1
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Galli TT, de Campos EC, do Nascimento Camargo L, Fukuzaki S, Dos Santos TM, Hamaguchi SSS, Bezerra SKM, Silva FJA, Rezende BG, Dos Santos Lopes FTQ, Olivo CR, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Prado CM, Leick EA, Bourotte CLM, Benseñor IJM, Lotufo PA, Righetti RF, Tibério IFLC. Effects of environmental exposure to iron powder on healthy and elastase-exposed mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9134. [PMID: 38644380 PMCID: PMC11033283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to iron powder and other mineral dusts can threaten the health of individuals, especially those with COPD. The goal of this study was to determine how environmental exposure to metal dust from two different mining centers in Brazil affects lung mechanics, inflammation, remodeling and oxidative stress responses in healthy and elastase-exposed mice. This study divided 72 male C57Bl/6 mice into two groups, the summer group and the winter group. These groups were further divided into six groups: control, nonexposed (SAL); nonexposed, given elastase (ELA); exposed to metal powder at a mining company (SAL-L1 and ELA-L1); and exposed to a location three miles away from the mining company (SAL-L2 and ELA-L2) for four weeks. On the 29th day of the protocol, the researchers assessed lung mechanics, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), inflammation, remodeling, oxidative stress, macrophage iron and alveolar wall alterations (mean linear intercept-Lm). The Lm was increased in the ELA, ELA-L1 and ELA-L2 groups compared to the SAL group (p < 0.05). There was an increase in the total number of cells and macrophages in the ELA-L1 and ELA-L2 groups compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Compared to the ELA and SAL groups, the exposed groups (ELA-L1, ELA-L2, SAL-L1, and SAL-L2) exhibited increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, neutrophil elastase, TIMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-12, TGF-β, collagen fibers, MUC5AC, iNOS, Gp91phox, NFkB and iron positive macrophages (p < 0.05). Although we did not find differences in lung mechanics across all groups, there were low to moderate correlations between inflammation remodeling, oxidative stress and NFkB with elastance, resistance of lung tissue and iron positive macrophages (p < 0.05). Environmental exposure to iron, confirmed by evaluation of iron in alveolar macrophages and in air, exacerbated inflammation, initiated remodeling, and induced oxidative stress responses in exposed mice with and without emphysema. Activation of the iNOS, Gp91phox and NFkB pathways play a role in these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iolanda Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério
- Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.
- University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903 - Laboratory LIM20, Brazil.
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2
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Mahakalkar AU, Gianquintieri L, Amici L, Brovelli MA, Caiani EG. Geospatial analysis of short-term exposure to air pollution and risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality-A systematic review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141495. [PMID: 38373448 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The cardiovascular risk associated with short-term ambient air pollution exposure is well-documented. However, recent advancements in geospatial techniques have provided new insights into this risk. This systematic review focuses on short-term exposure studies that applied advanced geospatial pollution modelling to estimate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and accounted for additional unconventional neighbourhood-level confounders to analyse their modifier effect on the risk. Four databases were investigated to select publications between 2018 and 2023 that met the inclusion criteria of studying the effect of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), SO2, NOx, CO, and O3 on CVD mortality or morbidity, utilizing pollution modelling techniques, and considering spatial and temporal confounders. Out of 3277 publications, 285 were identified for full-text review, of which 34 satisfied the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis, and 12 of them were chosen for additional quantitative analysis. Quality assessment revealed that 28 out of 34 included articles scored 4 or above, indicating high quality. In 30 studies, advanced pollution modelling techniques were used, while in 4 only simpler methods were applied. The most pertinent confounders identified were socio-demographic variables (e.g., socio-economic status, population percentage by race or ethnicity) and neighbourhood-level built environment variables (e.g., urban/rural area, percentage of green space, proximity to healthcare), which exhibited varying modifier effects depending on the context. In the quantitative analysis, only PM 2.5 showed a significant positive association to all-cause CVD-related hospitalisation. Other pollutants did not show any significant effect, likely due to the high inter-study heterogeneity and a limited number of cases. The application of advanced geospatial measurement and modelling of air pollution exposure, as well as its risk, is increasing. This review underscores the importance of accounting for unconventional neighbourhood-level confounders to enhance the understanding of the CVD risk associated with short-term pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Umakant Mahakalkar
- Politecnico di Milano, Electronics, Information and Bioengineering Dpt., Milan, Italy; University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gianquintieri
- Politecnico di Milano, Electronics, Information and Bioengineering Dpt., Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Amici
- Politecnico di Milano, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dpt., Milan, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Gianluca Caiani
- Politecnico di Milano, Electronics, Information and Bioengineering Dpt., Milan, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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3
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Singh A, Patel A, Satish R, Tripathi SN, Rastogi N. Wintertime oxidative potential of PM 2.5 over a big urban city in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167155. [PMID: 37730043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) experiences a heavy load of particulate pollution impacting the 9 % of the global population living in this region. The present study examines the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay-based oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 and the major sources responsible for the observed OP over the central IGP (Kanpur) during winter. The volume normalized OP (OPV) of PM2.5 varied from 2.7 to 10 nmol DTT min-1 m-3 (5.5 ± 1.5) and mass normalized OP (OPM) of PM2.5 varied from 19 to 58 pmol DTT min-1 μg-1 (34 ± 8.0), respectively. Major sources of PM2.5 were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) and the contribution of these sources to observed OP was estimated through multivariate linear regression of OPv with PMF-resolved factors. Although the PM2.5 mass was dominated by secondary aerosols (SA, 28 %), followed by crustal dust (CD, 24 %), resuspended fine dust (RFD, 14 %), traffic emissions (TE, 8 %), industrial emissions (IE, 17 %), and trash burning (TB, 9 %), their proportionate contribution to OP (except SA) was different likely due to differences in redox properties of chemical species coming from these sources. The SA showed the highest contribution (23 %) to observed OP, followed by RFD (19 %), IE (8 %), TE & TB (5 %), CD (4 %), and others (36 %). Our results highlight the significance of determining the chemical composition of particulates along with their mass concentrations for a better understanding of the relationship between PM and health impacts. Such studies are still lacking in the literature, and these results have direct implications for making better mitigation strategies for healthier air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India; Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Anil Patel
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
| | - R Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
| | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
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4
