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Shimshon A, Dahan K, Israel-Gueta M, Olmayev-Yaakobov D, Timms RT, Bekturova A, Makaros Y, Elledge SJ, Koren I. Dipeptidyl peptidases and E3 ligases of N-degron pathways cooperate to regulate protein stability. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311035. [PMID: 38874443 PMCID: PMC11178506 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
N-degrons are short sequences located at protein N-terminus that mediate the interaction of E3 ligases (E3s) with substrates to promote their proteolysis. It is well established that N-degrons can be exposed following protease cleavage to allow recognition by E3s. However, our knowledge regarding how proteases and E3s cooperate in protein quality control mechanisms remains minimal. Using a systematic approach to monitor the protein stability of an N-terminome library, we found that proline residue at the third N-terminal position (hereafter "P+3") promotes instability. Genetic perturbations identified the dipeptidyl peptidases DPP8 and DPP9 and the primary E3s of N-degron pathways, UBR proteins, as regulators of P+3 bearing substrate turnover. Interestingly, P+3 UBR substrates are significantly enriched for secretory proteins. We found that secretory proteins relying on a signal peptide (SP) for their targeting contain a "built-in" N-degron within their SP. This degron becomes exposed by DPP8/9 upon translocation failure to the designated compartments, thus enabling clearance of mislocalized proteins by UBRs to maintain proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Shimshon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Karin Dahan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Mor Israel-Gueta
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Diana Olmayev-Yaakobov
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Richard T Timms
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre , Cambridge, UK
| | - Aizat Bekturova
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yaara Makaros
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itay Koren
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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2
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Li K, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Wang R, Li Y, Wei L, Wang L, Chen X, Chen Z, Liu P, Nie N, Tian X, Fu R. DPP8/9 inhibition attenuates the TGF-β1-induced excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in human mesangial cells via Smad and Akt signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett 2024; 395:1-10. [PMID: 38458339 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of glomerular diseases is strongly influenced by abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in mesangial cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) enzyme family contains DPP8 and DPP9, which are involved in multiple diseases. However, the pathogenic roles of DPP8 and DPP9 in mesangial cells ECM deposition remain unclear. In this study, we observed that DPP8 and DPP9 were significantly increased in glomerular mesangial cells and podocytes in CKD patients compared with healthy individuals, and DPP9 levels were higher in the urine of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients than in control urine. Therefore, we further explored the mechanism of DPP8 and DPP9 in mesangial cells and revealed a significant increase in the expression of DPP8 and DPP9 in human mesangial cells (HMCs) following TGF-β1 stimulation. Silencing DPP8 and DPP9 by siRNAs alleviated the expression of ECM-related proteins including collagen Ⅲ, collagen Ⅳ, fibronectin, MMP2, in TGF-β1-treated HMCs. Furthermore, DPP8 siRNA and DPP9 siRNA inhibited TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, as well as the phosphorylation of Akt in HMCs. The findings suggested the inhibition of DPP8/9 may alleviate HMCs ECM deposition induced by TGF-β1 via suppressing TGF-β1/Smad and AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yuzhan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Weihao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Linting Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Na Nie
- Department of Nephrology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medcine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Rongguo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
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3
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Nätynki A, Kokkonen N, Tuusa J, Ohlmeier S, Bergmann U, Tasanen K. Proteomic changes related to actin cytoskeleton function in the skin of vildagliptin-treated mice. J Dermatol Sci 2024; 113:121-129. [PMID: 38326167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) is a widely used type 2 diabetes medication that is associated with an up-to 10-fold increased risk for the development of bullous pemphigoid (BP), an autoimmune skin disease. The mechanism by which vildagliptin promotes the development of BP remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To elucidate effects of vildagliptin treatment on the mouse cutaneous proteome. METHODS We analyzed the cutaneous proteome of nondiabetic mice treated for 12 weeks with vildagliptin using label-free shotgun mass spectrometry (MS), two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Although vildagliptin treatment did not cause any clinical signs or histological changes in the skin, separate MS and 2D-DIGE analyses revealed altered cutaneous expression of several proteins, many of which were related to actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Altogether 18 proteins were increased and 40 were decreased in the vildagliptin-treated mouse skin. Both methods revealed increased levels of beta-actin and C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC2 in vildagliptin-treated mice. However, elevated levels of a specific moesin variant in vildagliptin-treated animals were only detected with 2D-DIGE. Immunohistochemical staining showed altered cutaneous expression of DPP-4, moesin, and galectin-1. The changed proteins detected by MS and 2D-DIGE were linked to actin cytoskeleton remodeling, transport, cell movement and organelle assembly. CONCLUSION Vildagliptin treatment alters the cutaneous proteome of nondiabetic mice even without clinical signs in the skin. Cytoskeletal changes in the presence of other triggering factors may provoke a break of immune tolerance and further promote the development of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Nätynki
- Department of Dermatology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nina Kokkonen
- Department of Dermatology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Tuusa
- Department of Dermatology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Steffen Ohlmeier
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facilities, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facilities, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- Department of Dermatology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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4
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Poplawski SE, Hallett RM, Dornan MH, Novakowski KE, Pan S, Belanger AP, Nguyen QD, Wu W, Felten AE, Liu Y, Ahn SH, Hergott VS, Jones B, Lai JH, McCann JAB, Bachovchin WW. Preclinical Development of PNT6555, a Boronic Acid-Based, Fibroblast Activation Protein-α (FAP)-Targeted Radiotheranostic for Imaging and Treatment of FAP-Positive Tumors. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:100-108. [PMID: 38050111 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.266345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) in solid cancers relative to levels in normal tissues has led to its recognition as a target for delivering agents directly to tumors. Radiolabeled quinoline-based FAP ligands have established clinical feasibility for tumor imaging, but their therapeutic potential is limited due to suboptimal tumor retention, which has prompted the search for alternative pharmacophores. One such pharmacophore is the boronic acid derivative N-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-d-Ala-boroPro, a potent and selective FAP inhibitor (FAPI). In this study, the diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) potential of N-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-d-Ala-boroPro-based metal-chelating DOTA-FAPIs was evaluated. Methods: Three DOTA-FAPIs, PNT6555, PNT6952, and PNT6522, were synthesized and characterized with respect to potency and selectivity toward soluble and cell membrane FAP; cellular uptake of the Lu-chelated analogs; biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in mice xenografted with human embryonic kidney cell-derived tumors expressing mouse FAP; the diagnostic potential of 68Ga-chelated DOTA-FAPIs by direct organ assay and small-animal PET; the antitumor activity of 177Lu-, 225Ac-, or 161Tb-chelated analogs using human embryonic kidney cell-derived tumors expressing mouse FAP; and the tumor-selective delivery of 177Lu-chelated DOTA-FAPIs via direct organ assay and SPECT. Results: DOTA-FAPIs and their natGa and natLu chelates exhibited potent inhibition of human and mouse sources of FAP and greatly reduced activity toward closely related prolyl endopeptidase and dipeptidyl peptidase 4. 68Ga-PNT6555 and 68Ga-PNT6952 showed rapid renal clearance and continuous accumulation in tumors, resulting in tumor-selective exposure at 60 min after administration. 177Lu-PNT6555 was distinguished from 177Lu-PNT6952 and 177Lu-PNT6522 by significantly higher tumor accumulation over 168 h. In therapeutic studies, all 3 177Lu-DOTA-FAPIs exhibited significant antitumor activity at well-tolerated doses, with 177Lu-PNT6555 producing the greatest tumor growth delay and animal survival. 225Ac-PNT6555 and 161Tb-PNT6555 were similarly efficacious, producing 80% and 100% survival at optimal doses, respectively. Conclusion: PNT6555 has potential for clinical translation as a theranostic agent in FAP-positive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Poplawski
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Shuang Pan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony P Belanger
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Molecular Cancer Imaging Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wengen Wu
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shin Hye Ahn
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Molecular Cancer Imaging Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | - Barry Jones
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jack H Lai
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - William W Bachovchin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts;
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5
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Fu C, Zhang B, Guo T, Li J. Imaging Evaluation of Peritoneal Metastasis: Current and Promising Techniques. Korean J Radiol 2024; 25:86-102. [PMID: 38184772 PMCID: PMC10788608 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis, accurate assessment, and localization of peritoneal metastasis (PM) are essential for the selection of appropriate treatments and surgical guidance. However, available imaging modalities (computed tomography [CT], conventional magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography [PET]/CT) have limitations. The advent of new imaging techniques and novel molecular imaging agents have revealed molecular processes in the tumor microenvironment as an application for the early diagnosis and assessment of PM as well as real-time guided surgical resection, which has changed clinical management. In contrast to clinical imaging, which is purely qualitative and subjective for interpreting macroscopic structures, radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI) capitalize on high-dimensional numerical data from images that may reflect tumor pathophysiology. A predictive model can be used to predict the occurrence, recurrence, and prognosis of PM, thereby avoiding unnecessary exploratory surgeries. This review summarizes the role and status of different imaging techniques, especially new imaging strategies such as spectral photon-counting CT, fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT, near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and PET/MRI, for early diagnosis, assessment of surgical indications, and recurrence monitoring in patients with PM. The clinical applications, limitations, and solutions for fluorescence imaging, radiomics, and AI are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fu
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bangxing Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Tiankang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Junliang Li
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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6
