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Yadav K, Verma AK, Gupta S, Pathak AK, Sharma S, Awasthi A. Insight into molecular interaction between shrimp and white spot syndrome virus through MjsvCL-VP28 complex: an in-silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7757-7767. [PMID: 36120991 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2124457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
White Spot disease is a devastating disease of shrimps caused by White Spot Syndrome Virus in multifarious shrimp species. At present there is no absolute medication to suppress the disease hence, there is an urgent need for development of drug against the virus. Molecular interaction between viral envelope protein VP28 and shrimp receptor protein especially chitins play a pivotal role in ingression of WSSV. In the present study, we have tried to shed light on structural aspects of lectin protein in Marsupenaeus japonicus (MjsvCL). A structural insight to the CTLD-domain of MjsvCL has facilitated the understanding of the binding mechanism between the two proteins that is responsible for entry of WSSV into shrimps. Further, incorporation of molecular dynamics simulation and MMPBSA studies revealed the affinity of binding and certain hotspot residues, which are critical for association of both the proteins. For the first time we have proposed that these amino acids are quintessential for formation of VP28-MjsvCL complex and play crucial role in entry of WSSV into shrimps. Targeting the interaction between VP28 and CTLD of MjsvCL may possibly serve as a potential drug target. The current study provides information for better understanding the interaction between VP28 and MjsvCL that could be a plausible site for future inhibitors against WSSV in shrimps.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Arunima Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Autonomous Government P.G. College, Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sunita Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Ajey Kumar Pathak
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Department of Botany, Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Sec-11,Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Awasthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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2
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Qiu W, Geng R, Zuo H, Weng S, He J, Xu X. Toll receptor 2 (Toll2) positively regulates antibacterial immunity but promotes white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103878. [PMID: 33007335 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Toll family of receptors are a group of conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) essentially controlling the initiation of innate immune responses. The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are major pathogens of aquaculture shrimp. Previous study has suggested that expression of the Toll2 receptor in Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei was up-regulated by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection but did not significantly changed upon infection with the bacterial pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The current study intends to investigate the role of P. vannamei Toll2 in antibacterial and antiviral immunity. We demonstrated that compared with the control, the Toll2-silenced shrimp was more susceptible to V. parahaemolyticus infection, suggesting that Toll2 may play a positive role in antibacterial immunity. However, silencing of Toll2 significantly enhanced survivorship of shrimp infected with WSSV and reduced the viral load in shrimp tissues. The expression of WSSV structural protein VP28 was also inhibited in Toll2-silenced shrimp. Histologic pathology analysis further showed that the WSSV infection was attenuated in stomach tissues from Toll2-silenced shrimp. These suggested that Toll2 could promote WSSV infection in shrimp. In Toll2-silenced shrimp, expression of antimicrobial peptides ALFs and PENs was significantly changed, which may contribute to the role of Toll2 in antibacterial immunity and WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Ran Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Lai Y, Jin Q, Zhu F. Differential expression of microRNAs in mud crab Scylla paramamosain in response to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:1-7. [PMID: 32619629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Till date numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered from various organisms, including fish, shellfish and crustaceans. The miRNAs are known to regulate immune functions in crustaceans, but little is known about the role of miRNAs against viral infection in crab. We performed small RNA sequencing to characterize the differentially expressed miRNAs in WSSV infected Scylla paramamosain, in comparison to that in uninfected crab, at 2 h and 12 h post infection. In total, 24 host miRNAs were up-regulated and 25 host miRNAs were down-regulated in response to WSSV infection at 2 h post infection. And 27 host miRNAs were up-regulated and 30 host miRNAs were down-regulated in response to WSSV infection at 12 h post infection. Further, the gene ontology analysis revealed that many signaling pathways were mediated by these miRNAs. The integral component of membrane is the most important biological process and endocytosis pathway is the most important pathway, which indicates that endocytosis is very important for WSSV infection. This study is one important attempt at characterizing crab miRNAs