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Cox N, De Swaef E, Corteel M, Van Den Broeck W, Bossier P, Nauwynck HJ, Dantas-Lima JJ. Experimental Infection Models and Their Usefulness for White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Research in Shrimp. Viruses 2024; 16:813. [PMID: 38793694 PMCID: PMC11125927 DOI: 10.3390/v16050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is marked as one of the most economically devastating pathogens in shrimp aquaculture worldwide. Infection of cultured shrimp can lead to mass mortality (up to 100%). Although progress has been made, our understanding of WSSV's infection process and the virus-host-environment interaction is far from complete. This in turn hinders the development of effective mitigation strategies against WSSV. Infection models occupy a crucial first step in the research flow that tries to elucidate the infectious disease process to develop new antiviral treatments. Moreover, since the establishment of continuous shrimp cell lines is a work in progress, the development and use of standardized in vivo infection models that reflect the host-pathogen interaction in shrimp is a necessity. This review critically examines key aspects of in vivo WSSV infection model development that are often overlooked, such as standardization, (post)larval quality, inoculum type and choice of inoculation procedure, housing conditions, and shrimp welfare considerations. Furthermore, the usefulness of experimental infection models for different lines of WSSV research will be discussed with the aim to aid researchers when choosing a suitable model for their research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Cox
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | | | - Mathias Corteel
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
| | - Wim Van Den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Moh JHZ, Okomoda VT, Mohamad N, Waiho K, Noorbaiduri S, Sung YY, Manan H, Fazhan H, Ma H, Abualreesh MH, Ikhwanuddin M. Morinda citrifolia fruit extract enhances the resistance of Penaeus vannamei to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5668. [PMID: 38454039 PMCID: PMC10920830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium implicated as the causative agent of several shrimp diseases. As part of the effort to provide biocontrol and cost-effective treatments, this research was designed to elucidate the effect of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract on the immunity of Penaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL) to V. parahaemolyticus. The methanol extract of M. citrifolia was vacuum evaporated, and the bioactive compounds were detected using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS). Thereafter, P. vannamei PL diets were supplemented with M. citrifolia at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/g) and administered for 30 days before 24 h of exposure to the bacterium V. parahaemolyticus. A total of 45 bioactive compounds were detected in the methanol extract of M. citrifolia, with cyclononasiloxane and octadecamethyl being the most abundant. The survival of P. vannamei PLs fed the extract supplement was better than that of the control group (7.1-26.7% survival greater than that of the control group) following V. parahaemolyticus infection. Shrimp fed 50 mg/g M. citrifolia had the highest recorded survival. The activities of digestive and antioxidant enzymes as well as hepatopancreatic cells were significantly reduced, except for those of lipase and hepatopancreatic E-cells, which increased following challenge with V. parahaemolyticus. Histological assessment of the hepatopancreas cells revealed reduced cell degeneration following the administration of the plant extracts (expecially those fed 50 mg/g M. citrifolia) compared to that in the control group. Therefore, the enhanced immunity against V. parahaemolyticus infection in P. vannamei could be associated with the improved hepatopancreas health associated with M. citrifolia fruit extract supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hwei Zhong Moh
- Curtin Aquaculture Research Lab, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Victor Tosin Okomoda
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University (Formerly Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria.
| | - Nurshahieda Mohamad
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Khor Waiho
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Shaibani Noorbaiduri
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hidayah Manan
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Muyassar H Abualreesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China.
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Campus C, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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Cox N, De Swaef E, Corteel M, Van Den Broeck W, Bossier P, Dantas-Lima JJ, Nauwynck HJ. The Way of Water: Unravelling White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Transmission Dynamics in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp. Viruses 2023; 15:1824. [PMID: 37766231 PMCID: PMC10534367 DOI: 10.3390/v15091824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot disease (WSD) is a severe viral threat to the global shrimp aquaculture industry. However, little is known about white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) transmission dynamics. Our aim was to elucidate this in Litopenaeus vannamei using peroral in vivo WSSV challenge experiments. We demonstrated that WSD progression was rapid and irreversible, leading to death within 78 h. Viral DNA shedding was detected within 6 h of disease onset. This shedding intensified over time, reaching a peak within 12 h of the time of death. Isolating shrimp (clinically healthy and diseased) from infected populations at different time points post-inoculation showed that host-to-host WSSV transmission was occurring around the time of death. Exposing sentinels to environmental components (i.e., water, feces, molts) collected from tanks housing WSSV-infected shrimp resulted in a significantly (p-value < 0.05) increased infection risk after exposure to water (1.0) compared to the risk of infection after exposure to feces (0.2) or molts (0.0). Furthermore, ingestion of WSSV-infected tissues (cannibalism) did not cause a significantly higher number of WSD cases compared to immersion in water in which the same degree of cannibalism had taken place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Cox
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | | | - Mathias Corteel
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
| | - Wim Van Den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | | | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Wssv susceptibility in the early life stages of penaeus vannamei shows relationship with bodyweight. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107912. [PMID: 36924987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) continues to cause considerable loss to shrimp farmers globally with frequent outbreaks even in specific pathogen free Peneaus vannamei. Our studies showed that the bodyweight (BW) of PL has a bearing on their susceptibility to the virus. To test this hypothesis, PL of the same age group and family were grouped according to BW (10-20, 30-40, and 50-60 mg) and challenged through immersion route with two viral doses (106 and 107 virus copies/L of water). It was observed that the PL became susceptible to WSSV at ≥50 mg BW. In the 50-60 mg PL group, the higher challenge dose shows a sharp mortality curve with 100% mortality at 10 days post immersion, while the lower dose shows a steady increase in cumulative mortality that reaches 100% on the 13th day post immersion. The study also brings out that an in vivo viral load of approximately 3.5 to 4.5×107WSSV copies/100 ng shrimp DNA results in mortality. This is the first report on the relationship between BW and WSSV susceptibility in shrimp PL. Also reported here is a quantitative assessment of WSSV infection in P. vannamei PL and an optimized challenge protocol.
