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Matias WR, Fulcher IR, Sauer SM, Nolan CP, Guillaume Y, Zhu J, Molano FJ, Uceta E, Collins S, Slater DM, Sánchez VM, Moheed S, Harris JB, Charles RC, Paxton RM, Gonsalves SF, Franke MF, Ivers LC. Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Race, Ethnicity, Language, and Social Vulnerability: Evidence from a Citywide Seroprevalence Study in Massachusetts, USA. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:110-120. [PMID: 36652163 PMCID: PMC9847437 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Uncovering and addressing disparities in infectious disease outbreaks require a rapid, methodical understanding of local epidemiology. We conducted a seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Holyoke, Massachusetts, a majority Hispanic city with high levels of socio-economic disadvantage to estimate seroprevalence and identify disparities in SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS We invited 2000 randomly sampled households between 11/5/2020 and 12/31/2020 to complete questionnaires and provide dried blood spots for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. We calculated seroprevalence based on the presence of IgG antibodies using a weighted Bayesian procedure that incorporated uncertainty in antibody test sensitivity and specificity and accounted for household clustering. RESULTS Two hundred eighty households including 472 individuals were enrolled. Three hundred twenty-eight individuals underwent antibody testing. Citywide seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 13.1% (95% CI 6.9-22.3) compared to 9.8% of the population infected based on publicly reported cases. Seroprevalence was 16.1% (95% CI 6.2-31.8) among Hispanic individuals compared to 9.4% (95% CI 4.6-16.4) among non-Hispanic white individuals. Seroprevalence was higher among Spanish-speaking households (21.9%; 95% CI 8.3-43.9) compared to English-speaking households (10.2%; 95% CI 5.2-18.0) and among individuals in high social vulnerability index (SVI) areas based on the CDC SVI (14.4%; 95% CI 7.1-25.5) compared to low SVI areas (8.2%; 95% CI 3.1-16.9). CONCLUSIONS The SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence in a city with high levels of social vulnerability was 13.1% during the pre-vaccination period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hispanic individuals and individuals in communities characterized by high SVI were at the highest risk of infection. Public health interventions should be designed to ensure that individuals in high social vulnerability communities have access to the tools to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo R Matias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, BUL-130, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Isabel R Fulcher
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Data Science Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sara M Sauer
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cody P Nolan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yodeline Guillaume
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack Zhu
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Molano
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Uceta
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon Collins
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damien M Slater
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, BUL-130, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa M Sánchez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, BUL-130, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Serina Moheed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, BUL-130, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, BUL-130, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, BUL-130, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Molly F Franke
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louise C Ivers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, BUL-130, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Global Health Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Azagew AW, Beko ZW, Ferede YM, Mekonnen HS, Abate HK, Mekonnen CK. Global prevalence of COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2023; 12:212. [PMID: 37957723 PMCID: PMC10644454 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is potentially a fatal form of respiratory failure among COVID-19 patients. Globally, there are inconsistent findings regarding ARDS among COVID-19 patients. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of COVID-19-induced ARDS among COVID-19 patients worldwide. METHODS To retrieve relevant studies, the authors searched Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google, and Google Scholar using a combination of search terms. The search was conducted for articles published from December 2019 to September 2022. Articles were searched and screened by title (ti), abstract (ab), and full-text (ft) by two reviewers independently. The quality of each included article was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Assessment Scale. Data were entered into Microsoft Word and exported to Stata version 14 for analysis. Heterogeneity was detected using the Cochrane Q statistics and I-square (I2). Then the sources of variations were identified by subgroup and meta-regression analysis. A random effect meta-analysis model was used. The publication bias was detected using the graphic asymmetry test of the funnel plot and/or Egger's test (p value < 0.05). To treat the potential publication bias, trim and fill analysis were computed. The protocol has been registered in an international database, the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with reference number: CRD42023438277. RESULTS A total of 794 studies worldwide were screened for their eligibility. Of these 11 studies with 2845 participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of COVID-19-induced ARDS in the world was found to be 32.2% (95%CI = 27.70-41.73%), I2 = 97.3%, and p value < 0.001). CONCLUSION The pooled prevalence of COVID-19-induced ARDS was found to be high. The virus remains a global burden because its genetic causes are constantly changing or it mutated throughout the pandemic to emerge a new strain of infection. Therefore, interventions such as massive vaccination, early case detection, screening, isolation, and treatment of the cases need to be implemented to tackle its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abere Woretaw Azagew
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Zerko Wako Beko
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Mulu Ferede
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Sewunet Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemichael Kindie Abate
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Chilot Kassa Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Lako RLL, Meagher N, Wamala JF, Ndyahikayo J, Ademe Tegegne A, Olu OO, Price DJ, Rajatonirina S, Farley E, Okeibunor JC, Mize VA. Transmissibility and severity of COVID-19 in a humanitarian setting: First few X investigation of cases and contacts in Juba, South Sudan, 2020. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13200. [PMID: 38019703 PMCID: PMC10655784 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first few 'X' (FFX) studies provide evidence to guide public health decision-making and resource allocation. The adapted WHO Unity FFX protocol for COVID-19 was implemented to gain an understanding of the clinical, epidemiological, virological and household transmission dynamics of the first cases of COVID-19 infection detected in Juba, South Sudan. METHODS Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were identified through the national surveillance system, and an initial visit was conducted with eligible cases to identify all close contacts. Consenting cases and close contacts were enrolled between June 2020 and December 2020. Demographic, clinical information and biological samples were taken at enrollment and 14-21 days post-enrollment for all participants. RESULTS Twenty-nine primary cases and 82 contacts were included in the analyses. Most primary cases (n = 23/29, 79.3%) and contacts (n = 61/82, 74.4%) were male. Many primary cases (n = 18/29, 62.1%) and contacts (n = 51/82, 62.2%) were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 at baseline. The secondary attack rate among susceptible contacts was 12.9% (4/31; 95% CI: 4.9%-29.7%). All secondary cases and most (72%) primary cases were asymptomatic. Reported symptoms included coughing (n = 6/29, 20.7%), fever or history of fever (n = 4/29, 13.8%), headache (n = 3/29, 10.3%) and shortness of breath (n = 3/29, 10.3%). Of 38 cases, two were hospitalised (5.3%) and one died (2.6%). CONCLUSIONS These findings were used to develop the South Sudanese Ministry of Health surveillance and contract tracing protocols, informing local COVID-19 case definitions, follow-up protocols and data management systems. This investigation demonstrates that rapid FFX implementation is critical in understanding the emerging disease and informing response priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niamh Meagher
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - David J. Price