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Zhang S, Breitner S, Pickford R, Lanki T, Okokon E, Morawska L, Samoli E, Rodopoulou S, Stafoggia M, Renzi M, Schikowski T, Zhao Q, Schneider A, Peters A. Short-term effects of ultrafine particles on heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120245. [PMID: 36162563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of epidemiological studies have examined the association between ultrafine particles (UFP) and imbalanced autonomic control of the heart, a potential mechanism linking particulate matter air pollution to cardiovascular disease. This study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes studies on short-term effects of UFP on autonomic function, as assessed by heart rate variability (HRV). We searched PubMed and Web of Science for articles published until June 30, 2022. We extracted quantitative measures of UFP effects on HRV with a maximum lag of 15 days from single-pollutant models. We assessed the risk of bias in the included studies regarding confounding, selection bias, exposure assessment, outcome measurement, missing data, and selective reporting. Random-effects models were applied to synthesize effect estimates on HRV of various time courses. Twelve studies with altogether 1,337 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. For an increase of 10,000 particles/cm3 in UFP assessed by central outdoor measurements, our meta-analysis showed immediate decreases in the standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) by 4.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.1%, -0.9%] and root mean square of successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD) by 4.7% (95% CI: 9.1%, 0.0%) within 6 h after exposure. The immediate decreases in SDNN and RMSSD associated with UFP assessed by personal measurements were smaller and borderline significant. Elevated UFP were also associated with decreases in SDNN, low-frequency power, and the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power when pooling estimates of lags across hours to days. We did not find associations between HRV and concurrent-day UFP exposure (daily average of at least 18 h) or exposure at lags ≥ one day. Our study indicates that short-term exposure to ambient UFP is associated with decreased HRV, predominantly as an immediate response within hours. This finding highlights that UFP may contribute to the onset of cardiovascular events through autonomic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhang
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Pickford
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timo Lanki
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Enembe Okokon
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Rodopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Renzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Qi Zhao
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Partner-Site Munich, German Research Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich, Germany
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5
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Sidwell A, Smith SC, Roper C. A comparison of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in vivo exposure studies incorporating chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:422-444. [PMID: 36351256 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2142345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The complex, variable mixtures present in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have been well established, and associations between chemical constituents and human health are expanding. In the past decade, there has been an increase in PM2.5 toxicology studies that include chemical analysis of samples. This investigation is a crucial component for identifying the causal constituents for observed adverse health effects following exposure to PM2.5. In this review, investigations of PM2.5 that used both in vivo models were explored and chemical analysis with a focus on respiratory, cardiovascular, central nervous system, reproductive, and developmental toxicity was examined to determine if chemical constituents were considered in the interpretation of the toxicity findings. Comparisons between model systems, PM2.5 characteristics, endpoints, and results were made. A vast majority of studies observed adverse effects in vivo following exposure to PM2.5. While limited, investigations that explored connections between chemical components and measured endpoints noted significant associations between biological measurements and a variety of PM2.5 constituents including elements, ions, and organic/elemental carbon, indicating the need for such analysis. Current limitations in available data, including relatively scarce statistical comparisons between collected toxicity and chemical datasets, are provided. Future progress in this field in combination with epidemiologic research examining chemical composition may support regulatory standards of PM2.5 to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie Sidwell
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Samuel Cole Smith
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Courtney Roper
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
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6
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Anderson A, Rezamand P, Skibiel AL. Effects of wildfire smoke exposure on innate immunity, metabolism, and milk production in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7047-7060. [PMID: 35717334 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wildfires are particularly prevalent in the Western United States, home to more than 2 million dairy cows that produce more than 25% of the nation's milk. Wildfires emit fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in smoke, which is a known air toxin and is thought to contribute to morbidity in humans by inducing inflammation. The physiological responses of dairy cows to wildfire PM2.5 are unknown. Herein we assessed the immune, metabolic, and production responses of lactating Holstein cows to wildfire PM2.5 inhalation. Cows (primiparous, n = 7; multiparous, n = 6) were monitored across the wildfire season from July to September 2020. Cows were housed in freestall pens and thus were exposed to ambient air quality. Air temperature, relative humidity, and PM2.5 were obtained from a monitoring station 5.7 km from the farm. Animals were considered to be exposed to wildfire PM2.5 if daily average PM2.5 exceeded 35 µg/m3 and wildfire and wind trajectory mapping showed that the PM2.5 derived from active wildfires. Based on these conditions, cows were exposed to wildfire PM2.5 for 7 consecutive days in mid-September. Milk yield was recorded daily and milk components analysis conducted before, during, and after exposure. Blood was taken from the jugular vein before, during, and after exposure and assayed for hematology, blood chemistry, and blood metabolites. Statistical analysis was conducted using mixed models including PM2.5, temperature-humidity index (THI), parity (primiparous or multiparous), and their interactions as fixed effects and cow as a random effect. Separate models included lags up to 7 d to identify delayed and persistent effects from wildfire PM2.5 exposure. Exposure to elevated PM2.5 from wildfire smoke resulted in lower milk yield during exposure and for 7 d after last exposure and higher blood CO2 concentration, which persisted for 1 d following exposure. We observed a positive PM2.5 by THI interaction for eosinophil and basophil count and a negative PM2.5 by THI interaction for red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration after a 3-d lag. Neutrophil count was also lower with a combination of higher THI and PM2.5. We found no discernable effect of PM2.5 on haptoglobin concentration. Effects of PM2.5 and THI on metabolism were contingent on day of exposure. On lag d 0, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was reduced with higher combined THI and PM2.5, but on subsequent lag days, THI and PM2.5 had a positive interaction on BUN. Conversely, THI and PM2.5 had a positive interacting effect on nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) on lag d 0 but subsequently caused a reduction in circulating NEFA concentration. Our results suggest that exposure to high wildfire-derived PM2.5, alone or in concert with elevated THI, alters systemic metabolism, milk production, and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashly Anderson
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - Pedram Rezamand
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - Amy L Skibiel
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844.
