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Lu S, Chen S, Paengkoum S, Taethaisong N, Meethip W, Surakhunthod J, Wang Q, Thongpea S, Paengkoum P. Effects of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens L., BSF) Larvae Addition on In Vitro Fermentation Parameters of Goat Diets. INSECTS 2024; 15:343. [PMID: 38786899 PMCID: PMC11121845 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different levels of BSF on rumen in vitro fermentation gas production, methane (CH4) production, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The experiment comprised four treatments, each with five replicates. The control group contained no BSF (BSF0), and the treatment groups contained 5% (BSF5), 10% (BSF10), and 15% (BSF15) BSF, respectively. Results showed that at 3 h, 9 h, and 24 h, gas production in BSF5 and BSF10 was significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF15 (p < 0.05). Gas production in BSF5 and BSF10 was higher than in BSF0, while gas production in BSF15 was lower than in BSF0. At 6 h and 12 h, CH4 emission in BSF15 was significantly lower than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the pH of in vitro fermentation after BSF addition (p > 0.05). At 3 h, NH3-N levels in BSF10 and BSF15 were significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF5 (p < 0.05). At 6 h, NH3-N levels in BSF5 and BSF10 were significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF15 (p < 0.05). Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total VFAs in BSF0, BSF5, and BSF10 were significantly higher than in BSF15 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, gas production, CH4 emission, NH3-N, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and VFAs were highest in BSF5 and BSF10 and lowest in BSF15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Lu
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Shengchang Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Siwaporn Paengkoum
- Program in Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Nittaya Taethaisong
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Weerada Meethip
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Jariya Surakhunthod
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550005, China;
| | - Sorasak Thongpea
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Pramote Paengkoum
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
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Roy VC, Islam MR, Sadia S, Yeasmin M, Park JS, Lee HJ, Chun BS. Trash to Treasure: An Up-to-Date Understanding of the Valorization of Seafood By-Products, Targeting the Major Bioactive Compounds. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:485. [PMID: 37755098 PMCID: PMC10532690 DOI: 10.3390/md21090485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishery production is exponentially growing, and its by-products negatively impact industries' economic and environmental status. The large amount of bioactive micro- and macromolecules in fishery by-products, including lipids, proteins, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, carotenoids, enzymes, collagen, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, and fucoidan, need to be utilized through effective strategies and proper management. Due to the bioactive and healthy compounds in fishery discards, these components can be used as functional food ingredients. Fishery discards have inorganic or organic value to add to or implement in various sectors (such as the agriculture, medical, and pharmaceutical industries). However, the best use of these postharvest raw materials for human welfare remains unelucidated in the scientific community. This review article describes the most useful techniques and methods, such as obtaining proteins and peptides, fatty acids, enzymes, minerals, and carotenoids, as well as collagen, gelatin, and polysaccharides such as chitin-chitosan and fucoidan, to ensure the best use of fishery discards. Marine-derived bioactive compounds have biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These high-value compounds are used in various industrial sectors, such as the food and cosmetic industries, owing to their unique functional and characteristic structures. This study aimed to determine the gap between misused fishery discards and their effects on the environment and create awareness for the complete valorization of fishery discards, targeting a sustainable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Chandra Roy
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rakibul Islam
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Sultana Sadia
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Momota Yeasmin
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Jin-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hee-Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byung-Soo Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Kang Y, Applegate CC, He F, Oba PM, Vieson MD, Sánchez-Sánchez L, Swanson KS. Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Lesser Mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) Proteins Slowed Weight Gain and Improved Metabolism of Diet-Induced Obesity Mice. J Nutr 2023; 153:2237-2248. [PMID: 37331631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-protein diets not only meet amino acid needs but also modulate satiety and energy metabolism. Insect-based proteins are sustainable, high-quality proteins. Mealworms have been studied, but limited information is known about their ability to impact metabolism and obesity. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of defatted yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)- and whole lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus)-based proteins on the body weight (BW), serum metabolites, and liver and adipose tissue (AT) histology and gene expression of diet-induced obesity mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 46% kcal) to induce obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obese mice were then assigned to treatments (n = 10/group) and fed for 8 wk: HFD: HFD with casein protein; B50: HFD with 50% protein from whole lesser mealworm; B100: HFD with 100% protein from whole lesser mealworm; Y50: HFD with 50% protein from defatted yellow mealworm; Y100: HFD with 100% protein from defatted yellow mealworm. Lean mice (n = 10) fed a low-fat-diet (LFD; 10% kcal) were included. Longitudinal food intake, BW, body composition, and glucose response were measured. At time of killing, serum metabolites, tissue histopathology and gene expression, and hepatic triglycerides were analyzed. RESULTS After 8 wk, HFD, B50, and B100 had greater (P < 0.05) weight gain than LFD, whereas Y50 and Y100 did not. Y50, B100, and Y100 had a lower (P < 0.05) BW change rate than HFD. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and reduced (P < 0.05) serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations and reduced (P<0.05) LDL/HDL ratio. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) hepatic expression of genes related to energy balance, immune response, and antioxidants and reduced (P < 0.05) AT expression of genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Mealworm-based diets altered (P < 0.05) hepatic and AT expression of glucose and lipid metabolism genes. CONCLUSIONS In addition to serving as an alternative protein source, mealworms may confer health benefits to obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Kang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Catherine C Applegate