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Millard RS, Bickley LK, Bateman KS, Verbruggen B, Farbos A, Lange A, Moore KA, Stentiford GD, Tyler CR, van Aerle R, Santos EM. Resistance to white spot syndrome virus in the European shore crab is associated with suppressed virion trafficking and heightened immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057421. [PMID: 36636327 PMCID: PMC9831657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction All decapod crustaceans are considered potentially susceptible to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection, but the degree of White Spot Disease (WSD) susceptibility varies widely between species. The European shore crab Carcinus maenas can be infected with the virus for long periods of time without signs of disease. Given the high mortality rate of susceptible species, the differential susceptibility of these resistant hosts offers an opportunity to investigate mechanisms of disease resistance. Methods Here, the temporal transcriptional responses (mRNA and miRNA) of C. maenas following WSSV injection were analysed and compared to a previously published dataset for the highly WSSV susceptible Penaeus vannamei to identify key genes, processes and pathways contributing to increased WSD resistance. Results We show that, in contrast to P. vannamei, the transcriptional response during the first 2 days following WSSV injection in C. maenas is limited. During the later time points (7 days onwards), two groups of crabs were identified, a recalcitrant group where no replication of the virus occurred, and a group where significant viral replication occurred, with the transcriptional profiles of the latter group resembling those of WSSV-susceptible species. We identify key differences in the molecular responses of these groups to WSSV injection. Discussion We propose that increased WSD resistance in C. maenas may result from impaired WSSV endocytosis due to the inhibition of internal vesicle budding by dynamin-1, and a delay in movement to the nucleus caused by the downregulation of cytoskeletal transcripts required for WSSV cytoskeleton docking, during early stages of the infection. This response allows resistant hosts greater time to fine-tune immune responses associated with miRNA expression, apoptosis and the melanisation cascade to defend against, and clear, invading WSSV. These findings suggest that the initial stages of infection are key to resistance to WSSV in the crab and highlight possible pathways that could be targeted in farmed crustacean to enhance resistance to WSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Millard
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom,Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Rebecca S. Millard, ; Eduarda M. Santos,
| | - Lisa K. Bickley
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly S. Bateman
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom,Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bas Verbruggen
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Farbos
- University of Exeter Sequencing Facility, Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Lange
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A. Moore
- University of Exeter Sequencing Facility, Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Grant D. Stentiford
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom,Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom,Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Eduarda M. Santos
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Rebecca S. Millard, ; Eduarda M. Santos,
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Suryakodi S, Nafeez Ahmed A, Badhusha A, Santhosh Kumar S, Sivakumar S, Abdul Majeed S, Taju G, Rahamathulla S, Sahul Hameed AS. First report on the occurrence of white spot syndrome virus, infectious myonecrosis virus and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in Penaeus vannamei reared in freshwater systems. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:699-706. [PMID: 35184289 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Samples of white leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, were collected on a monthly basis from freshwater ponds with the salinity of 0 ppt located at Tiruvannamalai and Villupuram districts in Tamil Nadu, India for screening of viral and fungal pathogens. Totally, 130 shrimp samples were collected from 67 freshwater ponds and screened for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) by PCR and RT-PCR using pathogen-specific primers. Among the samples screened, one sample was found to be positive to WSSV, two samples showed positive to IMNV and two samples positive for EHP. No sample showed positive to IHHNV. The WSSV detected in the sample was found to be a new strain of WSSV and highly virulent. The inoculum prepared from freshwater reared WSSV or IMNV-infected shrimp caused 100% mortality in experimental infection studies. The PCR and RT-PCR results revealed the presence of WSSV and IMNV in different organs of experimentally infected shrimp, respectively. No clinical signs were observed in experimentally EHP-injected shrimp, although the PCR results revealed the presence of EHP in experimentally infected shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvam Suryakodi
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdul Nafeez Ahmed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Allahbagash Badhusha
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Santhosh Kumar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvam Sivakumar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Seepoo Abdul Majeed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gani Taju
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Syed Rahamathulla
- Pathgene Healthcare Private Limited, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Azeez Sait Sahul Hameed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, Tamil Nadu, India
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Effect of a Black Soldier Fly Ingredient on the Growth Performance and Disease Resistance of Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051450. [PMID: 34070178 PMCID: PMC8158473 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study investigates the use of a Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) ingredient in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diets at various inclusion rates (4.5, 7.5, and 10.5%), monitoring both the growth performance and then health performance in the face of three separate challenges (White spot syndrome virus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and osmotic stress). This work showed that growth performance (measured through weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rate) of L. vannamei was significantly improved in a linear trend with the inclusion of the Black soldier fly ingredient (p < 0.05), whilst health performance was not significantly altered. Overall, the Black soldier fly ingredient proves to be a promising additive for L. vannamei diets, impacting performance and sustainability positively. Abstract This study was performed as part of developing a functional feed ingredient for juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Here we assess the effects of dietary inclusion of a Black Soldier Fly Ingredient (BSFI) from defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth performance, tolerance to salinity stress, and disease resistance when challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus or a strain of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). A control diet was used for comparison with three test diets including 4.5, 7.5, and 10.5% of BSFI (BSFI4.5, BSFI7.5, and BSFI10.5). After 28 days, all diets with BSFI had improved weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to control. Indeed, SGR was significantly improved from inclusion of 4.5% in the diet, whilst FCR was significantly improved at 7.5% (p < 0.05). During the growth trial, survival was not affected by diet. Shrimp health performance was not significantly affected by the diets across the disease and salinity challenges. Overall, the results indicate that the inclusion of BSFI from H. illucens improves the performance of juvenile L. vannamei.
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The shrimp nephrocomplex serves as a major portal of pathogen entry and is involved in the molting process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28374-28383. [PMID: 33097672 PMCID: PMC7668069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013518117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever-growing human population faces problems providing sufficient animal proteins. For shellfish, wild catch is supplemented by aquaculture to meet this increasing global demand. However, aquaculture faces serious problems with infectious diseases. One of the main problems for oriented disease control is lack of information on pathogen entry in the host. The present study fully describes the anatomy of the shrimp’s excretory organ, the antennal gland, identifying the organ as a major portal candidate. Additional findings show that pathogens may indeed enter through this organ naturally, infecting shrimp. We also demonstrate involvement in molting. These insights into the molting process and pathogen entry open doors in fundamental biology and the potential development of disease control measures. Viruses, such as white spot syndrome virus, and bacteria, such as Vibrio species, wreak havoc in shrimp aquaculture [C. M. Escobedo-Bonilla et al., J. Fish. Dis. 31, 1–18 (2008)]. As the main portal of entry for shrimp-related pathogens remain unclear, infectious diseases are difficult to prevent and control. Because the cuticle is a strong pathogen barrier, regions lacking cuticular lining, such as the shrimp’s excretory organ, “the antennal gland,” are major candidate entry portals [M. Corteel et al., Vet. Microbiol. 137, 209–216 (2009)]. The antennal gland, up until now morphologically underexplored, is studied using several imaging techniques. Using histology-based three-dimensional technology, we demonstrate that the antennal gland resembles a kidney, connected to a urinary bladder with a nephropore (exit opening) and a complex of diverticula, spread throughout the cephalothorax. Micromagnetic resonance imaging of live shrimp not only confirms the histology-based model, but also indicates that the filling of the diverticula is linked to the molting cycle and possibly involved therein. Based on function and complexity, we propose to rename the antennal gland as the “nephrocomplex.” By an intrabladder inoculation, we showed high susceptibility of this nephrocomplex to both white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio infection compared to peroral inoculation. An induced drop in salinity allowed the virus to enter the nephrocomplex in a natural way and caused a general infection followed by death; fluorescent beads were used to demonstrate that particles may indeed enter through the nephropore. These findings pave the way for oriented disease control in shrimp.
