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Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Exploring the intersection: Peptic ulcers and hemolysis-Unraveling the complex relationship. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37565. [PMID: 38489683 PMCID: PMC10939687 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the intriguing relationship between peptic ulcers and hemolysis, 2 seemingly distinct medical conditions, aiming to unravel their potential interconnections and clinical implications. While traditionally studied in isolation, recent evidence has surfaced suggesting possible links and shared mechanisms between these conditions. This paper explores the underlying pathophysiological associations, shared risk factors, diagnostic challenges, management strategies, and implications for clinical practice and health policy. The interplay between peptic ulcers and hemolysis stems from shared inflammatory pathways, notably attributed to Helicobacter pylori infection in peptic ulcers, which might trigger systemic inflammatory responses contributing to hemolysis. Common risk factors including genetic predispositions, autoimmune disorders, and medication use (such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are implicated in the development of both peptic ulcers and hemolytic conditions, suggesting a potential convergence of these disorders in affected individuals. Diagnostic considerations pose challenges, as overlapping symptoms and laboratory findings may complicate accurate differentiation between peptic ulcers and hemolysis. Recognizing the potential interplay between peptic ulcers and hemolysis holds significant implications for clinical practice and health policy. Streamlining diagnostic algorithms, fostering interdisciplinary collaborations, and developing tailored guidelines are pivotal in optimizing patient care. Continued research efforts, collaborative clinical approaches, and informed health policies are essential in advancing our understanding and enhancing patient care for individuals navigating the intersection of peptic ulcers and hemolysis.
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Darvishi-Khezri H, Karami H, Naderisorki M, Ghazaiean M, Kosaryan M, Mosanejad-Galchali A, Aliasgharian A, Karami H. Two risk factors for hypozincemia in diabetic β-thalassemia patients: Hepatitis C and deferasirox. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0284267. [PMID: 38215162 PMCID: PMC10786396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hypozincemia is a prevalent adverse consequence in diabetes mellitus (DM) and β-Thalassemia patients. We aimed to evaluate the level of serum zinc in β-thalassemia patients with DM and a risk assessment for hypozincemia. METHODS The study population included transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT) with overt DM (fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥126 mg/dL, and/or 2-h plasma glucose≥200 mg/dL). Serum zinc concentration was measured by the colorimetric method, and the values below 70 μg/dL were defined as hypozincemia. Myocardial and liver T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI T2*, millisecond [ms]) were valued by a free contrast MRI. The demographic, clinical, paraclinical, and laboratory data were also recorded. The data belonged to the period from December 2018 until December 2020. RESULTS Of 64 diabetic β-thalassemia patients, 41 cases had zinc data in their medical files (aged 38 ± 9 years, 48.8% female). 78.05% of patients (n = 32) were TDT, and 21.95% were NTDT (n = 9). The mean ± standard deviation of zinc level was 110.2 ± 127.6 μg/dL. The prevalence of hypozincemia was 9.76%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27 to 19.24 (four cases). After controlling age, the odds of hypozincemia for using deferasirox (DFX) was 8.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 127.1. In β-thalassemia patients, the age-adjusted risk of hypozincemia was calculated at 15.85, 95% CI 0.47 to 529.3 for hepatitis C. The adjusted risk of hypozincemia based on age for antacid use was 6.34, 95% CI 0.39 to 102.7. CONCLUSION In light of this study, as well as hepatitis C, using DFX and antacids is associated with a high risk of hypozincemia amid diabetic β-thalassemia cases. However, upward bias should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Darvishi-Khezri
- Thalassemia Research Center (TRC), Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Karami
- Thalassemia Research Center (TRC), Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naderisorki
- Thalassemia Research Center (TRC), Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mobin Ghazaiean
- Gut and Liver Research Center, Non-communicable Disease Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehrnoush Kosaryan
- Thalassemia Research Center (TRC), Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Aily Aliasgharian
- Thalassemia Research Center (TRC), Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hasan Karami
- Department of Pediatrics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Stathoulopoulos A, Passos A, Kaliviotis E, Balabani S. Partitioning of dense RBC suspensions in single microfluidic bifurcations: role of cell deformability and bifurcation angle. Sci Rep 2024; 14:535. [PMID: 38177195 PMCID: PMC10767057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are a key determinant of human physiology and their behaviour becomes extremely heterogeneous as they navigate in narrow, bifurcating vessels in the microvasculature, affecting local haemodynamics. This is due to partitioning in bifurcations which is dependent on the biomechanical properties of RBCs, especially deformability. We examine the effect of deformability on the haematocrit distributions of dense RBC suspensions flowing in a single, asymmetric Y-shaped bifurcation, experimentally. Human RBC suspensions (healthy and artificially hardened) at 20% haematocrit (Ht) were perfused through the microchannels at different flow ratios between the outlet branches, and negligible inertia, and imaged to infer cell distributions. Notable differences in the shape of the haematocrit distributions were observed between healthy and hardened RBCs near the bifurcation apex. These lead to more asymmetric distributions for healthy RBCs in the daughter and outlet branches with cells accumulating near the inner channel walls, exhibiting distinct hematocrit peaks which are sharper for healthy RBCs. Although the hematocrit distributions differed locally, similar partitioning characteristics were observed for both suspensions. Comparisons with RBC distributions measured in a T-shaped bifurcation showed that the bifurcation angle affects the haematocrit characteristics of the healthy RBCs and not the hardened ones. The extent of RBC partitioning was found similar in both geometries and suspensions. The study highlights the differences between local and global characteristics which impact RBC distribution in more complex, multi-bifurcation networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Stathoulopoulos
- FluME, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Andreas Passos
- FluME, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 7JE, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Efstathios Kaliviotis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Stavroula Balabani
- FluME, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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Matte A, Wilson AB, Gevi F, Federti E, Recchiuti A, Ferri G, Brunati AM, Pagano MA, Russo R, Leboeuf C, Janin A, Timperio AM, Iolascon A, Gremese E, Dang L, Mohandas N, Brugnara C, De Franceschi L. Mitapivat reprograms the RBC metabolome and improves anemia in a mouse model of hereditary spherocytosis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172656. [PMID: 37676741 PMCID: PMC10619498 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most common, nonimmune, hereditary, chronic hemolytic anemia after hemoglobinopathies. The genetic defects in membrane function causing HS lead to perturbation of the RBC metabolome, with altered glycolysis. In mice genetically lacking protein 4.2 (4.2-/-; Epb42), a murine model of HS, we showed increased expression of pyruvate kinase (PK) isoforms in whole and fractioned RBCs in conjunction with abnormalities in the glycolytic pathway and in the glutathione (GSH) system. Mitapivat, a PK activator, metabolically reprogrammed 4.2-/- mouse RBCs with amelioration of glycolysis and the GSH cycle. This resulted in improved osmotic fragility, reduced phosphatidylserine positivity, amelioration of RBC cation content, reduction of Na/K/Cl cotransport and Na/H-exchange overactivation, and decrease in erythroid vesicles release in vitro. Mitapivat treatment significantly decreased erythrophagocytosis and beneficially affected iron homeostasis. In mild-to-moderate HS, the beneficial effect of splenectomy is still controversial. Here, we showed that splenectomy improves anemia in 4.2-/- mice and that mitapivat is noninferior to splenectomy. An additional benefit of mitapivat treatment was lower expression of markers of inflammatory vasculopathy in 4.2-/- mice with or without splenectomy, indicating a multisystemic action of mitapivat. These findings support the notion that mitapivat treatment should be considered for symptomatic HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Matte