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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Ndziessi G, Niama RF, Aloumba AG, Peya JM, Ngatse JA, Ngoyomi RA, Niama AC, Tobi N, Loussambou A, Kankou JM, Atipo B, Emeka JC, Ibata P, Moukassa D, Dokekias AE. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Republic of Congo, February 2022. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e162. [PMID: 37800463 PMCID: PMC10600732 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In resource-limited countries, the lack of widespread screening masks the true situation of COVID-19. We conducted this study to assess SARS-CoV-2 spread by detection of specific antibodies and to determine associated factors. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Subjects were tested for the presence of two antibodies (IgM and IgG) specific to SARS-CoV-2. Data collection was done using a smartphone with the KoboCollect application. Prevalence of antibodies was estimated with 95% confidence intervals. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with positive serological test. A total of 9,094 persons were tested in 4,340 households. The mean age was 30.18 ± 18.65 years, 46.5% male. The overall seroprevalence (prevalence, 95% CI) of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was (48.2% [47.2%-49.2%]). Being vaccinated, having been in contact with a COVID-19 patient, being older than 50 years, living in a union, having secondary education and having tertiary education were factors independently associated with the likelihood of having anti-sars-CoV-2. We estimate in February 2022 that 48% persons had antibodies against the COVID-19 virus, more among those vaccinated. Vaccination intensification in low prevalence departments will reduce the risk of new outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Ndziessi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Roch Fabien Niama
- National Laboratory of Public Health, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Axel Gilius Aloumba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Jethro Massala Peya
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Joseph Axel Ngatse
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Ryschel Alist Ngoyomi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Ange Clauvel Niama
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - N’Kaya Tobi
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Antoine Loussambou
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Medard Kankou
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Benjamin Atipo
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Claude Emeka
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Pascal Ibata
- Army Hospital, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Donatien Moukassa
- Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Alexis Elira Dokekias
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
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5
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Han Q, Bragazzi N, Asgary A, Orbinski J, Wu J, Kong JD. Estimation of epidemiological parameters and ascertainment rate from early transmission of COVID-19 across Africa. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230316. [PMID: 37736525 PMCID: PMC10509578 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Country reported case counts suggested a slow spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. Owing to inadequate public awareness, unestablished monitoring practices, limited testing and stigmas, there might exist extensive under-ascertainment of the true number of cases, especially at the beginning of the novel epidemic. We developed a compartmentalized epidemiological model to track the early epidemics in 54 African countries. Data on the reported cumulative number of cases and daily confirmed cases were used to fit the model for the time period with no or little massive national interventions yet in each country. We estimated that the mean basic reproduction number is 2.02 (s.d. 0.7), with a range between 1.12 (Zambia) and 3.64 (Nigeria). The mean overall report rate was estimated to be 5.37% (s.d. 5.71%), with the highest 30.41% in Libya and the lowest 0.02% in São Tomé and Príncipe. An average of 5.46% (s.d. 6.4%) of all infected cases were severe cases and 66.74% (s.d. 17.28%) were asymptomatic ones. The estimated low reporting rates in Africa suggested a clear need for improved reporting and surveillance systems in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Ali Asgary
- Disaster and Emergency Management, School of Administrative Studies, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - James Orbinski
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jude Dzevela Kong
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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McCabe R, Whittaker C, Sheppard RJ, Abdelmagid N, Ahmed A, Alabdeen IZ, Brazeau NF, Ahmed Abd Elhameed AE, Bin-Ghouth AS, Hamlet A, AbuKoura R, Barnsley G, Hay JA, Alhaffar M, Koum Besson E, Saje SM, Sisay BG, Gebreyesus SH, Sikamo AP, Worku A, Ahmed YS, Mariam DH, Sisay MM, Checchi F, Dahab M, Endris BS, Ghani AC, Walker PG, Donnelly CA, Watson OJ. Alternative epidemic indicators for COVID-19 in three settings with incomplete death registration systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg7676. [PMID: 37294754 PMCID: PMC10256151 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Not all COVID-19 deaths are officially reported, and particularly in low-income and humanitarian settings, the magnitude of reporting gaps remains sparsely characterized. Alternative data sources, including burial site worker reports, satellite imagery of cemeteries, and social media-conducted surveys of infection may offer solutions. By merging these data with independently conducted, representative serological studies within a mathematical modeling framework, we aim to better understand the range of underreporting using examples from three major cities: Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Aden (Yemen), and Khartoum (Sudan) during 2020. We estimate that 69 to 100%, 0.8 to 8.0%, and 3.0 to 6.0% of COVID-19 deaths were reported in each setting, respectively. In future epidemics, and in settings where vital registration systems are limited, using multiple alternative data sources could provide critically needed, improved estimates of epidemic impact. However, ultimately, these systems are needed to ensure that, in contrast to COVID-19, the impact of future pandemics or other drivers of mortality is reported and understood worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth McCabe
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Health Research Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard J. Sheppard
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nada Abdelmagid
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Sudan COVID-19 Research Group, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Aljaile Ahmed
- Sudan COVID-19 Research Group, Khartoum, Sudan
- Sudan Youth Peer Education Network, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Nicholas F. Brazeau
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Arran Hamlet
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rahaf AbuKoura
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Sudan COVID-19 Research Group, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Gregory Barnsley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James A. Hay
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mervat Alhaffar
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Syria Research Group (SyRG), co-hosted by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emilie Koum Besson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Semira Mitiku Saje
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Binyam Girma Sisay
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Petros Sikamo
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aschalew Worku
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Damen Haile Mariam
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mitike Molla Sisay
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Francesco Checchi
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maysoon Dahab
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Sudan COVID-19 Research Group, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Bilal Shikur Endris
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Azra C. Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick G. T. Walker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Health Research Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver J. Watson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Deutou Wondeu AL, Abdelrazakh F, Abakar MF, Yandai FH, Nodjikouambaye AZ, Djimtoibaye D, Kimala P, Nadjiadjim N, Naïbeï N, Takoudjou Dzomo GR, Atturo S, Linardos G, Russo C, Perno CF, Moussa AM, Yokouide A, Tchidjou HK, Colizzi V, Choua O. High seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the capital of Chad. J Public Health Afr 2023. [DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2022.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chad has had 7,417 confirmed cases and 193 deaths, one of the lowest in Africa. Objective. This study assessed SARS-CoV-2 immunity in N’Djamena. Methods. In August-October 2021, eleven N’Djamena hospitals collected outpatient data and samples. IgG antibodies against SARSCoV- 2 nucleocapsid protein were identified using ELISA. “Bambino Gesù” Laboratory, Rome, Italy, performed external quality control with chemiluminescence assay. Results. 25-34-year-old (35.2%) made up the largest age group at 31.9 12.6 years. 56.4% were women, 1.3 women/men. The 7th district had 22.5% and the 1st 22.3%. Housewives and students dominated. Overall seroprevalence was 69.5% (95% CI: 67.7-71.3), females 68.2% (65.8-70.5) and males 71.2% (68.6-73.8). >44-year-old had 73.9% seroprevalence. Under-15s were 57.4% positive. Housewives (70.9%), civil servants (71.5%), and health workers (9.7%) had the highest antibody positivity. N’Djamena’s 9th district had 73.1% optimism and the 3rd district had 52.5%. Seroprevalences were highest at Good Samaritan Hospital (75.4%) and National General Referral Hospital (74.7%). Conclusion. Our findings indicate a high circulation of SARSCoV- 2 in N’Djamena, despite low mortality and morbidity after the first two COVID-19 pandemic waves. This high seroprevalence must be considered in Chad’s vaccine policy.