that response to WSSV infection, and will help unravel the miRNA pathways involved in antiviral immunity of crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qingri Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Jiang X, Jin W, Zhu F. Dietary Hizikia fusiforme enhance survival of white spot syndrome virus infected crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:88-94. [PMID: 32348885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sea vegetable Hizikia fusiforme is not only a good source of dietary fiber but also enhances immunity. In this study, we investigated the effects of H. fusiforme on innate immunity in invertebrates, using white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Supplementation with H. fusiforme significantly reduced mortality caused by WSSV infection and also reduced copy numbers of the WSSV protein VP28. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that supplementation of feed with H. fusiforme increased the expression of immune-related genes, including NF-κB and crustin 1. Further analysis showed that supplementation with H. fusiforme also affected three immune parameters, total hemocyte count, and phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. H. fusiforme treatment significantly increased hemocyte apoptosis rates in both WSSV-infected and uninfected crayfish. H. fusiforme thus regulates the innate immunity of crayfish, and both delays and reduces mortality after WSSV challenge. Our study demonstrates the potential for the commercial use of H. fusiforme, either therapeutically or prophylactically, to regulate the innate immunity and protect crayfish against WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Jiang
- Jixian Honors College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wenxin Jin
- Jixian Honors College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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A multi-target dsRNA for simultaneous inhibition of yellow head virus and white spot syndrome virus in shrimp. J Biotechnol 2020; 321:48-56. [PMID: 32615142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of diseases caused by yellow head virus (YHV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp have resulted in economic losses worldwide. DsRNA-mediated RNAi has been used to control these viruses, and the best target genes for efficient inhibition of YHV and WSSV are the protease and ribonuleotide reductase small subunit (rr2), respectively. However, one dsRNA can suppress only one virus, and therefore the production of multi-target dsRNA to effectively inhibit both YHV and WSSV is needed. In this study, plasmids pETpro-rr2_one stem and pETpro-rr2_two stems were constructed to produce two different forms of multi-target dsRNA in E. coli, which were designed specifically to both YHV protease and WSSV rr2 genes. The potency of each dsRNA in inhibiting YHV and WSSV and reducing shrimp death were investigated in L. vannamei. Shrimp were injected with the dsRNAs into the hemolymph before challenge with YHV or WSSV. The results showed that both dsRNAs could inhibit the viruses, however the one stem construct was more effective than the two stems construct when shrimp were infected with WSSV. This study establishes a potential strategy for dual inhibition of YHV and WSSV for further application in shrimp aquaculture.
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Bao W, Tang KFJ, Alcivar-Warren A. The Complete Genome of an Endogenous Nimavirus ( Nimav-1_LVa) From the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus ( Litopenaeus) Vannamei. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E94. [PMID: 31947590 PMCID: PMC7016691 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the lone virus of the genus Whispovirus under the family Nimaviridae, is one of the most devastating viruses affecting the shrimp farming industry. Knowledge about this virus, in particular, its evolution history, has been limited, partly due to its large genome and the lack of other closely related free-living viruses for comparative studies. In this study, we reconstructed a full-length endogenous nimavirus consensus genome, Nimav-1_LVa (279,905 bp), in the genome sequence of Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei breed Kehai No. 1 (ASM378908v1). This endogenous virus seemed to insert exclusively into the telomeric pentanucleotide microsatellite (TAACC/GGTTA)n. It encoded 117 putative genes, with some containing introns, such as g012 (inhibitor of apoptosis, IAP), g046 (crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, CHH), g155 (innexin), g158 (Bax inhibitor 1 like). More than a dozen Nimav-1_LVa genes are involved in the pathogen-host interactions. We hypothesized that g046, g155, g158, and g227 (semaphorin 1A like) were recruited host genes for their roles in immune regulation. Sequence analysis indicated that a total of 43 WSSV genes belonged to the ancestral/core nimavirus gene set, including four genes reported in this study: wsv112 (dUTPase), wsv206, wsv226, and wsv308 (nucleocapsid protein). The availability of the Nimav-1_LVa sequence would help understand the genetic diversity, epidemiology, evolution, and virulence of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Bao
- Genetic Information Research Institute, 20380 Town Center Lane, Suite 240, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA
| | - Kathy F. J. Tang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Acacia Alcivar-Warren
- Fundación para la Conservation de la Biodiversidad Acuática y Terrestre (FUCOBI), Quito EC1701, Ecuador