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Anand B. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Gevi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Enrica Federti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Recchiuti
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnology Science, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti – Pescara, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferri
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnology Science, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti – Pescara, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberta Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Christophe Leboeuf
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7 — Denis Diderot, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Anne Janin
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7 — Denis Diderot, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Anna Maria Timperio
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Gremese
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Immunology Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli–IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lenny Dang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carlo Brugnara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy
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Kontoghiorghes GJ. Iron Load Toxicity in Medicine: From Molecular and Cellular Aspects to Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12928. [PMID: 37629109 PMCID: PMC10454416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for all organisms and cells. Diseases of iron imbalance affect billions of patients, including those with iron overload and other forms of iron toxicity. Excess iron load is an adverse prognostic factor for all diseases and can cause serious organ damage and fatalities following chronic red blood cell transfusions in patients of many conditions, including hemoglobinopathies, myelodyspasia, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Similar toxicity of excess body iron load but at a slower rate of disease progression is found in idiopathic haemochromatosis patients. Excess iron deposition in different regions of the brain with suspected toxicity has been identified by MRI T2* and similar methods in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Based on its role as the major biological catalyst of free radical reactions and the Fenton reaction, iron has also been implicated in all diseases associated with free radical pathology and tissue damage. Furthermore, the recent discovery of ferroptosis, which is a cell death program based on free radical generation by iron and cell membrane lipid oxidation, sparked thousands of investigations and the association of iron with cardiac, kidney, liver, and many other diseases, including cancer and infections. The toxicity implications of iron in a labile, non-protein bound form and its complexes with dietary molecules such as vitamin C and drugs such as doxorubicin and other xenobiotic molecules in relation to carcinogenesis and other forms of toxicity are also discussed. In each case and form of iron toxicity, the mechanistic insights, diagnostic criteria, and molecular interactions are essential for the design of new and effective therapeutic interventions and of future targeted therapeutic strategies. In particular, this approach has been successful for the treatment of most iron loading conditions and especially for the transition of thalassemia from a fatal to a chronic disease due to new therapeutic protocols resulting in the complete elimination of iron overload and of iron toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3, Ammochostou Street, Limassol 3021, Cyprus
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Ghodsi M, Cloos AS, Mozaheb N, Van Der Smissen P, Henriet P, Pierreux CE, Cellier N, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Najdovski T, Tyteca D. Variability of extracellular vesicle release during storage of red blood cell concentrates is associated with differential membrane alterations, including loss of cholesterol-enriched domains. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1205493. [PMID: 37408586 PMCID: PMC10318158 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1205493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfusion of red blood cell concentrates is the most common medical procedure to treat anaemia. However, their storage is associated with development of storage lesions, including the release of extracellular vesicles. These vesicles affect in vivo viability and functionality of transfused red blood cells and appear responsible for adverse post-transfusional complications. However, the biogenesis and release mechanisms are not fully understood. We here addressed this issue by comparing the kinetics and extents of extracellular vesicle release as well as red blood cell metabolic, oxidative and membrane alterations upon storage in 38 concentrates. We showed that extracellular vesicle abundance increased exponentially during storage. The 38 concentrates contained on average 7 × 1012 extracellular vesicles at 6 weeks (w) but displayed a ∼40-fold variability. These concentrates were subsequently classified into 3 cohorts based on their vesiculation rate. The variability in extracellular vesicle release was not associated with a differential red blood cell ATP content or with increased oxidative stress (in the form of reactive oxygen species, methaemoglobin and band3 integrity) but rather with red blood cell membrane modifications, i.e., cytoskeleton membrane occupancy, lateral heterogeneity in lipid domains and transversal asymmetry. Indeed, no changes were noticed in the low vesiculation group until 6w while the medium and the high vesiculation groups exhibited a decrease in spectrin membrane occupancy between 3 and 6w and an increase of sphingomyelin-enriched domain abundance from 5w and of phosphatidylserine surface exposure from 8w. Moreover, each vesiculation group showed a decrease of cholesterol-enriched domains associated with a cholesterol content increase in extracellular vesicles but at different storage time points. This observation suggested that cholesterol-enriched domains could represent a starting point for vesiculation. Altogether, our data reveal for the first time that the differential extent of extracellular vesicle release in red blood cell concentrates did not simply result from preparation method, storage conditions or technical issues but was linked to membrane alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Ghodsi
- Cell Biology Unit and Platform for Imaging Cells and Tissues, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Cloos
- Cell Biology Unit and Platform for Imaging Cells and Tissues, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Negar Mozaheb
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Der Smissen
- Cell Biology Unit and Platform for Imaging Cells and Tissues, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Henriet
- Cell Biology Unit and Platform for Imaging Cells and Tissues, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe E. Pierreux
- Cell Biology Unit and Platform for Imaging Cells and Tissues, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Tomé Najdovski
- Service du Sang, Croix-Rouge de Belgique, Suarlée, Belgium