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Pijning T, Vujičić‐Žagar A, van der Laan J, de Jong RM, Ramirez‐Palacios C, Vente A, Edens L, Dijkstra BW. Structural and time-resolved mechanistic investigations of protein hydrolysis by the acidic proline-specific endoprotease from Aspergillus niger. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4856. [PMID: 38059672 PMCID: PMC10731622 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Proline-specific endoproteases have been successfully used in, for example, the in-situ degradation of gluten, the hydrolysis of bitter peptides, the reduction of haze during beer production, and the generation of peptides for mass spectroscopy and proteomics applications. Here we present the crystal structure of the extracellular proline-specific endoprotease from Aspergillus niger (AnPEP), a member of the S28 peptidase family with rarely observed true proline-specific endoprotease activity. Family S28 proteases have a conventional Ser-Asp-His catalytic triad, but their oxyanion-stabilizing hole shows a glutamic acid, an amino acid not previously observed in this role. Since these enzymes have an acidic pH optimum, the presence of a glutamic acid in the oxyanion hole may confine their activity to an acidic pH. Yet, considering the presence of the conventional catalytic triad, it is remarkable that the A. niger enzyme remains active down to pH 1.5. The determination of the primary cleavage site of cytochrome c along with molecular dynamics-assisted docking studies indicate that the active site pocket of AnPEP can accommodate a reverse turn of approximately 12 amino acids with proline at the S1 specificity pocket. Comparison with the structures of two S28-proline-specific exopeptidases reveals not only a more spacious active site cavity but also the absence of any putative binding sites for amino- and carboxyl-terminal residues as observed in the exopeptidases, explaining AnPEP's observed endoprotease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaard Pijning
- Biomolecular X‐ray Crystallography, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Andreja Vujičić‐Žagar
- Biomolecular X‐ray Crystallography, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Andre Vente
- Taste, Texture and HealthDSM‐FirmenichDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Luppo Edens
- Taste, Texture and HealthDSM‐FirmenichDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Bauke W. Dijkstra
- Biomolecular X‐ray Crystallography, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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7
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Yamada Y, Sato T, Oda H, Harada N, Yoshizawa A, Nishikawa S, Kayawake H, Tanaka S, Yutaka Y, Hamaji M, Nakajima D, Ohsumi A, Date H. Favorable effect of CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors on postoperative outcomes after lung transplantation: A propensity-weighted analysis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024; 43:66-76. [PMID: 37634575 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown the efficacy of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (CD26/DPP-4) inhibitors, antidiabetic agents, in allograft protection after experimental lung transplantation (LTx). We aimed to elucidate whether CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors effectively improve postoperative outcomes after clinical LTx. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients undergoing LTx at our institution between 2010 and 2021 and extracted records of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) at 6 months post-LTx. The patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. We established 6 months post-LTx as the landmark point for predicting overall survival (OS) and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD)-free survival. Hazard ratios were estimated by Cox regression after propensity score weighting, using CD26/DPP-4 inhibitor treatment up to 6 months post-LTx as the exposure variable. We evaluated CLAD samples pathologically, including for CD26/DPP-4 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Of 102 LTx patients with DM, 29 and 73 were treated with and without CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors, respectively. Based on propensity score adjustment using standardized mortality ratio weighting, the 5-year OS rates were 77.0% and 44.3%, and the 5-year CLAD-free survival rates 77.8% and 49.1%, in patients treated with and without CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors, respectively. The hazard ratio for CD26/DPP-4 inhibitor use was 0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.82, p = 0.017) for OS and 0.47 (95% CI 0.22-1.01, p = 0.054) for CLAD-free survival. We detected CD26/DPP-4 expression in the CLAD grafts of patients without CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Analysis using propensity score weighting showed that CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors positively affected the postoperative prognosis of LTx patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Yamada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tosiya Sato
- Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Oda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeto Nishikawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenao Kayawake
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satona Tanaka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yojiro Yutaka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Hamaji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohsumi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Date
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Keller LJ, Nguyen TH, Liu LJ, Hurysz BM, Lakemeyer M, Guerra M, Gelsinger DJ, Chanin R, Ngo N, Lum KM, Faucher F, Ipock P, Niphakis MJ, Bhatt AS, O'Donoghue AJ, Huang KC, Bogyo M. Chemoproteomic identification of a DPP4 homolog in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1469-1479. [PMID: 37349583 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Serine hydrolases have important roles in signaling and human metabolism, yet little is known about their functions in gut commensal bacteria. Using bioinformatics and chemoproteomics, we identify serine hydrolases in the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron that are specific to the Bacteroidetes phylum. Two are predicted homologs of the human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4), a key enzyme that regulates insulin signaling. Our functional studies reveal that BT4193 is a true homolog of hDPP4 that can be inhibited by FDA-approved type 2 diabetes medications targeting hDPP4, while the other is a misannotated proline-specific triaminopeptidase. We demonstrate that BT4193 is important for envelope integrity and that loss of BT4193 reduces B. thetaiotaomicron fitness during in vitro growth within a diverse community. However, neither function is dependent on BT4193 proteolytic activity, suggesting a scaffolding or signaling function for this bacterial protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Keller
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Taylor H Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence J Liu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brianna M Hurysz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Markus Lakemeyer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Matteo Guerra
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle J Gelsinger
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachael Chanin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Divisions of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nhi Ngo
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth M Lum
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Franco Faucher
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phillip Ipock
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ami S Bhatt
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Divisions of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Lal J, Kaul G, Akhir A, Saxena D, Dubkara H, Shekhar S, Chopra S, Reddy DN. β-Turn editing in Gramicidin S: Activity impact on replacing proline α-carbon with stereodynamic nitrogen. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106641. [PMID: 37300963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gramicidin S, natural antimicrobial peptide is used commercially in medicinal lozenges for sore throat and Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections. However, its clinical potential is limited to topical applications because of its high red blood cells (RBC) cytotoxicity. Given the importance of developing potential antibiotics and inspired by the cyclic structure and druggable features of Gramicidin S, we edited proline α-carbon with stereodynamic nitrogen to examine the direct impact on biological activity and cytotoxicity with respect to prolyl counterpart. Natural Gramicidin S (12), proline-edited peptides 13-16 and wild-type d-Phe-d-Pro β-turn mimetics (17 and 18) were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis and investigated their activity against clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. Interestingly, mono-proline edited analogous peptide 13 showed moderate improvement in antimicrobial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 and K.pneumoniae BAA 1705 as compared to Gramicidin S. Furthermore, proline edited peptide 13 exhibited equipotent antimicrobial effect against MDR S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. Analysis of cytotoxicity against VERO cells and RBC, reveals that proline edited peptides showed two-fivefold lesser cytotoxicity than the counterpart Gramicidin S. Our study suggests that introducing single azPro/Pro mutation in Gramicidin S marginally improved the activity and lessens the cytotoxicity as compared with the parent peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhajan Lal
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Grace Kaul
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Deepanshi Saxena
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Harshita Dubkara
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India.
| | - Damodara N Reddy
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India.
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10
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Maurer J, Grouzmann E, Eugster PJ. Tutorial review for peptide assays: An ounce of pre-analytics is worth a pound of cure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123904. [PMID: 37832388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in peptidomimetic-based medications and the growing interest in peptide hormones has brought new attention to the quantification of peptides for diagnostic purposes. Indeed, the circulating concentrations of peptide hormones in the blood provide a snapshot of the state of the body and could eventually lead to detecting a particular health condition. Although extremely useful, the quantification of such molecules, preferably by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, might be quite tricky. First, peptides are subjected to hydrolysis, oxidation, and other post-translational modifications, and, most importantly, they are substrates of specific and nonspecific proteases in biological matrixes. All these events might continue after sampling, changing the peptide hormone concentrations. Second, because they include positively and negatively charged groups and hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues, they interact with their environment; these interactions might lead to a local change in the measured concentrations. A phenomenon such as nonspecific adsorption to lab glassware or materials has often a tremendous effect on the concentration and needs to be controlled with particular care. Finally, the circulating levels of peptides might be low (pico- or femtomolar range), increasing the impact of the aforementioned effects and inducing the need for highly sensitive instruments and well-optimized methods. Thus, despite the extreme diversity of these peptides and their matrixes, there is a common challenge for all the assays: the need to keep concentrations unchanged from sampling to analysis. While significant efforts are often placed on optimizing the analysis, few studies consider in depth the impact of pre-analytical steps on the results. By working through practical examples, this solution-oriented tutorial review addresses typical pre-analytical challenges encountered during the development of a peptide assay from the standpoint of a clinical laboratory. We provide tips and tricks to avoid pitfalls as well as strategies to guide all new developments. Our ultimate goal is to increase pre-analytical awareness to ensure that newly developed peptide assays produce robust and accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maurer
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe J Eugster