- Environmental Genomics Inc., ONE HEALTH Epigenomics Educational Initiative, P.O. Box 196, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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Yang F, Li X, Li S, Xiang J, Li F. A novel cuticle protein involved in WSSV infection to the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103491. [PMID: 31494218 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the most productive crustacean species in aquaculture, Litopenaeus vannamei is seriously threatened by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which has caused huge economic damage in the past decades. Shrimp cuticle proteins are the important components in the frontier target tissues, including cuticle and the chitinous lining of the digestive tract. In present study, a novel cuticle protein gene, named LvCPAP1, was isolated and demonstrated to play an important role in WSSV infection. The deduced amino acid sequence of LvCPAP1 contained a signal peptide and a conserved chitin-binding domain type 2 (ChBD2). Tissue distribution analysis revealed that LvCPAP1 was predominantly expressed in epidermis and stomach. The transcription levels of LvCPAP1 in epidermis and stomach were significantly regulated upon WSSV challenge. DsRNA silencing of LvCPAP1 decreased the in vivo WSSV copy numbers and the death rate of shrimp after WSSV infection, indicating that LvCPAP1 might facilitate WSSV invasion. In addition, the interaction between LvCPAP1 and the major envelop protein VP24 of WSSV was revealed by yeast two-hybrid system and further confirmed by dot blot and pull-down assays. The present study implied that cuticle protein LvCPAP1 might favor the entry process of WSSV, which provided new clues for understanding the role of cuticle proteins during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuechun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Qian X, Zhu F. Hesperetin protects crayfish Procambarus clarkii against white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:116-123. [PMID: 31302287 PMCID: PMC7111725 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hesperetin is a natural flavanone compound, which mainly exists in lemons and oranges, and has potential antiviral and anticancer activities. In this study, hesperetin was used in a crayfish pathogen challenge to discover its effects on the innate immune system of invertebrates. The crayfish Procambarus clarkii was used as an experimental model and challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Pathogen challenge experiments showed that hesperetin treatment significantly reduced the mortality caused by WSSV infection, while the VP28 copies of WSSV were also reduced. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed that hesperetin increased the expression of several innate immune-related genes, including NF-kappaB and C-type lectin. Further analysis showed that hesperetin treatment plays a positive effects on three immune parameters like total hemocyte count, phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. Nevertheless, whether or not infected with WSSV, hesperetin treatment would significantly increase the hemocyte apoptosis rates in crayfish. These results indicated that hesperetin could regulate the innate immunity of crayfish, and delaying and reducing the mortality after WSSV challenge. Therefore, the present study provided novel insights into the potential therapeutic or preventive functions associated with hesperetin to regulate crayfish immunity and protect crayfish against WSSV infection, provide certain theoretical basis for production practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyi Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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9
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Oakey J, Smith C, Underwood D, Afsharnasab M, Alday-Sanz V, Dhar A, Sivakumar S, Sahul Hameed AS, Beattie K, Crook A. Global distribution of white spot syndrome virus genotypes determined using a novel genotyping assay. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2061-2082. [PMID: 31131427 PMCID: PMC6591196 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
White spot disease, caused by infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is a serious panzootic affecting prawn aquaculture. The disease has spread rapidly around the prawn-culturing regions of the world through a number of previously identified mechanisms. The ability to distinguish and trace strains of WSSV is of great benefit to identify, and then limit, the translocation routes of the disease. Here, we describe a novel genotyping method using 34 short tandem repeat regions of the viral genome concurrently. This technique is highly sensitive to strain differences when compared to previous methods. The efficacy of the described method is demonstrated by testing WSSV isolates from around the globe, showing regional genotypic differences. The differences in the genotypes were used to create a global minimum spanning network, and in most cases the observed relationships were substantiated with verification of transboundary movement. This novel panel of STR markers will provide a valuable epidemiological tool for white spot disease. We have applied this to an outbreak of the disease in Queensland, Australia, that occurred in 2016. While the results indicate that the source of this outbreak currently remains cryptic, the analyses have provided valuable insights with which to further study the origins of the strains involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oakey
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia.