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Lapidus S, Liu F, Casanovas-Massana A, Dai Y, Huck JD, Lucas C, Klein J, Filler RB, Strine MS, Sy M, Deme AB, Badiane AS, Dieye B, Ndiaye IM, Diedhiou Y, Mbaye AM, Diagne CT, Vigan-Womas I, Mbengue A, Sadio BD, Diagne MM, Moore AJ, Mangou K, Diallo F, Sene SD, Pouye MN, Faye R, Diouf B, Nery N, Costa F, Reis MG, Muenker MC, Hodson DZ, Mbarga Y, Katz BZ, Andrews JR, Campbell M, Srivathsan A, Kamath K, Baum-Jones E, Faye O, Sall AA, Vélez JCQ, Cappello M, Wilson M, Ben-Mamoun C, Tedder R, McClure M, Cherepanov P, Somé FA, Dabiré RK, Moukoko CEE, Ouédraogo JB, Boum Y, Shon J, Ndiaye D, Wisnewski A, Parikh S, Iwasaki A, Wilen CB, Ko AI, Ring AM, Bei AK. Plasmodium infection is associated with cross-reactive antibodies to carbohydrate epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22175. [PMID: 36550362 PMCID: PMC9778468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sero-surveillance can monitor and project disease burden and risk. However, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results can produce false positive results, limiting their efficacy as a sero-surveillance tool. False positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody results are associated with malaria exposure, and understanding this association is essential to interpret sero-surveillance results from malaria-endemic countries. Here, pre-pandemic samples from eight malaria endemic and non-endemic countries and four continents were tested by ELISA to measure SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 subunit reactivity. Individuals with acute malaria infection generated substantial SARS-CoV-2 reactivity. Cross-reactivity was not associated with reactivity to other human coronaviruses or other SARS-CoV-2 proteins, as measured by peptide and protein arrays. ELISAs with deglycosylated and desialated Spike S1 subunits revealed that cross-reactive antibodies target sialic acid on N-linked glycans of the Spike protein. The functional activity of cross-reactive antibodies measured by neutralization assays showed that cross-reactive antibodies did not neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Since routine use of glycosylated or sialated assays could result in false positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody results in malaria endemic regions, which could overestimate exposure and population-level immunity, we explored methods to increase specificity by reducing cross-reactivity. Overestimating population-level exposure to SARS-CoV-2 could lead to underestimates of risk of continued COVID-19 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yile Dai
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John D Huck
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Renata B Filler
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Madison S Strine
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mouhamad Sy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Awa B Deme
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aida S Badiane
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Baba Dieye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Mbaye Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Younous Diedhiou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Moctar Mbaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- DiaTROPIX Rapid Diagnostic Tests Facility, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Inés Vigan-Womas
- Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alassane Mbengue
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bacary D Sadio
- Pôle Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Khadidiatou Mangou
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatoumata Diallo
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Seynabou D Sene
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mariama N Pouye
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rokhaya Faye
- Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Diouf
- Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nivison Nery
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Federico Costa
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Daniel Z Hodson
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | - Ben Z Katz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ariktha Srivathsan
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Pôle Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Juan Carlos Quintero Vélez
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Michael Cappello
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Choukri Ben-Mamoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- South London Specialist Virology Centre, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Myra McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Crick COVID19 Consortium, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Fabrice A Somé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, 2701, BP, Cameroon
- Malaria Research Unit, Center Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Yap Boum
- Médecins Sans Frontières, University of Yaoundé and Epicentre, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adam Wisnewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sunil Parikh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Amy K Bei
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
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9
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López-Farfán D, Yerbanga RS, Parres-Mercader M, Torres-Puente M, Gómez-Navarro I, Sanou DMS, Yao AF, Bosco Ouédraogo J, Comas I, Irigoyen N, Gómez-Díaz E. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and co-infection with malaria during the first wave of the pandemic (the Burkina Faso case). Front Public Health 2022; 10:1048404. [PMID: 36579069 PMCID: PMC9791192 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1048404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa accounts for 1.5% of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and 2.7% of deaths, but this low incidence has been partly attributed to the limited testing capacity in most countries. In addition, the population in many African countries is at high risk of infection with endemic infectious diseases such as malaria. Our aim is to determine the prevalence and circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and the frequency of co-infection with the malaria parasite. We conducted serological tests and microscopy examinations on 998 volunteers of different ages and sexes in a random and stratified population sample in Burkina-Faso. In addition, nasopharyngeal samples were taken for RT-qPCR of SARS-CoV-2 and for whole viral genome sequencing. Our results show a 3.2 and a 2.5% of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and PCR positivity; and 22% of malaria incidence, over the sampling period, with marked differences linked to age. Importantly, we found 8 cases of confirmed co-infection and 11 cases of suspected co-infection mostly in children and teenagers. Finally, we report the genome sequences of 13 SARS-CoV-2 isolates circulating in Burkina Faso at the time of analysis, assigned to lineages A.19, A.21, B.1.1.404, B.1.1.118, B.1 and grouped into clades; 19B, 20A, and 20B. This is the first population-based study about SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in Burkina Faso during the first wave of the pandemic, providing a relevant estimation of the real prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and variants circulating in this Western African country. Besides, it highlights the non-negligible frequency of co-infection with malaria in African communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana López-Farfán
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN, CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - R Serge Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Institut des Sciences et Techniques (INSTech), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Marina Parres-Mercader
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN, CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Manuela Torres-Puente
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV, CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gómez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV, CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Adama Franck Yao
