1
|
Diskin CJ, Maldonado R, Leon J, Dansby LM, Carter TB, Radcliff L, Diskin CD. How effective is rescue therapeutic plasma exchange in treatment of SARS-Coronavirus-2? Ther Apher Dial 2022; 27:170-176. [PMID: 35490343 PMCID: PMC9348252 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the FDA gave emergency approval for the use of therapeutic plasma exchange in treatment for SARS-Coronoavirus-2, we analyzed its efficacy in patients who had failed all other known therapies. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of 42 patients with SARS-Coronoavirus-2 who had failed conventional therapy and were treated with therapeutic plasma exchange. Pre- and postexchange clinical and laboratory parameters were monitored. The patients were then also compared with a group of 147 patients with SARS-Coronoavirus-2 who were referred for stage 3 acute renal failure and dialysis from SARS-Coronoavirus-2. RESULTS After therapeutic plasma exchange, there were significant improvements in some clinical parameters but mortality remained high; although better than the renal failure group (43.9% vs. 50.7%, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 patients who failed all other therapies had significant mortality with therapeutic plasma exchange; however, their survival was better than SARS-CoV-2 patients with stage 3 acute renal failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Diskin
- Hypertension, Nephrology, Dialysis & TransplantationOpelikaAlabamaUSA
| | - Ricardo Maldonado
- Department of Infectious DiseaseEast Alabama Medical CenterOpelikaAlabamaUSA
| | - Jose Leon
- East Alabama Rheumatology CenterOpelikaAlabamaUSA
| | - Linda M. Dansby
- Hypertension, Nephrology, Dialysis & TransplantationOpelikaAlabamaUSA
| | - Thomas B. Carter
- Hypertension, Nephrology, Dialysis & TransplantationOpelikaAlabamaUSA
| | - Lautrec Radcliff
- Hypertension, Nephrology, Dialysis & TransplantationOpelikaAlabamaUSA
| | - Charles D. Diskin
- Hypertension, Nephrology, Dialysis & TransplantationOpelikaAlabamaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alvarez JC, Davido B, Moine P, Etting I, Annane D, Larabi IA, Simon N. Population Pharmacokinetics of Hydroxychloroquine and 3 Metabolites in COVID-19 Patients and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Application. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020256. [PMID: 35215368 PMCID: PMC8877570 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We develop a population pharmacokinetic model for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and three of its metabolites (desethylhydroxychloroquine, Des HCQ; desethylchloroquine, DesCQ; and didesethylchloroquine, didesCQ) in COVID-19 patients in order to determine whether a pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) relationship was present. The population PK of HCQ was described using non-linear mixed effects modelling. The duration of hospitalization, the number of deaths, and poor clinical outcomes (death, transfer to ICU, or hospitalization ≥ 10 d) were evaluated as PD parameters. From 100 hospitalized patients (age = 60.7 ± 16 y), 333 BHCQ and M were available for analysis. The data for BHCQ were best described by a four-compartment model with a first-order input (KA) and a first-order output. For M, the better model of the data used one compartment for each metabolite with a first-order input from HCQ and a first-order output. The fraction of HCQ converted to the metabolites was 75%. A significant relationship was observed between the duration of hospitalization and BHCQ at 48 h (r2 = 0.12; p = 0.0052) or 72 h (r2 = 0.16; p = 0.0012). At 48 h or 72 h, 87% or 91% of patients vs. 63% or 62% had a duration < 25 d with a BHCQ higher or below 200 μg/L, respectively. Clinical outcome was significantly related to BHCQ at 48 h (good outcome 369 +/- 181 μg/L vs. poor 285 +/- 144 μg/L; p = 0.0441) but not at 72 h (407 +/- 207 μg/L vs. 311 +/- 174 μg/L; p = 0.0502). The number of deaths was not significantly different according to the trough concentration (p = 0.972 and 0.836 for 48 h and 72 h, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paris-Saclay University (Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), Inserm U-1173, FHU Sepsis, Raymond Poincaré hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France; (I.E.); (I.A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-4710-7946; Fax: +33-147-1079-23
| | - Benjamin Davido
- Infectious Unit, Paris-Saclay University (Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France;
| | - Pierre Moine
- Intensive Care Unit, Paris-Saclay University (Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), Inserm U-1173, FHU Sepsis, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France; (P.M.); (D.A.)