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7
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Zhao T, Qi W, Yang P, Yang L, Shi Y, Zhou L, Ye L. Mechanisms of cardiovascular toxicity induced by PM 2.5: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65033-65051. [PMID: 34617228 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) could affect the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases. To explore the underlying mechanisms, the studies conducted in vitro investigations using different cell lines. In this review, we examined recently published reports cited by PubMed or Web of Science on the topic of cardiovascular toxicity induced by PM2.5 that carried the term in vitro. Here, we summarized the suggested mechanisms of PM2.5 leading to adverse effects and cardiovascular toxicity including oxidative stress; the increase of vascular endothelial permeability; the injury of vasomotor function and vascular reparative capacity in vascular endothelial cell lines; macrophage polarization and apoptosis in macrophage cell lines; and hypermethylation and apoptosis in the AC16 cell line and the related signaling pathways, which provided a new research direction of cardiovascular toxicity of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jilin Provincial Institute of Public Health), Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, China.
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8
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Input Parameters for Airborne Brake Wear Emission Simulations: A Comprehensive Review. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-exhaust emissions, generated by the wear of brake systems, tires, roads, clutches, and road resuspension, are responsible for a large part of airborne pollutants in urban areas. Brake wear accounts for 55% of non-exhaust emissions and significantly contributes to urban health diseases related to air pollution. A major part of the studies reported in the scientific literature are focused on experimental methods to sample and characterize brake wear particles in a reliable, representative, and repeatable way. In this framework, simulation is an important tool, which makes it possible to give interpretations of the experimental results, formulate new testing approaches, and predict the emission produced by brakes. The present comprehensive literature review aims to introduce the state of the art of the research on the different aspects of airborne wear debris resulting from brake systems which can be used as inputs in future simulation models. In this review, previous studies focusing on airborne emissions produced by brake systems are investigated in three main categories: the subsystem level, system level, and environmental level. As well as all the information provided in the literature, the simulation methodologies are also investigated at all levels. It can be concluded from the present review study that various factors, such as the uncertainty and repeatability of the brake wear experiments, distinguish the results of the subsystem and system levels. This gap should be taken into account in the development of future experimental and simulation methods for the investigation of airborne brake wear emissions.
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9
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Ahmad M, Yu Q, Chen J, Cheng S, Qin W, Zhang Y. Chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM 2.5 in wintertime in Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 102:148-158. [PMID: 33637240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM2.5 were analyzed at the urban sites of Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan in February 2019. Carbonaceous species, water soluble ions, and metal elements were measured to investigate the chemical composition and sources of PM2.5. The dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate was measured to evaluate the oxidative potential of PM2.5. Both cities showed a high exposure risk of PM2.5 regarding its oxidative potential (DTTv). Carbonaceous and some of the elemental species of PM2.5 correlated well with DTTv in both Lahore and Peshawar. Besides, the DTTv of PM2.5 in Lahore showed significant positive correlation with most of the measured water soluble ions, however, ions were DTT-inactive in Peshawar. Due to the higher proportions of carbonaceous species and metal elements, Peshawar showed higher mass-normalized DTT activity of PM2.5 compared to Lahore although the average PM2.5 concentration in Peshawar was lower. The high concentrations of toxic metals also posed serious non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the residents of both cities. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression was applied to investigate different source contributions to PM2.5 and its oxidative potential. Mixed sources of traffic and road dust resuspension and coal combustion, direct vehicle emission, and biomass burning and formation of secondary aerosol were identified as the major sources of PM2.5 in both cities. The findings of this study provide important data for evaluation of the potential health risks of PM2.5 and for formulation of efficient control strategies in major cities of Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Siming Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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10
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Amatullah H, Maron-Gutierrez T, Shan Y, Gupta S, Tsoporis JN, Varkouhi AK, Teixeira Monteiro AP, He X, Yin J, Marshall JC, Rocco PRM, Zhang H, Kuebler WM, Dos Santos CC. Protective function of DJ-1/PARK7 in lipopolysaccharide and ventilator-induced acute lung injury. Redox Biol 2021; 38:101796. [PMID: 33246293 PMCID: PMC7695876 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered one of the early underlying contributors of acute lung injury (ALI) and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). DJ-1, also known as PARK7, has a well-established role as an antioxidant. We have previously shown maintaining oxidative balance via the ATF3-Nrf2 axis was important in protection from ALI. Here, we exclusively characterize the role of DJ-1 in sterile LPS-induced ALI and VILI. DJ-1 protein expression was increased after LPS treatment in human epithelial and endothelial cell lines and lungs of wild-type mice. DJ-1 deficient mice exhibited greater susceptibility to LPS-induced acute lung injury as demonstrated by increased cellular infiltration, augmented levels of pulmonary cytokines, enhanced ROS levels and oxidized by-products, increased pulmonary edema and cell death. In a two-hit model of LPS and mechanical ventilation (MV), DJ-1 deficient mice displayed enhanced susceptibility to inflammation and lung injury. Collectively, these results identify DJ-1 as a negative regulator of ROS and inflammation, and suggest its expression protects from sterile lung injury driven by high oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajera Amatullah