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- Cell Biology Unit and Platform for Imaging Cells and Tissues, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Gallen AF, Romero-Arias JR, Barrio RA, Hernandez-Machado A. Vesicle formation induced by thermal fluctuations. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2908-2918. [PMID: 37006200 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01167k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The process of fission and vesicle formation depends on the geometry of the membrane that will split. For instance, a flat surface finds it difficult to form vesicles because of the lack of curved regions where to start the process. Here we show that vesicle formation can be promoted by temperature, by using a membrane phase field model with Gaussian curvature. We find a phase transition between fluctuating and vesiculation phases that depends on temperature, spontaneous curvature, and the ratio between bending and Gaussian moduli. We analysed the energy dynamical behaviour of these processes and found that the main driving ingredient is the Gaussian energy term, although the curvature energy term usually helps with the process as well. We also found that the chemical potential can be used to investigate the temperature of the system. Finally we address how temperature changes the condition for spontaneous vesiculation for all geometries, making it happen in a wider range of values of the Gaussian modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu F Gallen
- Departament Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Roberto Romero-Arias
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matematicas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 01000 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rafael A Barrio
- Instituto de Fisica, U.N.A.M., 01000, Ap. Postal 101000, Mexico D.F, Mexico
| | - Aurora Hernandez-Machado
- Departament Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Jeong MH, Im H, Dahl JB. Non-contact microfluidic analysis of the stiffness of single large extracellular vesicles from IDH1-mutated glioblastoma cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201412. [PMID: 37649709 PMCID: PMC10465107 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In preparation for leveraging extracellular vesicles (EVs) for disease diagnostics and therapeutics, fundamental research is being done to understand EV biological, chemical, and physical properties. Most published studies have investigated nanoscale EVs and focused on EV biochemical content. There is much less understanding of large microscale EV characteristics and EV mechanical properties. We recently introduced a non-contact microfluidic technique that measures the stiffness of large EVs (>1 μm diameter). This pilot study probes the robustness of the microfluidic technique to distinguish between EV populations by comparing stiffness distributions of large EVs derived from glioblastoma cell lines. EVs derived from cells expressing the IDH1 mutation, a common glioblastoma mutation known to disrupt lipid metabolism, were stiffer than those expressed from wild-type cells in a statistical comparison of sample medians. A supporting lipidomics analysis showed that the IDH1 mutation increased the amount of saturated lipids in EVs. Taken together, these data encourage further investigation into the potential of high-throughput microfluidics to distinguish between large EV populations that differ in biomolecular composition. These findings contribute to the understanding of EV biomechanics, in particular for the less studied microscale EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ho Jeong
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joanna B Dahl
- Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02025, USA
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Jenni S, Ludwig-Peisker O, Jagannathan V, Lapsina S, Stirn M, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Bogdanov N, Schetle N, Giger U, Leeb T, Bogdanova A. Methemoglobinemia, Increased Deformability and Reduced Membrane Stability of Red Blood Cells in a Cat with a CYB5R3 Splice Defect. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070991. [PMID: 37048064 PMCID: PMC10093206 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia is an acquired or inherited condition resulting from oxidative stress or dysfunction of the NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase or associated pathways. This study describes the clinical, pathophysiological, and molecular genetic features of a cat with hereditary methemoglobinemia. Whole genome sequencing and mRNA transcript analyses were performed in affected and control cats. Co-oximetry, ektacytometry, Ellman's assay for reduced glutathione concentrations, and CYB5R activity were assessed. A young adult European domestic shorthair cat decompensated at induction of anesthesia and was found to have persistent methemoglobinemia of 39 ± 8% (reference range < 3%) of total hemoglobin which could be reversed upon intravenous methylene blue injection. The erythrocytic CYB5R activity was 20 ± 6% of normal. Genetic analyses revealed a single homozygous base exchange at the beginning of intron 3 of the CYB5R3 gene, c.226+5G>A. Subsequent mRNA studies confirmed a splice defect and demonstrated expression of two mutant CYB5R3 transcripts. Erythrocytic glutathione levels were twice that of controls. Mild microcytosis, echinocytes, and multiple Ca2+-filled vesicles were found in the affected cat. Erythrocytes were unstable at high osmolarities although highly deformable as follows from the changes in elongation index and maximal-tolerated osmolarity. Clinicopathological presentation of this cat was similar to other cats with CYB5R3 deficiency. We found that methemoglobinemia is associated with an increase in red blood cell fragility and deformability, glutathione overload, and morphological alterations typical for stress erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Jenni
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Odette Ludwig-Peisker
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Lapsina
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolay Bogdanov
- Red Blood Cell Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nelli Schetle
- Red Blood Cell Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Giger
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Oh JY, Marques MB, Xu X, Li J, Genschmer KR, Phillips E, Chimento MF, Mobley J, Gaggar A, Patel RP. Different-sized extracellular vesicles derived from stored red blood cells package diverse cargoes and cause distinct cellular effects. Transfusion 2023; 63:586-600. [PMID: 36752125 PMCID: PMC10033430 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) occurs during cold storage of RBCs. Transfusion of EVs may contribute to adverse responses in recipients receiving RBCs. However, EVs are poorly characterized with limited data on whether distinct vesicles are formed, their composition, and potential biological effects. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Stored RBC-derived EVs were purified using protocols that separate larger microvesicle-like EVs (LEVs) from smaller exosome-like vesicles (SEVs). Vesicles were analyzed by electron microscopy, content of hemoglobin, heme, and proteins (by mass spectrometry), and the potential to mediate lipid peroxidation and endothelial cell permeability in vitro. RESULTS SEVs were characterized by having an electron-dense double membrane whereas LEVs had more uniform electron density across the particles. No differences in hemoglobin nor heme levels per particle were observed, however, due to smaller volumes, SEVs had higher concentrations of oxyHb and heme. Both particles contained antioxidant proteins peroxiredoxin-2 and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, these were present in higher molecular weight fractions in SEVs suggesting either oxidized proteins are preferentially packaged into smaller vesicles and/or that the environment associated with SEVs is more pro-oxidative. Furthermore, total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) levels were lower in SEVs. Both EVs mediated oxidation of liposomes that were prevented by hemopexin, identifying heme as the pro-oxidant effector. Addition of SEVs, but not LEVs, induced endothelial permeability in a process also prevented by hemopexin. CONCLUSION These data show that distinct EVs are formed during cold storage of RBCs with smaller particles being more likely to mediate pro-oxidant and inflammatory effects associated with heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yeun Oh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | - Xin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jindong Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | - Edward Phillips
- Department of High Resolution Imaging Shared Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Melissa F. Chimento
- Department of High Resolution Imaging Shared Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - James Mobley
- Department of Anesthesiolgy, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Rakesh P. Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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11