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Iñaki Comas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV, CSIC), Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Irigoyen
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Gómez-Díaz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN, CSIC), Granada, Spain
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10
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Smith-Sreen J, Miller B, Kabaghe AN, Kim E, Wadonda-Kabondo N, Frawley A, Labuda S, Manuel E, Frietas H, Mwale AC, Segolodi T, Harvey P, Seitio-Kgokgwe O, Vergara AE, Gudo ES, Dziuban EJ, Shoopala N, Hines JZ, Agolory S, Kapina M, Sinyange N, Melchior M, Mirkovic K, Mahomva A, Modhi S, Salyer S, Azman AS, McLean C, Riek LP, Asiimwe F, Adler M, Mazibuko S, Okello V, Auld AF. Comparison of COVID-19 Pandemic Waves in 10 Countries in Southern Africa, 2020-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:S93-S104. [PMID: 36502398 DOI: 10.3201/eid2813.220228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used publicly available data to describe epidemiology, genomic surveillance, and public health and social measures from the first 3 COVID-19 pandemic waves in southern Africa during April 6, 2020-September 19, 2021. South Africa detected regional waves on average 7.2 weeks before other countries. Average testing volume 244 tests/million/day) increased across waves and was highest in upper-middle-income countries. Across the 3 waves, average reported regional incidence increased (17.4, 51.9, 123.3 cases/1 million population/day), as did positivity of diagnostic tests (8.8%, 12.2%, 14.5%); mortality (0.3, 1.5, 2.7 deaths/1 million populaiton/day); and case-fatality ratios (1.9%, 2.1%, 2.5%). Beta variant (B.1.351) drove the second wave and Delta (B.1.617.2) the third. Stringent implementation of safety measures declined across waves. As of September 19, 2021, completed vaccination coverage remained low (8.1% of total population). Our findings highlight opportunities for strengthening surveillance, health systems, and access to realistically available therapeutics, and scaling up risk-based vaccination.
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11
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Aiemjoy K, Rumunu J, Hassen JJ, Wiens KE, Garrett D, Kamenskaya P, Harris JB, Azman AS, Teunis P, Seidman JC, Wamala JF, Andrews JR, Charles RC. Seroincidence of Enteric Fever, Juba, South Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28. [PMID: 36286224 PMCID: PMC9622235 DOI: 10.3201/eid2811.220239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied a new serosurveillance tool to estimate typhoidal Salmonella burden using samples collected during 2020 from a population in Juba, South Sudan. By using dried blood spot testing, we found an enteric fever seroincidence rate of 30/100 person-years and cumulative incidence of 74% over a 4-year period.
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12
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Struck NS, Lorenz E, Deschermeier C, Eibach D, Kettenbeil J, Loag W, Brieger SA, Ginsbach AM, Obirikorang C, Maiga-Ascofare O, Sarkodie YA, Boham EEA, Adu EA, Asare G, Amoako-Adusei A, Yawson A, Boakye AO, Deke J, Almoustapha NS, Adu-Amoah L, Duah IK, Ouedraogo TA, Boudo V, Rushton B, Ehmen C, Fusco D, Gunga L, Benke D, Höppner Y, Rasolojaona ZT, Rasamoelina T, Rakotoarivelo RA, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Coulibaly B, Sié A, Awuah AAA, Amuasi JH, Souares A, May J. High seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Burkina-Faso, Ghana and Madagascar in 2021: a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1676. [PMID: 36064368 PMCID: PMC9441841 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current COVID-19 pandemic affects the entire world population and has serious health, economic and social consequences. Assessing the prevalence of COVID-19 through population-based serological surveys is essential to monitor the progression of the epidemic, especially in African countries where the extent of SARS-CoV-2 spread remains unclear. METHODS A two-stage cluster population-based SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence survey was conducted in Bobo-Dioulasso and in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar and Kumasi, Ghana between February and June 2021. IgG seropositivity was determined in 2,163 households with a specificity improved SARS-CoV-2 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Population seroprevalence was evaluated using a Bayesian logistic regression model that accounted for test performance and age, sex and neighbourhood of the participants. RESULTS Seroprevalence adjusted for test performance and population characteristics were 55.7% [95% Credible Interval (CrI) 49·0; 62·8] in Bobo-Dioulasso, 37·4% [95% CrI 31·3; 43·5] in Ouagadougou, 41·5% [95% CrI 36·5; 47·2] in Fianarantsoa, and 41·2% [95% CrI 34·5; 49·0] in Kumasi. Within the study population, less than 6% of participants performed a test for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection since the onset of the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS High exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was found in the surveyed regions albeit below the herd immunity threshold and with a low rate of previous testing for acute infections. Despite the high seroprevalence in our study population, the duration of protection from naturally acquired immunity remains unclear and new virus variants continue to emerge. This highlights the importance of vaccine deployment and continued preventive measures to protect the population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Struck
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eva Lorenz
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Deschermeier
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Eibach
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Kettenbeil
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wibke Loag
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steven A Brieger
- University of Sussex Business School, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Anna M Ginsbach
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Obirikorang
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Oumou Maiga-Ascofare
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Adu Sarkodie
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Eric Ebenezer Amprofi Boham
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Evans Asamoah Adu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gracelyn Asare
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Amos Amoako-Adusei
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alfred Yawson
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alexander Owusu Boakye
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - James Deke
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Nana Safi Almoustapha
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Louis Adu-Amoah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ibrahim Kwaku Duah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Valentin Boudo
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Ben Rushton
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christa Ehmen
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Fusco
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonard Gunga
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Benke
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yannick Höppner
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Boubacar Coulibaly
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Ali Sié
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - John H Amuasi
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Global and International Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Aurélia Souares
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen May