| | - C Smith
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - D Underwood
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - M Afsharnasab
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - V Alday-Sanz
- National Aquaculture Group, King Abdul Aziz Rd, Al Murjan, Jeddah, 23715, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A Dhar
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1041 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - S Sivakumar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A S Sahul Hameed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Beattie
- Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 41 George Street, Brisbane, 4000, Australia
| | - A Crook
- Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 41 George Street, Brisbane, 4000, Australia
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Yang F, Li S, Li F, Xiang J. A cuticle protein from the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei involved in WSSV infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:303-311. [PMID: 29274789 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major viral pathogen in global shrimp farming, causing huge economic damage. Through penetrating the outer surface of the target tissues, WSSV enters into the cells of the target tissue to complete the replication process in the host. In the present study, a cuticle protein gene from Litopenaeus vannamei, designated as LvAMP13.4, was identified and proved to be involved in WSSV invasion. The deduced amino acid sequence of LvAMP13.4 contained a signal peptide and a conserved chitin-binding domain type 4 (ChBD4). This cuticle protein gene was mainly expressed in stomach, gill and epidermis. The expression level of LvAMP13.4 was significantly changed during WSSV infection. Silencing of LvAMP13.4 by dsRNA interference apparently reduced the mortality rate and the WSSV copy number in shrimp upon WSSV infection. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid system and Co-IP assay were performed to confirm that LvAMP13.4 could interact with the major envelop protein VP24 of WSSV. These data indicated that LvAMP13.4 was involved in the invasion process of WSSV through interaction with VP24. The present results could provide new insights for us in understanding the role of host cuticle proteins during virus invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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11
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Verbruggen B, Bickley LK, van Aerle R, Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Santos EM, Tyler CR. Molecular Mechanisms of White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection and Perspectives on Treatments. Viruses 2016; 8:E23. [PMID: 26797629 PMCID: PMC4728583 DOI: 10.3390/v8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in the 1990s, White Spot Disease (WSD) has had major economic and societal impact in the crustacean aquaculture sector. Over the years shrimp farming alone has experienced billion dollar losses through WSD. The disease is caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), a large dsDNA virus and the only member of the Nimaviridae family. Susceptibility to WSSV in a wide range of crustacean hosts makes it a major risk factor in the translocation of live animals and in commodity products. Currently there are no effective treatments for this disease. Understanding the molecular basis of disease processes has contributed significantly to the treatment of many human and animal pathogens, and with a similar aim considerable efforts have been directed towards understanding host-pathogen molecular interactions for WSD. Work on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in aquatic crustaceans has been restricted by a lack of sequenced and annotated genomes for host species. Nevertheless, some of the key host-pathogen interactions have been established: between viral envelope proteins and host cell receptors at initiation of infection, involvement of various immune system pathways in response to WSSV, and the roles of various host and virus miRNAs in mitigation or progression of disease. Despite these advances, many fundamental knowledge gaps remain; for example, the roles of the majority of WSSV proteins are still unknown. In this review we assess current knowledge of how WSSV infects and replicates in its host, and critique strategies for WSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Verbruggen
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Lisa K Bickley
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Eduarda M Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
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12
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Cowley J. Nidoviruses of Fish and Crustaceans. AQUACULTURE VIROLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150020 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801573-5.00032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses with diverse virion architectures demarcated into four families in the order Nidovirales have been discovered in vertebrate mammalian and fish species, as well as in invertebrate crustacean and mosquito species. The order is unified by nidoviruses sharing intermediate (12.7 kb) to very long (31.7 kb) (+) ssRNA genomes, each possessing a long 5′-terminal gene encoding overlapping ORF1a and ORF1b reading frames that contain a diversity of functionally related enzymes and that are translated in toto using a −1 ribosomal frameshift mechanism, as well as by semiconserved strategies for transcribing a nested set of 3′-coterminal subgenomic mRNAs that translate the viral proteins. The nidovirus that is most important to an aquaculture species is yellow head virus (YHV), which causes disease in shrimp farmed throughout the Eastern Hemisphere and is classified in the genus Okavirus, family Roniviridae. Fathead minnow nidovirus, genus Bafinivirus, subfamily Torovirinae, family Coronaviridae, also causes disease in minnows grown for the baitfish industry in the United States. Virions similar in morphology to okaviruses and bafiniviruses have also been detected in several crab species. Of these, however, only Eriocheir sinensis ronivirus, which causes disease in the Chinese mitten crab, an important freshwater aquaculture species in China, has been shown to possess a ~22 kb ssRNA genome that supports its being a nidovirus, but its taxonomic classification awaits genome sequence analysis. This chapter provides an overview of the structure, replication and biology of these viruses with a particular focus on YHV disease characteristics, diagnostic methods and disease prevention strategies.