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Biagiotti S, Abbas F, Montanari M, Barattini C, Rossi L, Magnani M, Papa S, Canonico B. Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020365. [PMID: 36839687 PMCID: PMC9961903 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The article is divided into several sections, focusing on extracellular vesicles' (EVs) nature, features, commonly employed methodologies and strategies for their isolation/preparation, and their characterization/visualization. This work aims to give an overview of advances in EVs' extensive nanomedical-drug delivery applications. Furthermore, considerations for EVs translation to clinical application are summarized here, before focusing the review on a special kind of extracellular vesicles, the ones derived from red blood cells (RBCEVs). Generally, employing EVs as drug carriers means managing entities with advantageous properties over synthetic vehicles or nanoparticles. Besides the fact that certain EVs also reveal intrinsic therapeutic characteristics, in regenerative medicine, EVs nanosize, lipidomic and proteomic profiles enable them to pass biologic barriers and display cell/tissue tropisms; indeed, EVs engineering can further optimize their organ targeting. In the second part of the review, we focus our attention on RBCEVs. First, we describe the biogenesis and composition of those naturally produced by red blood cells (RBCs) under physiological and pathological conditions. Afterwards, we discuss the current procedures to isolate and/or produce RBCEVs in the lab and to load a specific cargo for therapeutic exploitation. Finally, we disclose the most recent applications of RBCEVs at the in vitro and preclinical research level and their potential industrial exploitation. In conclusion, RBCEVs can be, in the near future, a very promising and versatile platform for several clinical applications and pharmaceutical exploitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Biagiotti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Faiza Abbas
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mariele Montanari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Chiara Barattini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- AcZon s.r.l., 40050 Monte San Pietro, BO, Italy
| | - Luigia Rossi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Stefano Papa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- Correspondence:
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12
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Voss SC, Yassin M, Grivel JC, Al Hmissi S, Allahverdi N, Nashwan A, Merenkov Z, Abdulla M, Al Malki A, Raynaud C, Elsaftawy W, Al Kaabi A, Donati F, Botre F, Mohamed Ali V, Georgakopoulos C, Al Maadheed M. Red blood cell derived extracellular vesicles during the process of autologous blood doping. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1984-1994. [PMID: 34453778 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of the transfusion of one erythrocyte concentrate on the number of circulating red blood cell extracellular vesicles (RBC-EVs) and their clearance time. Six, healthy volunteers donated their blood and were transfused with their RBC concentrate after 35-36 days of storage. One K2 EDTA and one serum sample were collected before donation, at four timepoints after donation and at another six timepoints after transfusion. RBC-EVs were analyzed on a Cytek Aurora flow cytometer. A highly significant increase (p < 0.001) of RBC-EVs from an average of 60.1 ± 19.8 (103 /μL) at baseline to 179.3 ± 84.7 (103 /μL) in the first 1-3 h after transfusion could be observed. Individual differences in the response to transfusion became apparent with one volunteer showing no increase and another an increased concentration at one timepoint after donation due to an influenza infection. We concluded that in an individualized passport approach, increased RBC-EVs might be considered as additional evidence when interpreting suspicious Athletes Biological Passport (ABPs) but for this additional research related to sample collection and transport processes as well as method development and harmonization would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Voss
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Yassin
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - J C Grivel
- Sidra Medicine, Deep Phenotyping Core - Research Department, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - A Nashwan
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - M Abdulla
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - C Raynaud
- Sidra Medicine, Deep Phenotyping Core - Research Department, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - F Donati
- Anti-Doping Lab FMSI, Rome, Italy
| | - F Botre
- Anti-Doping Lab FMSI, Rome, Italy
| | - V Mohamed Ali
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Centre for Metabolism and Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - M Al Maadheed
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Centre for Metabolism and Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Stathoulopoulos A, Passos A, Balabani S. Flows of healthy and hardened RBC suspensions through a micropillar array. Med Eng Phys 2022; 107:103874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Yang L, Huang S, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhang L. Roles and Applications of Red Blood Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115927. [PMID: 35682606 PMCID: PMC9180222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (RBCEVs) are vesicles naturally produced by red blood cells and play multiple roles such as acting as cell-to-cell communication messengers in both normal physiological and diseased states. RBCEVs are highly promising delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents such as biomolecules and nucleic acids as they are easy to source, safe, and versatile. RBCEVs autonomously target the liver and pass the blood-brain barrier into the brain, which is highly valuable for the treatment of liver and brain diseases. RBCEVs can be modified by various functional units, including various functional molecules and nanoparticles, to improve their active targeting capabilities for tumors or other sites. Moreover, the RBCEV level is significantly shifted in many diseased states; hence, they can also serve as important biomarkers for disease diagnoses. It is clear that RBCEVs have considerable potential in multiple medical applications. In this review, we briefly introduce the biological roles of RBCEVs, presented interesting advances in RBCEV applications, and discuss several challenges that need to be addressed for their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Shiqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenmi Liu
- Med-X Center for Materials, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Ling Zhang
- Med-X Center for Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Noomuna P, Hausman JM, Sansoya R, Kalfa T, Risinger M, Low PS. Rapid degradation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in sickle cells: Possible contribution to sickle cell membrane weakening. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22360. [PMID: 35593742 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100809rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although both protein tyrosine phosphatases and kinases are constitutively active in healthy human red blood cells (RBCs), the preponderance of phosphatase activities maintains the membrane proteins in a predominantly unphosphorylated state. We report here that unlike healthy RBCs, proteins in sickle cells are heavily tyrosine phosphorylated, raising the question regarding the mechanism underpinning this tyrosine phosphorylation. Upon investigating possible causes, we observe that protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), the major erythrocyte tyrosine phosphatase, is largely digested to a lower molecular weight fragment in sickle cells. We further find that the resulting truncated form of PTP1B is significantly less active than its intact counterpart, probably accounting for the intense tyrosine phosphorylation of Band 3 in sickle erythrocytes. Because this tyrosine phosphorylation of Band 3 promotes erythrocyte membrane weakening that causes release of both membrane vesicles and cell free hemoglobin that in turn initiates vaso-occlusive events, we conclude that cleavage of PTP1B could contribute to the symptoms of sickle cell disease. We further posit that methods to inhibit proteolysis of PTP1B could mitigate symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panae Noomuna
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - John M Hausman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ruhani Sansoya
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Theodosia Kalfa