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Bettecken A, Heß L, Hölzen L, Reinheckel T. Dipeptidyl-Aminopeptidases 8 and 9 Regulate Autophagy and Tamoxifen Response in Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2031. [PMID: 37626841 PMCID: PMC10453625 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic dipeptidyl-aminopeptidases 8 (DPP8) and 9 (DPP9) belong to the DPPIV serine proteases with the unique characteristic of cleaving off a dipeptide post-proline from the N-termini of substrates. To study the role of DPP8 and DPP9 in breast cancer, MCF-7 cells (luminal A-type breast cancer) and MDA.MB-231 cells (basal-like breast cancer) were used. The inhibition of DPP8/9 by 1G244 increased the number of lysosomes in both cell lines. This phenotype was more pronounced in MCF-7 cells, in which we observed a separation of autophagosomes and lysosomes in the cytosol upon DPP8/9 inhibition. Likewise, the shRNA-mediated knockdown of either DPP8 or DPP9 induced autophagy and increased lysosomes. DPP8/9 inhibition as well as the knockdown of the DPPs reduced the cell survival and proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Additional treatment of MCF-7 cells with tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to treat patients with luminal breast tumors, further decreased survival and proliferation, as well as increased cell death. In summary, both DPP8 and DPP9 activities confine macroautophagy in breast cancer cells. Thus, their inhibition or knockdown reduces cell viability and sensitizes luminal breast cancer cells to tamoxifen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bettecken
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Heß
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Hölzen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre of Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Neves RL, Branquinho J, Arata JG, Bittencourt CA, Gomes CP, Riguetti M, da Mata GF, Fernandes DE, Icimoto MY, Kirsztajn GM, Pesquero JB. ACE2, ACE, DPPIV, PREP and CAT L enzymatic activities in COVID-19: imbalance of ACE2/ACE ratio and potential RAAS dysregulation in severe cases. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1719-1731. [PMID: 37537367 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Circulating enzymatic activity and RAAS regulation in severe cases of COVID-19 remains unclear, therefore we measured the serum activity of several proteases as potential targets to control the SARS-CoV-2 infection. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS 152 patients with COVID-19-like symptoms were grouped according to the severity of symptoms (COVID-19 negative, mild, moderate and severe). METHODS Serum samples of COVID-19 patients and controls were subjected to biochemical analysis and enzymatic assays of ACE2, ACE, DPPIV, PREP and CAT L. One-way ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. RESULTS We detected a positive correlation among comorbidities, higher C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer levels with disease severity. Enzymatic assays revealed an increase in serum ACE2 and CAT L activities in severe COVID-19 patients, while ACE, DPPIV and PREP activities were significantly reduced. Notably, analysis of ACE2/ACE activity ratio suggests a possible imbalance of ANG II/ANG(1-7) ratio, in a positive association with the disease severity. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a correlation between proteases activity and the severity of COVID-19. These enzymes together contribute to the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways, trigger a systemic activation of inflammatory mediators, leading to a RAAS dysregulation and generating a significant damage in several organs, contributing to poor outcomes of severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Leão Neves
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Branquinho
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Galanakis Arata
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Azevedo Bittencourt
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Perez Gomes
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Riguetti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira da Mata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Lin SZ, Wu WJ, Cheng YQ, Zhang JB, Jiang DX, Ren TY, Ding WJ, Liu M, Chen YW, Fan JG. Prolyl endopeptidase remodels macrophage function as a novel transcriptional coregulator and inhibits fibrosis. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-01027-8. [PMID: 37394591 PMCID: PMC10394032 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells crucial for host defense and homeostasis maintenance, and their dysregulation is involved in multiple pathological conditions, such as liver fibrosis. The transcriptional regulation in macrophage is indispensable for fine-tuning of macrophage functions, but the details have not been fully elucidated. Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) is a dipeptidyl peptidase with both proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions. In this study, we found that Prep knockout significantly contributed to transcriptomic alterations in quiescent and M1/M2-polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), as well as aggravated fibrosis in an experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. Mechanistically, PREP predominantly localized to the macrophage nuclei and functioned as a transcriptional coregulator. Using CUT&Tag and co-immunoprecipitation, we found that PREP was mainly distributed in active cis-regulatory genomic regions and physically interacted with the transcription factor PU.1. Among PREP-regulated downstream genes, genes encoding profibrotic cathepsin B and D were overexpressed in BMDMs and fibrotic liver tissue. Our results indicate that PREP in macrophages functions as a transcriptional coregulator that finely tunes macrophage functions, and plays a protective role against liver fibrosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Zhe Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wei-Jie Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center, Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou, 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Qing Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian-Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dai-Xi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian-Yi Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wen-Jin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Department of Gerontology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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14
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Yazdanparast S, Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi M, Mikanik F, Ahmadi R, Ghorbani M, Mansoorian MR, Mansoorian M, Chegni H, Moshari J, Gharehbaghian A. Spotlight on contributory role of host immunogenetic profiling in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Susceptibility, severity, mortality, and vaccine effectiveness. Life Sci 2023:121907. [PMID: 37394094 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread continuously worldwide, characterized by various clinical symptoms. The immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection by producing Abs and secreting cytokines. Recently, numerous studies have highlighted that immunogenetic factors perform a putative role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and implicate vaccination effectiveness. AIM This review summarizes the relevant articles and evaluates the significance of mutation and polymorphism in immune-related genes regarding susceptibility, severity, mortality, and vaccination effectiveness of COVID-19. Furthermore, the correlation between host immunogenetic and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is discussed. METHOD A comprehensive search was conducted to identify relevant articles using five databases until January 2023, which resulted in 105 total articles. KEY FINDINGS Taken to gather this review summarized that: (a) there is a plausible correlation between immune-related genes and COVID-19 outcomes, (b) the HLAs, cytokines, chemokines, and other immune-related genes expression profiles can be a prognostic factor in COVID-19-infected patients, and (c) polymorphisms in immune-related genes have been associated with the effectiveness of vaccination. SIGNIFICANCE Regarding the importance of mutation and polymorphisms in immune-related genes in COVID-19 outcomes, modulating candidate genes is expected to help clinical decisions, patient outcomes management, and innovative therapeutic approach development. In addition, the manipulation of host immunogenetics is hypothesized to induce more robust cellular and humoral immune responses, effectively increase the efficacy of vaccines, and subsequently reduce the incidence rates of reinfection-associated COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Yazdanparast
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mikanik
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
| | | | - Mozhgan Mansoorian
- Nursing Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Hamid Chegni
- Department of Immunology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Moshari
- School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gharehbaghian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Zhou H, Jia B, Annageldiyev C, Minagawa K, Zhao C, Mineishi S, Ehmann WC, Naik SG, Cioccio J, Wirk B, Songdej N, Rakszawski KL, Nickolich MS, Shen J, Zheng H. CD26 lowPD-1 + CD8 T cells are terminally exhausted and associated with leukemia progression in acute myeloid leukemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1169144. [PMID: 37457737 PMCID: PMC10338956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a devastating blood cancer with poor prognosis. Novel effective treatment is an urgent unmet need. Immunotherapy targeting T cell exhaustion by blocking inhibitory pathways, such as PD-1, is promising in cancer treatment. However, results from clinical studies applying PD-1 blockade to AML patients are largely disappointing. AML is highly heterogeneous. Identification of additional immune regulatory pathways and defining predictive biomarkers for treatment response are crucial to optimize the strategy. CD26 is a marker of T cell activation and involved in multiple immune processes. Here, we performed comprehensive phenotypic and functional analyses on the blood samples collected from AML patients and discovered that CD26lowPD-1+ CD8 T cells were associated with AML progression. Specifically, the percentage of this cell fraction was significantly higher in patients with newly diagnosed AML compared to that in patients achieved completed remission or healthy controls. Our subsequent studies on CD26lowPD-1+ CD8 T cells from AML patients at initial diagnosis demonstrated that this cell population highly expressed inhibitory receptors and displayed impaired cytokine production, indicating an exhaustion status. Importantly, CD26lowPD-1+ CD8 T cells carried features of terminal exhaustion, manifested by higher frequency of TEMRA differentiation, increased expression of transcription factors that are observed in terminally exhausted T cells, and high level of intracellular expression of granzyme B and perforin. Our findings suggest a prognostic and predictive value of CD26 in AML, providing pivotal information to optimize the immunotherapy for this devastating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Zhou
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical Center of Hematology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bei Jia
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Charyguly Annageldiyev
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Kentaro Minagawa
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Shin Mineishi
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - W Christopher Ehmann
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Seema G. Naik
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joseph Cioccio
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Baldeep Wirk
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Natthapol Songdej
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Kevin L. Rakszawski
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Myles S. Nickolich
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jianzhen Shen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical Center of Hematology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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16
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COVID-19 therapeutics: Clinical application of repurposed drugs and futuristic strategies for target-based drug discovery. Genes Dis 2023; 10:1402-1428. [PMCID: PMC10079314 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the complicated disease COVID-19. Clinicians are continuously facing huge problems in the treatment of patients, as COVID-19-specific drugs are not available hence the principle of drug repurposing serves as a one-and-only hope. Globally, the repurposing of many drugs is underway; few of them are already approved by the regulatory bodies for their clinical use and most of them are in different phases of clinical trials. Here in this review, our main aim is to discuss in detail the up-to-date information on the target-based pharmacological classification of repurposed drugs, the potential mechanism of actions, and the current clinical trial status of various drugs which are under repurposing since early 2020. At last, we briefly proposed the probable pharmacological and therapeutic drug targets that may be preferred as a futuristic drug discovery approach in the development of effective medicines.