| | - Isabelle Etting
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paris-Saclay University (Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), Inserm U-1173, FHU Sepsis, Raymond Poincaré hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France; (I.E.); (I.A.L.)
| | - Djillali Annane
- Intensive Care Unit, Paris-Saclay University (Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), Inserm U-1173, FHU Sepsis, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France; (P.M.); (D.A.)
| | - Islam Amine Larabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paris-Saclay University (Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), Inserm U-1173, FHU Sepsis, Raymond Poincaré hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France; (I.E.); (I.A.L.)
| | - Nicolas Simon
- Department of clinical Pharmacology, CAP-TV Aix-Marseille University, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hop Sainte Marguerite, 13000 Marseille, France;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stravalaci M, Pagani I, Paraboschi EM, Pedotti M, Doni A, Scavello F, Mapelli SN, Sironi M, Perucchini C, Varani L, Matkovic M, Cavalli A, Cesana D, Gallina P, Pedemonte N, Capurro V, Clementi N, Mancini N, Invernizzi P, Bayarri-Olmos R, Garred P, Rappuoli R, Duga S, Bottazzi B, Uguccioni M, Asselta R, Vicenzi E, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. Recognition and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by humoral innate immunity pattern recognition molecules. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:275-286. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
4
|
Ayipo YO, Yahaya SN, Alananzeh WA, Babamale HF, Mordi MN. Pathomechanisms, therapeutic targets and potent inhibitors of some beta-coronaviruses from bench-to-bedside. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 93:104944. [PMID: 34052418 PMCID: PMC8159710 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of their primitive strains, the complexity surrounding their pathogenesis, constant genetic mutation and translation are contributing factors to the scarcity of a successful vaccine for coronaviruses till moment. Although, the recent announcement of vaccine breakthrough for COVID-19 renews the hope, however, there remains a major challenge of accessibility to urgently match the rapid global therapeutic demand for curtailing the pandemic, thereby creating an impetus for further search. The reassessment of results from a stream of experiments is of enormous importance in identifying bona fide lead-like candidates to fulfil this quest. This review comprehensively highlights the common pathomechanisms and pharmacological targets of HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and potent therapeutic potentials from basic and clinical experimental investigations. The implicated targets for the prevention and treatment include the viral proteases (Mpro, PLpro, 3CLpro), viral structural proteins (S- and N-proteins), non-structural proteins (nsp 3, 8, 10, 14, 16), accessory protein (ns12.9), viroporins (3a, E, 8a), enzymes (RdRp, TMPRSS2, ADP-ribosyltransferase, MTase, 2'-O-MTase, TATase, furin, cathepsin, deamidated human triosephosphate isomerase), kinases (MAPK, ERK, PI3K, mTOR, AKT, Abl2), interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the human host receptor, ACE2. Notably among the 109 overviewed inhibitors include quercetin, eriodictyol, baicalin, luteolin, melatonin, resveratrol and berberine from natural products, GC373, NP164 and HR2P-M2 from peptides, 5F9, m336 and MERS-GD27 from specific human antibodies, imatinib, remdesivir, ivermectin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nafamostat, interferon-β and HCQ from repurposing libraries, some iron chelators and traditional medicines. This review represents a model for further translational studies for effective anti-CoV therapeutic designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia,Department of Chemistry, Kwara State University, P. M. B. 1530, Malete, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Sani Najib Yahaya
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Waleed A. Alananzeh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schilling WHK, White NJ. Does hydroxychloroquine still have any role in the COVID-19 pandemic? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:1257-1266. [PMID: 33724123 PMCID: PMC7989952 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1898589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The 4-aminoquinolines, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine have been used for over 70 years for malaria and rheumatological conditions, respectively. Their broad-spectrum antiviral activity, excellent safety profile, tolerability, low cost, and ready availability made them prime repurposing therapeutic candidates at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.Areas covered: Here, the authors discuss the history of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, the in vitro data which led to their widespread repurposing and adoption in COVID-19 and their complex pharmacokinetics. The evidence for the use of these drugs is assessed through in vivo animal experiments and the wealth of conflicting data and interpretations published during COVID-19, including the more informative results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The safety aspects of these drugs, in particular cardiotoxicity, are then reviewed.Expert opinion: The evidence from clinical trials in COVID-19 supports the well-established safety record of the 4-aminoquinolines at currently recommended dosage. In hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 RCTs show clearly that the 4-aminoquinolines are not beneficial. The only treatments with proven benefit at this stage of infection are immunomodulators (dexamethasone, IL-6 receptor antagonists). No antiviral drugs have proven life-saving in late-stage COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William HK Schilling