- The Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Fei He
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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4
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Ali MS, Ho TC, Razack SA, Haq M, Roy VC, Park JS, Kang HW, Chun BS. Oligochitosan recovered from shrimp shells through subcritical water hydrolysis: Molecular size reduction and biological activities. J Supercrit Fluids 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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5
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Taokaew S, Kriangkrai W. Chitinase-Assisted Bioconversion of Chitinous Waste for Development of Value-Added Chito-Oligosaccharides Products. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:87. [PMID: 36671779 PMCID: PMC9855443 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chito-oligosaccharides (COSs) are the partially hydrolyzed products of chitin, which is abundant in the shells of crustaceans, the cuticles of insects, and the cell walls of fungi. These oligosaccharides have received immense interest in the last few decades due to their highly promising bioactivities, such as their anti-microbial, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Regarding environmental concerns, COSs are obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis by chitinase under milder conditions compared to the typical chemical degradation. This review provides updated information about research on new chitinase derived from various sources, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, employed for the efficient production of COSs. The route to industrialization of these chitinases and COS products is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Taokaew
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Worawut Kriangkrai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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6
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Rajabi M, Cabral J, Saunderson S, Ali MA. Green synthesis of chitooligosaccharide-PEGDA derivatives through aza-Michael reaction for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Multifunctional role of chitosan in farm animals: a comprehensive review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The deacetylation of chitin results in chitosan, a fibrous-like material. It may be produced in large quantities since the raw material (chitin) is plentiful in nature as a component of crustacean (shrimps and crabs) and insect hard outer skeletons, as well as the cell walls of some fungi. Chitosan is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polygluchitosanamine that contains two essential reactive functional groups, including amino and hydroxyl groups. This unique chemical structure confers chitosan with many biological functions and activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic, when used as a feed additive for farm animals. Studies have indicated the beneficial effects of chitosan on animal health and performance, aside from its safer use as an antibiotic alternative. This review aimed to highlight the effects of chitosan on animal health and performance when used as a promising feed additive.
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Ozogul Y, El Abed N, Montanari C, Ozogul F. Contribution of polysaccharides from crustacean in fermented food products. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2022; 102:47-92. [PMID: 36064296 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fermented foods are of great importance for their role in preserving nutrients and enriching the human diet. Fermentation ensures longer shelf life and microbiological safety of food. Natural bioactive compounds have been paid attention as nutraceuticals or functional ingredients, which have health-promoting components since polysaccharides, especially chitosan, chitin and their derivatives, are biocompatible and biodegradable, biorenewable, without toxic properties and environmentally friendly. They have been applied in several fields such as medicine, agriculture, and food industry. This chapter provides information on polysaccharides obtained from crustacean as bioactive compounds as well as their effects in fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nariman El Abed
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT), University of Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Chiara Montanari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fatih Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
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Vasiliev GO, Pigaleva MA, Blagodatskikh IV, Mazur DM, Levin EE, Naumkin AV, Kharitonova EP, Gallyamov MO. Chitosan oxidative scission in self‐neutralizing biocompatible solution of peroxycarbonic acid under high‐pressure
CO
2
. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gleb O. Vasiliev
- Faculty of Physics Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Marina A. Pigaleva
- Faculty of Physics Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Inesa V. Blagodatskikh
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii M. Mazur
- Faculty of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Eduard E. Levin
- Faculty of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russian Federation
- FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander V. Naumkin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | | | - Marat O. Gallyamov
- Faculty of Physics Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russian Federation
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
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10
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Li T, Gong H, Zhan B, Mao X. Chitosan oligosaccharide attenuates hepatic steatosis in HepG2 cells via the activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14045. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
| | - Han Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
| | - Biyuan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
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Engineering of a chitosanase fused to a carbohydrate-binding module for continuous production of desirable chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118609. [PMID: 34561008 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) with multiple biological activities are usually produced through enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan or chitin. However, purification and recycling of the enzyme have largely limited the advancement of CHOS bioproduction. Here, we engineered a novel enzyme by fusing the native chitosanase Csn75 with a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) that can specifically bind to curdlan. The recombinase Csn75-CBM was successfully expressed by Pichia pastoris and allowed one-step purification and immobilization in the chitosanase immobilized curdlan packed-bed reactor (CICPR), where a maximum adsorption capacity of 39.59 mg enzyme/g curdlan was achieved. CHOS with degrees of polymerization of 2-5 (a hydrolysis yield of 97.75%), 3-6 (75.45%), and 3-7 (73.2%) were continuously produced by adjusting the ratio of enzyme and chitosan or the flow rate of chitosan. Moreover, the CICPR exhibited good stability and reusability after several cycles. The recombinase Csn75-CBM has greatly improved the efficiency of the bioproduction of CHOS.