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17
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Wiśniewska A, Czepiel K, Stachowicz A, Pomierny B, Kuś K, Kiepura A, Stachyra K, Surmiak M, Madej J, Olszanecki R, Suski M. The antiatherosclerotic action of 1G244 - An inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidases 8/9 - is mediated by the induction of macrophage death. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 944:175566. [PMID: 36739078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting cell death to induce favorable functional and morphological changes within atherosclerotic plaques has long been postulated as a promising anti-atherosclerotic strategy. In this regard, inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidases 8/9 has received special attention in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases due to its regulatory role in macrophage death in vivo. METHODS The present study investigates the influence of prolonged treatment with 1G244 - an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidases 8/9 - on the development of the advanced atherosclerosis plaque in apoE-knockout mice, using morphometric and molecular methods. RESULTS 1G244 administration has led to a reduction in atherosclerotic plaque size in an apoE-knockout mice model. Moreover, it reduced the content of in-plaque macrophages, attributed by immunohistochemical phenotyping to the pro-inflammatory M1-like activation state of these cells. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidases 8/9 augmented the lytic form of death response of activated macrophages in-vitro. CONCLUSIONS In summary, inhibition of DPP 8/9 elicited an anti-atherosclerotic effect in apoE-/- mice, which can be attributed to the lytic form of death induction in activated macrophages, as assessed by the in vitro BMDM model. This, in turn, results in a reduction of the plaque area without its transformation towards a rupture-prone morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wiśniewska
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Czepiel
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Stachowicz
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna str., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kuś
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kiepura
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Stachyra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska str., 31-066, Krakow, Poland
| | - Józef Madej
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Suski
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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18
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Shu Q, Deng M, Hu M, Liu M, Chen X, Chen Y, Cai L. The additional role of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT in patients with unknown primary lesion with a negative or equivocal [18F]FDG. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1442-1452. [PMID: 36609606 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-06095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE [18F]FDG PET/CT to detect unknown primary lesions is essential for clinical management but still has limitations. [68Ga]Ga-FAPI is a tumor-stromal imaging agent that provides a promising alternative to [18F]FDG for the assessment of malignancies. We aimed to investigate whether [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT has an additional role in identifying unknown primary lesions with negative or equivocal [18F] FDG PET/CT results. METHODS This single-center prospective clinical study was conducted between March 2020 and March 2022 at Southwest Medical University Hospital. Patients underwent [18F]FDG PET/CT for the identification of unknown primary lesions. They underwent repeat [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT when [18F]FDG PET/CT results were negative or equivocal. Histopathological examination, surgery, or clinical follow-up (at least 3 months) for FAPI-positive lesions. The diagnostic efficacy of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI in identifying unknown primary lesions was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 44 participants (median age, 57 ± 12 [SD]; 22 [50%] men) were evaluated. Thirteen of the 44 patients had equivocal [18F]FDG PET/CT findings, while the diagnosis was clear on [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT. [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT also revealed primary lesions in additional 17 patients with negative [18F]FDG PET/CT findings. In fourteen of 44 patients, no primary lesion was detected by either tracer. On this basis, we analyzed 94 lymph node metastatic lesions. The mean SUVmax of lymph node metastases on [68Ga] Ga-FAPI PET/CT and [18F]FDG PET/CT were 9.2 ± 5.1, 7.9 ± 4.8 (p = 0.03) and the mean TBR were 9.1 ± 5.2, 4.9 ± 3.1 (p < 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSION [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed great potential for identifying unknown primary lesions and has the potential to improve the detection rate of unknown primary lesions with negative or equivocal for [18F]FDG findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov. Identifier: ChiCTR2100044131.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Shu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St., Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoxue Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St., Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengna Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St., Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St., Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St., Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St., Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Bhattacharjee A, Bachovchin DA. DPP8/9 are not Required to Cleave Most Proline-Containing Peptides. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200117. [PMID: 37982048 PMCID: PMC10655806 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors of the intracellular serine peptidases DPP8 and DPP9 (DPP8/9) activate the NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes, but the key DPP8/9 substrates have not yet been identified. DPP8/9 cleave after proline to remove N-terminal dipeptides from peptides or proteins, and studies using pseudo-peptide reporter substrates have suggested that these enzymes may play key roles in the catabolism of many proline-containing peptides generated by the proteasome. Here, we evaluated the degradation of a wide array of actual peptides in cell lysates, and discovered that DPP8/9 are not in fact involved in the processing of the vast majority of proline-containing peptides. Overall, these results indicate that DPP8/9 have a much more limited substrate scope than previously thought, and likely specifically cleave some critically important, but as yet unknown, intracellular peptide or protein that regulates inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Bhattacharjee
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA
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20
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Angeli F, Zappa M, Reboldi G, Gentile G, Trapasso M, Spanevello A, Verdecchia P. The spike effect of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines on blood pressure. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 109:12-21. [PMID: 36528504 PMCID: PMC9744686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among the various comorbidities potentially worsening the clinical outcome in patients hospitalized for the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), hypertension is one of the most prevalent. However, the basic mechanisms underlying the development of severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among hypertensive patients remain undefined and the direct association of hypertension with outcome in COVID-19 is still a field of debate. Experimental and clinical data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection promotes a rise in blood pressure (BP) during the acute phase of infection. Acute increase in BP and high in-hospital BP variability may be tied with acute organ damage and a worse outcome in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. In this context, the failure of the counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) axis is a potentially relevant mechanism involved in the raise in BP. It is well recognized that the efficient binding of the Spike (S) protein to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors mediates the virus entry into cells. Internalization of ACE2, downregulation and malfunction predominantly due to viral occupation, dysregulates the protective RAS axis with increased generation and activity of angiotensin (Ang) II and reduced formation of Ang1,7. Thus, the imbalance between Ang II and Ang1-7 can directly contribute to excessively rise BP in the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A similar mechanism has been postulated to explain the raise in BP following COVID-19 vaccination ("Spike Effect" similar to that observed during the infection of SARS-CoV-2). S proteins produced upon vaccination have the native-like mimicry of SARS-CoV-2 S protein's receptor binding functionality and prefusion structure and free-floating S proteins released by the destroyed cells previously targeted by vaccines may interact with ACE2 of other cells, thereby promoting ACE2 internalization and degradation, and loss of ACE2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Angeli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy; Department of Medicine and Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, IRCCS Tradate, 21049, Italy.
| | - Martina Zappa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Reboldi
- Department of Medicine, and Centro di Ricerca Clinica e Traslazionale (CERICLET), University of Perugia, Perugia, 06100, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gentile
- College of Medicine and Health. University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom and Department of Nephrology, Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Trapasso
- Dipartimento di Igiene e Prevenzione Sanitaria, PSAL, Sede Territoriale di Varese, ATS Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Antonio Spanevello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy; Department of Medicine and Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, IRCCS Tradate, 21049, Italy
| | - Paolo Verdecchia
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, and Fondazione Umbra Cuore e Ipertensione-ONLUS, Perugia, 06100, Italy
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21
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Kim HJ, Cheng P, Travisano S, Weldy C, Monteiro JP, Kundu R, Nguyen T, Sharma D, Shi H, Lin Y, Liu B, Haldar S, Jackson S, Quertermous T. Molecular mechanisms of coronary artery disease risk at the PDGFD locus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:847. [PMID: 36792607 PMCID: PMC9932166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies for coronary artery disease (CAD) have identified a risk locus at 11q22.3. Here, we verify with mechanistic studies that rs2019090 and PDGFD represent the functional variant and gene at this locus. Further, FOXC1/C2 transcription factor binding at rs2019090 is shown to promote PDGFD transcription through the CAD promoting allele. With single cell transcriptomic and histology studies with Pdgfd knockdown in an SMC lineage tracing male atherosclerosis mouse model we find that Pdgfd promotes expansion, migration, and transition of SMC lineage cells to the chondromyocyte phenotype. Pdgfd also increases adventitial fibroblast and pericyte expression of chemokines and leukocyte adhesion molecules, which is linked to plaque macrophage recruitment. Despite these changes there is no effect of Pdgfd deletion on overall plaque burden. These findings suggest that PDGFD mediates CAD risk by promoting deleterious phenotypic changes in SMC, along with an inflammatory response that is primarily focused in the adventitia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stanislao Travisano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chad Weldy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - João P Monteiro
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Huitong Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yi Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Saptarsi Haldar
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Simon Jackson
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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22
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Kim HJ, Cheng P, Travisano S, Weldy C, Monteiro JP, Kundu R, Nguyen T, Sharma D, Shi H, Lin Y, Liu B, Haldar S, Jackson S, Quertermous T. Molecular mechanisms of coronary artery disease risk at the PDGFD locus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525789. [PMID: 36747745 PMCID: PMC9900883 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling has been extensively studied in the context of vascular disease, but the genetics of this pathway remain to be established. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) for coronary artery disease (CAD) have identified a risk locus at 11q22.3, and we have verified with fine mapping approaches that the regulatory variant rs2019090 and PDGFD represent the functional variant and putative functional gene. Further, FOXC1/C2 transcription factor (TF) binding at rs2019090 was found to promote PDGFD transcription through the CAD promoting allele. Employing a constitutive Pdgfd knockout allele along with SMC lineage tracing in a male atherosclerosis mouse model we mapped single cell transcriptomic, cell state, and lesion anatomical changes associated with gene loss. These studies revealed that Pdgfd promotes expansion, migration, and transition of SMC lineage cells to the chondromyocyte phenotype and vascular calcification. This is in contrast to protective CAD genes TCF21, ZEB2, and SMAD3 which we have shown to promote the fibroblast-like cell transition or perturb the pattern or extent of transition to the chondromyocyte phenotype. Further, Pdgfd expressing fibroblasts and pericytes exhibited greater expression of chemokines and leukocyte adhesion molecules, consistent with observed increased macrophage recruitment to the plaque. Despite these changes there was no effect of Pdgfd deletion on SMC contribution to the fibrous cap or overall lesion burden. These findings suggest that PDGFD mediates CAD risk through promoting SMC expansion and migration, in conjunction with deleterious phenotypic changes, and through promoting an inflammatory response that is primarily focused in the adventitia where it contributes to leukocyte trafficking to the diseased vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Stanislao Travisano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Chad Weldy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - João P. Monteiro
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Huitong Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Yi Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms, Zhejiang Laboratory, China 311121
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Saptarsi Haldar
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Simon Jackson
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
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23
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Lal J, Prajapati G, Meena R, Kant R, Sankar Ampapathi R, Reddy DN. Influence of Proline Chirality on Neighbouring Azaproline Residue Stereodynamic Nitrogen Preorganization. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201023. [PMID: 36349404 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the first systematic crystal structural investigation of azaproline incorporated in homo- and heterochiral diprolyl peptides. The X-ray crystallography data of peptides 1-5 illustrates that stereodynamic nitrogen in azaproline adopted the stereochemistry of neighbouring proline residue without depending on its position in the peptide sequence. Natural bond orbital analysis of crystal structures indicates OazPro -C'Pro of peptides 4 and 5 participating in n→π* interaction with stabilization energy about 1.21-1.33 kcal/mol. Density functional theory calculations suggested that the endo-proline ring puckering favoured over exo-conformation by 6.72-7.64 kcal/mol. NBO and DFT data reveals that the n→π* interactions and proline ring puckering stabilize azaproline chirality with the neighbouring proline stereochemistry. The CD, solvent titration, variable-temperature and 2D NMR experimental results further supported the crystal structures conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhajan Lal
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, India) .,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP-201002, India
| | - Gurudayal Prajapati
- Division of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP-201002, India
| | - Rachana Meena
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, India) .,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP-201002, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Ravi Sankar Ampapathi
- Division of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP-201002, India
| | - Damodara N Reddy
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, India) .,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP-201002, India
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24
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Jones L, Jones AM. Suspected adverse drug reactions of the type 2 antidiabetic drug class dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP4i): Can polypharmacology help explain? Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e01029. [PMID: 36468400 PMCID: PMC9720577 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To interpret the relationship between the polypharmacology of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP4i) and their suspected adverse drug reaction (ADR) profiles using a national registry. A retrospective investigation into the suspected ADR profile of four licensed DPP4i in the United Kingdom using the National MHRA Yellow Card Scheme and OpenPrescribing databases. Experimental data from the ChEMBL database alongside physiochemical (PC) and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles were extracted and interpreted. DPP4i show limited polypharmacology alongside low suspected ADR rates. We found a minimal statistical difference between the unique ADR profiles ascribed to the DPP4i except for total ADRs (χ2 ; p < .05). Alogliptin consistently showed the highest suspected ADR rate per 1 000 000 items prescribed. Saxagliptin showed the lowest suspected ADR rate across all organ classes but did not reach statistical difference (χ2 ; p > .05). We confirmed the Phase III clinical trial data that showed gastrointestinal and skin reactions are the most reported ADRs across the DPP4i class and postulated underlying mechanisms for this based on possible drug interactions. The main pharmacological mechanism behind the ADRs is attributed to interactions with DPP4 activity and/or structure homolog (DASH) proteins which augment the immune-inflammatory modulation of DPP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jones
- Medicines Safety Research Group (MSRG), School of PharmacyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Medicines Safety Research Group (MSRG), School of PharmacyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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25
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DPP9 as a Potential Novel Mediator in Gastrointestinal Virus Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112177. [DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a member of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV family. Inhibition of DPP9 has recently been shown to activate the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome. NLRP1 is known to bind nucleic acids with high affinity and directly interact with double stranded RNA, which plays a key role in viral replication. DPP9 has also recently emerged as a key gene related to lung-inflammation in critical SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, DPP9 activity is strongly dependent on the oxidative status. Here, we explored the potential role of DPP9 in the gastrointestinal tract. We performed transcriptomics analyses of colon (microarray, n = 37) and jejunal (RNA sequencing, n = 31) biopsies from two independent cohorts as well as plasma metabolomics analyses in two independent cohorts (n = 37 and n = 795). The expression of DPP9 in the jejunum, colon, and blood was significantly associated with circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress (uric acid, bilirubin). It was also associated positively with the expression of transcription factors (NRF-2) and genes (SOD, CAT, GPX) encoding for antioxidant enzymes, but negatively with that of genes (XDH, NOX) and transcription factors (NF-KB) involved in ROS-generating enzymes. Gene co-expression patterns associated with DPP9 identified several genes participating in antiviral pathways in both tissues. Notably, DPP9 expression in the colon and plasma was strongly positively associated with several circulating nucleotide catabolites (hypoxanthine, uric acid, 3-ureidopropionic acid) with important roles in the generation of ROS and viral infection, as well as other metabolites related to oxidative stress (Resolvin D1, glutamate-containing dipeptides). Gene-drug enrichment analyses identified artenimol, puromycin, anisomycin, 3-phenyllactic acid, and linezolid as the most promising drugs targeting these DPP9-associated genes. We have identified a novel potential pathogenic mechanism of viral infection in the digestive tract and promising existing drugs that can be repositioned against viral infection.