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Hernández-Pérez A, Noonin C, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. Environmental concentrations of sulfamethoxazole increase crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus susceptibility to White Spot Syndrome Virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:177-184. [PMID: 32311459 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics used for humans and livestock are emerging as pollutants in aquatic environments. However, little is known about their effect on aquatic organisms, especially in crustaceans. In the present study, the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus was exposed during 21 days to environmental concentrations of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (100 ng/L and 1 μg/L). Subsequently, the crayfish susceptibility to infection was evaluated by using White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) challenge, a well-known crustacean pathogen. The median survival time of the infected crayfish exposed to 100 ng/L SMX was one day, whereas the control and the group exposed to 1 μg/L SMX survived for two and three days, respectively. In order to elucidate the effect of SMX upon the crayfish immune response, new sets of crayfish were exposed to the same SMX treatments to evaluate mRNA levels of immune-related genes which are expressed and present in hemocytes and intestine, and to perform total and differential hemocyte counts. These results show a significant down-regulation of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) Crustin 3 in hemocytes from the 100 ng/L SMX group, as well as a significant up-regulation of the AMP Crustin 1 in intestines from the 1 μg/L SMX group. Semigranular and total hemocyte cell number were observed to be significantly lower after exposure to 100 ng/L SMX in comparison with the control group. The present study demonstrates that environmentally relevant SMX concentrations in the water at 100 ng/L led to an increased WSSV susceptibility, that may have been caused by a reduction of circulating hemocytes. Nevertheless, SMX concentrations of 1 μg/L could marginally and for a few days have an immunostimulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Hernández-Pérez
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- SciLife Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- SciLife Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Govindaraju K, Dilip Itroutwar P, Veeramani V, Ashok Kumar T, Tamilselvan S. Application of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Disease Management of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Aquaculture. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Korkut GG, Noonin C, Söderhäll K. The effect of temperature on white spot disease progression in a crustacean, Pacifastacus leniusculus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 89:7-13. [PMID: 30071208 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of temperature on the progression of White Spot Disease (WSD) have been studied in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. In this study, we aimed to understand the reason for previously observed low mortalities with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected crayfish at low temperatures. The susceptibility of freshwater crayfish to WSSV was studied at different temperatures. The mortality rate at 6 °C was zero, meanwhile the animals kept at 22 °C developed WSD symptoms and died in a few days after WSSV injections, however upon transfer of animals from 6 °C to 22 °C the mortality reached 100% indicating that the virus is not cleared at 6 °C. Moreover, the VP28 expression at 6 °C was significantly lower compared to animals kept at 22 °C. We injected animals with demecolcine, an inhibitor that arrests the cell cycle in metaphase, and observed a delayed mortality. Furthermore, the VP28 expression was found to be lower in these animals receiving both injections with WSSV and demecolcine since cell proliferation was inhibited by demecolcine. We quantified WSSV copy numbers and found that virus entry was blocked at 6 °C, but not in demecolcine treatments. We supported this result by quantifying the expression of a clip domain serine protease (PlcSP) which plays an important role for WSSV binding, and we found that the PlcSP expression was inhibited at 6 °C. Therefore, our hypothesis is that the WSSV needs proliferating cells to replicate, and an optimum temperature to enter the host hematopoietic stem cells successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Gizem Korkut
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Xie XL, Chang XJ, Gao Y, Li DL, Liu LK, Liu MJ, Wang KJ, Liu HP. An Ns1abp-like gene promotes white spot syndrome virus infection by interacting with the viral envelope protein VP28 in red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:264-272. [PMID: 29510164 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus non-structural-1A binding protein (named as Ns1abp) was originally identified as a host protein from human that bound to the viral NS-1 protein. In our previous study, the expression of an Ns1abp-like gene (denoted as CqNs1abp-like gene) was found to be up-regulated in a transcriptome library from the haematopoietic tissue (Hpt) cells of red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus post white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. To elucidate the role of CqNs1abp-like gene involved in WSSV infection, we cloned the CqNs1abp-like gene in which the open reading frame was 2232 bp, encoding 743 amino acids with two typical domains of one BTB (Broad-Complex, Tramtrack and Bric a brac) domain at N-terminal and six Kelch domains at C-terminal. The gene expression profile showed that the mRNA transcript of CqNs1abp-like gene was widely expressed in all the tested tissues with highest expression in nerve, relatively high expression in Hpt and lowest expression in eyestalk. Importantly, both the WSSV entry and the viral replication were significantly reduced in Hpt cells after gene silencing of CqNs1abp-like gene. By using protein pull-down assay, we found that the recombinant BTB domain, six Kelch domains and CqNs1abp-like intact protein were all bound to the WSSV envelope protein VP28, respectively, in which the BTB domain showed slightly less binding affinity than that of the six Kelch domains or the recombinant intact protein. Besides, the WSSV entry into Hpt cells was clearly decreased when the virus was pre-incubated with the recombinant BTB domain, six Kelch domains, or the recombinant CqNs1abp-like intact protein, respectively, suggesting that the CqNs1abp-like gene was likely to function as a putative recognition molecular towards WSSV infection in a crustacean C. quadricarinatus. Taken together, these data shed new light on the mechanism of WSSV infection and a putatively novel target on anti-WSSV infection in crustacean farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Dong-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ling-Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Man-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources (Xiamen University), State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources (Xiamen University), State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China.
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13
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Spontaneous white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in mud crab (Scylla serrata Forskal 1775) fattening pens farm of south east coast of India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Jiang L, Xiao J, Liu L, Pan Y, Yan S, Wang Y. Characterization and prevalence of a novel white spot syndrome viral genotype in naturally infected wild crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, in Shanghai, China. Virusdisease 2017; 28:250-261. [PMID: 29291211 PMCID: PMC5685005 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection is commonly detected by vp28-qPCR assay in wild crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, a widespread crustacean species in the aquatic environment in China. The virions of crayfish WSSV have been isolated and purified. Based on TEM observation, they exhibited morphological structures that are identical to known WSSV. In addition, the WSSV major envelope protein VP28 was observed based on Western blot analysis of the total structural proteins of crayfish WSSV. PCR amplification and sequencing analyses of variable regions of ORF14/15, ORF23/24 and ORF94, along with viral genomic sequencing and phylogenomic analysis, indicated that the crayfish WSSV, named WSSV-CN-Pc, represents a new WSSV genotype. Intramuscular injection bioassay revealed that WSSV-CN-Pc was as virulent as the WSSV Taiwan strain. The WSSV-CN-Pc exhibited characteristics of a dominant genotype, with high infection load (107-108 WSSV/mg) and high prevalence (91.7%, 110 of 120 crayfish samples) observed in the surveyed wild crayfish. WSSV-CN-Pc was also detected, with similar infection pattern as observed in crayfish, in farmed Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp that shared similar ecological niches with the sampled crayfish. Our results indicated that there was horizontal transmission of WSSV-CN-Pc between crayfish and shrimp in nature. Our findings also implicated that crayfish and shrimp farming should be integrated and managed with cautions in order to reduce the risk of spread and circulation of WSSV in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhi Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinzhou Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuling Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yongjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Hernández-Pérez A, Rodríguez-Canul R, Torres-Irineo E, Mendoza-Cano F, Coronado-Molina DE, Zamora-Briseño JA, Hernández-López J. Early Detection of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Isolated Hemocytes of <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2017.61001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Van Thuong K, Van Tuan V, Li W, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P, Nauwynck H. Effects of acute change in salinity and moulting on the infection of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) with white spot syndrome virus upon immersion challenge. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1403-1412. [PMID: 27135899 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the field, moulting and salinity drop in the water due to excessive rainfall have been mentioned to be risk factors for WSSV outbreaks. Therefore, in this study, the effect of an acute change in environmental salinity and shedding of the old cuticle shell on the susceptibility of Penaeus vannamei to WSSV was evaluated by immersion challenge. For testing the effect of abrupt salinity stress, early premoult shrimp that were acclimated to 35 g L-1 were subjected to salinities of 50 g L-1 , 35 g L-1 , 20 g L-1 , 10 g L-1 and 7 g L-1 or 5 g L-1 and simultaneously exposed to 105.5 SID50 mL-1 of WSSV for 5 h, after which the salinity was brought back to 35 g L-1 . Shrimp that were transferred from 35 g L-1 to 50 g L-1 , 35 g L-1 and 20 g L-1 did not become infected with WSSV. Shrimp became infected with WSSV after an acute salinity drop from 35 g L-1 to 10 g L-1 and lower. The mortality in shrimp, subjected to a salinity change to 10 g L-1 , 7 g L-1 and 5 g L-1 , was 6.7%, 46.7% and 53.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). For testing the effect of moulting, shrimp in early premoult, moulting and post-moult were immersed in sea water containing 105.5 SID50 mL-1 of WSSV. The resulting mortality due to WSSV infection in shrimp inoculated during early premoult (0%), ecdysis (53.3%) and post-moult (26.72%) demonstrated that a significant difference exists in susceptibility of shrimp during the short moulting process (P < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that during a drop in environmental salinity lower than 10 g L-1 and ecdysis, shrimp are at risk for a WSSV infection. These findings have important implications for WSSV control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Thuong
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. ,
- Research Institute for Aquaculture Number 1. Dinhbang, Tuson, Bacninh, Vietnam. ,
| | - V Van Tuan
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - P Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - H Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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17
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Apitanyasai K, Noonin C, Tassanakajon A, Söderhäll I, Söderhäll K. Characterization of a hemocyte homeostasis-associated-like protein (HHAP) in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:429-435. [PMID: 27663854 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyte homeostasis-associated-like protein (HHAP) in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus has a distinct role from that of its homolog PmHHAP in the shrimp Penaeus monodon. Knockdown of PlHHAP in vitro using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) had no effect on the cell morphology of hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cells. The total hemocyte number and caspase activity were unchanged after PlHHAP knockdown in vivo, in contrast to the results found in shrimp. Moreover, suppression of PlHHAP both in vitro and in vivo did not change the mRNA levels of some genes involved in hematopoiesis and hemocyte homeostasis. Interestingly, bacterial count and scanning electron microscope revealed that depletion of PlHHAP in intestine by RNAi resulted in higher number of bacteria in the crayfish intestine. Together, these results suggest that PlHHAP is not involved in hemocyte homeostasis in the crayfish P. leniusculus but appears to affect the bacterial number in the intestine through an unknown mechanism. Since PlHHAP has different functions from PmHHAP, we therefore named it HHAP-like protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantamas Apitanyasai
- Department of Comparative of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Pace BT, Hawke JP, Subramanian R, Green CC. Experimental inoculation of Louisiana red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 120:143-150. [PMID: 27409237 DOI: 10.3354/dao03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii represents an important aquaculture species responsible for over half of all commercial aquaculture profits in Louisiana, USA. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is highly pathogenic in crustacean species and induces mass mortality in aquaculture operations worldwide. Natural outbreaks of WSSV occur yearly in cultured populations of crayfish in Louisiana. The goal of this study was to better understand the infectivity of WSSV in P. clarkii, by determining the minimum lethal dose necessary to initiate infection and to measure the resulting cumulative mortality following infection with different doses. A real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) method was used to detect WSSV in DNA extracted from gill tissue to ensure P. clarkii study populations were WSSV-free before the start of trials. Viable viral particles were isolated from naturally infected P. clarkii gill tissue and quantified using a novel digital PCR approach. Three infectivity trials were performed, and WSSV inocula were created by serial dilution, generating 5 treatments per trial. Five crayfish (weighing ~25 g) per dilution per trial received viral inoculations. Mortality was monitored daily for the duration of the trial in order to construct a median lethal dose (LD50) curve, and probit regression analysis was used to determine LD50 concentrations of viral particles. Knowledge of the infectivity of WSSV in native crayfish populations is of critical importance to the management of the commercial crayfish aquaculture industry in Louisiana. This is the first study to investigate the infectivity and to determine the LD50 of the Louisiana strain of WSSV in native crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barcley T Pace
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Aquaculture Research Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, USA
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19
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Söderhäll I. Crustacean hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:129-141. [PMID: 26721583 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Crustacean hemocytes are important mediators of immune reactions, and the regulation of hemocyte homeostasis is of utmost importance for the health of these animals. This review discusses the current knowledge on the lineages, synthesis and differentiation of hemocytes in crustaceans. Hematopoietic tissues, their origins, and the regulation of hematopoiesis during molting, seasonal variation and infection are discussed. Furthermore, studies concerning the molecular regulation of hemocyte formation in crustaceans are also described, and the different lineages and their molecular markers are discussed and compared with several insect species. Signaling pathways and the regulation of hematopoiesis by transcription factors are typically conserved among these arthropods, whereas cytokines and growth factors are more variable and species specific. However, considering the great diversity among the crustaceans, one should be cautious in drawing general conclusions from studies of only a few species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Thuong KV, Tuan VV, Li W, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P, Nauwynck H. Per os infectivity of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in white-legged shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and role of peritrophic membrane. Vet Res 2016; 47:39. [PMID: 26925835 PMCID: PMC4772295 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As earlier observations on peroral infectivity of WSSV in white-legged shrimp are conflicting, here, a standardized peroral intubation technique was used to examine (i) the role of the physical composition of the viral inoculum and (ii) the barrier function of the PM. In a first experiment, the infectivity of a WSSV stock was compared by determining the SID50 by intramuscular injection, peroral inoculation or via feeding. The following titers were obtained: 108.77 SID50/g by intramuscular injection, 101.23 SID50/g by peroral inoculation and 100.73 SID50/g by feeding. These results demonstrated that 107.54–108.03 infectious virus is needed to infect shrimp by peroral inoculation and via feeding. Next, it was examined if damage of the PM may increase the susceptibility for WSSV by peroral route. The infectivity of a virus stock was tested upon peroral inoculation of shrimp with and without removal of the PM and compared with the infectivity upon intramuscular inoculation. The virus titers obtained upon intramuscular injection and peroral inoculation of shrimp with and without PM were 108.63, 101.13 and 101.53 SID50/mL, respectively. This experiment confirmed the need of 107.1–107.5 infectious virus to infect shrimp via peroral route and showed that the removal of the PM slightly but not significantly (p > 0.05) facilitated the infection of shrimp. This study indicated that WSSV contaminated feed is poorly infectious via peroral route, whereas it is highly infectious when injected into shrimp. The PM plays a minor role as internal barrier of shrimp against WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuong Van Thuong
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Research institute for Aquaculture number 1, Dinhbang, Tuson, Bacninh, Vietnam.