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Risinger
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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16
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Alayash AI. Hemoglobin Oxidation Reactions in Stored Blood. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040747. [PMID: 35453432 PMCID: PMC9027219 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) inside and outside the red blood cells (RBCs) undergoes constant transformation to an oxidized form in a process known as autoxidation. The ferrous heme iron (Fe2+) of the prosthetic group is spontaneously transformed into an oxidized ferric (Fe3+) form, but under oxidative stress conditions a higher oxidation ferryl heme (Fe4+) is also formed. Although Fe3+ is a non-functional form of Hb, the Fe4+ is also extremely reactive towards other biological molecules due to its high redox potential. The RBC contains an effective reductive machinery that maintains Hb in the functional form with little oxidation during its life span. The redox transformation of Hb occurs to a lesser extent in young RBCs; it may, however, have detrimental effects on the integrity of these cells during ex vivo storage or when RBCs are subjected to pathogen reduction processes. In this review, Hb oxidation reactions (“oxidative lesion”) will be described, including details of how these reactions might impact the clinical use of stored or processed blood for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu I Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Blood Components and Devices (DBCD), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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17
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Nguyen DB, Tran HT, Kaestner L, Bernhardt I. The Relation Between Extracellular Vesicles Released From Red Blood Cells, Their Cargo, and the Clearance by Macrophages. Front Physiol 2022; 13:783260. [PMID: 35432007 PMCID: PMC9008836 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.783260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane particles that include exosomes, ectosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, apoptotic bodies, and other EV subsets. EVs are involved in intercellular communication and the transport of macromolecules between cells. Here, we propose and test the ability of red blood cell (RBC)-derived EVs (RBC-EVs) as putative drug carriers. EVs were produced by treating RBCs with Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and separating from the cells by differential centrifugation steps. RBC-EVs were characterized by size determination, flow cytometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EVs were loaded with DNA plasmids coding for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) by electroporation. The DNA-loaded EVs (DNA-EVs) were used to transfect THP-1-derived macrophages and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The results showed that RBC-EVs had an almost spherical shape and a polydispersity in their size with an average of 197 ± 44 nm and with a zeta potential of −36 ± 8 mV. RBC-EVs were successfully loaded with DNA but associated with an increase of the polydispersity index (PdI) and showed a positive signal with Picogreen. DNA-EVs were almost completely taken up by macrophages within 24 h, however, resulting in the expression of the GFP in a subpopulation of macrophages. As the way, we designed that RBC-EVs could be potential nucleic acid carriers when the immune system was addressed. This study may contribute to the understanding of the role of EVs in the development of microvesicle-based vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Bach Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
- *Correspondence: Duc Bach Nguyen,
| | - Hanh Triet Tran
- Division of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Dynamics of Fluids, Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Ingolf Bernhardt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Ingolf Bernhardt,
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18
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Stevens-Hernandez CJ, Bruce LJ. Reticulocyte Maturation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12030311. [PMID: 35323786 PMCID: PMC8953437 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes to the membrane proteins and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton must occur for a reticulocyte to mature into a red blood cell (RBC). Different mechanisms of reticulocyte maturation have been proposed to reduce the size and volume of the reticulocyte plasma membrane and to eliminate residual organelles. Lysosomal protein degradation, exosome release, autophagy and the extrusion of large autophagic–endocytic hybrid vesicles have been shown to contribute to reticulocyte maturation. These processes may occur simultaneously or perhaps sequentially. Reticulocyte maturation is incompletely understood and requires further investigation. RBCs with membrane defects or cation leak disorders caused by genetic variants offer an insight into reticulocyte maturation as they present characteristics of incomplete maturation. In this review, we compare the structure of the mature RBC membrane with that of the reticulocyte. We discuss the mechanisms of reticulocyte maturation with a focus on incomplete reticulocyte maturation in red cell variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Stevens-Hernandez
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Bristol BS34 7QH, UK;
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 ITD, UK
| | - Lesley J. Bruce
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Bristol BS34 7QH, UK;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Chiangjong W, Netsirisawan P, Hongeng S, Chutipongtanate S. Red Blood Cell Extracellular Vesicle-Based Drug Delivery: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:761362. [PMID: 35004730 PMCID: PMC8739511 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.761362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (RBCEVs) have attracted attention for clinical applications because of their safety and biocompatibility. RBCEVs can escape macrophages through the binding of CD47 to inhibitory receptor signal regulatory protein α. Furthermore, genetic materials such as siRNA, miRNA, mRNA, or single-stranded RNA can be encapsulated within RBCEVs and then released into target cells for precise treatment. However, their side effects, half-lives, target cell specificity, and limited large-scale production under good manufacturing practice remain challenging. In this review, we summarized the biogenesis and composition of RBCEVs, discussed the advantages and disadvantages of RBCEVs for drug delivery compared with synthetic nanovesicles and non-red blood cell-derived EVs, and provided perspectives for overcoming current limitations to the use of RBCEVs for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wararat Chiangjong
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pukkavadee Netsirisawan
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Combining microfluidics with machine learning algorithms for RBC classification in rare hereditary hemolytic anemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13553. [PMID: 34193899 PMCID: PMC8245545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining microfluidics technology with machine learning represents an innovative approach to conduct massive quantitative cell behavior study and implement smart decision-making systems in support of clinical diagnostics. The spleen plays a key-role in rare hereditary hemolytic anemia (RHHA), being the organ responsible for the premature removal of defective red blood cells (RBCs). The goal is to adapt the physiological spleen filtering strategy for in vitro study and monitoring of blood diseases through RBCs shape analysis. Then, a microfluidic device mimicking the slits of the spleen red pulp area and video data analysis are combined for the characterization of RBCs in RHHA. This microfluidic unit is designed to evaluate RBC deformability by maintaining them fixed in planar orientation, allowing the visual inspection of RBC’s capacity to restore their original shape after crossing microconstrictions. Then, two cooperative learning approaches are used for the analysis: the majority voting scheme, in which the most voted label for all the cell images is the class assigned to the entire video; and the maximum sum of scores to decide the maximally scored class to assign. The proposed platform shows the capability to discriminate healthy controls and patients with an average efficiency of 91%, but also to distinguish between RHHA subtypes, with an efficiency of 82%.