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12
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Polysaccharide Structures and Their Hypocholesterolemic Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154559. [PMID: 34361718 PMCID: PMC8348680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several classes of polysaccharides have been described to have hypocholesterolemic potential, namely cholesterol bioaccessibility and bioavailability. This review will highlight the main mechanisms by which polysaccharides are known to affect cholesterol homeostasis at the intestine, namely the effect (i) of polysaccharide viscosity and its influence on cholesterol bioaccessibility; (ii) on bile salt sequestration and its dependence on the structural diversity of polysaccharides; (iii) of bio-transformations of polysaccharides and bile salts by the gut microbiota. Different quantitative structure–hypocholesterolemic activity relationships have been explored depending on the mechanism involved, and these were based on polysaccharide physicochemical properties, such as sugar composition and ramification degree, linkage type, size/molecular weight, and charge. The information gathered will support the rationalization of polysaccharides’ effect on cholesterol homeostasis and highlight predictive rules towards the development of customized hypocholesterolemic functional food.
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Crosino A, Moscato E, Blangetti M, Carotenuto G, Spina F, Bordignon S, Puech-Pagès V, Anfossi L, Volpe V, Prandi C, Gobetto R, Varese GC, Genre A. Extraction of short chain chitooligosaccharides from fungal biomass and their use as promoters of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3798. [PMID: 33589668 PMCID: PMC7884697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain chitooligosaccharides (COs) are chitin derivative molecules involved in plant-fungus signaling during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions. In host plants, COs activate a symbiotic signalling pathway that regulates AM-related gene expression. Furthermore, exogenous CO application was shown to promote AM establishment, with a major interest for agricultural applications of AM fungi as biofertilizers. Currently, the main source of commercial COs is from the shrimp processing industry, but purification costs and environmental concerns limit the convenience of this approach. In an attempt to find a low cost and low impact alternative, this work aimed to isolate, characterize and test the bioactivity of COs from selected strains of phylogenetically distant filamentous fungi: Pleurotus ostreatus, Cunninghamella bertholletiae and Trichoderma viride. Our optimized protocol successfully isolated short chain COs from lyophilized fungal biomass. Fungal COs were more acetylated and displayed a higher biological activity compared to shrimp-derived COs, a feature that-alongside low production costs-opens promising perspectives for the large scale use of COs in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Crosino
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Moscato
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Gennaro Carotenuto
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Spina
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Bordignon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Virginie Puech-Pagès
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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Cheng X, Zheng J, Lin A, Xia H, Zhang Z, Gao Q, Lv W, Liu H. A review: Roles of carbohydrates in human diseases through regulation of imbalanced intestinal microbiota. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Lopez-Santamarina A, Mondragon ADC, Lamas A, Miranda JM, Franco CM, Cepeda A. Animal-Origin Prebiotics Based on Chitin: An Alternative for the Future? A Critical Review. Foods 2020; 9:E782. [PMID: 32545663 PMCID: PMC7353569 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota has been revealed in recent years as a factor that plays a decisive role in the maintenance of human health, as well as in the development of many non-communicable diseases. This microbiota can be modulated by various dietary factors, among which complex carbohydrates have a great influence. Although most complex carbohydrates included in the human diet come from vegetables, there are also options to include complex carbohydrates from non-vegetable sources, such as chitin and its derivatives. Chitin, and its derivatives such as chitosan can be obtained from non-vegetable sources, the best being insects, crustacean exoskeletons and fungi. The present review offers a broad perspective of the current knowledge surrounding the impacts of chitin and its derived polysaccharides on the human gut microbiota and the profound need for more in-depth investigations into this topic. Overall, the effects of whole insects or meal on the gut microbiota have contradictory results, possibly due to their high protein content. Better results are obtained for the case of chitin derivatives, regarding both metabolic effects and effects on the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Cepeda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.L.); (J.M.M.); (C.M.F.)