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yuexin Shan
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sahil Gupta
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James N Tsoporis
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amir K Varkouhi
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Xiaolin He
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - John C Marshall
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Keenan Research Center of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Hadei M, Naddafi K. Cardiovascular effects of airborne particulate matter: A review of rodent model studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125204. [PMID: 31675579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent year, animal models have been growingly used to increase our knowledge about the toxicity of PM and underlying mechanisms leading to cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge and findings of studies investigating the cardiovascular effects of PM in rats and mice. The six main areas covered in this review include: I) nature of particulate matter and toxicity mechanisms, II) systemic inflammation, III) heart rate and heart rate variability, IV) histopathological effects, V) atherosclerosis, VI) thrombosis, and VI) myocardial infarction. This review showed that animal model studies have been successful to bring new insights into the mechanisms underlying PM-induced cardiovascular diseases. However, there are some areas that the exact mechanisms are still unclear. In conclusion, investigating the cardiovascular effects of PM in vivo or interpreting the results should attempt to justify the role of different PM compositions, which may vastly affect the overall cytotoxicity of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Hadei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Feng S, Duan E, Shi X, Zhang H, Li H, Zhao Y, Chao L, Zhong X, Zhang W, Li R, Yan X. Hydrogen ameliorates lung injury in a rat model of subacute exposure to concentrated ambient PM2.5 via Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Oxidative Potential Versus Biological Effects: A Review on the Relevance of Cell-Free/Abiotic Assays as Predictors of Toxicity from Airborne Particulate Matter. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194772. [PMID: 31561428 PMCID: PMC6801578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) in cell-free/abiotic systems have been suggested as a possible measure of their biological reactivity and a relevant exposure metric for ambient air PM in epidemiological studies. The present review examined whether the OP of particles correlate with their biological effects, to determine the relevance of these cell-free assays as predictors of particle toxicity. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant studies published up to May 2019. The main inclusion criteria used for the selection of studies were that they should contain (1) multiple PM types or samples, (2) assessment of oxidative potential in cell-free systems and (3) assessment of biological effects in cells, animals or humans. Results: In total, 50 independent studies were identified assessing both OP and biological effects of ambient air PM or combustion particles such as diesel exhaust and wood smoke particles: 32 in vitro or in vivo studies exploring effects in cells or animals, and 18 clinical or epidemiological studies exploring effects in humans. Of these, 29 studies assessed the association between OP and biological effects by statistical analysis: 10 studies reported that at least one OP measure was statistically significantly associated with all endpoints examined, 12 studies reported that at least one OP measure was significantly associated with at least one effect outcome, while seven studies reported no significant correlation/association between any OP measures and any biological effects. The overall assessment revealed considerable variability in reported association between individual OP assays and specific outcomes, but evidence of positive association between intracellular ROS, oxidative damage and antioxidant response in vitro, and between OP assessed by the dithiothreitol (DDT) assay and asthma/wheeze in humans. There was little support for consistent association between OP and any other outcome assessed, either due to repeated lack of statistical association, variability in reported findings or limited numbers of available studies. Conclusions: Current assays for OP in cell-free/abiotic systems appear to have limited value in predicting PM toxicity. Clarifying the underlying causes may be important for further advancement in the field.
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Patel A, Rastogi N. Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1268-1276. [PMID: 30743839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of particulate matter (PM) has been well documented in causing cardiopulmonary diseases because they are redox active and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ in the human body. Capacity of PM to catalyze in situ formation of ROS is known as their oxidative potential (OP). However, studies on OP of PM over different regions are scarce. PM10 samples were collected over Mount Abu (24.6°N, 72.7°E, 1680 m asl), India, from March 2014 to May 2016. These samples were analyzed for carbonaceous aerosol, major ions and dithiothreitol (DTT)-based OP. All the data were classified into four seasons (winter, spring, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon) based on prevailing meteorological conditions. Seasonally averaged (±1σ) volume-normalized OP (OPv) were 0.76 ± 0.52, 1.44 ± 0.48, 1.04 ± 0.57, and 1.69 ± 0.80 nmol DTT min-1 m-3, and mass-normalized OP (OPm) were 14 ± 8, 14 ± 7, 10 ± 7, and 23 ± 9 pmol DTT min-1 μg-1 during winter, spring, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. Observed OPv (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) values (0.09-3.04) are somewhat higher than those documented over Los Angeles (0.10-0.16) and Beijing (0.10-0.49), and similar to those reported over Orinda (0.37-2.50) and Patiala (1.3-7.2). The highest OPm and OPv values found during post-monsoon were attributed to long-range transport of anthropogenically emitted pollutants brought by the northeasterly (NE) air-masses. It is inferred that the source(s) emitting elemental carbon also emit other species, which are more DTT-active than those species which are emitted along with anthropogenically derived inorganic species. Our results also infer that OPv varies but OPm do not vary drastically from region to region. This observation has broader implications in assessing the effects of aerosol on human health on regional/global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Patel
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India.