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Huang PH, Lu SC, Yang SH, Cai PS, Lo CF, Chang LK. Regulation of the immediate-early genes of white spot syndrome virus by Litopenaeus vannamei kruppel-like factor (LvKLF). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:364-372. [PMID: 24881625 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) belong to a subclass of Cys2/His2 zinc-finger DNA-binding proteins, and act as important regulators with diverse roles in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Our previous research showed that PmKLF from Penaeus monodon is crucial for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, yet the mechanisms by which PmKLF influences WSSV infection remain unclear. This study cloned KLF from Litopenaeus vannamei (LvKLF), which had 93% similarity with PmKLF. LvKLF formed a dimer via the C-terminal zinc-finger motif. Knockdown of LvKLF expression by dsRNA injection in WSSV-challenged shrimps was found to significantly inhibit the transcription of two important immediate-early (IE) genes, IE1 and WSSV304, and also reduced WSSV copy numbers. Moreover, reporter assays revealed that the promoter activities of these two WSSV IE genes were substantially enhanced by LvKLF. Mutations introduced in the promoter sequences of IE1 and WSSV304 were shown to abolish LvKLF activation of promoter activities; and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that LvKLF binds to putative KLF-response elements (KRE) in the promoters. Taken together, these results indicate that LvKLF transcriptional regulation of key IE genes is critical to WSSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Han Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chia Lu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Yang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Si Cai
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kwan Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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14
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Wang L, Li F, Wang B, Xiang J. A new shrimp peritrophin-like gene from Exopalaemon carinicauda involved in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:840-846. [PMID: 23811409 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peritrophin was first separated from insect peritrophic membrane (PM), and it played an important role in stimulating the digestion of food and protecting insects from invasion by microorganisms. In this study, a full-length cDNA of a new peritrophin-like protein (EcPT) was cloned from the ridgetail white shrimp Exopalaemon carinicauda, which was an excellent experimental animal for shrimp. The full length cDNA comprised 1235 bp including an 873 bp open reading frame encoding 291 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contained a segment of signal peptide and three conserved chitin binding type 2 domains (ChtBD2) characterized by having a 6-cysteine motif. Tissue expression analysis revealed that EcPT was mainly expressed in stomach and gills, which were also the two main target tissues of WSSV infection. The transcription levels of EcPT in both stomach and gills were found to have significantly changed upon WSSV infection by real-time PCR. Silencing EcPT by dsRNA interference led to higher survival rate of shrimp against WSSV challenge, which suggested that EcPT might be involved in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
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15
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Patil R, Shankar KM, Kumar BTN, Kulkarni A, Patil P, Moger N. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based flow-through immunoassay (FTA) for detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:753-762. [PMID: 23617699 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A flow-through immunoassay (FTA), an improved version of immunodot, was developed using a nitrocellulose membrane baked onto adsorbent pads enclosed in a plastic cassette to detect white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp. Sharp purple dots developed with WSSV against the white background of the nitrocellulose membrane. The detection limits of WSSV by the FTA and immunodot were 0.312 and 1.2 μg mL(-1) crude WSSV protein, respectively. The FTA could be completed in 8-10 min compared with 90 min for immunodot. The FTA was 100 times more sensitive than 1-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in between that of the 1- and 2-step PCR protocol recommended by the Office of International Epizootics (OIE). In experimental, orally infected shrimp post-larvae, WSSV was first detected 14, 16 and 18 h post-infection (hpi) by FTA, immunodot and one-step PCR, respectively. The FTA detected WSSV 2 and 4 h earlier than immunodot and one-step PCR, respectively. The FTA was more sensitive (25/27) than one-step PCR (23/27) and immunodot (23/27) for the detection of WSSV from white spot disease outbreak ponds. The reagent components of the FTA were stable giving expected results for 6 m at 4-8 °C. The FTA is available as a rapid test kit called 'RapiDot' for the early detection of WSSV under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Patil
- Fish Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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16