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NÓIA IZ, GABRIEL AMDA, FERNANDES ARM, CÔNSOLO NRB, CARDOSO CAL, OLIVEIRA ER, GANDRA ÉRDS, GANDRA JR. Effect of natural feed additives on meat quality and caecotrophic fatty acid profile of New Zealand rabbits. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402121002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of commercial probiotic and chitosan as food additives on the quality and meat composition of 36 New Zealand White rabbits (57 ± 8 days old and 1,648 ± 0.194 kg) and on the fatty acid profile of caecotrophs. The treatments were CT (diets without inclusion of additives), PRO (inclusion of 4 g / kg of commercial probiotic) and CHI (inclusion of 4 g / kg of chitosan). The additives increased triglycerides and decreased urea compared to the control group, as well as increased oleic and linoleic acids, Ʃ unsaturated, Ʃ monounsaturated and Ʃ polyunsaturated in caecotrophs. CHI animals showed a decrease in myristic and palmitic acids compared to PRO. CHI decreased the meat's crude protein and the meat's fat. In addition, there was a decrease in omega-3, omega-6 and the relationship unsaturated and saturated fatty acids for the CHI group and an increase in erucic acid and a decrease in the rate of hypocholesterolemic acids. As a conclusion, the data showed that the animals that ingested probiotic had better meat quality, for having better fatty acid profile and hypocholesterolemic index, compared to the treatment with chitosan. The additives improved the caecotrophs fatty acid profile.
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Wang T, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. The improvements of functional ingredients from marine foods in lipid metabolism. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Jiang Y, Fu C, Liu G, Guo J, Su Z. Cholesterol-lowering effects and potential mechanisms of chitooligosaccharide capsules in hyperlipidemic rats. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1446. [PMID: 29922118 PMCID: PMC6002375 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chitooligosaccharide (COS) has shown potential antihyperlipidemic activity in a few studies as a functional food. Method We investigated the cholesterol-lowering effect and potential mechanisms of chitooligosaccharide capsules (COSTC) in male SD rats fed a high-fat diet. Results COSTC could ameliorate serum lipid levels. Simultaneously, the cholesterol-lowering effect is probably attributed to its role in two pathways: upregulating the gene expression and activity of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), liver X receptor alpha (LXRA), and peroxisome proliferation activated receptor-α (PPARα), which facilitates the conversion of cholesterol into bile acid; downregulating the gene expression and activity of enzymes including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and sterol-responsive element binding protein-2 (SREBP2) and upregulating the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) to reduce the denovo synthesis of cholesterol. Conclusion Studies have suggested that COSTC has potential usefulness as a natural supplement or functional food for preventing and treating hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuhan Fu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Lütjohann D, Marinova M, Wolter K, Willinek W, Bitterlich N, Coenen M, Coch C, Stellaard F. Influence of Chitosan Treatment on Surrogate Serum Markers of Cholesterol Metabolism in Obese Subjects. Nutrients 2018; 10:E72. [PMID: 29324705 PMCID: PMC5793300 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan treatment results in significantly lower serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. To assess the working mechanisms of chitosan, we measured serum surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption (campesterol, sitosterol, cholestanol), synthesis (lathosterol, lanosterol, desmosterol), and degradation to bile acids (7α-hydroxy-cholesterol, 27-hydroxy-cholesterol), corrected for cholesterol concentration (R_sterols). Over 12 weeks, 116 obese subjects (Body Mass Index, BMI 31.7, range 28.1-38.9 kg/m²) were studied under chitosan (n = 61) and placebo treatments (n = 55). The participants were briefly educated regarding improvement of nutrition quality and energy expenditure. Daily chitosan intake was 3200 mg. Serum LDL cholesterol concentration decreased significantly more (p = 0.0252) under chitosan (-8.67 ± 18.18 mg/dL, 5.6%) than under placebo treatment (-1.00 ± 24.22 mg/dL, 0.9%). This reduction was not associated with the expected greater decreases in markers of cholesterol absorption under chitosan treatment. Also, increases in markers of cholesterol synthesis and bile acid synthesis under chitosan treatment were not any greater than under placebo treatment. In conclusion, a significant selective reduction of serum LDL cholesterol under chitosan treatment is neither associated with a reduction of serum surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption, nor with increases of markers for cholesterol and bile acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Milka Marinova
- Department of Radiology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Karsten Wolter
- Department of Radiology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Winfried Willinek
- Department of Radiology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, Sonography and Nuclear Medicine, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder Trier, D-54292 Trier, Germany.