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21
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Delvasto-Núñez L, Roem D, Bakhtiari K, van Mierlo G, Meijers JCM, Jongerius I, Zeerleder SS. Iron-Driven Alterations on Red Blood Cell-Derived Microvesicles Amplify Coagulation during Hemolysis via the Intrinsic Tenase Complex. Thromb Haemost 2021. [PMID: 34171935 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic disorders characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, are often complicated by life-threatening thromboembolic complications. Severe hemolytic episodes result in the release of red blood cell (RBC)-derived proinflammatory and oxidatively reactive mediators (e.g., extracellular hemoglobin, heme, and iron) into plasma. Here, we studied the role of these hemolytic mediators in coagulation activation by measuring factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin generation in the presence of RBC lysates. Our results show that hemolytic microvesicles (HMVs) formed during hemolysis stimulate thrombin generation through a mechanism involving FVIII and FIX, the so-called intrinsic tenase complex. Iron scavenging during hemolysis using deferoxamine decreased the ability of the HMVs to enhance thrombin generation. Furthermore, the addition of ferric chloride (FeCl3) to plasma propagated thrombin generation in a FVIII- and FIX-dependent manner suggesting that iron positively affects blood coagulation. Phosphatidylserine (PS) blockade using lactadherin and iron chelation using deferoxamine reduced intrinsic tenase activity in a purified system containing HMVs as source of phospholipids confirming that both PS and iron ions contribute to the procoagulant effect of the HMVs. Finally, the effects of FeCl3 and HMVs decreased in the presence of ascorbate and glutathione indicating that oxidative stress plays a role in hypercoagulability. Overall, our results provide evidence for the contribution of iron ions derived from hemolytic RBCs to thrombin generation. These findings add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis in hemolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Delvasto-Núñez
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorina Roem
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kamran Bakhtiari
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha S Zeerleder
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital - Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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López-Canizales AM, Angulo-Molina A, Garibay-Escobar A, Silva-Campa E, Mendez-Rojas MA, Santacruz-Gómez K, Acosta-Elías M, Castañeda-Medina B, Soto-Puebla D, Álvarez-Bajo O, Burgara-Estrella A, Pedroza-Montero M. Nanoscale Changes on RBC Membrane Induced by Storage and Ionizing Radiation: A Mini-Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:669455. [PMID: 34149450 PMCID: PMC8213202 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The storage lesions and the irradiation of blood cellular components for medical procedures in blood banks are events that may induce nanochanges in the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs). Alterations, such as the formation of pores and vesicles, reduce flexibility and compromise the overall erythrocyte integrity. This review discusses the alterations on erythrocytic lipid membrane bilayer through their characterization by confocal scanning microscopy, Raman, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy techniques. The interrelated experimental results may address and shed light on the correlation of biomechanical and biochemical transformations induced in the membrane and cytoskeleton of stored and gamma-irradiated RBC. To highlight the main advantages of combining these experimental techniques simultaneously or sequentially, we discuss how those outcomes observed at micro- and nanoscale cell levels are useful as biomarkers of cell aging and storage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aracely Angulo-Molina
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | - Erika Silva-Campa
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Mendez-Rojas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Mónica Acosta-Elías
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | - Diego Soto-Puebla
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Osiris Álvarez-Bajo
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
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23
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Asaro RJ, Cabrales P. Red Blood Cells: Tethering, Vesiculation, and Disease in Micro-Vascular Flow. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060971. [PMID: 34072241 PMCID: PMC8228733 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The red blood cell has become implicated in the progression of a range of diseases; mechanisms by which red cells are involved appear to include the transport of inflammatory species via red cell-derived vesicles. We review this role of RBCs in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia vera, central retinal vein occlusion, Gaucher disease, atherosclerosis, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. We propose a possibly unifying, and novel, paradigm for the inducement of RBC vesiculation during vascular flow of red cells adhered to the vascular endothelium as well as to the red pulp of the spleen. Indeed, we review the evidence for this hypothesis that links physiological conditions favoring both vesiculation and enhanced RBC adhesion and demonstrate the veracity of this hypothesis by way of a specific example occurring in splenic flow which we argue has various renderings in a wide range of vascular flows, in particular microvascular flows. We provide a mechanistic basis for membrane loss and the formation of lysed red blood cells in the spleen that may mediate their turnover. Our detailed explanation for this example also makes clear what features of red cell deformability are involved in the vesiculation process and hence require quantification and a new form of quantitative indexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-890-6888; Fax: +1-858-534-6373
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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24
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Gómez F, Silva LS, Araújo GRDS, Frases S, Pinheiro AAS, Agero U, Pontes B, Viana NB. Effect of cell geometry in the evaluation of erythrocyte viscoelastic properties. Phys Rev E 2021; 101:062403. [PMID: 32688571 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.062403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The red blood cell membrane-cytoskeleton is a complex structure mainly responsible for giving the cell rigidity and shape. It also provides the erythrocyte with the ability to pass through narrow capillaries of the vertebrate blood circulatory system. Although the red blood cell viscoelastic properties have been extensively studied, reported experimental data differ by up to three orders of magnitude. This could be attributed to the natural cell variability, to the different techniques employed, and also to the models used for the cell response, which are highly dependent on cell geometry. Here, we use two methodologies based on optical tweezers to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of healthy human red blood cells, one applying small cell deformations (microrheology) and another imposing large deformations (tether extraction). We also establish a defocusing microscopy-based method to characterize the cell geometry and thus the erythrocyte form factor, an essential parameter that allows comparisons among the viscoelastic properties at different conditions. Moreover, for small deformations, a soft glassy rheology model is used to discuss the results, while for large deformations two surface shear moduli and one surface viscosity are determined, together with the surface tension and bending modulus of the erythrocyte membrane lipid component. We also show that F-actin is not detected in tethers, although the erythrocyte membrane has physical properties like those of other adherent cells, known to have tethers containing F-actin inside. Altogether, our results show good agreement with the reported literature and we argue that, to properly compare the viscoelastic properties of red blood cells in different situations, the task of cell geometry characterization must be accomplished. This may be especially important when the influence of agents, like the malaria parasite, induces changes in both the geometry and chemical constituents of the erythrocyte membrane. Together, the new methodologies and procedures used in this study would allow the erythrocyte community to better explore the mechanical behavior of red blood cells and may be useful to characterize erythrocyte viscoelasticity changes in several blood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Gómez