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15
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The Effects of Bedding Type in Stalls and Activity of Horses on Stall Air Quality. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Vuong NQ, Breznan D, Goegan P, O'Brien JS, Williams A, Karthikeyan S, Kumarathasan P, Vincent R. In vitro toxicoproteomic analysis of A549 human lung epithelial cells exposed to urban air particulate matter and its water-soluble and insoluble fractions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:39. [PMID: 28969663 PMCID: PMC5625787 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxicity of airborne particulate matter (PM) is difficult to assess because PM composition is complex and variable due to source contribution and atmospheric transformation. In this study, we used an in vitro toxicoproteomic approach to identify the toxicity mechanisms associated with different subfractions of Ottawa urban dust (EHC-93). Methods A549 human lung epithelial cells were exposed to 0, 60, 140 and 200 μg/cm2 doses of EHC-93 (total), its insoluble and soluble fractions for 24 h. Multiple cytotoxicity assays and proteomic analyses were used to assess particle toxicity in the exposed cells. Results The cytotoxicity data based on cellular ATP, BrdU incorporation and LDH leakage indicated that the insoluble, but not the soluble, fraction is responsible for the toxicity of EHC-93 in A549 cells. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis results revealed that the expressions of 206 protein spots were significantly altered after particle exposures, where 154 were identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS. The results from cytotoxicity assays and proteomic analyses converged to a similar finding that the effects of the total and insoluble fraction may be alike, but their effects were distinguishable, and their effects were significantly different from the soluble fraction. Furthermore, the toxic potency of EHC-93 total is not equal to the sum of its insoluble and soluble fractions, implying inter-component interactions between insoluble and soluble materials resulting in synergistic or antagonistic cytotoxic effects. Pathway analysis based on the low toxicity dose (60 μg/cm2) indicated that the two subfractions can alter the expression of those proteins involved in pathways including cell death, cell proliferation and inflammatory response in a distinguishable manner. For example, the insoluble and soluble fractions differentially affected the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8 and distinctly altered the expression of those proteins (e.g., TREM1, PDIA3 and ENO1) involved in an inflammatory response pathway in A549 cells. Conclusions This study demonstrated the impact of different fractions of urban air particles constituted of various chemical species on different mechanistic pathways and thus on cytotoxicity effects. In vitro toxicoproteomics can be a valuable tool in mapping these differences in air pollutant exposure-related toxicity mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-017-0220-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Q Vuong
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Dalibor Breznan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Patrick Goegan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Julie S O'Brien
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Biostatistics Section, Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Subramanian Karthikeyan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Premkumari Kumarathasan
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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17
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Chen S, Wu X, Hu J, Dai G, Rong A, Guo G. PM2.5 exposure decreases viability, migration and angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2425-2430. [PMID: 28677750 PMCID: PMC5547934 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that exposure to particulate matter with a diameter of ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) is associated with inflammation. PM2.5 decreases cardiac cell viability and increases apoptosis through overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, the role of PM2.5 in ECs was investigated in vitro. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with PM2.5 (100‑800 µg/ml) to investigate the effects of PM2.5 on EC viability, migration, tube formation and intracellular levels of ROS. Cell viability and cell apoptosis were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis. Cell migration was assessed using a Boyden chamber assay, and tube formation was determined by matrigel assay. Tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑8 levels were measured by ELISA, and ROS levels were assessed with 2',7'‑dichlorofluorescin diacetate. The results indicated that PM2.5 decreases EC viability and increases EC apoptosis in a concentration‑dependent manner. PM2.5 also decreased EC tube formation in a dose‑dependent manner. The results also demonstrated that PM2.5 suppresses adhesion to EC extracellular matrix proteins. Furthermore, PM2.5 exposure significantly induced ROS generation, indicative of oxidative stress. Finally, it was demonstrated that PM2.5 decreased angiogenesis in vivo. These results suggested that repeated exposure to PM2.5 induces vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengguang Chen
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200333, P.R. China
| | - Xianzheng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200333, P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Hu
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200333, P.R. China
| | - Guoxing Dai
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200333, P.R. China
| | - Aihong Rong
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200333, P.R. China
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200333, P.R. China
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18
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Nazarenko Y, Fournier S, Kurien U, Rangel-Alvarado RB, Nepotchatykh O, Seers P, Ariya PA. Role of snow in the fate of gaseous and particulate exhaust pollutants from gasoline-powered vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:665-675. [PMID: 28190686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about pollution in urban snow and how aerosol and gaseous air pollutants interact with the urban snowpack. Here we investigate interactions of exhaust pollution with snow at low ambient temperature using fresh snow in a temperature-controlled chamber. A gasoline-powered engine from a modern light duty vehicle generated the exhaust and was operated in homogeneous and stratified engine regimes. We determined that, within a timescale of 30 min, snow takes up from the exhaust a large mass of organic pollutants and aerosol particles, which were observed by electron microscopy, mass spectrometry and aerosol sizers. Specifically, the concentration of total organic carbon in the exposed snow increased from 0.948 ± 0.009 to 1.828 ± 0.001 mg/L (homogeneous engine regime) and from 0.275 ± 0.005 to 0.514 ± 0.008 mg/L (stratified engine regime). The concentrations of benzene, toluene and 13 out of 16 measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly naphthalene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene in snow increased upon exposure from near the detection limit to 0.529 ± 0.058, 1.840 ± 0.200, 0.176 ± 0.020, 0.020 ± 0.005, 0.025 ± 0.005 and 0.028 ± 0.005 ng/kg, respectively, for the homogeneous regime. After contact with snow, 50-400 nm particles were present with higher relative abundance compared to the smaller nanoparticles (<50 nm), for the homogeneous regime. The lowering of temperature from 25 ± 1 °C to (-8) - (-10) ± 1 °C decreased the median mode diameter of the exhaust aerosol particles from 69 nm to 57 nm (p < 0.1) and addition of snow to 51 nm (p < 0.1) for the stratified regime, but increased it from 20 nm to 27 nm (p < 0.1) for the homogeneous regime. Future studies should focus on cycling of exhaust-derived pollutants between the atmosphere and cryosphere. The role of the effects we discovered should be evaluated as part of assessment of pollutant loads and exposures in regions with a defined winter season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Nazarenko
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Sébastien Fournier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Uday Kurien
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada
| | | | - Oleg Nepotchatykh
- PO-Laboratories, Inc., 609 McCaffrey Street, Saint-Laurent, QC H4T 1N3, Canada
| | - Patrice Seers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada.
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada; Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada.