| | - Vo Van Tuan
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Rozier 44, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Rozier 44, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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21
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Verbruggen B, Bickley LK, van Aerle R, Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Santos EM, Tyler CR. Molecular Mechanisms of White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection and Perspectives on Treatments. Viruses 2016; 8:E23. [PMID: 26797629 PMCID: PMC4728583 DOI: 10.3390/v8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in the 1990s, White Spot Disease (WSD) has had major economic and societal impact in the crustacean aquaculture sector. Over the years shrimp farming alone has experienced billion dollar losses through WSD. The disease is caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), a large dsDNA virus and the only member of the Nimaviridae family. Susceptibility to WSSV in a wide range of crustacean hosts makes it a major risk factor in the translocation of live animals and in commodity products. Currently there are no effective treatments for this disease. Understanding the molecular basis of disease processes has contributed significantly to the treatment of many human and animal pathogens, and with a similar aim considerable efforts have been directed towards understanding host-pathogen molecular interactions for WSD. Work on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in aquatic crustaceans has been restricted by a lack of sequenced and annotated genomes for host species. Nevertheless, some of the key host-pathogen interactions have been established: between viral envelope proteins and host cell receptors at initiation of infection, involvement of various immune system pathways in response to WSSV, and the roles of various host and virus miRNAs in mitigation or progression of disease. Despite these advances, many fundamental knowledge gaps remain; for example, the roles of the majority of WSSV proteins are still unknown. In this review we assess current knowledge of how WSSV infects and replicates in its host, and critique strategies for WSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Verbruggen
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Lisa K Bickley
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Eduarda M Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
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Zhu F, Jin M. The effects of a thermophile metabolite, tryptophol, upon protecting shrimp against white spot syndrome virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:777-781. [PMID: 26492993 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a shrimp pathogen responsible for significant economic loss in commercial shrimp farms and until now, there has been no effective approach to control this disease. In this study, tryptophol (indole-3-ethanol) was identified as a metabolite involved in bacteriophage-thermophile interactions. The dietary addition of tryptophol reduced the mortality in shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus when orally challenged with WSSV. Our results revealed that 50 mg/kg tryptophol has a better protective effect in shrimp than 10 or 100 mg/kg tryptophol. WSSV copies in shrimp were reduced significantly (P < 0.01) when supplemented with 50 mg/kg tryptophol, indicating that virus replication was inhibited by tryptophol. Consequently, tryptophol represents an effective antiviral dietary supplement for shrimp, and thus holds significant promise as a novel and efficient therapeutic approach to control WSSV in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Min Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China
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Apitanyasai K, Amparyup P, Charoensapsri W, Senapin S, Tassanakajon A. Role of Penaeus monodon hemocyte homeostasis associated protein (PmHHAP) in regulation of caspase-mediated apoptosis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:234-243. [PMID: 26111999 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The viral responsive protein, PmHHAP, plays an important role in the control of hemocyte homeostasis in shrimps during viral infection. In this study, we further investigate the role of PmHHAP in the regulation of hemocyte apoptosis. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated gene silencing was used to suppress the PmHHAP expression and the change in hemocyte apoptosis was determined in the knockdown shrimp. Within circulating hemocytes, PmHHAP knockdown increased the number of annexin V-positive apoptotic cells and the combined caspase-3/-7 activity and induced the characteristic apoptotic DNA ladder. Furthermore, PmHHAP down-regulation was accompanied by significantly altered expression of apoptosis-related proteins including the effector caspases, PmCaspase and PmCasp. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that PmHHAP binds to the p20 domain of PmCasp. Moreover, the recombinant PmHHAP protein was able to reduce the caspase activity in the actinomycin D-treated hemocyte cells and rPmCasp-treated hemocyte cells. Taken together, our data indicate that PmHHAP regulates hemocyte homeostasis by inhibits apoptotic cell death through caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantamas Apitanyasai
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Liu QH, Ma FF, Guan GK, Wang XF, Li C, Huang J. White spot syndrome virus VP51 interact with ribosomal protein L7 of Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:382-388. [PMID: 25736720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between viral structural proteins and host plays key functions in viral infection. In previous studies, most research have been undertaken to explore the interaction of envelope structural proteins with host molecules. However, how the nucleocapsid proteins of WSSV interacted with host molecules remained largely unknown. In this study, the interaction of nucleocapsid protein VP51 and ribosomal protein L7 of Litopenaeus vannamei (LvRPL7) was reported. Furthermore, the mRNA transcriptional response of LvRPL7 to WSSV was investigated. The results showed that LvRPL7 was widely distributed in all analyzed tissues of L. vannamei. The high expression levels of LvRPL7 were found in the tissues of muscle and gills. The temporal expression of LvRPL7 in WSSV-challenged shrimp showed that LvRPL7 was up-regulated (P < 0.5) in the muscle at 8 h and 24 h post WSSV challenge and then restored to the normal levels. But the LvRPL7 expression was up-regulated (P < 0.5) in the hepatopancreas at 8 h post WSSV challenge and down-regulated at 12 h and 24 h post WSSV challenge. Indirect immunofluorescence assay indicated that LvRPL7 was mainly located on the surface and cytoplasm of hemocytes. Far-Western blotting showed that VP51 bound with LvRPL7. Moreover, ELISA results appeared that LvRPL7 interacted with VP51 in concentration dependent manner. Neutralization assay in vivo showed that anti-LvRPL7 antibody significantly delayed WSSV infection. Our results reveal that LvRPL7 was involved in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Fang-Fang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Kuo Guan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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25
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Ding Z, Yao Y, Zhang F, Wan J, Sun M, Liu H, Zhou G, Tang J, Pan J, Xue H, Zhao Z. The first detection of white spot syndrome virus in naturally infected cultured Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis in China. J Virol Methods 2015; 220:49-54. [PMID: 25907468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An epidemic with a high mortality rate (80-100%) recently occurred in the cultured Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, which is a very important economic crustacean species in China. Using negative stain, histopathology and nested PCR supplemented by sequencing we identified white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in these crabs. Challenge experiments revealed that the disease was caused by WSSV and confirmed the crab's susceptibility to this virus, which was consistent with previous laboratory-based studies. A cumulative mortality of 100% was observed within 10 days post WSSV injection. This is the first report of WSSV-associated disease outbreaks in the Chinese mitten crab, which is normally reported as an important penaeid-shrimp viral pathogen. Furthermore, this is only the second report to describe a significant pathogen in pond-cultured E. sinensis. These results will enhance the early diagnosis of WSSV in the crab farms and help in monitoring efforts directed at determining the prevalence of the virus in E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfeng Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China.
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fengxiang Zhang
- Aquaculture Promotion Center of Xinghua City, 68 Changan Road, Xinghua 225700, China
| | - Jinjuan Wan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Mengling Sun
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Jianqing Tang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Jianlin Pan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China.
| | - Hui Xue
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China.
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, 8 Fenghuang East Street, Taizhou 225300, China.
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Tuyen NX, Verreth J, Vlak JM, de Jong MCM. Horizontal transmission dynamics of White spot syndrome virus by cohabitation trials in juvenile Penaeus monodon and P. vannamei. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:286-94. [PMID: 25189688 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a rod-shaped double-stranded DNA virus, is an infectious agent causing fatal disease in shrimp farming around the globe. Within shrimp populations WSSV is transmitted very fast, however, the modes and dynamics of transmission of this virus are not well understood. In the current study the dynamics of disease transmission of WSSV were investigated in small, closed populations of Penaeus monodon and Penaeus vannamei. Pair cohabitation experiments using PCR as a readout for virus infection were used to estimate transmission parameters for WSSV in these two species. The mortality rate of contact-infected shrimp in P. monodon was higher than the rate in P. vannamei. The transmission rate parameters for WSSV were not different between the two species. The relative contribution of direct and indirect transmission rates of WSSV differed between the two species. For P. vannamei the direct contact transmission rate of WSSV was significantly lower than the indirect environmental transmission rate, but for P. monodon, the opposite was found. The reproduction ratio R0 for WSSV for these two species of shrimp was estimated to be above one: 2.07 (95%CI 1.53, 2.79) for P. monodon and 1.51 (95%CI 1.12, 2.03) for P. vannamei. The difference in R0 between the two species is due to a lower host mortality and hence a longer infectious period of WSSV in P. monodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- N X Tuyen
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, WU Animal sciences, Wageningen University, Radix Building, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 2, 116 Nguyen Dinh Chieu St., HoChiMinh City, Viet Nam.