| | - Norman Bitterlich
- Medizin & Service GmbH, Abt. Biostatistik, Boettcherstraße 10, D-09117 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Martin Coenen
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christoph Coch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Bahijri SM, Alsheikh L, Ajabnoor G, Borai A. Effect of Supplementation With Chitosan on Weight, Cardiometabolic, and Other Risk Indices in Wistar Rats Fed Normal and High-Fat/High-Cholesterol Diets Ad Libitum. Nutr Metab Insights 2017; 10:1178638817710666. [PMID: 28579799 PMCID: PMC5443416 DOI: 10.1177/1178638817710666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to investigate effect of chitosan on markers of obesity and cardiometabolic risk in rats fed normal chow (NC) or high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (HF/HCD). Forty male rats were fed NC or HF/HCD for 3 months, then divided into 4 groups: group A fed NC, group B: NC + chitosan, group C: HF/HCD, and group D: HF/HCD + chitosan. Food intake and weight were recorded, and serum glucose, lipid profile, insulin, leptin, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), and tumor necrosis factor α were measured at beginning and after 12 weeks. Atherogenic index (AI), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C:HDL-C), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. At the end of study, food intake was significantly increased in group B; mean values of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, LDL-C:HDL-C, and AI were decreased in group B and group D; mean leptin was increased in group A and decreased in group B; and mean values of insulin, HOMA-IR, and GGT were increased in group C. The results from this study suggest that chitosan improved lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and oxidative stress caused by HF/HCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhad M Bahijri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna Alsheikh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Ajabnoor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Borai
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Varun TK, Senani S, Jayapal N, Chikkerur J, Roy S, Tekulapally VB, Gautam M, Kumar N. Extraction of chitosan and its oligomers from shrimp shell waste, their characterization and antimicrobial effect. Vet World 2017; 10:170-175. [PMID: 28344399 PMCID: PMC5352841 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.170-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was performed to utilize the shrimp shell waste for chitin and chitosan production, characterization by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) technique and to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of chitosan oligomers produced by depolymerization of chitosan by nitrous acid. Materials and Methods: Chitosan was extracted from the shrimp shell waste by the chemical method and characterized by FT-IR. Chitooligomers were produced by depolymerising chitosan using nitrous acid, and the chitooligomers were tested for antimicrobial effect against four gut pathogenic organisms, i.e., Enterobacter aerogen (National Collection of Dairy Culture [NCDC] 106), Enterococcus faecalis (NCDC 119), Escherichia coli (NCDC 134), and Staphylococcus aureus (NCDC 109) by well diffusion method using Muller-Hinton agar. A pure culture of pathogenic organisms was collected from NCDC, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. Results: Extracted chitosan characterized by FT-IR and chitooligomers demonstrated antimicrobial effect against four gut pathogenic organisms used in this study. Zone of inhibitions (mm) were observed in E. faecalis (13±0.20), E. coli (11.5±0.4), S. aureus (10.7±0.2), and E. aerogen (10.7±0.3). E. faecalis showed larger inhibition zone as compared to all other organisms and inhibitions zones of E. aerogen and S. aureus were comparable to each other. Conclusion: Shrimp waste can be utilized for chitosan production, and the chitooligomers can be used as feed additive for gut health enhancement and have potential to replace antibiotics from the feed. Along with value addition pollutant load could be reduced by waste utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar Varun
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Swaraj Senani
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Natasha Jayapal
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayaram Chikkerur
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sohini Roy
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Mayank Gautam
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Narender Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Cicero AFG, Colletti A. Role of phytochemicals in the management of metabolic syndrome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1134-44. [PMID: 26778479 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) for some years has been focusing on what is now commonly referred to as an "epidemic of obesity and diabetes" ("diabesity"): behind this outbreak, there are several risk factors grouped in what is called "metabolic syndrome" (MetS). The basis of this "epidemic" is either a diet too often characterized by excessive consumption of saturated and trans-esterified fatty acids, simple sugars and salt, either a sedentary lifestyle. PURPOSE The aim of this review is to focus on the phytochemicals that have a more positive effect on the treatment and/or prevention of MetS. CHAPTERS Treatment strategies for MetS include pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic options, with varying degrees of success rate. The first is indicated for patients with high cardiovascular risk, while the second one is the most cost-effective preventive approach for subjects with borderline parameters and for patients intolerant to pharmacological therapy. MetS non-pharmacological treatments could involve the use of nutraceuticals, most of which has plant origins (phytochemicals), associated with lifestyle improvement. The chapter will discuss the available evidence on soluble fibres from psyllium and other sources, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid and other cinnamon phytochemicals, berberine, corosolic acid from banaba, charantin from bitter gourd, catechins and flavonols from green tea and cocoa. Vegetable omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alliin from garlic, soy peptides, and curcumin from curcuma longa. CONCLUSION Some nutraceuticals, when adequately dosed, should improve a number of the MetS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo F G Cicero