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19
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Zhao R, Chen S, Wang W, Huang J, Wang K, Liu L, Wei S. The impact of short-term exposure to air pollutants on the onset of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2017; 226:110-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Nazarenko Y, Kurien U, Nepotchatykh O, Rangel-Alvarado RB, Ariya PA. Role of snow and cold environment in the fate and effects of nanoparticles and select organic pollutants from gasoline engine exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:190-199. [PMID: 26758961 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00616c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to vehicle exhaust can drive up to 70 % of excess lifetime cancer incidences due to air pollution in urban environments. Little is known about how exhaust-derived particles and organic pollutants, implicated in adverse health effects, are affected by freezing ambient temperatures and the presence of snow. Airborne particles and (semi)volatile organic constituents in dilute exhaust were studied in a novel low-temperature environmental chamber system containing natural urban snow under controlled cold environmental conditions. The presence of snow altered the aerosol size distributions of dilute exhaust in the 10 nm to 10 μm range and decreased the number density of the nanoparticulate (<100 nm) fraction of exhaust aerosols, yet increased the 100-150 nm fraction. Upon 1 hour exhaust exposure, the total organic carbon increased in the natural snow from 0.218 ± 0.014 to 0.539 ± 0.009 mg L(-1), and over 40 additional (semi)volatile organic compounds and a large number of exhaust-derived carbonaceous and likely organic particles were identified. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) increased from near the detection limit to 52.48, 379.5, 242.7, and 238.1 μg kg(-1) (± 10 %), respectively, indicating the absorption of exhaust-derived toxic organic compounds by snow. The alteration of exhaust aerosol size distributions at freezing temperatures and in the presence of snow, accompanied by changes of the organic pollutant content in snow, has potential to alter health effects of human exposure to vehicle exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Nazarenko
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Uday Kurien
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Oleg Nepotchatykh
- PO-Laboratories, Inc., 609 McCaffrey Street, Saint-Laurent, QC H4T 1N3, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Rangel-Alvarado
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
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21
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Clark J, Gregory CC, Matthews IP, Hoogendoorn B. The biological effects upon the cardiovascular system consequent to exposure to particulates of less than 500 nm in size. Biomarkers 2015; 21:1-47. [PMID: 26643755 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1118540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ultrafine particulate matter contribution to cardiovascular disease is not known and not regulated. PM up to 500 nm are abundant in urban air and alveolar deposition is significant. OBJECTIVE Effects beyond the alveolar barrier within the body or in vitro tissues exposed to particles <500 nm. METHODS AND RESULTS DATABASES MEDLINE; Ovid-MEDLINE PREM; Web of Science; PubMed (SciGlobe). 127 articles. Results in tables: "subject type exposed", "exposure type", "technique". CONCLUSION Heart rate, vasoactivity, atherosclerotic advancement, oxidative stress, coagulability, inflammatory changes are affected. Production of reactive oxygen species is a useful target to limit outcomes associated with UFP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Clark
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Clive C Gregory
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Ian P Matthews
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Bastiaan Hoogendoorn
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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22
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Cheng MH, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Coarse Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Increased Risk of Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in a Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13053-68. [PMID: 26501308 PMCID: PMC4627016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121013053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between coarse particles (PM₂.₅-₁₀) levels and frequency of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (RD) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for RD including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pneumonia, and ambient air pollution data levels for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period from 2006 to 2010. The relative risk of hospital admissions for RD was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased rate of admissions for RD were significantly associated with higher coarse PM levels only on cool days (<25 °C), with a 10 µg/m³ elevation in PM₂.₅-₁₀ concentrations associated with a 3% (95% CI = 1%-5%) rise in COPD admissions, 4% (95% CI = 1%-7%) increase in asthma admissions, and 3% (95% CI = 2%-4%) rise in pneumonia admissions. No significant associations were found between coarse particle levels and the number of hospital admissions for RD on warm days. In the two-pollutant models, PM₂.₅-₁₀ levels remained significantly correlated with higher rate of RD admissions even controlling for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, or ozone on cool days. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM₂.₅-₁₀ enhance the risk of hospital admissions for RD on cool days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Fen Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaol 350, Taiwan.
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Stapleton PA, Abukabda AB, Hardy SL, Nurkiewicz TR. Xenobiotic pulmonary exposure and systemic cardiovascular response via neurological links. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1609-20. [PMID: 26386111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00546.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular response to xenobiotic particle exposure has been increasingly studied over the last two decades, producing an extraordinary scope and depth of research findings. With the flourishing of nanotechnology, the term "xenobiotic particles" has expanded to encompass not only air pollution particulate matter (PM) but also anthropogenic particles, such as engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Historically, the majority of research in these fields has focused on pulmonary exposure and the adverse physiological effects associated with a host inflammatory response or direct particle-tissue interactions. Because these hypotheses can neither account entirely for the deleterious cardiovascular effects of xenobiotic particle exposure nor their time course, the case for substantial neurological involvement is apparent. Indeed, considerable evidence suggests that not only is neural involvement a significant contributor but also a reality that needs to be investigated more thoroughly when assessing xenobiotic particle toxicities. Therefore, the scope of this review is several-fold. First, we provide a brief overview of the major anatomical components of the central and peripheral nervous systems, giving consideration to the potential biologic targets affected by inhaled particles. Second, the autonomic arcs and mechanisms that may be involved are reviewed. Third, the cardiovascular outcomes following neurological responses are discussed. Lastly, unique problems, future risks, and hurdles associated with xenobiotic particle exposure are discussed. A better understanding of these neural issues may facilitate research that in conjunction with existing research, will ultimately prevent the untoward cardiovascular outcomes associated with PM exposures and/or identify safe ENMs for the advancement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Stapleton
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alaeddin B Abukabda
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Steven L Hardy