| | - J Verreth
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, WU Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, WU Animal sciences, Wageningen University, Radix Building, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mangkalanan S, Sanguanrat P, Utairangsri T, Sritunyalucksana K, Krittanai C. Characterization of the circulating hemocytes in mud crab (Scylla olivacea) revealed phenoloxidase activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:116-123. [PMID: 24316230 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on an isolation and characterization of the circulating hemocytes in mud crab, Scylla olivacea. Isolation of specific cell types of hemocytes from crab hemolymph was accomplished by using 60% Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Four separated bands of the hemocytes were successfully obtained. Characterization of these isolated hemocytes by light microscope using trypan blue-rose bengal staining, rose bengal-hematoxilin staining, and phase contrast revealed four distinct types of hemocyte cells. Using their specific morphology and granularity, they were identified as hyaline cell (HC), small granular cell (SGC), large granular cell (LGC) and mixed granular cell (MGC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed more details on specific cell size, size of cytoplasmic granule, and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and confirmed the classification. Relative abundance of these cells types in the hemolymph of an adult crab were 15.50±8.22% for HC, 55.50±7.15% for SGC, 13.50±5.28% for LGC, and 15.50±3.50% for MGC. Proteomic analysis of protein expression for each specific cell types by two-dimensional electrophoresis identified two highly abundant proteins, prophenoloxidase (ProPO) and peroxinectin in LGC. Determination of phenoloxidase (PO) activity in each isolated cell types using in vitro and in situ chemical assays confirmed the presence of PO activity only in LGC. Based on an increased PO activity of crab hemolymph during the course of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection, these results suggest that prophenoloxidase pathway was employed for host defense mechanism against WSSV and it may link to the role of large granular hemocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seksan Mangkalanan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Piyachat Sanguanrat
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanatchaporn Utairangsri
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Shrimp-Virus Interaction Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, KlongLuang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Shrimp-Virus Interaction Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, KlongLuang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chartchai Krittanai
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand.
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Stebbing P, Longshaw M, Scott A. Review of methods for the management of non-indigenous crayfish, with particular reference to Great Britain. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2014.908326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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White spot syndrome virus VP12 interacts with adenine nucleotide translocase of Litopenaeus vannamei. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 118:28-33. [PMID: 24607653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus VP12 contains cell attachment motif RGD which is considered to be critical for host cell binding. Until now, the function of this protein remains undefined. In this study, we explored the interaction of VP12 with host cells. A new shrimp protein (adenine nucleotide translocase of Litopenaeus vannamei, LvANT) is selected by far-western overlay assay. Tissue distribution of adenine nucleotide translocase mRNA showed that it was commonly spread in all the tissues detected. Cellular localization of LvANT in shrimp hemocytes showed that it was primarily located in the cytoplasm of hemocytes and colocalized with mitochondria. ELISA and far-western blot assay confirmed that VP12 interacted with LvANT. In vivo neutralization assay showed that anti-LvANT antibody can significantly reduce the mortality of shrimp challenged by WSSV at 48h post-treatment. Our results collectively showed that VP12 is involved in host cell binding via interaction with adenine nucleotide translocase.
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30
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Yang L, Li X, Jiang S, Qiu L, Zhou F, Liu W, Jiang S. Characterization of Argonaute2 gene from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and its responses to immune challenges. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:261-9. [PMID: 24262300 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Argonaute2 binds to a short guide RNA (microRNA or short interfering RNA) and guides RNAs direct RISC to complementary mRNAs that are targets for RISC-mediated gene silencing. Here we identified and characterized Argonaute2 from black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (designated as PmAgo2). The full-length cDNA of PmAgo2 contained a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 106 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 2616 bp and a 3' UTR of 123 bp. The predicted PmAgo2 protein is 99.4 KDa with the theoretical isoelectric point of 9.54. PmAgo2 shared the highest similarity of amino acid with Marsupenaeus japonicus Argonaute2 and Litopenaeus vannamei Argonaute2, at 69.0% and 68.5%, respectively. Phylogenic analysis showed PmAgo2 clustered with shrimp Argonaute2, and closed to the group of insects. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that PmAgo2 was widely expressed in almost all examined tissues except eyestalk, with high expression in lymph and haemocyte. mRNA expression also revealed that PmAgo2 was significantly up-regulated by Staphylococcus aureus and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in hepatopancreas. Furthermore, our study also confirmed that dsRNA and ssRNA homologous poly (I:C) and R848 activated the expression of PmAgo2. The result indicated that PmAgo2 responded to both bacterial infection and viral infection, especially, it may induce an ssRNA-mediated RNAi with other core members of siRNA pathway in black tiger shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishi Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China.
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Song Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Falin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Shigui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China.
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31
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Dantas-Lima JJ, Corteel M, Cornelissen M, Bossier P, Sorgeloos P, Nauwynck HJ. Purification of white spot syndrome virus by iodixanol density gradient centrifugation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:841-851. [PMID: 23384051 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, only a few brief procedures for purifying white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) have been described. They were mainly based on sucrose, NaBr and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. This work describes for the first time the purification of WSSV through iodixanol density gradients, using virus isolated from infected tissues and haemolymph of Penaeus vannamei (Boone). The purification from tissues included a concentration step by centrifugation (2.5 h at 60,000 g) onto a 50% iodixanol cushion and a purification step by centrifugation (3 h at 80,000 g) through a discontinuous iodixanol gradient (phosphate-buffered saline, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The purification from infected haemolymph enclosed a dialysis step with a membrane of 1,000 kDa (18 h) and a purification step through the earlier iodixanol gradient. The gradients were collected in fractions and analysed. The number of particles, infectivity titre (in vivo), total protein and viral protein content were evaluated. The purification from infected tissues gave WSSV suspensions with a very high infectivity and an acceptable purity, while virus purified from haemolymph had a high infectivity and a very high purity. Additionally, it was observed that WSSV has an unusually low buoyant density and that it is very sensitive to high external pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Dantas-Lima
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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32
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Li Q, Liu QH, Huang J. F0ATP synthase b-chain of Litopenaeus vannamei involved in white spot syndrome virus infection. Virus Genes 2013; 47:42-8. [PMID: 23558437 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is one of the most common and distrous diseases for shrimp. In this study, we show that the protein VP292 that is a envelop protein of WSVV interacts with F0ATP synthase b-chain from Litopenaeus vannamei using far-western blot, ELISA, and indirect immunofluorescence analysis. Tissue distribution analysis of F0ATP synthase b-chain showed that it's transcription can be detected in muscle, hepatopancreas, intestine, hemocytes, lymphoid, and gills. Cellular localization of F0ATP synthase b-chain in shrimp hemocytes showed that F0ATP synthase b-chain was primarily located in the cytoplasm of hemocytes. The transcription levels of F0ATP synthase b-chain were significantly upregulated in intestine, hepatopancreas, hemocytes, and gills of WSSV-infected shrimp at 12 h after infection. Far-western, ELISA, and indirect immunefluorescence assay indicated that F0ATP synthase b-chain interacted with VP292. In the in vivo neutralization experiment, F0ATP synthase b-chain attained 18% protection rate of the shrimp challenged by WSSV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show that F0ATP synthase b-chain is involved in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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33