- Diseases Research Center, Medicine & Surgery Dept., Alma Mater Studiorum Atherosclerosis and Metabolic University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Colletti
- Diseases Research Center, Medicine & Surgery Dept., Alma Mater Studiorum Atherosclerosis and Metabolic University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Ha BG, Park JE, Shon YH. Stimulatory Effect of Balanced Deep-Sea Water Containing Chitosan Oligosaccharides on Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Myotubes. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 18:475-484. [PMID: 27215753 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-016-9709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea water (DSW) and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have recently drawn much attention because of their potential medical and pharmaceutical applications. Balanced DSW (BDSW) was prepared by mixing DSW mineral extracts and desalinated water. This study investigated the effects of BDSW, COS, and BDSW containing COS on glucose uptake and their mode of action in mature C2C12 myotubes. BDSW and COS increased glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner. BDSW containing COS synergistically increased glucose uptake; this was dependent on the activation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase C in insulin-dependent signaling pathways as well as liver kinase B1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and mammalian target of rapamycin in insulin-independent signaling pathways. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expressions of the following genes related to glucose uptake were elevated: glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), insulin-responsive aminopeptidase, and vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 for abundant proteins of GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs); syntaxin 4 and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein 23 for trafficking between the plasma membrane and GSVs; and syntaxin 6 and syntaxin 16 for trafficking between GSVs and the trans-Golgi network. Taken together, these results suggest BDSW containing COS has a greater stimulatory effect on glucose uptake than BDSW or COS alone. Moreover, this effect is mediated by the stimulation of diverse signaling pathways via the activation of main signaling molecules related to GSV trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Geun Ha
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk 2ga Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk 2ga Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea
| | - Yun Hee Shon
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk 2ga Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea.
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Abstract
This experiment aimed to evaluate the capacities of two types of chitooligosaccharides (COS) with different molecular weights for the ability to eliminate lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. We have established a lipid accumulation model in HepG2 cells for these studies in vitro, which was established by induction with oleic acid. The capacity of COS to eliminate lipid accumulation was evaluated using three metrics: the thiazolyl blue dye absorbance (MTT value), the morphology of intracellular lipid droplets and the triglyceride level (TG). Two types of COS with different molecular weights (1000 Da and 3000 Da) can significantly reduce intracellular lipid accumulation and decrease TG content in HepG2 cells, in a dose-dependent fashion. We found that low molecular weight COS is more efficacious than high molecular weight COS. Two types of COS can eliminate lipid accumulation induced by oleic acid in HepG2 cells, leading to an obvious hypolipidemic effect in vitro. These results suggest that COS may be effective preventive agents in fatty liver disease.
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Hamed I, Özogul F, Regenstein JM. Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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van der Gronde T, Hartog A, van Hees C, Pellikaan H, Pieters T. Systematic review of the mechanisms and evidence behind the hypocholesterolaemic effects of HPMC, pectin and chitosan in animal trials. Food Chem 2015; 199:746-59. [PMID: 26776032 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibres have diverse mechanisms in reducing plasma cholesterol, which could be useful for treating high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The objective of this review is to determine the state of the evidence for the cholesterol-lowering effects of three selected fibres and their mechanisms, using the most recent animal trials. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), pectin and chitosan in Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. All fibres reviewed reduced total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C. Pectin gave a small, and chitosan an impressive rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). A limitation of this study is the variety of animal models, each with distinct cholesterol profiles. Possible publication bias was also detected. In conclusion, chitosan seems to be the most promising of the studied fibres. A dietary fibre could be designed that yields the best cholesterol-lowering effect, using experiences in tailoring physicochemical properties and primarily exploiting the biophysical mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte van Hees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toine Pieters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Chou CK, Chen SM, Li YC, Huang TC, Lee JA. Low-molecular-weight chitosan scavenges methylglyoxal and N (ε)-(carboxyethyl)lysine, the major factors contributing to the pathogenesis of nephropathy. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:312. [PMID: 26155451 PMCID: PMC4489968 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) can cause protein glycation, resulting in cell damage and dysfunction. Accumulation of MG and its downstream metabolite Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) has been identified in several variations of nephropathy, including diabetic, hypertensive, and gentamicin-induced nephropathies. In this study, we investigated the effects of low-molecular-weight chitosan (lmw-chitosan) on MG-induced carbonyl stress in aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy. We used a buffer to investigate whether MG could be scavenged by lmw-chitosan in vitro. In addition, we also used a mouse model of aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy, which exhibits 12-fold greater accumulation of MG in the kidneys than that found in control animals, to examine whether lmw-chitosan could decrease MG levels in vivo. Examination of the binding of lmw-chitosan with MG in vitro demonstrated that the concentration of lmw-chitosan necessary to achieve 50% inhibition was 4.60 µg mL−1. Treatment with lmw-chitosan (500 mg kg−1 day−1 orally) for 14 days significantly decreased renal MG accumulation from 212.86 ± 24.34 to 86.15 ± 33.79 µg g−1 protein (p < 0.05) and CEL levels from 4.60 ± 0.27 to 2.84 ± 0.28 µmol µg−1 protein (p < 0.05) in the aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy model. These data suggest that lmw-chitosan might represent a novel treatment modality for MG-related diseases such as nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Kuang Chou
- Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, No. 539 Jhongsiao Rd., Chia-Yi City, 60002 Taiwan ; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei City, 10002 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chieh Li
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Chuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Ai Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031 Taiwan, ROC
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Huang L, Chen J, Cao P, Pan H, Ding C, Xiao T, Zhang P, Guo J, Su Z. Anti-obese effect of glucosamine and chitosan oligosaccharide in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2732-56. [PMID: 25942093 PMCID: PMC4446603 DOI: 10.3390/md13052732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study is to evaluate the anti-obese effects of glucosamine (GLC) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into twelve groups: a normal diet group (NF), a high-fat diet group (HF), Orlistat group, GLC high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (GLC-H, GLC-M, GLC-L), COS1 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤1000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS1-H, COS1-M, COS1-L), and COS2 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤3000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS2-H, COS2-M, COS2-L). All groups received oral treatment by gavage once daily for a period of six weeks. Results: Rats fed with COS1 gained the least weight among all the groups (P < 0.01), and these rats lost more weight than those treated with Orlistat. In addition to the COS2-H and Orlistat groups, the serum total cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to the HF group (P < 0.01). The various doses of GLC, COS1 and COS2 reduced the expression levels of PPARγ and LXRα mRNA in the white adipose tissue. Conclusions: The results above demonstrated that GLC, COS1, and COS2 improved dyslipidemia and prevented body weight gains by inhibiting the adipocyte differentiation in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet. Thus, these agents may potentially be used to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Huang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chen Ding
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, UK.
- Guangzhou Boxabio Technology Ltd., Guangzhou Hi-Tech Development Zone, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangzhou Boxabio Technology Ltd., Guangzhou Hi-Tech Development Zone, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Kerch G. The potential of chitosan and its derivatives in prevention and treatment of age-related diseases. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2158-82. [PMID: 25871293 PMCID: PMC4413205 DOI: 10.3390/md13042158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related, diet-related and protein conformational diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, cancer, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases are common in the elderly population. The potential of chitosan, chitooligosaccharides and their derivatives in prevention and treatment of age-related dysfunctions is reviewed and discussed in this paper. The influence of oxidative stress, low density lipoprotein oxidation, increase of tissue stiffness, protein conformational changes, aging-associated chronic inflammation and their pathobiological significance have been considered. The chitosan-based functional food also has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Kerch
- Department of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Azenes 14/24, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia.
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Chitosan Prevents Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity via a Carbonyl Stress-Dependent Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:675714. [PMID: 25954755 PMCID: PMC4410504 DOI: 10.1155/2015/675714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides are widely used to treat infections; however, their applications are limited by nephrotoxicity. With the increase of antibiotic resistance, the use of aminoglycosides is inevitable. Low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMWC) has shown renal protective effects in dialysis patients. However, no study has evaluated LMWC for preventing aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity or determined the mechanisms underlying the renal protective effects. In this study, LMWC (165 or 825 mg/kg/day) or metformin (100 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 13 days to rats with nephropathy induced by gentamicin (GM), a kind of aminoglycoside (150 mg/kg/day i.p. for 6 days). Both LMCW doses improved renal function. Serum creatinine levels improved in rats treated with 165 and 825 mg/kg/day LMWC (from 2.14 ± 0.74 mg/dL to 1.26 ± 0.46 mg/dL and 0.69 ± 0.12 mg/dL, resp., P < 0.05). Blood urea nitrogen levels were also improved in these rats (from 73.73 ± 21.13 mg/dL to 58.70 ± 22.71 mg/dL and 28.82 ± 3.84 mg/dL, resp., P < 0.05). Additionally, renal tissue morphology improved after LMWC treatment, and accumulation of renal methylglyoxal, a damage factor associated with carbonyl stress, was reversed. These results show that LMWC prevents GM-induced renal toxicity via a carbonyl stress-dependent pathway.