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Aranguren LF, Tang KFJ, Lightner DV. Protection from yellow head virus (YHV) infection in Penaeus vannamei pre-infected with Taura syndrome virus (TSV). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 98:185-192. [PMID: 22535868 DOI: 10.3354/dao02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei that were pre-exposed to Taura syndrome virus (TSV) and then challenged with yellow head virus (YHV) acquired partial protection from yellow head disease (YHD). Experimental infections were carried out using specific-pathogen-free (SPF) shrimp which were first exposed per os to TSV; at 27, 37 and 47 d post infection they were then challenged by injection with 1 × 104 copies of YHV per shrimp (designated the TSV-YHV group). Shrimp not infected with TSV were injected with YHV as a positive control. Survival analyses comparing the TSV-YHV and YHV (positive control) groups were conducted, and significant survival rates were found for all the time groups (p < 0.001). A higher final survival was found in the TSV-YHV group (mean 55%) than in the positive control (0%) (p < 0.05). Duplex reverse transcription quantitative PCR was used to quantify both TSV and YHV. Lower YHV copy numbers were found in the TSV-YHV group than in the positive control in pleopods (3.52 × 109 vs. 1.88 × 1010 copies µg RNA-1) (p < 0.001) and lymphoid organ (LO) samples (3.52 × 109 vs. 1.88 × 1010 copies µg RNA-1) (p < 0.01). In situ hybridization assays were conducted, and differences in the distribution of the 2 viruses in the target tissues were found. The foci of LO were infected with TSV but were not infected with YHV. This study suggests that a viral interference effect exists between TSV and YHV, which could, in part, explain the absence of YHD in the Americas, where P. vannamei are often raised in farms where TSV is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Aranguren
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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17
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Oidtmann B, Stentiford GD. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) concentrations in crustacean tissues: a review of data relevant to assess the risk associated with commodity trade. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:469-82. [PMID: 21624105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the available peer reviewed literature on pathogen load for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in species susceptible to infection. Data on pathogen load in traded commodities are relevant for undertaking import risk assessments for a specific pathogen. Data were available for several of the major penaeid shrimp species farmed for aquaculture and for one crab and crayfish species. Most data are based on experimental infection, but some data were available for farmed or wild shrimp. Owing to the unavailability of immortal cell lines to determine viral load of viable virus, quantitative PCR was the main method used for quantification. The viral loads measured in shrimp at the onset of mortality events were extremely high (in the order of 10(9) -10(10) copy numbers gram(-1) of tissue). In a farm setting, the onset of increased mortalities will often trigger emergency harvests. Therefore, shrimp obtained from emergency harvests are likely to carry substantial concentrations of viral particles. Viral load did not vary greatly with tissue type. The WSSV load in wild crustaceans, farmed crustaceans not undergoing a mortality event or survivors of a mortality event was significantly lower (usually by multiple logs). Studies have also been undertaken in 'vaccinated' shrimp. One of the 'vaccines' led to a significant reduction of viral load in WSSV-exposed animals. The data obtained from the literature review are put into context with published information on minimal infectious dose and WSSV survival in frozen commodity shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oidtmann
- Epidemiology and Risk Team, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
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18
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John KR, George MR, Iyappan T, Thangarani AJ, Jeyaseelan MJP. Indian isolates of white spot syndrome virus exhibit variations in their pathogenicity and genomic tandem repeats. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:749-758. [PMID: 20690959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To detect genomic variation of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) isolates from different geographical regions of India, the variable number of the tandem repeat (VNTR) region of the ORF 94 (Thailand WSSV isolate - GeneBank Accession No. AF369029) was analysed using five specific sets of primers. Analysis of 70 WSSV-positive samples showed the presence of 14 different genotypes of WSSV with VNTRs ranging from 2 to 16 tandem repeats with the majority (85.47%) having 6-12 tandem repeats. Occurrence of different genotypes of WSSV was found to be neither correlated to any specific geographical region nor to the different growth stage of the tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Pathogenicity studies conducted with 25 isolates of WSSV revealed the presence of virulent and avirulent strains of WSSV in Indian shrimp farms. However, an unambiguous link could not be established between the different genotypes and their virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R John
- Department of Aquaculture, Tamilnadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin, India.