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - Timothy R Nurkiewicz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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McGee MA, Kamal AS, McGee JK, Wood CE, Dye JA, Krantz QT, Landis MS, Gilmour MI, Gavett SH. Differential effects of particulate matter upwind and downwind of an urban freeway in an allergic mouse model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3930-3939. [PMID: 25710269 DOI: 10.1021/es506048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Near-road exposure to air pollutants has been associated with decreased lung function and other adverse health effects in susceptible populations. This study was designed to investigate whether different types of near-road particulate matter (PM) contribute to exacerbation of allergic asthma. Samples of upwind and downwind coarse, fine, and ultrafine PM were collected using a wind direction-actuated ChemVol sampler at a single site 100 m from Interstate-96 in Detroit, MI during winter 2010/2011. Upwind PM was enriched in crustal and wood combustion sources while downwind PM was dominated by traffic sources. Control and ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/cJ mice were exposed via oropharyngeal (OP) aspiration to 20 or 100 μg of each PM sample 2 h prior to OP challenge with OVA. In OVA-allergic mice, 100 μg of downwind coarse PM caused greater increases than downwind fine/ultrafine PM in bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils, eosinophils, and lactate dehydrogenase. Upwind fine PM (100 μg) produced greater increases in neutrophils and eosinophils compared to other upwind size fractions. Cytokine (IL-5) levels in BAL fluid also increased markedly following 100 μg downwind coarse and downwind ultrafine PM exposures. These findings indicate coarse PM downwind and fine PM upwind of an interstate highway promote inflammation in allergic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A McGee
- †Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ali S Kamal
- ‡Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John K McGee
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Charles E Wood
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Janice A Dye
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Matthew S Landis
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Stephen H Gavett
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Kurhanewicz N, McIntosh-Kastrinsky R, Tong H, Walsh L, Farraj AK, Hazari MS. Ozone co-exposure modifies cardiac responses to fine and ultrafine ambient particulate matter in mice: concordance of electrocardiogram and mechanical responses. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:54. [PMID: 25318591 PMCID: PMC4203862 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown a relationship between air pollution and increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Due to the complexity of ambient air pollution composition, recent studies have examined the effects of co-exposure, particularly particulate matter (PM) and gas, to determine whether pollutant interactions alter (e.g. synergistically, antagonistically) the health response. This study examines the independent effects of fine (FCAPs) and ultrafine (UFCAPs) concentrated ambient particles on cardiac function, and determine the impact of ozone (O3) co-exposure on the response. We hypothesized that UFCAPs would cause greater decrement in mechanical function and electrical dysfunction than FCAPs, and that O3 co-exposure would enhance the effects of both particle-types. Methods Conscious/unrestrained radiotelemetered mice were exposed once whole-body to either 190 μg/m3 FCAPs or 140 μg/m3 UFCAPs with/without 0.3 ppm O3; separate groups were exposed to either filtered air (FA) or O3 alone. Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded continuously before, during and after exposure, and cardiac mechanical function was assessed using a Langendorff perfusion preparation 24 hrs post-exposure. Results FCAPs alone caused a significant decrease in baseline left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and contractility, whereas UFCAPs did not; neither FCAPs nor UFCAPs alone caused any ECG changes. O3 co-exposure with FCAPs caused a significant decrease in heart rate variability when compared to FA but also blocked the decrement in cardiac function. On the other hand, O3 co-exposure with UFCAPs significantly increased QRS-interval, QTc and non-conducted P-wave arrhythmias, and decreased LVDP, rate of contractility and relaxation when compared to controls. Conclusions These data suggest that particle size and gaseous interactions may play a role in cardiac function decrements one day after exposure. Although FCAPs + O3 only altered autonomic balance, UFCAPs + O3 appeared to be more serious by increasing cardiac arrhythmias and causing mechanical decrements. As such, O3 appears to interact differently with FCAPs and UFCAPs, resulting in varied cardiac changes, which suggests that the cardiovascular effects of particle-gas co-exposures are not simply additive or even generalizable. Additionally, the mode of toxicity underlying this effect may be subtle given none of the exposures described here impaired post-ischemia recovery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0054-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kurhanewicz
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Rachel McIntosh-Kastrinsky
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Leon Walsh
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
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Akhtar US, Rastogi N, McWhinney RD, Urch B, Chow CW, Evans GJ, Scott JA. The combined effects of physicochemical properties of size-fractionated ambient particulate matter on in vitro toxicity in human A549 lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:145-156. [PMID: 28962235 PMCID: PMC5598238 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and toxicological studies have suggested that the health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) are related to the different physicochemical properties of PM. These effects occur through the initiation of differential cellular responses including: the induction of antioxidant defenses, proinflammatory responses, and ultimately cell death. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of size-fractionated ambient PM on epithelial cells in relation to their physicochemical properties. Concentrated ambient PM was collected on filters for three size fractions: coarse (aerodynamic diameter [AD] 2.5-10 μm), fine (0.15-2.5 μm), and quasi-ultrafine (<0.2 μm), near a busy street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Filters were extracted and analyzed for chemical composition and redox activity. Chemical analyses showed that the coarse, fine, and quasi-ultrafine particles were comprised primarily of metals, water-soluble species, and organic compounds, respectively. The highest redox activity was observed for fine PM. After exposure of A549 cells to PM (10-100 μg/ml) for 4 h, activation of antioxidant, proinflammatory and cytotoxic responses were assessed by determining the expression of heme oxygenase (HMOX-1, mRNA), interleukin-8 (IL-8, mRNA), and metabolic activity of the cells, respectively. All three size fractions induced mass-dependent antioxidant, proinflammatory, and cytotoxic responses to different degrees. Quasi-ultrafine PM caused significant induction of HMOX-1 at the lowest exposure dose. Correlation analyses with chemical components suggested that the biological responses correlated mainly with transition metals and organic compounds for coarse and fine PM and with organic compounds for quasi-ultrafine PM. Overall, the observed biological responses appeared to be related to the combined effects of size and chemical composition and thus both of these physicochemical properties should be considered when explaining PM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme S. Akhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert D. McWhinney
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce Urch
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Gage Occupational & Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplantation Programme, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J. Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Gage Occupational & Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Scott
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Gage Occupational & Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Science, Lakehead University, Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness in mouse models of allergic lung disease using detailed measurements of respiratory mechanics. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1032:205-17. [PMID: 23943455 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-496-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the procedures necessary to measure airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine in mouse models of allergic lung disease. We present a method for acquiring detailed measurements of respiratory mechanics using broadband low-frequency oscillatory waveforms applied at the subject's airway opening and analyzed using the constant phase model of the lung. We acknowledge that there are other methods of measuring airway responsiveness in allergic rodent models. However, a discussion of the merits and or detriments of these various methods have been vigorously debated in the primary literature and are beyond the scope of this chapter. The goal of this chapter is to provide a guide in how to begin these types of assays in laboratories which have little to no experience with these particular types of assessments.