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Corteel M, Dantas-Lima JJ, Tuan VV, Thuong KV, Wille M, Alday-Sanz V, Pensaert MB, Sorgeloos P, Nauwynck HJ. Susceptibility of juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii to different doses of high and low virulence strains of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 100:211-218. [PMID: 22968789 DOI: 10.3354/dao02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As some literature on the susceptibility of different life stages of Macrobrachium rosenbergii to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is conflicting, the pathogenesis, infectivity and pathogenicity of 2 WSSV strains (Thai-1 and Viet) were investigated here in juveniles using conditions standardized for Penaeus vannamei. As with P. vannamei, juvenile M. rosenbergii (2 to 5 g) injected with a low dose of WSSV-Thai-1 or a high dose of WSSV-Viet developed comparable clinical pathology and numbers of infected cells within 1 to 2 d post-infection. In contrast, a low dose of WSSV-Viet capable of causing mortality in P. vannamei resulted in no detectable infection in M. rosenbergii. Mean prawn infectious dose 50% endpoints (PID₅₀ ml⁻¹) determined in M. rosenbergii were in the order of 100-fold higher for WSSV-Thai-1 (105.3 ± 0.4 PID₅₀ ml⁻¹) than for WSSV-Viet (103.2 ± 0.2 PID₅₀ ml⁻¹), with each of these being about 20-fold and 400-fold lower, respectively, than found previously in P. vannamei. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀ ml⁻¹) determined in M. rosenbergii was also far higher (~1000-fold) for WSSV-Thai-1 (105.4 ± 0.4 LD₅₀ ml⁻¹) than for WSSV-Viet (102.3 ± 0.3 LD₅₀ ml⁻¹). Based on these data, it is clear that juvenile M. rosenbergii are susceptible to WSSV infection, disease and mortality. In comparison to P. vannamei, however, juvenile M. rosenbergii appear more capable of resisting infection and disease, particularly in the case of a WSSV strain with lower apparent virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Corteel
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Pradeep B, Rai P, Mohan SA, Shekhar MS, Karunasagar I. Biology, Host Range, Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of White spot syndrome virus. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:161-74. [PMID: 23997440 PMCID: PMC3550756 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most serious viral pathogen of cultured shrimp. It is a highly virulent virus that can spread quickly and can cause up to 100 % mortality in 3-10 days. WSSV is a large enveloped double stranded DNA virus belonging to genus Whispovirus of the virus family Nimaviridae. It has a wide host range among crustaceans and mainly affects commercially cultivated marine shrimp species. The virus infects all age groups causing large scale mortalities and the foci of infection are tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal origin, such as gills, lymphoid organ and cuticular epithelium. The whole genome sequencing of WSSV from China, Thailand and Taiwan have revealed minor genetic differences among different strains. There are varying reports regarding the factors responsible for WSSV virulence which include the differences in variable number of tandem repeats, the genome size and presence or absence of different proteins. Aim of this review is to give current information on the status, host range, pathogenesis and diagnosis of WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Pradeep
- />Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Peruvannamuzhi, Kozhikode, 673528 Kerala India
| | - Praveen Rai
- />Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575 002 India
| | - Seethappa A. Mohan
- />Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575 002 India
| | - Mudagandur S. Shekhar
- />Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- />Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575 002 India
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Bateman K, Tew I, French C, Hicks R, Martin P, Munro J, Stentiford G. Susceptibility to infection and pathogenicity of White Spot Disease (WSD) in non-model crustacean host taxa from temperate regions. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:340-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Oidtmann B, Stentiford GD. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) concentrations in crustacean tissues: a review of data relevant to assess the risk associated with commodity trade. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:469-82. [PMID: 21624105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the available peer reviewed literature on pathogen load for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in species susceptible to infection. Data on pathogen load in traded commodities are relevant for undertaking import risk assessments for a specific pathogen. Data were available for several of the major penaeid shrimp species farmed for aquaculture and for one crab and crayfish species. Most data are based on experimental infection, but some data were available for farmed or wild shrimp. Owing to the unavailability of immortal cell lines to determine viral load of viable virus, quantitative PCR was the main method used for quantification. The viral loads measured in shrimp at the onset of mortality events were extremely high (in the order of 10(9) -10(10) copy numbers gram(-1) of tissue). In a farm setting, the onset of increased mortalities will often trigger emergency harvests. Therefore, shrimp obtained from emergency harvests are likely to carry substantial concentrations of viral particles. Viral load did not vary greatly with tissue type. The WSSV load in wild crustaceans, farmed crustaceans not undergoing a mortality event or survivors of a mortality event was significantly lower (usually by multiple logs). Studies have also been undertaken in 'vaccinated' shrimp. One of the 'vaccines' led to a significant reduction of viral load in WSSV-exposed animals. The data obtained from the literature review are put into context with published information on minimal infectious dose and WSSV survival in frozen commodity shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oidtmann
- Epidemiology and Risk Team, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Longshaw
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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38
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Liang T, Ji H, Lian L, Wu T, Gu W, Wang W. A rapid assay for simultaneous detection of Spiroplasma eriocheiris and white spot syndrome virus in Procambarus clarkii by multiplex PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:532-8. [PMID: 20831654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish a multiplex PCR method for simultaneous and rapid detection of Spiroplasma eriocheiris and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Procambarus clarkii with recommendations for application to other crustacea. METHODS AND RESULTS Three primer sets were mixed at a ratio of 1:3:1 to amplify specific fragments of the S. eriocheiris, WSSV, P. clarkii crayfish (control organism) genomes, respectively. S. eriocheiris and WSSV were used to challenge the susceptible crustacea in the experimental groups. Total DNA of the samples was purified and detected by multiplex PCR. The PCR-amplified products produced four groups of results as follows. One fragment of 1195 bp, amplified by the primer set ITS-crayfish/28S-crayfish, served as an internal control, showed no pathogen detection, thus confirming the specificity of our positive tests. Two groups represented by: (i) samples challenged by S. eriocheiris alone, or (ii) challenged by WSSV alone, yielded two fragments each; i.e. those from S. eriocheiris (271 bp) plus the internal control and those from WSSV (530 bp) plus the internal control. Finally, for the fourth group, in cases of double challenged treatments, all three amplified products were detected simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous and rapid detection of two pathogens in P. clarkii is important to maintain productive and healthy crayfish in aquaculture. The direct detection of S. eriocheiris and WSSV from P. clarkii is practicable with multiplex PCR. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that the two pathogens are simultaneously and rapidly detected in P. clarkii by multiplex PCR, thus increasing the efficiency of pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Sánchez-Paz A. White spot syndrome virus: an overview on an emergent concern. Vet Res 2010; 41:43. [PMID: 20181325 PMCID: PMC2855118 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous and extremely abundant in the marine environment. One of such marine viruses, the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), has emerged globally as one of the most prevalent, widespread and lethal for shrimp populations. However, at present there is no treatment available to interfere with the unrestrained occurrence and spread of the disease. The recent progress in molecular biology techniques has made it possible to obtain information on the factors, mechanisms and strategies used by this virus to infect and replicate in susceptible host cells. Yet, further research is still required to fully understand the basic nature of WSSV, its exact life cycle and mode of infection. This information will expand our knowledge and may contribute to developing effective prophylactic or therapeutic measures. This review provides a state-of-the-art overview of the topic, and emphasizes the current progress and future direction for the development of WSSV control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Sánchez-Paz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Unidad Hermosillo, Hermosillo, Mexico.