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19
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Cedano-Thomas Y, De La Rosa-Vélez J, Bonami JR, Vargas-Albores F. Gene expression kinetics of the yellow head virus in experimentally infected Litopenaeus vannamei. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2010; 41:1432-1443. [PMID: 32313428 PMCID: PMC7159739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The yellow head virus (YHV) has been reported to be one of most pathogenic viruses for cultivated shrimp; however, serious problems have only been reported in farms in south and southeastern Asian. Recently, a YHV strain was detected in Litopenaeus vannamei cultivated in Mexican farms that lacked virus-associated mortalities or epizooties, and the animals were apparently healthy. The identity of the virus was confirmed by sequencing replicative and structural protein-encoding regions and comparing with homologous virus sequences. Phylogenic relationships and genetic distances were also determined and, although some differences were observed, an influence on virulence was uncertain. In addition, the expression levels of several transcripts (3CLPRO, POL, GP64 and GP116) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction during an experimental infection. Although the transcript showed varying kinetics, viral genes were expressed in infected L. vannamei, demonstrating the replicative capability of this YHV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean Robert Bonami
- Pathogens and Environment, UMR 5119, ECOLAG, CNRS/UM2, cc 093, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier Cedex, France
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20
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Sahoo AK, Mohan CV, Shankar KM, Corsin F, Turnbull JF, Thakur PC, Hao NV, Morgan KL, Padiyar AP. Clinical white spot disease status in Penaeus monodon during the middle of the culture period - its epidemiological significance. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:609-615. [PMID: 20298451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Sahoo
- Fish Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
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21
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Pathological changes in Fenneropenaeus indicus experimentally infected with white spot virus and virus morphogenesis. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 102:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Reyes-López MA, Salazar-Marroquín EL, Oliva-Hernández AA, Salinas-López N, Narváez-Zapata JA. White-spot syndrome virus diagnostics in frozen shrimp stocks imported to Mexico. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11358120902907030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Walker PJ, Mohan CV. Viral disease emergence in shrimp aquaculture: origins, impact and the effectiveness of health management strategies. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2009; 1:125-154. [PMID: 32328167 PMCID: PMC7169130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-5131.2009.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp aquaculture has grown rapidly over several decades to become a major global industry that serves the increasing consumer demand for seafood and has contributed significantly to socio-economic development in many poor coastal communities. However, the ecological disturbances and changes in patterns of trade associated with the development of shrimp farming have presented many of the pre-conditions for the emergence and spread of disease. Shrimp are displaced from their natural environments, provided artificial or alternative feeds, stocked in high density, exposed to stress through changes in water quality and are transported nationally and internationally, either live or as frozen product. These practices have provided opportunities for increased pathogenicity of existing infections, exposure to new pathogens, and the rapid transmission and transboundary spread of disease. Not surprisingly, a succession of new viral diseases has devastated the production and livelihoods of farmers and their sustaining communities. This review examines the major viral pathogens of farmed shrimp, the likely reasons for their emergence and spread, and the consequences for the structure and operation of the shrimp farming industry. In addition, this review discusses the health management strategies that have been introduced to combat the major pathogens and the reasons that disease continues to have an impact, particularly on poor, small-holder farmers in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Walker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - C. V. Mohan
- Network of Aquaculture Centers Asia‐Pacific (NACA), Kasetsart University Campus, Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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25
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Possible vector species and live stages of susceptible species not transmitting disease as regards certain crustacean diseases - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Munro J, Owens L. Yellow head-like viruses affecting the penaeid aquaculture industry: a review. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2007; 38:893-908. [PMID: 32313427 PMCID: PMC7159690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on relevant scientific information regarding the current knowledge of the yellow head complex viruses, yellow head virus and gill-associated virus. The yellow head complex viruses have been problematic within the aquaculture industry for over 10 years and still retain their research topicality. Presently, there are numerous research papers from different journals covering the identification, disease expression and spread, pathogenesis, detection, morphology, genomic sequence and protein profiles of the yellow head complex viruses. Indeed, there has been no extensive review to compare these studies, and as a corollary, to assess flaws in contemporary research and knowledge. Additionally, the yellow head complex viruses rank within the top four prawn viruses with respect to disease impact and economic loss. This review collectively reports on all the findings and current methods of research and aims to identify weak areas of research where conclusions have been unjustifiably drawn and furthermore to elucidate areas that have a gap of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh Owens
- Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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27
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de la Rosa-Vélez J, Cedano-Thomas Y, Cid-Becerra J, Méndez-Payán JC, Vega-Pérez C, Zambrano-García J, Bonami JR. Presumptive detection of yellow head virus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and dot-blot hybridization in Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris cultured on the Northwest coast of Mexico. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:717-26. [PMID: 17169104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the presence of yellow head virus (YHV) in shrimp farms along the Pacific coast of Mexico, 39 samples from 26 randomly chosen farms were analysed by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and dot-blot hybridization. Eleven samples were positive for YHV. The disease was reproduced by means of an infectivity bioassay performed with an extract of pleopods from the positive samples. Cumulative mortality reached 50% in 14 days. Four pairs of primers which amplified several YHV genome regions were designed and used to test dead and surviving shrimp from the bioassay by RT-PCR, resulting in positive results for every expected amplicon. The results of this study provide presumptive evidence of the presence of YHV in Mexican shrimp farms at least during 1999-2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de la Rosa-Vélez
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico.