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Malig BJ, Green S, Basu R, Broadwin R. Coarse particles and respiratory emergency department visits in California. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:58-69. [PMID: 23729683 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory disease has been strongly connected to fine particulate air pollution (particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5)), evidence has been mixed regarding the effects of coarse particles (particulate matter from 2.5 to 10 μm in diameter), possibly because of the greater spatial heterogeneity of coarse particles. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between coarse particles and respiratory emergency department visits, including common subdiagnoses, from 2005 to 2008 in 35 California counties. A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to help control for time-invariant confounders and seasonal influences, and the study population was limited to those residing within 20 km of pollution monitors to mitigate the influence of spatial heterogeneity. Significant associations between respiratory emergency department visits and coarse particle levels were observed. Asthma visits showed associations (for 2-day lag, excess risk per 10 μg/m³ = 3.3%, 95% confidence interval: 2.0, 4.6) that were robust to adjustment by other common air pollutants (particles <2.5 μm in diameter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide). Pneumonia and acute respiratory infection visits were not associated, although some suggestion of a relationship with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease visits was present. Our results indicate that coarse particle exposure may trigger asthma exacerbations requiring emergency care, and reducing exposures among asthmatic persons may provide benefits.
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McGovern TK, Robichaud A, Fereydoonzad L, Schuessler TF, Martin JG. Evaluation of respiratory system mechanics in mice using the forced oscillation technique. J Vis Exp 2013:e50172. [PMID: 23711876 DOI: 10.3791/50172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is a powerful, integrative and translational tool permitting the experimental assessment of lung function in mice in a comprehensive, detailed, precise and reproducible manner. It provides measurements of respiratory system mechanics through the analysis of pressure and volume signals acquired in reaction to predefined, small amplitude, oscillatory airflow waveforms, which are typically applied at the subject's airway opening. The present protocol details the steps required to adequately execute forced oscillation measurements in mice using a computer-controlled piston ventilator (flexiVent; SCIREQ Inc, Montreal, Qc, Canada). The description is divided into four parts: preparatory steps, mechanical ventilation, lung function measurements, and data analysis. It also includes details of how to assess airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in anesthetized mice, a common application of this technique which also extends to other outcomes and various lung pathologies. Measurements obtained in naïve mice as well as from an oxidative-stress driven model of airway damage are presented to illustrate how this tool can contribute to a better characterization and understanding of studied physiological changes or disease models as well as to applications in new research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby K McGovern
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University
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30
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Lu S, Yi F, Lin J, Ren J, Hao X. Speciation of major heavy metals in ambient fine particles collected in the atmospheres of Xuanwei, Yunan, a higher lung incidence area in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/430/1/012098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Karakatsani A, Analitis A, Perifanou D, Ayres JG, Harrison RM, Kotronarou A, Kavouras IG, Pekkanen J, Hämeri K, Kos GPA, de Hartog JJ, Hoek G, Katsouyanni K. Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory symptoms in individuals having either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a European multicentre panel study. Environ Health 2012; 11:75. [PMID: 23039312 PMCID: PMC3509003 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter air pollution has been associated with adverse health effects. The fraction of ambient particles that are mainly responsible for the observed health effects is still a matter of controversy. Better characterization of the health relevant particle fraction will have major implications for air quality policy since it will determine which sources should be controlled.The RUPIOH study, an EU-funded multicentre study, was designed to examine the distribution of various ambient particle metrics in four European cities (Amsterdam, Athens, Birmingham, Helsinki) and assess their health effects in participants with asthma or COPD, based on a detailed exposure assessment. In this paper the association of central site measurements with respiratory symptoms and restriction of activities is examined. METHODS At each centre a panel of participants with either asthma or COPD recorded respiratory symptoms and restriction of activities in a diary for six months. Exposure assessment included simultaneous measurements of coarse, fine and ultrafine particles at a central site. Data on gaseous pollutants were also collected. The associations of the 24-hour average concentrations of air pollution indices with the health outcomes were assessed in a hierarchical modelling approach. A city specific analysis controlling for potential confounders was followed by a meta-analysis to provide overall effect estimates. RESULTS A 10 μg/m3 increase in previous day coarse particles concentrations was positively associated with most symptoms (an increase of 0.6 to 0.7% in average) and limitation in walking (OR= 1.076, 95% CI: 1.026-1.128). Same day, previous day and previous two days ozone concentrations were positively associated with cough (OR= 1.061, 95% CI: 1.013-1.111; OR= 1.049, 95% CI: 1.016-1.083 and OR= 1.059, 95% CI: 1.027-1.091, respectively). No consistent associations were observed between fine particle concentrations, nitrogen dioxide and respiratory health effects. As for particle number concentrations negative association (mostly non-significant at the nominal level) was observed with most symptoms whilst the positive association with limitation of activities did not reach the nominal level of significance. CONCLUSIONS The observed associations with coarse particles are in agreement with the findings of toxicological studies. Together they suggest it is prudent to regulate also coarse particles in addition to fine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karakatsani
- 2nd Department of Respiratory Medicine, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62, Haidari, Greece
| | - Antonis Analitis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Perifanou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Jon G Ayres
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences / Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anastasia Kotronarou
- National Observatory of Athens, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias G Kavouras
- National Observatory of Athens, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, Athens, Greece
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
- Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerard PA Kos
- Energy research Center of the Netherlands, Environment and Energy Engineering, Environmental Assessment, Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J de Hartog
- University of Utrecht, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Hoek
- University of Utrecht, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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