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40
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Pathological changes in Fenneropenaeus indicus experimentally infected with white spot virus and virus morphogenesis. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 102:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Taylor S, Landman MJ, Ling N. Flow cytometric characterization of freshwater crayfish hemocytes for the examination of physiological status in wild and captive animals. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2009; 21:195-203. [PMID: 20043407 DOI: 10.1577/h09-003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Enumeration of invertebrate hemocytes is a potentially powerful tool for the determination of physiological effects of extrinsic stressors, such as hypoxia, disease, and toxicant exposure. A detailed flow cytometric method of broad application was developed for the objective characterization and enumeration of the hemocytes of New Zealand freshwater crayfish Paranephrops planifrons for the purpose of physiological health assessment. Hemocyte populations were isolated by flow cytometric sorting based on differential light scatter properties followed by morphological characterization via light microscopy and software image analysis. Cells were identified as hyaline, semigranular, and granular hemocytes based on established invertebrate hemocyte classification. A characteristic decrease in nuclear size, an increase in granularity between the hyaline and granular cells, and the eccentric location of nuclei in granular cells were also observed. The granulocyte subpopulations were observed to possess varying degrees of granularity. The developed methodology was used to perform total and differential hemocyte counts from three lake populations and between wild and captive crayfish specimens. Differences in total and differential hemocyte counts were not observed among the wild populations. However, specimens held in captivity for 14 d exhibited a significant 63% reduction in total hemocyte count, whereas the relative hemocyte proportions remained the same. These results demonstrate the utility of this method for the investigation of subacute stressor effects in selected decapod crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Taylor
- Sustainable Design, Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
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Liu H, Söderhäll K, Jiravanichpaisal P. Antiviral immunity in crustaceans. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:79-88. [PMID: 19223016 PMCID: PMC7172356 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases of shrimp have caused negative effects on the economy in several countries in Asia, South America and America, where they have numerous shrimp culture industries. The studies on the immunity of shrimp and other crustaceans have mainly focused on general aspects of immunity and as a consequence little is known about the antiviral responses in crustaceans. The aim of this review is to update recent knowledge of innate immunity against viral infections in crustaceans. Several antiviral molecules have been isolated and characterized recently from decapods. Characterization and identification of these molecules might provide a promising strategy for protection and treatment of these viral diseases. In addition dsRNA-induced antiviral immunity is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Liu
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, PR China
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pikul Jiravanichpaisal
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Molecular Aquatic Biology and Genetic Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Corteel M, Dantas-Lima JJ, Wille M, Alday-Sanz V, Pensaert MB, Sorgeloos P, Nauwynck HJ. Molt stage and cuticle damage influence white spot syndrome virus immersion infection in penaeid shrimp. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Walker PJ, Mohan CV. Viral disease emergence in shrimp aquaculture: origins, impact and the effectiveness of health management strategies. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2009; 1:125-154. [PMID: 32328167 PMCID: PMC7169130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-5131.2009.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp aquaculture has grown rapidly over several decades to become a major global industry that serves the increasing consumer demand for seafood and has contributed significantly to socio-economic development in many poor coastal communities. However, the ecological disturbances and changes in patterns of trade associated with the development of shrimp farming have presented many of the pre-conditions for the emergence and spread of disease. Shrimp are displaced from their natural environments, provided artificial or alternative feeds, stocked in high density, exposed to stress through changes in water quality and are transported nationally and internationally, either live or as frozen product. These practices have provided opportunities for increased pathogenicity of existing infections, exposure to new pathogens, and the rapid transmission and transboundary spread of disease. Not surprisingly, a succession of new viral diseases has devastated the production and livelihoods of farmers and their sustaining communities. This review examines the major viral pathogens of farmed shrimp, the likely reasons for their emergence and spread, and the consequences for the structure and operation of the shrimp farming industry. In addition, this review discusses the health management strategies that have been introduced to combat the major pathogens and the reasons that disease continues to have an impact, particularly on poor, small-holder farmers in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Walker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - C. V. Mohan
- Network of Aquaculture Centers Asia‐Pacific (NACA), Kasetsart University Campus, Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhu F, Du H, Miao ZG, Quan HZ, Xu ZR. Protection of Procambarus clarkii against white spot syndrome virus using inactivated WSSV. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:685-90. [PMID: 19268545 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly pathogenic and prevalent virus infecting shrimp and other crustaceans. The potentiality of binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated WSSV against WSSV in crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, was investigated in this study. Efficacy of BEI-inactivated WSSV was tested by vaccination trials followed by challenge of crayfish with WSSV. The crayfish injected with BEI-inactivated WSSV showed a better survival (P<0.05) to WSSV on the 7th and 21st day post-vaccination (dpv) compared to the control. Calculated relative percent survival (RPS) values were 77% and 60% on the 7th and 21st dpv for 2mM BEI-inactivated WSSV, and 63%, 30% on 7th and 21st dpv for 3mM BEI-inactivated WSSV. However, heat-inactivated WSSV did not provide protection from WSSV even on 7th dpv. In the inactivation process WSSV especially their envelope proteins maybe changed as happened to 3mM BEI and heat-inactivated WSSV particles. These results indicate the protective efficacy of BEI-inactivated WSSV lies on the integrity of envelope proteins of WSSV and the possibility of BEI-inactivated WSSV to protect P. clarkii from WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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Liu QH, Zhang XL, Ma CY, Liang Y, Huang J. VP37 of white spot syndrome virus interact with shrimp cells. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:44-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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48
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Xing J, Lin T, Zhan W. Variations of enzyme activities in the haemocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri after infection with the acute virus necrobiotic virus (AVNV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:847-852. [PMID: 18930154 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute virus necrobiotic virus (AVNV) is one of the main pathogens for large scale mortality of Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri. In this paper, C. farreri were infected by different dilutions of AVNV supernatant (5(0), 5(-1), 5(-2), 5(-3), 5(-4), 5(-5), 5(-6), 5(-7), respectively), and dead individuals were counted every day for 15 days. Samples from groups of 5(-3) and 5(-5) were taken every day till 15 days and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), phenoloxidase (PO), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in haemocytes were measured. The results of virus challenge showed that survival rates of scallops in groups of 5(0) and 5(-1) decreased sharply after the first day and died out completely on the 5th and 4th day, respectively. In other groups (5(-2), 5(-3), 5(-4), 5(-5), 5(-6) and 5(-7)), survival rates decreased gradually till 6 or 7 days, then kept steady till 15 days, and they were dose-dependent, increasing from 12% to 80% as the dose decreased from 5(-2) to 5(-7) viral supernatant. In the control group, survival rate was 88%. Enzyme activities for groups of 5(-3) and 5(-5) illustrated that activities of ACP, SOD, MPO, PO in groups of 5(-3) and 5(-5) were significantly higher than the control group in the first 9 or 10 days, and went back to the control group levels gradually after 10 days. Moreover, their activities in group of 5(-3) varied more than that in the group of 5(-5), especially activities of MPO, PO. Differently, the activities of POD and CAT were reduced or induced by virus infection and showed no regular trends in the experiments. The activity of ALP was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, LMMEC, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Li C, Shields JD, Ratzlaff RE, Butler MJ. Pathology and hematology of the Caribbean spiny lobster experimentally infected with Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1). Virus Res 2008; 132:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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