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil.,LPO-COPEA, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.,CENABIO - Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | | | - Susana Frases
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Ubirajara Agero
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pontes
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil.,LPO-COPEA, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.,CENABIO - Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Nathan Bessa Viana
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil.,LPO-COPEA, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.,CENABIO - Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
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25
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Delvasto L, Roem D, Bakhtiari K, van Mierlo GJ, Meijers J, Jongerius I, Zeerleder SS. Iron-driven alterations on red blood cell-derived microvesicles amplify coagulation during hemolysis via the intrinsic tenase complex. Thromb Haemost 2021; 122:80-91. [PMID: 33940654 DOI: 10.1055/a-1497-9573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic disorders characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, are often complicated by life-threatening thromboembolic complications. Severe hemolytic episodes result in the release of red blood cell (RBC)-derived pro-inflammatory and oxidatively reactive mediators (e.g. extracellular hemoglobin, heme and iron) into plasma. Here, we studied the role of these hemolytic mediators in coagulation activation by measuring FXa and thrombin generation in the presence of RBC lysates. Our results show that hemolytic microvesicles (HMVs) formed during hemolysis stimulate thrombin generation through a mechanism involving FVIII and FIX, the so-called intrinsic tenase complex. Iron scavenging during hemolysis using deferoxamine decreased the ability of the HMVs to enhance thrombin generation. Furthermore, the addition of ferric chloride (FeCl3) to plasma propagated thrombin generation in a FVIII and FIX-dependent manner suggesting that iron positively affects blood coagulation. Phosphatidylserine (PS) blockade using lactadherin and iron chelation using deferoxamine reduced intrinsic tenase activity in a purified system containing HMVs as source of phospholipids confirming that both PS and iron ions contribute to the procoagulant effect of the HMVs. Finally, the effects of FeCl3 and HMVs decreased in the presence of ascorbate and glutathione indicating that oxidative stress plays a role in hypercoagulability. Overall, our results provide evidence for the contribution of iron ions derived from hemolytic RBCs to thrombin generation. These findings add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis in hemolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ilse Jongerius
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sacha S Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin-AMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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26
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The Mystery of Red Blood Cells Extracellular Vesicles in Sleep Apnea with Metabolic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094301. [PMID: 33919065 PMCID: PMC8122484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is very important for overall health and quality of life, while sleep disorder has been associated with several human diseases, namely cardiovascular, metabolic, cognitive, and cancer-related alterations. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common respiratory sleep-disordered breathing, which is caused by the recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep. OSA has emerged as a major public health problem and increasing evidence suggests that untreated OSA can lead to the development of various diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, OSA may lead to decreased blood oxygenation and fragmentation of the sleep cycle. The formation of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) can emerge and react with nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite, thereby diminishing the bioavailability of NO. Hypoxia, the hallmark of OSA, refers to a decline of tissue oxygen saturation and affects several types of cells, playing cell-to-cell communication a vital role in the outcome of this interplay. Red blood cells (RBCs) are considered transporters of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and these RBCs are important interorgan communication systems with additional functions, including participation in the control of systemic NO metabolism, redox regulation, blood rheology, and viscosity. RBCs have been shown to induce endothelial dysfunction and increase cardiac injury. The mechanistic links between changes of RBC functional properties and cardiovascular are largely unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by most cell types and released in biological fluids both under physiological and pathological conditions. EVs are involved in intercellular communication by transferring complex cargoes including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from donor cells to recipient cells. Advancing our knowledge about mechanisms of RBC-EVs formation and their pathophysiological relevance may help to shed light on circulating EVs and to translate their application to clinical practice. We will focus on the potential use of RBC-EVs as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and state-specific cargoes, and possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery. The use of RBC-EVs as a precision medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of the patient with sleep disorder will improve the prognosis and the quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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27
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Berrevoets MC, Bos J, Huisjes R, Merkx TH, van Oirschot BA, van Solinge WW, Verweij JW, Lindeboom MYA, van Beers EJ, Bartels M, van Wijk R, Rab MAE. Ektacytometry Analysis of Post-splenectomy Red Blood Cell Properties Identifies Cell Membrane Stability Test as a Novel Biomarker of Membrane Health in Hereditary Spherocytosis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:641384. [PMID: 33841180 PMCID: PMC8027126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.641384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most common form of hereditary chronic hemolytic anemia. It is caused by mutations in red blood cell (RBC) membrane and cytoskeletal proteins, which compromise membrane integrity, leading to vesiculation. Eventually, this leads to entrapment of poorly deformable spherocytes in the spleen. Splenectomy is a procedure often performed in HS. The clinical benefit results from removing the primary site of destruction, thereby improving RBC survival. But whether changes in RBC properties contribute to the clinical benefit of splenectomy is unknown. In this study we used ektacytometry to investigate the longitudinal effects of splenectomy on RBC properties in five well-characterized HS patients at four different time points and in a case-control cohort of 26 HS patients. Osmotic gradient ektacytometry showed that splenectomy resulted in improved intracellular viscosity (hydration state) whereas total surface area and surface-to-volume ratio remained essentially unchanged. The cell membrane stability test (CMST), which assesses the in vitro response to shear stress, showed that after splenectomy, HS RBCs had partly regained the ability to shed membrane, a property of healthy RBCs, which was confirmed in the case-control cohort. In particular the CMST holds promise as a novel biomarker in HS that reflects RBC membrane health and may be used to asses treatment response in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Berrevoets
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory-Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J Bos
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory-Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R Huisjes
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory-Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - T H Merkx
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory-Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - B A van Oirschot
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory-Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - W W van Solinge
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory-Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J W Verweij