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Persoons L, Vanderlinden E, Vangeel L, Wang X, Do NDT, Foo SYC, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Jochmans D, Schols D, De Jonghe S. Broad spectrum anti-coronavirus activity of a series of anti-malaria quinoline analogues. Antiviral Res 2021; 193:105127. [PMID: 34217752 PMCID: PMC8247284 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of 10 quinoline analogues was evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity against a panel of alpha- and beta-coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 1 and 2 (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), as well as the human coronaviruses (HCoV) 229E and OC43. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were the most potent with antiviral EC50 values in the range of 0.12-12 μM. Chloroquine displayed the most favorable selectivity index (i.e. ratio cytotoxic versus antiviral concentration), being 165 for HCoV-OC43 in HEL cells. Potent anti-coronavirus activity was also observed with amodiaquine, ferroquine and mefloquine, although this was associated with substantial cytotoxicity for mefloquine. Primaquine, quinidine, quinine and tafenoquine only blocked coronavirus replication at higher concentrations, while piperaquine completely lacked antiviral and cytotoxic effects. A time-of-addition experiment in HCoV-229E-infected HEL cells revealed that chloroquine interferes with viral entry at a post-attachment stage. Using confocal microscopy, no viral RNA synthesis could be detected upon treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells with chloroquine. The inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication by chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine coincided with an inhibitory effect on the autophagy pathway as visualized by a dose-dependent increase in LC3-positive puncta. The latter effect was less pronounced or even absent with the other quinolines. In summary, we showed that several quinoline analogues, including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, amodiaquine, ferroquine and mefloquine, exhibit broad anti-coronavirus activity in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leentje Persoons
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Vanderlinden
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Laura Vangeel
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyu Wang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nguyen Dan Thuc Do
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kamat S, Kumari M. Repurposing Chloroquine Against Multiple Diseases With Special Attention to SARS-CoV-2 and Associated Toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:576093. [PMID: 33912030 PMCID: PMC8072386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.576093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine and its derivatives have been used since ages to treat malaria and have also been approved by the FDA to treat autoimmune diseases. The drug employs pH-dependent inhibition of functioning and signalling of the endosome, lysosome and trans-Golgi network, immunomodulatory actions, inhibition of autophagy and interference with receptor binding to treat cancer and many viral diseases. The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has brought the whole world on the knees, seeking an urgent hunt for an anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug. Chloroquine has shown to inhibit receptor binding of the viral particles, interferes with their replication and inhibits "cytokine storm". Though multiple modes of actions have been employed by chloroquine against multiple diseases, viral diseases can provide an added advantage to establish the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism, the in vitro and in vivo trials against SARS-CoV-2 have yielded mixed results. The toxicological effects and dosage optimization of chloroquine have been studied for many diseases, though it needs a proper evaluation again as chloroquine is also associated with several toxicities. Moreover, the drug is inexpensive and is readily available in many countries. Though much of the hope has been created by chloroquine and its derivatives against multiple diseases, repurposing it against SARS-CoV-2 requires large scale, collaborative, randomized and unbiased clinical trials to avoid false promises. This review summarizes the use and the mechanism of chloroquine against multiple diseases, its side-effects, mechanisms and the different clinical trials ongoing against "COVID-19".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhuree Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leowattana W. COVID-19: Potential Repurposing Drugs. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e110122191924. [PMID: 33645490 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210301143441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the most infectious diseases and caused coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). It has been widely spread worldwide and infected more than 28 million peoples in 215 countries, and more than 920,000 have now died from COVID-19. To date, no effective antiviral drugs or specific vaccines have been discovered yet. In this bewilderment, the potential therapeutic antiviral drug targets for the COVID-19 are repurposing to speed up the discovery of effective treatment. The most potential drug targets are continuously published, especially Favipiravir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Remdesivir. Moreover, the antiviral target proteins and anti-host target proteins were reported continuously. This review summarized the current research studies of potential therapeutic drug targets being tested against the SARS-CoV-2. It will provide information relative to potential repurposing drugs to overcome the COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Leowattana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajavithi road, Rachatawee, Bangkok 10400. Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Criscuolo E, Diotti RA, Ferrarese R, Alippi C, Viscardi G, Signorelli C, Mancini N, Clementi M, Clementi N. Fast inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by UV-C and ozone exposure on different materials. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:206-210. [PMID: 33399524 PMCID: PMC7872580 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1872354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The extremely rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 has already resulted in more than 1 million reported deaths of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The ability of infectious particles to persist on environmental surfaces is potentially considered a factor for viral spreading. Therefore, limiting viral diffusion in public environments should be achieved with correct disinfection of objects, tissues, and clothes. This study proves how two widespread disinfection systems, short-wavelength ultraviolet light (UV-C) and ozone (O3), are active in vitro on different commonly used materials. The development of devices equipped with UV-C, or ozone generators, may prevent the virus from spreading in public places.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta A Diotti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Alippi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, WEMSY Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Viscardi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, WEMSY Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Signorelli
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Watashi K. Identifying and repurposing antiviral drugs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with in silico and in vitro approaches. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:137-144. [PMID: 33272566 PMCID: PMC7678433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infectious diseases 2019 (COVID-19), a global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a serious public health threat worldwide. So far, there are no drugs and vaccines whose efficacy has been well-proven. After the outbreak, there has been a massive search for anti-SARS-CoV-2 medications, focusing on approved drugs because repurposing approved drugs will take less time to reach clinical usage than new drugs. This article summarizes the studies using in silico and in vitro approaches to identify therapeutic candidates among approved drugs that target the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan,Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510, Japan,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan,MIRAI, JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan,Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
MacGowan A, Hamilton F, Bayliss M, Read L, Attwood M, Noel A, Grier S, Morley A, Arnold D, Maskell N. Hydroxychloroquine serum concentrations in non-critical care patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 24:178-179. [PMID: 33460844 PMCID: PMC7837326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair MacGowan
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Pathology Sciences Building - Phase 2, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Fergus Hamilton
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Pathology Sciences Building - Phase 2, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Mark Bayliss
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Pathology Sciences Building - Phase 2, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Liam Read
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Pathology Sciences Building - Phase 2, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Marie Attwood
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Pathology Sciences Building - Phase 2, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Alan Noel
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Pathology Sciences Building - Phase 2, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Sally Grier
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Pathology Sciences Building - Phase 2, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Anna Morley
- Academic Respiratory Unit, Second Floor, Learning & Research Building, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - David Arnold
- Academic Respiratory Unit, Second Floor, Learning & Research Building, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Nicholas Maskell
- Academic Respiratory Unit, Second Floor, Learning & Research Building, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Petrović T, Lauc G, Trbojević-Akmačić I. The Importance of Glycosylation in COVID-19 Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:239-264. [PMID: 34495539 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently one of the major health problems worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 survival and virulence are shown to be impacted by glycans, covalently attached to proteins in a process of glycosylation, making glycans an area of interest in SARS-CoV-2 biology and COVID-19 infection. The SARS-CoV-2 uses its highly glycosylated spike (S) glycoproteins to bind to the cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) glycoprotein and facilitate host cell entry. Viral glycosylation has wide-ranging roles in viral pathobiology, including mediating protein folding and stability, immune evasion, host receptor attachment, and cell entry. Modification of SARS-CoV-2 envelope membrane with glycans is important in host immune recognition and interaction between S and ACE2 glycoproteins. On the other hand, immunoglobulin G, a key molecule in immune response, shows a distinct glycosylation profile in COVID-19 infection and with increased disease severity. Hence, further studies on the role of glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and COVID-19 infection are needed for its successful prevention and treatment. This chapter focuses on recent findings on the importance of glycosylation in COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Petrović