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Insitute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Etyang AO, Adetifa I, Omore R, Misore T, Ziraba AK, Ng’oda MA, Gitau E, Gitonga J, Mugo D, Kutima B, Karanja H, Toroitich M, Nyagwange J, Tuju J, Wanjiku P, Aman R, Amoth P, Mwangangi M, Kasera K, Ng’ang’a W, Akech D, Sigilai A, Karia B, Karani A, Voller S, Agoti CN, Ochola-Oyier LI, Otiende M, Bottomley C, Nyaguara A, Uyoga S, Gallagher K, Kagucia EW, Onyango D, Tsofa B, Mwangangi J, Maitha E, Barasa E, Bejon P, Warimwe GM, Scott JAG, Agweyu A. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in three Kenyan health and demographic surveillance sites, December 2020-May 2021. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000883. [PMID: 36962821 PMCID: PMC10021917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the studies that have informed the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya have relied on samples that are not representative of the general population. We conducted population-based serosurveys at three Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSSs) to determine the cumulative incidence of infection with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We selected random age-stratified population-based samples at HDSSs in Kisumu, Nairobi and Kilifi, in Kenya. Blood samples were collected from participants between 01 Dec 2020 and 27 May 2021. No participant had received a COVID-19 vaccine. We tested for IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using ELISA. Locally-validated assay sensitivity and specificity were 93% (95% CI 88-96%) and 99% (95% CI 98-99.5%), respectively. We adjusted prevalence estimates using classical methods and Bayesian modelling to account for the sampling scheme and assay performance. RESULTS We recruited 2,559 individuals from the three HDSS sites, median age (IQR) 27 (10-78) years and 52% were female. Seroprevalence at all three sites rose steadily during the study period. In Kisumu, Nairobi and Kilifi, seroprevalences (95% CI) at the beginning of the study were 36.0% (28.2-44.4%), 32.4% (23.1-42.4%), and 14.5% (9.1-21%), and respectively; at the end they were 42.0% (34.7-50.0%), 50.2% (39.7-61.1%), and 24.7% (17.5-32.6%), respectively. Seroprevalence was substantially lower among children (<16 years) than among adults at all three sites (p≤0.001). CONCLUSION By May 2021 in three broadly representative populations of unvaccinated individuals in Kenya, seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 25-50%. There was wide variation in cumulative incidence by location and age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Thomas Misore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Evelyn Gitau
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Gitonga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Mugo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Henry Karanja
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - James Tuju
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wangari Ng’ang’a
- Presidential Policy and Strategy Unit, The Presidency, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Donald Akech
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Angela Karani
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shirine Voller
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark Otiende
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Amek Nyaguara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edwine Barasa
- Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George M. Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J. Anthony G. Scott
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Tolossa T, Merdassa Atomssa E, Fetensa G, Bayisa L, Ayala D, Turi E, Wakuma B, Mulisa D, Seyoum D, Getahun A, Shibiru T, Fekadu G, Desalegn M, Bikila H. Acute respiratory distress syndrome among patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to treatment center of Wollega University Referral Hospital, Western Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267835. [PMID: 35709142 PMCID: PMC9202843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a life-threatening condition that has a significant effect on the occurrence of morbidity and mortality among patients with severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To the best of researchers’ knowledge, there is no Study on ARDS of COVID-19 in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of ARDS and associated factors among severe COVID-19 patients at Wollega University Referral Hospital.
Methods
An institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from September 20, 2020, to June 10, 2021. Real-Time Reverse transcription-polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) test was used to test Patients for COVID-19. Epi-data version 3.2 was used for data entry, and the final data analysis was through STATA version 14. After checking the assumption P-value<0.25 in the bivariable analysis was used to select a candidate variable for multi-variable analysis, and a p-value of <0.05 was used to declare statistical significance.
Results
In this study, the prevalence of ARDS was 32%. Almost all the patients had the clinical feature of cough (93.7%), followed by shortness of breath (79.9%), fever (77.7%), and headache (67%). Age older than 65 years (AOR = 3.35, 95%CI = 1.31, 8.55), male gender (AOR = 5.63, 95%CI = 2.15, 14.77), and low oxygen saturation level (AOR = 4.60, 95%CI = 1.15, 18.35) were the independent predictors of ARDS among severe COVID-19 patients.
Conclusion
The prevalence of ARDS among patients with severe COVID-19 was high in the study area. Therefore, elders and patients with critical conditions (low oxygen saturation) better to get special attention during COVID-19 case management to enhance good care and monitoring of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Tolossa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Emiru Merdassa Atomssa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Fetensa
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- Department of Hea lth Behavior and Society, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Lami Bayisa
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Ayala
- Department of Midwifery, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Ebisa Turi
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Bizuneh Wakuma
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Mulisa
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Dejene Seyoum
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Ayantu Getahun
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Shibiru
- School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Ginenus Fekadu
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Markos Desalegn
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Bikila
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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15
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Hajissa K, Islam MA, Hassan SA, Zaidah AR, Ismail N, Mohamed Z. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127257. [PMID: 35742506 PMCID: PMC9223681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A reliable estimate of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies is increasingly important to track the spread of infection and define the true burden of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted with the objective of estimating the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa. A systematic search of the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar electronic databases was conducted. Thirty-five eligible studies were included. Using meta-analysis of proportions, the overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was calculated as 16% (95% CI 13.1-18.9%). Based on antibody isotypes, 14.6% (95% CI 12.2-17.1%) and 11.5% (95% CI 8.7-14.2%) were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM, respectively, while 6.6% (95% CI 4.9-8.3%) were tested positive for both IgM and IgG. Healthcare workers (16.3%) had higher seroprevalence than the general population (11.7%), blood donors (7.5%) and pregnant women (5.7%). The finding of this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) may not accurately reflect the true seroprevalence status of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa, hence, further seroprevalence studies across Africa are required to assess and monitor the growing COVID-19 burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Hajissa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, P.O. Box 382, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: or (M.A.I.); (Z.M.)
| | - Siti Asma Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Zaidah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Zeehaida Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (M.A.I.); (Z.M.)
