Sweden during the winter and was immediately disseminated, while both the Asian Influenza and the A(H1N1)pdm09 arrived during the spring. They were seeded over the country during the summer, but did not peak until October-November. The weekly GWM of the incidence moved along a line from southwest to northeast for the Russian and Asian Influenza but northeast to southwest for the A(H1N1)pdm09. The local epidemic periods of the Asian Influenza were preceded by falling temperature in all but one of the locations analysed. CONCLUSIONS The power of spatiotemporal analysis and modeling for pandemic spread was clearly demonstrated. The epidemic period lasted approximately 10 weeks for all pandemics. None of the pandemics had its epidemic period before late autumn. The epidemic period of the Asian Influenza was preceded by falling temperatures. Climate influences on pandemic spread seem important and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Skog
- Division of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Linde
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-100 44, Solna, Sweden
| | - Helena Palmgren
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-100 44, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hans Hauska
- Division of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Elgh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-100 44, Umeå, Sweden
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Virus interference between H7N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus in experimental co-infections in chickens and turkeys. Vet Res 2014; 45:1. [PMID: 24393488 PMCID: PMC3890543 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (lNDV) are commonly reported causes of respiratory disease in poultry worldwide with similar clinical and pathobiological presentation. Co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. In this study chickens and turkeys were infected with a lNDV vaccine strain (LaSota) and a H7N2 LPAIV (A/turkey/VA/SEP-67/2002) simultaneously or sequentially three days apart. No clinical signs were observed in chickens co-infected with the lNDV and LPAIV or in chickens infected with the viruses individually. However, the pattern of virus shed was different with co-infected chickens, which excreted lower titers of lNDV and LPAIV at 2 and 3 days post inoculation (dpi) and higher titers at subsequent time points. All turkeys inoculated with the LPAIV, whether or not they were exposed to lNDV, presented mild clinical signs. Co-infection effects were more pronounced in turkeys than in chickens with reduction in the number of birds shedding virus and in virus titers, especially when LPAIV was followed by lNDV. In conclusion, co-infection of chickens or turkeys with lNDV and LPAIV affected the replication dynamics of these viruses but did not affect clinical signs. The effect on virus replication was different depending on the species and on the time of infection. These results suggest that infection with a heterologous virus may result in temporary competition for cell receptors or competent cells for replication, most likely interferon-mediated, which decreases with time.
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