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mycroft-West CJ, Su D, Pagani I, Rudd TR, Elli S, Gandhi NS, Guimond SE, Miller GJ, Meneghetti MCZ, Nader HB, Li Y, Nunes QM, Procter P, Mancini N, Clementi M, Bisio A, Forsyth NR, Ferro V, Turnbull JE, Guerrini M, Fernig DG, Vicenzi E, Yates EA, Lima MA, Skidmore MA. Heparin Inhibits Cellular Invasion by SARS-CoV-2: Structural Dependence of the Interaction of the Spike S1 Receptor-Binding Domain with Heparin. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1700-1715. [PMID: 33368089 PMCID: PMC7869224 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of development and homeostasis in animals on the interaction of hundreds of extracellular regulatory proteins with the peri- and extracellular glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) is exploited by many microbial pathogens as a means of adherence and invasion. Heparin, a widely used anticoagulant drug, is structurally similar to HS and is a common experimental proxy. Exogenous heparin prevents infection by a range of viruses, including S-associated coronavirus isolate HSR1. Here, we show that heparin inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) invasion of Vero cells by up to 80% at doses achievable through prophylaxis and, particularly relevant, within the range deliverable by nebulisation. Surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrate that heparin and enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin which is a clinical anticoagulant, bind and induce a conformational change in the spike (S1) protein receptor-binding domain (S1 RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. A library of heparin derivatives and size-defined fragments were used to probe the structural basis of this interaction. Binding to the RBD is more strongly dependent on the presence of 2-O or 6-O sulfate groups than on N-sulfation and a hexasaccharide is the minimum size required for secondary structural changes to be induced in the RBD. It is likely that inhibition of viral infection arises from an overlap between the binding sites of heparin/HS on S1 RBD and that of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. The results suggest a route for the rapid development of a first-line therapeutic by repurposing heparin and its derivatives as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 and other members of the Coronaviridae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J. Mycroft-West
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dunhao Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy R. Rudd
- Analytical and Biological Sciences Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Neha S. Gandhi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott E. Guimond
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Miller
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Maria C. Z. Meneghetti
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Helena B. Nader
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M. Nunes
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - David G. Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo A. Lima
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bugatti S, De Stefano L, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Montecucco C. Controversies over hydroxychloroquine in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection put rheumatologists on the frontline. RMD Open 2020; 6:rmdopen-2020-001323. [PMID: 33087414 PMCID: PMC7722363 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bugatti
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy .,Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ludovico De Stefano
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Carlomaurizio Montecucco
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vabret N, Britton GJ, Gruber C, Hegde S, Kim J, Kuksin M, Levantovsky R, Malle L, Moreira A, Park MD, Pia L, Risson E, Saffern M, Salomé B, Esai Selvan M, Spindler MP, Tan J, van der Heide V, Gregory JK, Alexandropoulos K, Bhardwaj N, Brown BD, Greenbaum B, Gümüş ZH, Homann D, Horowitz A, Kamphorst AO, Curotto de Lafaille MA, Mehandru S, Merad M, Samstein RM. Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science. Immunity 2020; 52:910-941. [PMID: 32505227 PMCID: PMC7200337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1128] [Impact Index Per Article: 282.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people worldwide, igniting an unprecedented effort from the scientific community to understand the biological underpinning of COVID19 pathophysiology. In this Review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immunological pathways that likely contribute to disease severity and death. We also discuss the rationale and clinical outcome of current therapeutic strategies as well as prospective clinical trials to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vabret
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Graham J Britton
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Conor Gruber
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samarth Hegde
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel Kim
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Kuksin
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Levantovsky
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louise Malle
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Moreira
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D Park
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luisanna Pia
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Risson
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Saffern
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bérengère Salomé
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Myvizhi Esai Selvan
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew P Spindler
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Tan
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Verena van der Heide
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jill K Gregory
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian D Brown
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Greenbaum
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dirk Homann
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amir Horowitz
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice O Kamphorst
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert M Samstein
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|