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26
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Novel hit of DPP-4Is as promising antihyperglycemic agents with dual antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects for type 2 diabetes with/without COVID-19. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106092. [PMID: 35985159 PMCID: PMC9364673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DPP-4Is are well recognized therapy for type 2 diabetes. In spite of sharing a common mode of action, the chemical diversity among members of DPP-4Is raised the question whether structural differences may result in distinguished activities. DPP-4Is were recently explored as drug repurposing means for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 due to the urgent need for small molecule drugs for controlling infections. The use of DPP-4Is was not correlated with adverse COVID-19-related consequences among patients with type 2 diabetes. Inspired by these reasons and the importance of pyrimidinone ring as DPP-4I with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, we succeeded to prepare some novel pyrimidinone and thio-pyrimidinone derivatives, which were then screened for their antidiabetic activity and DPP-4 inhibition. In addition, their anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated. Furthermore, their antioxidant activities were also tested.
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27
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Kaviani B, Samani MA, Haghshenas H, Dehkordi MG. Development of pyrrolidine and isoindoline derivatives as new DPP8 inhibitors using a combination of 3D-QSAR technique, pharmacophore modeling, docking studies, and molecular dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2125511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bita Kaviani
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Asad Samani
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hamed Haghshenas
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghani Dehkordi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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28
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Turk S, Baesmat AS, Yılmaz A, Turk C, Malkan UY, Ucar G, Haznedaroğlu IC. NK-cell dysfunction of acute myeloid leukemia in relation to the renin–angiotensin system and neurotransmitter genes. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:1495-1506. [PMID: 36213442 PMCID: PMC9490854 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most heterogeneous hematological disorder and blast cells need to fight against immune system. Natural killer (NK) cells can elicit fast anti-tumor responses in response to surface receptors of tumor cells. NK-cell activity is often impaired in the disease, and there is a risk of insufficient tumor suppression and progression. The aim of this study is to assess the dysfunction of NK cells in AML patients via focusing on two important pathways. We obtained single-cell RNA-sequencing data from NK cells obtained from healthy donors and AML patients. The data were used to perform a wide variety of approaches, including DESeq2 (version 3.9), limma (version 3.26.8) power differential expression analyses, hierarchical clustering, gene set enrichment, and pathway analysis. ATP6AP2, LNPEP, PREP, IGF2R, CTSA, and THOP1 genes were found to be related to the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) family, while DPP3, GLRA3, CRCP, CHRNA5, CHRNE, and CHRNB1 genes were associated with the neurotransmitter pathways. The determined genes are expressed within different patterns in the AML and healthy groups. The relevant molecular pathways and clusters of genes were identified, as well. The cross-talks of NK-cell dysfunction in relation to the RAS and neurotransmitters seem to be important in the genesis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Ayriana Safari Baesmat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Can Turk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Umit Yavuz Malkan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Gulberk Ucar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
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Angeli F, Reboldi G, Trapasso M, Zappa M, Spanevello A, Verdecchia P. COVID-19, vaccines and deficiency of ACE 2 and other angiotensinases. Closing the loop on the "Spike effect". Eur J Intern Med 2022; 103:23-28. [PMID: 35753869 PMCID: PMC9217159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The role of a dysregulated renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is well recognized. The imbalance between angiotensin II (Ang II) and Angiotensin1-7 (Ang1,7) caused by the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors exerts a pivotal role on the clinical picture and outcome of COVID-19. ACE2 receptors are not the exclusive angiotensinases in nature. Other angiotensinases (PRCP, and POP) have the potential to limit the detrimental effects of the interactions between ACE2 and the Spike proteins. In the cardiovascular disease continuum, ACE2 activity tends to decrease, and POP/PRCP activity to increase, from the health status to advanced deterioration of the cardiovascular system. The failure of the counter-regulatory RAS axis during the acute phase of COVID-19 is characterized by a decrease of ACE2 expression coupled to unchanged activity of other angiotensinases, therefore failing to limit the accumulation of Ang II. COVID-19 vaccines increase the endogenous synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Once synthetized, the free-floating spike proteins circulate in the blood, interact with ACE2 receptors and resemble the pathological features of SARS-CoV-2 ("Spike effect" of COVID-19 vaccines). It has been noted that an increased catalytic activity of POP/PRCP is typical in elderly individuals with comorbidities or previous cardiovascular events, but not in younger people. Thus, the adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccination associated with Ang II accumulation are generally more common in younger and healthy subjects. Understanding the relationships between different mechanisms of Ang II cleavage and accumulation offers the opportunity to close the pathophysiological loop between the risk of progression to severe forms of COVID-19 and the potential adverse events of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Angeli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; Department of Medicine and Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.
| | - Gianpaolo Reboldi
- Department of Medicine, and Centro di Ricerca Clinica e Traslazionale (CERICLET), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Trapasso
- Dipartimento di Igiene e Prevenzione Sanitaria, ATS Insubria, PSAL, Sede Territoriale di Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Martina Zappa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonio Spanevello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; Department of Medicine and Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - Paolo Verdecchia
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital S. Maria Della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy; Fondazione Umbra Cuore e Ipertensione-ONLUS, Perugia, Italy
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30
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Masui S, Yonezawa A, Yokoyama K, Iwamoto N, Shimada T, Onishi A, Onizawa H, Fujii T, Murakami K, Murata K, Tanaka M, Nakagawa S, Hira D, Itohara K, Imai S, Nakagawa T, Hayakari M, Matsuda S, Morinobu A, Terada T, Matsubara K. N-terminus of Etanercept is Proteolytically Processed by Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2541-2554. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) on COVID-19 Physiopathology. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10082026. [PMID: 36009573 PMCID: PMC9406088 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DPP4/CD26 is a single-pass transmembrane protein with multiple functions on glycemic control, cell migration and proliferation, and the immune system, among others. It has recently acquired an especial relevance due to the possibility to act as a receptor or co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2, as it has been already demonstrated for other coronaviruses. In this review, we analyze the evidence for the role of DPP4 on COVID-19 risk and clinical outcome, and its contribution to COVID-19 physiopathology. Due to the pathogenetic links between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus and the hyperinflammatory response, with the hallmark cytokine storm developed very often during the disease, we dive deep into the functions of DPP4 on carbohydrate metabolism and immune system regulation. We show that the broad spectrum of functions regulated by DPP4 is performed both as a protease enzyme, as well as an interacting partner of other molecules on the cell surface. In addition, we provide an update of the DPP4 inhibitors approved by the EMA and/or the FDA, together with the newfangled approval of generic drugs (in 2021 and 2022). This review will also cover the effects of DPP4 inhibitors (i.e., gliptins) on the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing the role of DPP4 in this disturbing disease.