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Vela Gurovic MS, Dello Staffolo M, Montero M, Debbaudt A, Albertengo L, Rodríguez MS. Chitooligosaccharides as novel ingredients of fermented foods. Food Funct 2015; 6:3437-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00546a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides can be added to yoghurt at low concentrations without affecting its nutritional composition and sensory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Vela Gurovic
- INQUISUR-UNS-CONICET
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | | | - M. Montero
- INQUISUR-UNS-CONICET
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - A. Debbaudt
- INQUISUR-UNS-CONICET
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - L. Albertengo
- INQUISUR-UNS-CONICET
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - M. S. Rodríguez
- INQUISUR-UNS-CONICET
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
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Liu X, Hao JJ, Zhang LJ, Zhao X, He XX, Li MM, Zhao XL, Wu JD, Qiu PJ, Yu GL. Activated AMPK explains hypolipidemic effects of sulfated low molecular weight guluronate on HepG2 cells. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:304-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kothari D, Patel S, Goyal A. Therapeutic Spectrum of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides: Overview of Current State and Prospect. J Food Sci 2014; 79:R1491-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damini Kothari
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Indian Inst. of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781 039 Assam India
| | - Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center; San Diego State Univ; San Diego 92182 CA U.S.A
| | - Arun Goyal
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Indian Inst. of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781 039 Assam India
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Patti AM, Katsiki N, Nikolic D, Al-Rasadi K, Rizzo M. Nutraceuticals in Lipid-Lowering Treatment. Angiology 2014; 66:416-21. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319714542999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-lowering drugs may cause adverse effects and, although lipid targets may be achieved, a substantial residual cardiovascular (CV) risk remains. Treatment with agents mimicking proteins present in the body, such as incretin-based therapies, provided promising results. However, in order to improve lipids and CV risk, lifestyle measures remain important. Some researchers focused on nutraceuticals that may beneficially affect metabolic parameters and minimize CV risk. Chitosan, a dietary fiber, can regulate lipids with benefit on anthropometric parameters. The beneficial properties of dietary supplements (such as green tea extract, prebiotics, plant sterols, and stanols) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, blood pressure, glucose, and insulin levels and their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects are documented. However, larger, prospective clinical trials are required to confirm such benefits. Such treatments may be recommended when lipid-lowering drugs are neither indicated nor tolerated as well as in order to achieve therapeutic targets and/or overcome residual CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Maria Patti
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Population Health, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikolic
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Khalid Al-Rasadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Population Health, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
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KANG NAMHEE, LEE WONKYUNG, YI BORIM, LEE HYERIM, PARK MINAH, PARK SANGKI, PARK HYOUNGKOOK, CHOI KYUNGCHUL. Risk of cardiovascular disease is suppressed by dietary supplementation with protamine and chitooligosaccharide in Sprague-Dawley rats. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:127-33. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Modulation of lipid metabolism by mixtures of protamine and chitooligosaccharide through pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity in a rat model. Lab Anim Res 2012; 28:31-8. [PMID: 22474472 PMCID: PMC3315200 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2012.28.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are usually related with high fat and calorie intake, and seriously causative of lifestyle-related diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, arteriosclerosis, and colon cancer. In this study, we propose a novel dietary therapy against overweight and obesity using mixtures of protamine and chitooligosaccharide (COS), which are known to interrupt the lipid metabolism in the body. Protamine is a dietary protein originated from salmon reproductive organ, and COS is an oligosaccharide made from chitin or chitosan by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis. In the enzyme activity analysis in vitro, protamine and COS strongly suppressed the activity of pancreatic lipase, which is the primary enzyme for the digestion and absorption of lipids in the intestine. In in vivo animal test, the mixtures of protamine and COS significantly reduced the serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC) and inhibited the accumulation of lipids in liver tissue of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed high fat diets. On the other hand, they increased fecal TG and T-CHO contents. From these alterations in lipid metabolism, we verified that protamine and COS mixtures could effectively interrupt the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids in the body by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. In addition, protamine and COS mixtures increased the serum level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLC), responsible for removing cholesterol from cells and protecting atherosclerosis, and therefore decreased the potential risks of cardiovascular diseases by lowering values of the atherogenic index (AI) and cardiac risk factor (CRF). Taken together, we suggest protamine and COS mixtures as a prominent dietary therapy for the prevention of overweight, obesity, and further cardiovascular diseases related with hyperlipidemia.
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