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28
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Jiravanichpaisal P, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. Effect of water temperature on the immune response and infectivity pattern of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in freshwater crayfish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 17:265-275. [PMID: 15276606 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Revised: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of two species of freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus and Astacus astacus, to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) by intramuscular injection was compared and the results show that both species are susceptible to WSSV. The effect of water temperature on the development of white spot disease in crayfish was also studied. Crayfish were exposed to different temperatures after WSSV injection or oral exposure and the mortalities were recorded over a period of 45 days. No mortality was observed when crayfish were held at 4+/-2 degrees C or 12+/-2 degrees C and reached 100% when these crayfish transferred to 22+/-2 degrees C. The mortalities of nearly moribund crayfish at 22+/-2 degrees C with WSSV could be delayed after transfer to temperature below 16 degrees C. These results clearly show that low temperature affects the WSSV pathogenicity in crayfish. Moreover, haemocyte counts, phenoloxidase activity, mRNA levels of prophenoloxidase (proPO) and the lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) in crayfish exposed to various water temperatures were studied. Total haemocyte and granular cell counts of crayfish held at different temperatures were not significantly (P>0.05) different, except for the total haemocyte number at 18 degrees C was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in crayfish at 4 degrees C. The percentage of granular cells in crayfish held at 4 degrees C was the highest compared to crayfish maintained at other temperatures. The phenoloxidase activities in haemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS) of crayfish at all temperature groups remained similar. The amount of proPO-mRNAs in haemocytes was much higher than the amount of LGBP-m RNAs in all the experimental groups. However, there was no change in the level of pro PO-mRNA at the tested temperatures. Interestingly, the level of LGBP-mRNA of crayfish kept at 22 degrees C was much lower than in those held at lower temperatures. Proliferation of the haematopoietic tissues was higher at high temperatures which may support replication of WSSV, and explain the high mortality of crayfish with WSSV infection at high temperature. Based on these studies it is concluded that crayfish might act as a carrier of WSSV at low water temperature and could develop white spot disease if the water temperature is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pikul Jiravanichpaisal
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Dhar AK, Cowley JA, Hasson KW, Walker PJ. Genomic organization, biology, and diagnosis of Taura syndrome virus and yellowhead virus of penaeid shrimp. Adv Virus Res 2004; 63:353-421. [PMID: 15530565 PMCID: PMC7127055 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(04)63006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Dhar
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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30
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Rajendran KV, Mukherjee SC, Vijayan KK, Jung SJ, Kim YJ, Oh MJ. A comparative study of white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp from India and Korea. J Invertebr Pathol 2003; 84:173-6. [PMID: 14726240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K V Rajendran
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India.
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31
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Treasurer JW. A review of potential pathogens of sea lice and the application of cleaner fish in biological control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2002; 58:546-558. [PMID: 12138621 DOI: 10.1002/ps.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There are many examples of successful biological control of pest populations in aquatic environments. This approach to sea louse control has environmental benefits and is cost-effective. The range of possible pathogens of lice is reviewed and epibionts recorded from sea lice, including the monogenean Udonella caligorum and ciliates, are examined. Baculoviruses when ingested by insects form occlusion bodies resulting in severe damage to the digestive system and subsequent death, and this may be a promising approach. Cleaner wrasse (Labridae) have been stocked commercially with farmed salmon since 1989, and recent work on improving the method is reviewed. Wrasse are sourced from a wild fishery and stocked at ratios of 1 to 25-150 salmon. Over 5 million wrasse are stocked annually in Norway and c 30% of smolts in Scotland were stocked with wrasse until 1998, when an outbreak of infections salmon anaemia (ISA) deterred many farmers from transferring wild fish to cages. A case study is given showing that salmon in cages stocked with wrasse had a burden of one to eight lice through the first year compared with up to 40 lice per fish on unprotected and untreated fish. Electivity indices were used to compare the relative composition of lice developmental stages on salmon in stocked and unstocked cages, and adult male and female lice were found to comprise only 6% of the population in cages with wrasse, compared with 49% adults on fish in control cages. Measures to improve the efficacy of wrasse as a way of cleaning salmon in the second production year include the use of refuges to assist over-wintering survival, and stocking ballan wrasse. Health hygiene includes sourcing wrasse in the farm locality, testing for pathogens, vaccination of wrasse and ultimately rearing wrasse for stocking. The role of wrasse in an IPM strategy is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Treasurer
- Marine Harvest (Scotland) Ltd, Lochailort, Inverness-shire PH38 4LZ, UK.
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