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Sun H, Qi X. The role of insulin and incretin-based drugs in biliary tract cancer: epidemiological and experimental evidence. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:70. [PMID: 35933633 PMCID: PMC9357599 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and incretin-based drugs are important antidiabetic agents with complex effects on cell growth and metabolism. Emerging evidence shows that insulin and incretin-based drugs are associated with altered risk of biliary tract cancer (BTC). Observational study reveals that insulin is associated with an increased risk of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC), but not intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) or gallbladder cancer (GBC). This type-specific effect can be partly explained by the cell of origin and heterogeneous genome landscape of the three subtypes of BTC. Similar to insulin, incretin-based drugs also exhibit very interesting contradictions and inconsistencies in response to different cancer phenotypes, including BTC. Both epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that incretin-based drugs can be a promoter of some cancers and an inhibitor of others. It is now more apparent that this type of drugs has a broader range of physiological effects on the body, including regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, and gene expression. In particular, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have a more complex effect on cancer due to the multi-functional nature of DPP-4. DPP-4 exerts both catalytic and non-enzymatic functions to regulate metabolic homeostasis, immune reaction, cell migration, and proliferation. In this review, we collate the epidemiological and experimental evidence regarding the effect of these two classes of drugs on BTC to provide valuable information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, No.208 East Huancheng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Qi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.573 Xujiahui Road, Shanghai, China.
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Nätynki A, Leisti P, Tuusa J, Varpuluoma O, Huilaja L, Izumi K, Herukka SK, Ukkola O, Junttila J, Kokkonen N, Tasanen K. Use of gliptins reduces levels of SDF-1/CXCL12 in bullous pemphigoid and type 2 diabetes, but does not increase autoantibodies against BP180 in diabetic patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942131. [PMID: 35958564 PMCID: PMC9357937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, (also known as gliptins), is associated with an increased risk of bullous pemphigoid (BP), an autoimmune blistering skin disease. To explore the mechanism behind gliptin-associated BP we investigated circulating autoantibodies against the major BP autoantigen BP180 in serum samples from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with preceding gliptin medication (n = 136) or without (n = 136). Sitagliptin was the most frequently prescribed gliptin (125/136 patients). Using an ELISA assay, we showed that IgG autoantibodies against the immunodominant NC16A domain of BP180 were found in 5.9% of gliptin treated and in 6.6% of non-gliptin treated T2D patients. We found that 28% of gliptin treated patients had IgG autoantibodies recognizing the native full-length BP180 in ELISA, but among non-gliptin treated the seropositivity was even higher, at 32%. Further ELISA analysis of additional serum samples (n = 57) found no major changes in the seropositivity against BP180 during a follow-up period of about nine years. In immunoblotting, full-length BP180 was recognized by 71% of gliptin treated and 89% of non-gliptin treated T2D patients, but only by 46% of the age-and sex-matched controls. The chemokine stromal derived factor-1(SDF-1/CXCL12) is one of the major substrates of DPP4. Immunostainings showed that the expression of SDF-1 was markedly increased in the skin of BP patients, but not affected by prior gliptin treatment. We found that the use of gliptins decreased the serum level of SDF-1α in both BP and T2D patients. Our results indicate that the autoantibodies against the linear full-length BP180 are common in patients with T2D, but seropositivity is unaffected by the use of sitagliptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Nätynki
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Päivi Leisti
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Tuusa
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Varpuluoma
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Huilaja
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olavi Ukkola
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juhani Junttila
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nina Kokkonen
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- Department of Dermatology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- *Correspondence: Kaisa Tasanen,
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Hanson MA, Kondo S, Lemaitre B. Drosophila immunity: the Drosocin gene encodes two host defence peptides with pathogen-specific roles. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220773. [PMID: 35730150 PMCID: PMC9233930 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key to defence against infection in plants and animals. Use of AMP mutations in Drosophila has now revealed that AMPs can additively or synergistically contribute to defence in vivo. However, these studies also revealed high specificity, wherein just one AMP contributes an outsized role in combatting a specific pathogen. Here, we show the Drosocin locus (CG10816) is more complex than previously described. In addition to its namesake peptide 'Drosocin', it encodes a second mature peptide from a precursor via furin cleavage. This peptide corresponds to the previously uncharacterized 'Immune-induced Molecule 7'. A polymorphism (Thr52Ala) in the Drosocin precursor protein previously masked the identification of this peptide, which we name 'Buletin'. Using mutations differently affecting Drosocin and Buletin, we show that only Drosocin contributes to Drosocin gene-mediated defence against Enterobacter cloacae. Strikingly, we observed that Buletin, but not Drosocin, contributes to the Drosocin gene-mediated defence against Providencia burhodogranariea, including an importance of the Thr52Ala polymorphism for survival. Our study reveals that the Drosocin gene encodes two prominent host defence peptides with different specificity against distinct pathogens. This finding emphasizes the complexity of the Drosophila humoral response and demonstrates how natural polymorphisms can affect host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Hanson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S. Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - B. Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Proline-specific peptidase activities (DPP4, PRCP, FAP and PREP) in plasma of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:4-11. [PMID: 35283094 PMCID: PMC8920094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 patients experience several features of dysregulated immune system observed in sepsis. We previously showed a dysregulation of several proline-selective peptidases such as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) and prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) in sepsis. In this study, we investigated whether these peptidases are similarly dysregulated in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS Fifty-six hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 32 healthy controls were included. Enzymatic activities of DPP4, FAP, PREP and PRCP were measured in samples collected shortly after hospital admission and in longitudinal follow-up samples. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, both DPP4 and FAP activities were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients at hospital admission and FAP activity further decreased significantly in the first week of hospitalization. While PRCP activity remained unchanged, PREP activity was significantly increased in COVID-19 patients at hospitalization and further increased during hospital stay and stayed elevated until the day of discharge. CONCLUSION The changes in activities of proline-selective peptidases in plasma are very similar in COVID-19 and septic shock patients. The pronounced decrease in FAP activity deserves further investigation, both from a pathophysiological viewpoint and as its utility as a part of a biomarker panel.
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Kawashima S, Yoshida D, Yoshioka T, Ogasawara A, Fujita K, Yanagiya M, Nagano M, Konoeda C, Hino H, Kitano K, Sato M, Hino R, Kojima R, Komatsu T, Kamiya M, Urano Y, Nakajima J. Rapid imaging of lung cancer using a red fluorescent probe to detect dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase activities. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9100. [PMID: 35650221 PMCID: PMC9160295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of lung-cancer micro-lesions is becoming increasingly important to improve the outcome of surgery by accurately defining the tumor/normal tissue margins and detecting tiny tumors, especially for patients with low lung function and early-stage cancer. The purpose of this study is to select and validate the best red fluorescent probe for rapid diagnosis of lung cancer by screening a library of 400 red fluorescent probes based on 2-methyl silicon rhodamine (2MeSiR) as the fluorescent scaffold, as well as to identify the target enzymes that activate the selected probe, and to confirm their expression in cancer cells. The selected probe, glutamine-alanine-2-methyl silicon rhodamine (QA-2MeSiR), showed 96.3% sensitivity and 85.2% specificity for visualization of lung cancer in surgically resected specimens within 10 min. In order to further reduce the background fluorescence while retaining the same side-chain structure, we modified QA-2MeSiR to obtain glutamine-alanine-2-methoxy silicon rhodamine (QA-2OMeSiR). This probe rapidly visualized even borderline lesions. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase were identified as enzymes mediating the cleavage and consequent fluorescence activation of QA-2OMeSiR, and it was confirmed that both enzymes are expressed in lung cancer. QA-2OMeSiR is a promising candidate for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kawashima
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafusa Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohhei Fujita
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yanagiya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nagano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Konoeda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruaki Hino
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kitano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Hino
- Department of Sports and Health Science, Daito Bunka University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kojima
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Komatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zboralski D, Hoehne A, Bredenbeck A, Schumann A, Nguyen M, Schneider E, Ungewiss J, Paschke M, Haase C, von Hacht JL, Kwan T, Lin KK, Lenore J, Harding TC, Xiao J, Simmons AD, Mohan AM, Beindorff N, Reineke U, Smerling C, Osterkamp F. Preclinical evaluation of FAP-2286 for fibroblast activation protein targeted radionuclide imaging and therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3651-3667. [PMID: 35608703 PMCID: PMC9399058 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a membrane-bound protease that has limited expression in normal adult tissues but is highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment of many solid cancers. FAP-2286 is a FAP-binding peptide coupled to a radionuclide chelator that is currently being investigated in patients as an imaging and therapeutic agent. The potency, selectivity, and efficacy of FAP-2286 were evaluated in preclinical studies. METHODS FAP expression analysis was performed by immunohistochemistry and autoradiography on primary human cancer specimens. FAP-2286 was assessed in biochemical and cellular assays and in in vivo imaging and efficacy studies, and was further evaluated against FAPI-46, a small molecule-based FAP-targeting agent. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry confirmed elevated levels of FAP expression in multiple tumor types including pancreatic, breast, and sarcoma, which correlated with FAP binding by FAP-2286 autoradiography. FAP-2286 and its metal complexes demonstrated high affinity to FAP recombinant protein and cell surface FAP expressed on fibroblasts. Biodistribution studies in mice showed rapid and persistent uptake of 68Ga-FAP-2286, 111In-FAP-2286, and 177Lu-FAP-2286 in FAP-positive tumors, with renal clearance and minimal uptake in normal tissues. 177Lu-FAP-2286 exhibited antitumor activity in FAP-expressing HEK293 tumors and sarcoma patient-derived xenografts, with no significant weight loss. In addition, FAP-2286 maintained longer tumor retention and suppression in comparison to FAPI-46. CONCLUSION In preclinical models, radiolabeled FAP-2286 demonstrated high tumor uptake and retention, as well as potent efficacy in FAP-positive tumors. These results support clinical development of 68Ga-FAP-2286 for imaging and 177Lu-FAP-2286 for therapeutic use in a broad spectrum of FAP-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Zboralski
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aileen Hoehne
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Bredenbeck
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Schumann
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Ungewiss
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Paschke
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Haase
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan L von Hacht
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jim Xiao
- Clovis Oncology, Inc, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Ajay-Mohan Mohan
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Beindorff
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Reineke
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frank Osterkamp
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Does DPP-IV Inhibition Offer New Avenues for Therapeutic Intervention in Malignant Disease? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092072. [PMID: 35565202 PMCID: PMC9103952 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is growing interest in identifying the effects of antidiabetic agents on cancer risk, progression, and anti-cancer treatment due to the long-term use of these medications and the inherently increased risk of malignancies in diabetic patients. Tumor development and progression are affected by multiple mediators in the tumor microenvironment, several of which may be proteolytically modified by the multifunctional protease dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV, CD26). Currently, low-molecular-weight DPP-IV inhibitors (gliptins) are used in patients with type 2 diabetes based on the observation that DPP-IV inhibition enhances insulin secretion by increasing the bioavailability of incretins. However, the DPP-IV-mediated cleavage of other biopeptides and chemokines is also prevented by gliptins. The potential utility of gliptins in other areas of medicine, including cancer, is therefore being evaluated. Here, we critically review the existing evidence on the role of DPP-IV inhibitors in cancer pathogenesis, their potential to be used in anti-cancer treatment, and the possible perils associated with this approach. Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV, CD26) is frequently dysregulated in cancer and plays an important role in regulating multiple bioactive peptides with the potential to influence cancer progression and the recruitment of immune cells. Therefore, it represents a potential contributing factor to cancer pathogenesis and an attractive therapeutic target. Specific DPP-IV inhibitors (gliptins) are currently used in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to promote insulin secretion by prolonging the activity of the incretins glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Nevertheless, the modulation of the bioavailability and function of other DPP-IV substrates, including chemokines, raises the possibility that the use of these orally administered drugs with favorable side-effect profiles might be extended beyond the treatment of hyperglycemia. In this review, we critically examine the possible utilization of DPP-IV inhibition in cancer prevention and various aspects of cancer treatment and discuss the potential perils associated with the inhibition of DPP-IV in cancer. The current literature is summarized regarding the possible chemopreventive and cytotoxic effects of gliptins and their potential utility in modulating the anti-tumor immune response, enhancing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, preventing acute graft-versus-host disease, and alleviating the side-effects of conventional anti-tumor treatments.