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16
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Wamala JF, Loro F, Deng SJ, Berta KK, Guyo AG, Mpairwe A, Ndenzako F, Rumunu JP. Epidemiological characterization of COVID-19 in displaced populations of South Sudan. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 42:4. [PMID: 36158931 PMCID: PMC9474933 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2022.42.1.33767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction South Sudan is facing a protracted humanitarian crisis with increasing population vulnerability. The study aimed to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 in displaced populations in South Sudan. Methods the study involved the internally displaced populations (IDP) in Bentiu IDP camp, South Sudan. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving individuals that met the COVID-19 probable and confirmed case definitions from May 2020 to November 2021. Case data were managed using Microsoft Excel databases. Results the initial COVID-19 case in Bentiu IDP camp was reported on 2 May 2020. The overall cumulative attack rate (cases per million) was 3,230 for Bentiu IDP and 1,038 at the national level. The COVID-19 Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) among the IDPs was 19.08% among confirmed and 1.06% at the national level. There was one wave of COVID-19 transmission in the IDPs that coincided with the second COVID-19 wave in South Sudan for the period May 2020 to November 2021. Adult males aged 20-49 years were the most affected and constituted 47.1% of COVID-19 cases. Most severe cases were reported among adults 60-69 years (53%) and ≥ 70 years (80%). The risk of COVID-19 death (deaths per 10,000) increased with age and was highest in patients aged ≥ 60 years at 64.1. The commonest underlying illnesses among COVID-19 deaths was HIV-related illness, heart disease, and tuberculosis. Conclusion COVID-19 constitutes a significant impact on internally displaced populations of South Sudan. The COVID-19 response in displaced populations and the high-risk groups therein should be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Francis Wamala
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Country Office, Juba, South Sudan,,Corresponding author Joseph Francis Wamala, Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Country Office, Juba, South Sudan.
| | - Fredrick Loro
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Simon John Deng
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Kibebu Kinfu Berta
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Argata Guracha Guyo
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Allan Mpairwe
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi Hub, Kenya
| | - Fabian Ndenzako
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
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17
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Bwire G, Ario AR, Eyu P, Ocom F, Wamala JF, Kusi KA, Ndeketa L, Jambo KC, Wanyenze RK, Talisuna AO. The COVID-19 pandemic in the African continent. BMC Med 2022; 20:167. [PMID: 35501853 PMCID: PMC9059455 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and associated disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was identified in China. This virus spread quickly and in March, 2020, it was declared a pandemic. Scientists predicted the worst scenario to occur in Africa since it was the least developed of the continents in terms of human development index, lagged behind others in achievement of the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs), has inadequate resources for provision of social services, and has many fragile states. In addition, there were relatively few research reporting findings on COVID-19 in Africa. On the contrary, the more developed countries reported higher disease incidences and mortality rates. However, for Africa, the earlier predictions and modelling into COVID-19 incidence and mortality did not fit into the reality. Therefore, the main objective of this forum is to bring together infectious diseases and public health experts to give an overview of COVID-19 in Africa and share their thoughts and opinions on why Africa behaved the way it did. Furthermore, the experts highlight what needs to be done to support Africa to consolidate the status quo and overcome the negative effects of COVID-19 so as to accelerate attainment of the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Bwire
- grid.415705.2Department of Integrated Epidemiology Surveillance and Public Health Emergencies, Ministry of Health, P.O Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Patricia Eyu
- Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Felix Ocom
- Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Kwadwo A. Kusi
- grid.8652.90000 0004 1937 1485Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Latif Ndeketa
- grid.419393.50000 0004 8340 2442Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- grid.419393.50000 0004 8340 2442Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rhoda K. Wanyenze
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ambrose O. Talisuna
- grid.463718.f0000 0004 0639 2906Epidemic Preparedness and Response Cluster, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
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18
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Moser W, Fahal MAH, Abualas E, Bedri S, Elsir MT, Mohamed MFERO, Mahmoud AB, Ahmad AII, Adam MA, Altalib S, DafaAllah OA, Hmed SA, Azman AS, Ciglenecki I, Gignoux E, González A, Mwongera C, Miranda MA. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Prevalence and Population-Based Death Rates, Greater Omdurman, Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1026-1030. [PMID: 35450565 PMCID: PMC9045432 DOI: 10.3201/eid2805.211951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cross-sectional survey in Omdurman, Sudan, during March–April 2021, we estimated that 54.6% of the population had detectable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies. Overall population death rates among those >50 years of age increased 74% over the first coronavirus disease pandemic year.
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19
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COVID-19 in Tunisia (North Africa): Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the General Population of the Capital City Tunis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040971. [PMID: 35454019 PMCID: PMC9031774 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence studies are essential to get an accurate estimate of the actual SARS-CoV-2 diffusion within populations. We report on the findings of the first serosurvey conducted in Tunis prior to the implementation of mass vaccination and analyzed factors associated with seropositivity. A household cross sectional survey was conducted (March–April 2021) in Tunis, spanning the end of the second wave and the beginning of the third wave of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the spike (S-RBD) or the nucleocapsid (N) proteins were detected by in-house ELISA tests. The survey included 1676 individuals from 431 households. The mean age and sex ratio were 43.3 ± 20.9 years and 0.6, respectively. The weighted seroprevalence of anti-N and/or anti-S-RBD IgG antibodies was equal to 38.0% (34.6–41.5). In multivariate analysis, age under 10, no tobacco use, previous diagnosis of COVID-19, a history of COVID-19 related symptoms and contact with a COVID-19 case within the household, were independently associated with higher SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. More than one third of people living in Tunis obtained antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Further studies are needed to monitor changes in these figures as Tunisian population is confronted to the subsequent epidemic waves and to guide the vaccine strategy.