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Maggi E, Azzarone BG, Canonica GW, Moretta L. What we know and still ignore on COVID-19 immune pathogenesis and a proposal based on the experience of allergic disorders. Allergy 2022; 77:1114-1128. [PMID: 34582050 PMCID: PMC8652765 DOI: 10.1111/all.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in March 2020 and caused over 5 million confirmed deaths worldwide as far August 2021. We have been recently overwhelmed by a wide literature on how the immune system recognizes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and contributes to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Although originally considered a respiratory viral disease, COVID-19 is now recognized as a far more complex, multi-organ-, immuno-mediated-, and mostly heterogeneous disorder. Though efficient innate and adaptive immunity may control infection, when the patient fails to mount an adequate immune response at the start, or in advanced disease, a high innate-induced inflammation can lead to different clinical outcomes through heterogeneous compensatory mechanisms. The variability of viral load and persistence, the genetic alterations of virus-driven receptors/signaling pathways and the plasticity of innate and adaptive responses may all account for the extreme heterogeneity of pathogenesis and clinical patterns. As recently applied to some inflammatory disorders as asthma, rhinosinusitis with polyposis, and atopic dermatitis, herein we suggest defining different endo-types and the related phenotypes along COVID-19. Patients should be stratified for evolving symptoms and tightly monitored for surrogate biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity. This would allow to preventively identify each endo-type (and its related phenotype) and to treat patients precisely with agents targeting pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maggi
- Department of ImmunologyBambino Gesù Children’s HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of ImmunologyBambino Gesù Children’s HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
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Proteins and pathways in atrial fibrillation and atrial cardiomyopathy underlying cryptogenic stroke. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2022; 39:100977. [PMID: 35281755 PMCID: PMC8913305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most prevalent causes of cryptogenic stroke. Also, apart from AF itself, structural and remodelling changes in the atria might be an underlying cause of cryptogenic stroke. We aimed to discover circulating proteins and reveal pathways altered in AF and atrial cardiomyopathy, measured by left atrial volume index (LAVI) and peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS), in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Methods An aptamer array (including 1310 proteins) was measured in the blood of 20 cryptogenic stroke patients monitored during 28 days with a Holter device as a case-control study of the Crypto-AF cohort. Protein levels were compared between patients with (n = 10) and without AF (n = 10) after stroke, and the best candidates were tested in 111 patients from the same cohort (44 patients with AF and 67 without AF). In addition, in the first 20 patients, proteins were explored according to PALS and LAVI values. Results Forty-six proteins were differentially expressed in AF cases. Of those, four proteins were tested in a larger sample size. Only DPP7, presenting lower levels in AF patients, was further validated. Fifty-seven proteins correlated with LAVI, and 270 correlated with PALS. NT-proBNP was common in all the discovery analyses performed. Interestingly, many proteins and pathways were altered in patients with low PALS. Conclusions Multiple proteins and pathways related to AF and atrial cardiomyopathy have been revealed. The role of DPP7 as a biomarker for stroke aetiology should be further explored. Moreover, the present study may be considered hypothesis-generating.
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Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Ogbechi J, Darlington LG, Williams RO, Stone TW. Induction of IDO1 and Kynurenine by Serine Proteases Subtilisin, Prostate Specific Antigen, CD26 and HtrA: A New Form of Immunosuppression? Front Immunol 2022; 13:832989. [PMID: 35371018 PMCID: PMC8964980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several serine proteases have been linked to autoimmune disorders and tumour initiation although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Activation of the kynurenine pathway enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) modulates cellular activity in the brain, tolerogenesis in the immune system and is a major checkpoint in cancer development. We now report that IDO1 mRNA and IDO1 protein expression (generating kynurenine) are induced in human monocyte-derived macrophages by several chymotryptic serine proteases with direct links to tumorigenesis, including Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), CD26 (Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4, CD26/DPP-4), High Temperature Requirement protein-A (HtrA), and the bacterial virulence factor subtilisin. These proteases also induce expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL1B and IL6. Other serine proteases tested: bacterial glu-C endopeptidase and mammalian Pro-protein Convertase Subtilase-Kexin-3 (PCSK3, furin), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), cathepsin G or neutrophil elastase, did not induce IDO1, indicating that the reported effects are not a general property of all serine proteases. The results represent a novel mechanism of activating immunosuppressive IDO1 and inducing kynurenine generation which, together with the production of inflammatory cytokines, would contribute to tumour initiation and progression, providing a new target for drug development. In addition, the proteasomal S20 serine protease inhibitor carfilzomib, used in the treatment of myeloma, prevented the induction of IDO1 and cytokine gene expression, potentially contributing to its clinical anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Ogbechi
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Medicine and Rheumatology, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Insall RH, Paschke P, Tweedy L. Steering yourself by the bootstraps: how cells create their own gradients for chemotaxis. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:585-596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Imaging Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) with FAPi PET. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030523. [PMID: 35327325 PMCID: PMC8945705 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) surrounding tumor cells is a complex and highly dynamic system that promotes tumorigenesis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key elements in TME playing a pivotal role in cancer cells’ proliferation and metastatic spreading. Considering the high expression of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) on the cell membrane, CAFs emerged as appealing TME targets, namely for molecular imaging, leading to a pan-tumoral approach. Therefore, FAP inhibitors (FAPis) have recently been developed for PET imaging and radioligand therapy, exploring the clinical application in different tumor sub-types. The present review aimed to describe recent developments regarding radiolabeled FAP inhibitors and evaluate the possible translation of this pan-tumoral approach in clinical practice. At present, the application of FAPi-PET has been explored mainly in single-center studies, generally performed in small and heterogeneous cohorts of oncological patients. However, preliminary results were promising, in particular in low FDG-avid tumors, such as primary liver and gastro-entero-pancreatic cancer, or in regions with an unfavorable tumor-to-background ratio at FDG-PET/CT (i.e., brain), and in radiotherapy planning of head and neck tumors. Further promising results have been obtained in the detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis, especially in ovarian and gastric cancer. Data regarding the theranostics approach are still limited at present, and definitive conclusions about its efficacy cannot be drawn at present. Nevertheless, the use of FAPi-based radio-ligand to treat the TME has been evaluated in first-in-human studies and appears feasible. Although the pan-tumoral approach in molecular imaging showed promising results, its real impact in day-to-day clinical practice has yet to be confirmed, and multi-center prospective studies powered for efficacy are needed.
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CD26/DPP-4 in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040891. [PMID: 35205639 PMCID: PMC8870104 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD26 expression is altered in many solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Recently, it has been demonstrated that it is a specific marker expressed on LSCs of CML, both in BM and PB samples, and absent on CD34+/CD38− stem cells in normal subjects or on LSCs of other myeloid neoplasms. CD26+ LSCs have been detected by flow-cytometry assays in all PB samples of Chronic-Phase CML patients evaluated at diagnosis. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that most CML patients undergoing Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) treatment still harbored circulating measurable residual CD26+ LSCs, even when displaying a consistent deep molecular response without any significant association among the amounts of BCR-ABL transcript and CD26+ LSCs. Preliminary data of our Italian prospective multicenter study showed that CML patients with a poorer response presented with a higher number of CD26+ LSCs at diagnosis. These data confirmed that CD26 is a specific marker of CML and suggest that it could be considered for the monitoring of therapeutic responses.