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20
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Rasambainarivo F, Ramiadantsoa T, Raherinandrasana A, Randrianarisoa S, Rice BL, Evans MV, Roche B, Randriatsarafara FM, Wesolowski A, Metcalf JC. Prioritizing COVID-19 vaccination efforts and dose allocation within Madagascar. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:724. [PMID: 35413894 PMCID: PMC9002044 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While mass COVID-19 vaccination programs are underway in high-income countries, limited availability of doses has resulted in few vaccines administered in low and middle income countries (LMICs). The COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) is a WHO-led initiative to promote vaccine access equity to LMICs and is providing many of the doses available in these settings. However, initial doses are limited and countries, such as Madagascar, need to develop prioritization schemes to maximize the benefits of vaccination with very limited supplies. There is some consensus that dose deployment should initially target health care workers, and those who are more vulnerable including older individuals. However, questions of geographic deployment remain, in particular associated with limits around vaccine access and delivery capacity in underserved communities, for example in rural areas that may also include substantial proportions of the population. Methods To address these questions, we developed a mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics and simulated various vaccination allocation strategies for Madagascar. Simulated strategies were based on a number of possible geographical prioritization schemes, testing sensitivity to initial susceptibility in the population, and evaluating the potential of tests for previous infection. Results Using cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 as the main outcome of interest, our results indicate that distributing the number of vaccine doses according to the number of elderly living in the region or according to the population size results in a greater reduction of mortality compared to distributing doses based on the reported number of cases and deaths. The benefits of vaccination strategies are diminished if the burden (and thus accumulated immunity) has been greatest in the most populous regions, but the overall strategy ranking remains comparable. If rapid tests for prior immunity may be swiftly and effectively delivered, there is potential for considerable gain in mortality averted, but considering delivery limitations modulates this. Conclusion At a subnational scale, our results support the strategy adopted by the COVAX initiative at a global scale. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13150-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidisoa Rasambainarivo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. .,Mahaliana Labs SARL, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Tanjona Ramiadantsoa
- Department of Life Science, University of Fianarantsoa, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Department of Mathematics, University of Fianarantsoa, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, IRD, France
| | - Antso Raherinandrasana
- Surveillance Unit, Ministry of Health of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Benjamin L Rice
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar
| | - Michelle V Evans
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, IRD, France
| | - Benjamin Roche
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, IRD, France
| | - Fidiniaina Mamy Randriatsarafara
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Direction of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica C Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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21
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Ochola L, Ogongo P, Mungai S, Gitaka J, Suliman S. Performance Evaluation of Lateral Flow Assays for Coronavirus Disease-19 Serology. Clin Lab Med 2022; 42:31-56. [PMID: 35153047 PMCID: PMC8563367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has undoubtedly resulted in significant morbidities, mortalities, and economic disruptions across the globe. Affordable and scalable tools to monitor the transmission dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the longevity of induced antibodies will be paramount to monitor and control the pandemic as multiple waves continue to rage in many countries. Serologic assays detect humoral responses to the virus, to determine seroprevalence in target populations, or induction of antibodies at the individual level following either natural infection or vaccination. With multiple vaccines rolling out globally, serologic assays to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies will be important tools to monitor the development of herd immunity. To address this need, serologic lateral flow assays (LFAs), which can be easily implemented for both population surveillance and home use, will be vital to monitor the evolution of the pandemic and inform containment measures. Such assays are particularly important for monitoring the transmission dynamics and durability of immunity generated by natural infections and vaccination, particularly in resource-limited settings. In this review, we discuss considerations for evaluating the accuracy of these LFAs, their suitability for different use cases, and implementation opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 24481, Nairobi 00502, Kenya
| | - Paul Ogongo
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 24481, Nairobi 00502, Kenya; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Samuel Mungai
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, PO Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Jesse Gitaka
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, PO Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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22
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Doocy S, Bollemeijer I, Leidman E, Sebushishe A, Mbong EN, Page K. Clinical progression and outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in humanitarian settings: A prospective cohort study in South Sudan and Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000924. [PMID: 36962562 PMCID: PMC10021555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available on COVID-19 in Africa and virtually none is from humanitarian and more resource-constrained settings. This study characterizes hospitalized patients in the African humanitarian contexts of Juba, South Sudan and North and South Kivu in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. This observational cohort was conducted between December 2020 and June 2021. Patients presenting for care at five facilities or referred from home-based care by mobile medical teams were eligible for enrollment and followed until death or recovery. Disease progression was characterized for hospitalized patients using survival analysis and mixed effects regression model to estimate survival odds for patient characteristics and treatments received. 144 COVID-19 cases enrolled as hospitalized patients were followed to recovery/death. The observed mortality proportion among hospitalized patients was 16.7% (CI: 11.2-23.3%); mortality was three times higher in South Sudan, where patients presented later after symptom onset and in worse conditions. Age and diabetes history were the only patient characteristics associated with decreased survival; clinical status indicators associated with decreased survival included fever, low oxygen level, elevated respiratory and pulse rates. The only therapy associated with survival was non-invasive oxygen; invasive oxygen therapies and other specialized treatments were rarely received. Improving availability of oxygen monitoring and proven COVID-19 therapies in humanitarian and resource-poor settings is critical for health equity. Customizing training to reflect availability of specific medications, therapies and operational constraints is particularly important given the range of challenges faced by providers in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Doocy
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Iris Bollemeijer
- International Medical Corps-Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Eva Leidman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Eta Ngole Mbong
- International Medical Corps-Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Kathleen Page
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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23
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Bugembe DL, Phan MVT, Abias AG, Ayei J, Deng LL, Lako RLL, Rumunu J, Kaleebu P, Wamala JF, Hm JJ, Lodiongo DK, Bunga S, Cotten M. SARS-CoV-2 Variants, South Sudan, January-March 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3133-3136. [PMID: 34708685 PMCID: PMC8632182 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.211488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the coronavirus pandemic continues, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequence data are required to inform vaccine efforts. We provide SARS-CoV-2 sequence data from South Sudan and document the dominance of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.525 (Eta variant) during the country's second wave of infection.