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Kahles F, Rau M, Reugels M, Foldenauer AC, Mertens RW, Arrivas MC, Schröder J, Idel P, Moellmann J, van der Vorst EPC, Marx N, Lehrke M. The gut hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is downregulated in response to myocardial injury. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:18. [PMID: 35123462 PMCID: PMC8817614 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The gut incretin hormones GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) are secreted by enteroendocrine cells following food intake leading to insulin secretion and glucose lowering. Beyond its metabolic function GIP has been found to exhibit direct cardio- and atheroprotective effects in mice and to be associated with cardiovascular prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to characterize endogenous GIP levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Methods and results
Serum concentrations of GIP were assessed in 731 patients who presented with clinical indication of coronary angiography. Circulating GIP levels were significantly lower in patients with STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction; n=100) compared to clinically stable patients without myocardial infarction (n=631) (216.82 pg/mL [Q1–Q3: 52.37–443.07] vs. 271.54 pg/mL [Q1–Q3: 70.12–542.41], p = 0.0266). To characterize endogenous GIP levels in patients with acute myocardial injury we enrolled 18 patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and requirement of extracorporeal circulation as a reproducible condition of myocardial injury. Blood samples were drawn directly before surgery (baseline), upon arrival at the intensive care unit (ICU), 6 h post arrival to the ICU and at the morning of the first and second postoperative days. Mean circulating GIP concentrations decreased in response to surgery from 45.3 ± 22.6 pg/mL at baseline to a minimum of 31.9 ± 19.8 pg/mL at the first postoperative day (p = 0.0384) and rose again at the second postoperative day (52.1 ± 28.0 pg/mL).
Conclusions
Circulating GIP levels are downregulated in patients with myocardial infarction and following cardiac surgery. These results might suggest nutrition-independent regulation of GIP secretion following myocardial injury in humans.
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Verhulst E, Garnier D, De Meester I, Bauvois B. Validating Cell Surface Proteases as Drug Targets for Cancer Therapy: What Do We Know, and Where Do We Go? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030624. [PMID: 35158891 PMCID: PMC8833564 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell surface proteases (so-called ectoproteases) are associated with cancer, and their targeting may confer valuable options for the improvement of cancer treatment outcome. Over the past 20 years, the permanent development of a multitude of inhibitors against several ectoproteases (including DPP4, FAP, APN, ADAM17, MMP2, and MMP9) has made it into clinical evaluation in haematological and solid tumours. Among them, a few show some efficacy, albeit limited, to cure cancer in the near future. This Review summarizes the efforts thus far undertaken in the development of ectoprotease inhibitors and highlights new directions for targeting ectoproteases as an additional weapon in the fight against cancer. Abstract Cell surface proteases (also known as ectoproteases) are transmembrane and membrane-bound enzymes involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Several members, most notably dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4/CD26) and its related family member fibroblast activation protein (FAP), aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13), a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17/TACE), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP2 and MMP9, are often overexpressed in cancers and have been associated with tumour dysfunction. With multifaceted actions, these ectoproteases have been validated as therapeutic targets for cancer. Numerous inhibitors have been developed to target these enzymes, attempting to control their enzymatic activity. Even though clinical trials with these compounds did not show the expected results in most cases, the field of ectoprotease inhibitors is growing. This review summarizes the current knowledge on this subject and highlights the recent development of more effective and selective drugs targeting ectoproteases among which small molecular weight inhibitors, peptide conjugates, prodrugs, or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and derivatives. These promising avenues have the potential to deliver novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Verhulst
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.V.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.V.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Brigitte Bauvois
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Correspondence:
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Fitzgerald AA, Wang S, Agarwal V, Marcisak EF, Zuo A, Jablonski SA, Loth M, Fertig EJ, MacDougall J, Zhukovsky E, Trivedi S, Bhatia D, O'Neill V, Weiner LM. DPP inhibition alters the CXCR3 axis and enhances NK and CD8+ T cell infiltration to improve anti-PD1 efficacy in murine models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002837. [PMID: 34737215 PMCID: PMC8578994 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer death in the USA by 2030. Immune checkpoint inhibitors fail to control most PDAC tumors because of PDAC’s extensive immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor immune infiltration, a phenotype also seen in other non-inflamed (ie, ‘cold’) tumors. Identifying novel ways to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in PDAC is critical. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) inhibition can enhance immunotherapy efficacy in other cancer types; however, the impact of DPP inhibition on PDAC tumors remains unexplored. Methods We examined the effects of an oral small molecule DPP inhibitor (BXCL701) on PDAC tumor growth using mT3-2D and Pan02 subcutaneous syngeneic murine models in C57BL/6 mice. We explored the effects of DPP inhibition on the tumor immune landscape using RNAseq, immunohistochemistry, cytokine evaluation and flow cytometry. We then tested if BXCL701 enhanced anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) efficacy and performed immune cell depletion and rechallenged studies to explore the relevance of cytotoxic immune cells to combination treatment efficacy. Results In both murine models of PDAC, DPP inhibition enhanced NK and T cell immune infiltration and reduced tumor growth. DPP inhibition also enhanced the efficacy of anti-PD1. The efficacy of dual anti-PD1 and BXCL701 therapy was dependent on both CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Mice treated with this combination therapy developed antitumor immune memory that cleared some tumors after re-exposure. Lastly, we used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to demonstrate that increased NK cell content, but not T cell content, in human PDAC tumors is correlated with longer overall survival. We propose that broad DPP inhibition enhances antitumor immune response via two mechanisms: (1) DPP4 inhibition increases tumor content of CXCL9/10, which recruits CXCR3+ NK and T cells, and (2) DPP8/9 inhibition activates the inflammasome, resulting in proinflammatory cytokine release and Th1 response, further enhancing the CXCL9/10-CXCR3 axis. Conclusions These findings show that DPP inhibition with BXCL701 represents a pharmacologic strategy to increase the tumor microenvironment immune cell content to improve anti-PD1 efficacy in PDAC, suggesting BXCL701 can enhance immunotherapy efficacy in ‘cold’ tumor types. These findings also highlight the potential importance of NK cells along with T cells in regulating PDAC tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Fitzgerald
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shangzi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Veena Agarwal
- Immune-oncology, BioXcel Therapeutics Inc, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emily F Marcisak
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Annie Zuo
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sandra A Jablonski
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Melanie Loth
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dimple Bhatia
- BioXcel Therapeutics Inc, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vince O'Neill
- BioXcel Therapeutics Inc, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Louis M Weiner
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Daza-Arnedo R, Rico-Fontalvo JE, Pájaro-Galvis N, Leal-Martínez V, Abuabara-Franco E, Raad-Sarabia M, Montejo-Hernández J, Cardona-Blanco M, Cabrales-Juan J, Uparella-Gulfo I, Montiel LS. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review. Kidney Med 2021; 3:1065-1073. [PMID: 34939016 PMCID: PMC8664739 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is one of the most frequent complications in patients with diabetes mellitus and affects morbidity and mortality. The recent therapies include oral hypoglycemic drugs that, in addition to optimizing glycemic control and reducing the risk of hypoglycemia, may affect the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease; these novel therapies include inhibitors of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), a group of oral hypoglycemic therapeutic agents that act at the level of the incretin system. DPP-4 inhibitors show additional pleiotropic effects in in vitro models, reducing inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative damage, further suggesting potential kidney protective effects. Although existing trials suggest a possible benefit in the progression of diabetic kidney disease, further studies are needed to demonstrate kidney-specific benefits of DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Daza-Arnedo
- Nuevo Hospital Bocagrande, Comité de Nefrodiabetes, Asociación Colombiana de Nefrología, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | - María Raad-Sarabia
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad del Sinú, Cartagena, Colombia
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Liu HF, Xie YK, Zhong BY, Zhang JH, Song CX, Liu YW, Yang Y, Xie BH. Dipeptidyl peptidase-8 induces Sorafenib resistance via binding with c-Rel to mediate NF-κB signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:213-221. [PMID: 34719075 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib is the important first standard drug for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A major obstacle to successful treatment is Sorafenib resistance. However, the mechanism of Sorafenib resistance is unclear. The present study aimed to determine the involvement of dipeptidyl peptidase-8 (DPP8) in Sorafenib resistance. DPP8 expression was detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blotting. The effect of DPP8 on Sorafenib resistance was examined using terminal deoxynulceotidyl transferase nick-end-labeling (TUNEL), colony formation, flow cytometry, luciferase reporter, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation (IP) assays. We found that DPP8 mRNA and protein levels were dramatically upregulated in HCC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) illustrated that DPP8 might be involved in apoptosis regulation. Downregulation of DPP8 substantially promoted the sensitivity of HCC cells to Sorafenib. Further analysis showed that DPP8 might regulate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, which was confirmed using a luciferase reporter assay. Downregulation of DPP8 decreased the expression levels of downstream genes of the NF-κB pathway. IP showed that DPP8 can interact with NF-κB subunit c-Rel, an important protein of NF-κB signaling. Finally, a drug combination of Sorafenib and Val-boroPro induced higher mortality of HCC cells than Sorafenib alone in DPP8-upregulated cells. Our findings indicated that using the inhibitor Val-boroPro might be a promising method to enhance Sorafenib sensitivity in advanced HCC. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Fu Liu
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R., China.,Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yuan-Kang Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Bai-Yin Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Cai-Xin Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yu-Wen Liu
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yan Yang
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Bin-Hui Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
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Qian XK, Zhang J, Li XD, Song PF, Zou LW. Research Progress on Dipeptidyl Peptidase Family: Structure, Function and Xenobiotic Metabolism. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2167-2188. [PMID: 34525910 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210915103431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl-specific peptidases or proteases, including Dipeptidyl Peptidase 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, Fibroblast Activation Protein, prolyl endopeptidase and prolyl carboxypeptidase, belong to the dipeptidyl peptidase family. In human physiology and anatomy, they have homology amino acid sequences, similarities in structure, but play distinct functions and roles. Some of them also play important roles in the metabolism of drugs containing endogenous peptides, xenobiotics containing peptides, and exogenous peptides. The major functions of these peptidases in both the metabolism of human health and bioactive peptides are of significant importance in the development of effective inhibitors to control the metabolism of endogenous bioactive peptides. The structural characteristics, distribution of tissue, endogenous substrates, and biological functions were summarized in this review. Furthermore, the xenobiotics metabolism of the dipeptidyl peptidase family is illustrated. All the evidence and information summarized in this review would be very useful for researchers to extend the understanding of the proteins of these families and offer advice and assistance in physiology and pathology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Kai Qian
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Pei-Fang Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
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