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24
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Borrega R, Nelson DKS, Koval AP, Bond NG, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Lathigra R, Bush DJ, Aimukanova I, Phinney WN, Koval SA, Hoffmann AR, Smither AR, Bell-Kareem AR, Melnik LI, Genemaras KJ, Chao K, Snarski P, Melton AB, Harrell JE, Smira AA, Elliott DH, Rouelle JA, Sabino-Santos G, Drouin AC, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Goba A, Samuels RJ, Kanneh L, Gbakie M, Branco ZL, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Robinson JE, Fusco DN, Sabeti PC, Andersen KG, Grant DS, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Garry RF. Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans. Viruses 2021; 13:2325. [PMID: 34835131 PMCID: PMC8625389 DOI: 10.3390/v13112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Borrega
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Diana K. S. Nelson
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Anatoliy P. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Nell G. Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Megan L. Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Megan M. Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Raju Lathigra
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Duane J. Bush
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Irina Aimukanova
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Whitney N. Phinney
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Sophia A. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Andrew R. Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Allison R. Smither
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Antoinette R. Bell-Kareem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Lilia I. Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Kaylynn J. Genemaras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Karissa Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Heart and Vascular Institute, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexandra B. Melton
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Jaikin E. Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Ashley A. Smira
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Debra H. Elliott
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Julie A. Rouelle
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Centre for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaud C. Drouin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone;
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Robert J. Samuels
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Zoe L. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Dahlene N. Fusco
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Matthew L. Boisen
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
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25
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Rice BL, Douek DC, McDermott AB, Grenfell BT, Metcalf CJE. Why are there so few (or so many) circulating coronaviruses? Trends Immunol 2021; 42:751-763. [PMID: 34366247 PMCID: PMC8272969 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite vast diversity in non-human hosts and conspicuous recent spillover events, only a small number of coronaviruses have been observed to persist in human populations. This puzzling mismatch suggests substantial barriers to establishment. We detail hypotheses that might contribute to explain the low numbers of endemic coronaviruses, despite their considerable evolutionary and emergence potential. We assess possible explanations ranging from issues of ascertainment, historically lower opportunities for spillover, aspects of human demographic changes, and features of pathogen biology and pre-existing adaptive immunity to related viruses. We describe how successful emergent viral species must triangulate transmission, virulence, and host immunity to maintain circulation. Characterizing the factors that might shape the limits of viral persistence can delineate promising research directions to better understand the combinations of pathogens and contexts that are most likely to lead to spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Rice
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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26
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Shaweno T, Abdulhamid I, Bezabih L, Teshome D, Derese B, Tafesse H, Shaweno D. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among individuals aged above 15 years and residing in congregate settings in Dire Dawa city administration, Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:55. [PMID: 34246317 PMCID: PMC8271338 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the extent of seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 antibody has the potential to guide prevention and control efforts. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among individuals aged above15 years and residing in the congregate settings of Dire Dawa city administration, Ethiopia. METHOD We analyzed COVID-19 seroprevalence data on 684 individuals from a community based cross-sectional survey conducted among individuals aged above 15 years and residing in congregate settings in Dire Dawa from June 15 to July 30, 2020. Data were collected using interview and blood sample collection. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, COVID-19 symptoms, and their practice of preventive measures. Seroprevalence was determined using SARS-CoV-2 IgG test. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel mixed effects logistic regression model was fitted and statistical significance was set at p value < 0.05. RESULT The estimated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 3.2% (95 % CI 2.0-4.8) in the study region with no differences by age and sex but considerable differences were observed by self-reported practice of COVID-19 preventive measures. The cluster effect is not significant (P = 0.396) which has suggested no evidence of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among the clusters. The odds of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence were higher for individuals who were employed and work by moving from home to work area (AOR; 9.73 95% CI 2.51, 37.68), reported of not wearing facemasks when leaving home (AOR; 6.4 95% CI 2.30, 17.66) and did not practice physical distancing measures (AOR; 10 95% CI 3.01, 33.20) compared to their counterparts, respectively. Our estimated seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among participants who reported not to have practiced social distancing measures was 12.8 (95% CI, 7.0, 19) and 1.5 (95% CI, 0.5, 2.5) among those who reported of practicing them. More than 80% of study participants reported of implementing infection prevention measures (face masks and physical distancing recommendations). CONCLUSION The detected SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among the study participants was low at the time of the survey indicating higher proportion of population yet to be infected. COVID-19 preventive measures were associated with reduced seroprevalence and should be promoted to avoid transmission to the uninfected majority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamrat Shaweno
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Lemlem Bezabih
- Dire Dawa Administration Regional Health Bureau, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Teshome
- Dire Dawa Administration Regional Health Bureau, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Behailu Derese
- Dire Dawa Administration Regional Health Bureau, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Debebe Shaweno
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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27
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Colebunders R, Kenyon C. Extensive SARS-CoV-2 transmission associated with low mortality in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. For how long? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:891-892. [PMID: 34181705 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Kenyon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Antwerp , Belgium
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28
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Adetifa IMO, Uyoga S, Gitonga JN, Mugo D, Otiende M, Nyagwange J, Karanja HK, Tuju J, Wanjiku P, Aman R, Mwangangi M, Amoth P, Kasera K, Ng'ang'a W, Rombo C, Yegon C, Kithi K, Odhiambo E, Rotich T, Orgut I, Kihara S, Bottomley C, Kagucia EW, Gallagher KE, Etyang A, Voller S, Lambe T, Wright D, Barasa E, Tsofa B, Bejon P, Ochola-Oyier LI, Agweyu A, Scott JAG, Warimwe GM. Temporal trends of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kenya. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3966. [PMID: 34172732 PMCID: PMC8233334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Observed SARS-CoV-2 infections and deaths are low in tropical Africa raising questions about the extent of transmission. We measured SARS-CoV-2 IgG by ELISA in 9,922 blood donors across Kenya and adjusted for sampling bias and test performance. By 1st September 2020, 577 COVID-19 deaths were observed nationwide and seroprevalence was 9.1% (95%CI 7.6-10.8%). Seroprevalence in Nairobi was 22.7% (18.0-27.7%). Although most people remained susceptible, SARS-CoV-2 had spread widely in Kenya with apparently low associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifedayo M O Adetifa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | | | - Daisy Mugo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mark Otiende
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - James Tuju
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Rashid Aman
- Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Patrick Amoth
- Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Wangari Ng'ang'a
- Presidential Policy & Strategy Unit, The Presidency, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Rombo
- Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Yegon
- Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Khamisi Kithi
- Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth Odhiambo
- Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Rotich
- Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene Orgut
- Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sammy Kihara
- Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine E Gallagher
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shirine Voller
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Wright
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edwine Barasa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - J Anthony G Scott
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George M Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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