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M Y A Lindeboom
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - E J van Beers
- Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M Bartels
- Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R van Wijk
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory-Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M A E Rab
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory-Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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28
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Fibach E. The Redox Balance and Membrane Shedding in RBC Production, Maturation, and Senescence. Front Physiol 2021; 12:604738. [PMID: 33664673 PMCID: PMC7920951 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.604738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane shedding in the form of extracellular vesicles plays a key role in normal physiology and pathology. Partial disturbance of the membrane-cytoskeleton linkage and increased in the intracellular Ca content are considered to be mechanisms underlying the process, but it is questionable whether they constitute the primary initiating steps. Homeostasis of the redox system, which depends on the equilibrium between oxidants and antioxidants, is crucial for many cellular processes. Excess oxidative power results in oxidative stress, which affects many cellular components, including the membrane. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress indirectly affects membrane shedding most probably by affecting the membrane-cytoskeleton and the Ca content. In red blood cells (RBCs), changes in both the redox system and membrane shedding occur throughout their life-from birth-their production in the bone marrow, to death-aging in the peripheral blood and removal by macrophages in sites of the reticuloendothelial system. Both oxidative stress and membrane shedding are disturbed in diseases affecting the RBC, such as the hereditary and acquired hemolytic anemias (i.e., thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia). Herein, I review some data-based and hypothetical possibilities that await experimental confirmation regarding some aspects of the interaction between the redox system and membrane shedding and its role in the normal physiology and pathology of RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Fibach
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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29
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Production of erythrocyte microparticles in a sub-hemolytic environment. J Artif Organs 2021; 24:135-145. [PMID: 33420875 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-020-01231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles are produced by various cells due to a number of different stimuli in the circulatory system. Shear stress has been shown to injure red blood cells resulting in hemolysis or non-reversible sub-hemolytic damage. We hypothesized that, in the sub-hemolytic shear range, there exist sufficient mechanical stimuli for red blood cells to respond with production of microparticles. Red blood cells isolated from blood of healthy volunteers were exposed to high shear stress in a microfluidic channel to mimic mechanical trauma similar to that occurring in ventricular assist devices. Utilizing flow cytometry techniques, both an increase of shear rate and exposure time showed higher concentrations of red blood cell microparticles. Controlled shear rate exposure shows that red blood cell microparticle concentration may be indicative of sub-hemolytic damage to red blood cells. In addition, properties of these red blood cell microparticles produced by shear suggest that mechanical trauma may underlie some complications for cardiovascular patients.
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30
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Lapping-Carr G, Gemel J, Mao Y, Beyer EC. Circulating Extracellular Vesicles and Endothelial Damage in Sickle Cell Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1063. [PMID: 33013455 PMCID: PMC7495019 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial damage is central to the pathogenesis of many of the complications of sickle cell disease. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in modulating endothelial behavior in a variety of different, diseases with vascular pathologies. As seen in other hemolytic diseases, the plasma of sickle cell patients contains EVs of different sizes and cellular sources. The medium-sized vesicles (microparticles) primarily derive from mature red blood cells and platelets; some of these EVs have procoagulant properties, while others stimulate inflammation or endothelial adhesiveness. Most of the small EVs (including exosomes) derive from erythrocytes and erythrocyte precursors, but some also originate from platelets, white blood cells, and endothelial cells. These small EVs may alter the behavior of target cells by delivering cargo including proteins and nucleic acids. Studies in model systems implicate small EVs in promoting vaso-occlusion and disruption of endothelial integrity. Thus, both medium and small EVs may contribute to the increased endothelial damage in sickle cell disease. Development of a detailed understanding of the composition and roles of circulating EVs represents a promising approach toward novel predictive diagnostics and therapeutic approaches in sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Gemel
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yifan Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eric C Beyer
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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31
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Asaro RJ, Zhu Q, MacDonald IC. Tethering, evagination, and vesiculation via cell-cell interactions in microvascular flow. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:31-53. [PMID: 32656697 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vesiculation is a ubiquitous process undergone by most cell types and serves a variety of vital cell functions; vesiculation from erythrocytes, in particular, is a well-known example and constitutes a self-protection mechanism against premature clearance, inter alia. Herein, we explore a paradigm that red blood cell derived vesicles may form within the microvascular, in intense shear flow, where cells become adhered to either other cells or the extracellular matrix, by forming tethers or an evagination. Adherence may be enhanced, or caused, by diseased states or chemical anomalies as are discussed herein. The mechanisms for such processes are detailed via numerical simulations that are patterned directly from video-recorded cell microflow within the splenic venous sinus (MacDonald et al. 1987), as included, e.g., as Supplementary Material. The mechanisms uncovered highlight the necessity of accounting for remodeling of the erythrocyte's membrane skeleton and, specifically, for the time scales associated with that process that is an integral part of cell deformation. In this way, the analysis provides pointed, and vital, insights into the notion of what the, often used phrase, cell deformability actually entails in a more holistic manner. The analysis also details what data are required to make further quantitative descriptions possible and suggests experimental pathways for acquiring such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian C MacDonald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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32
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Induction of erythrocyte microvesicles by Escherichia Coli Alpha hemolysin. Biochem J 2020; 476:3455-3473. [PMID: 31661116 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alpha hemolysin (HlyA) is the major virulence factor of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains. Once in circulation, a low concentration of the toxin induces an increase in intracellular calcium that activates calpains - which proteolyse cytoskeleton proteins - and also favours the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet of erythrocyte membranes. All these events are considered part of eryptosis, as well as the delivery of microvesicles (MVs). Within this context, we studied the delivery of MVs by erythrocytes treated with sublytic concentrations of HlyA and demonstrated that HlyA-treated erythrocytes secrete MVs of diameter ∼200 nm containing HlyA and PS by a mechanism involving an increment of intracellular calcium concentration and purinergic receptor activation. Despite the presence of toxin in their membrane, HlyA-MVs are not hemolytically active and do not induce ATP release in untreated erythrocytes, thus suggesting that the delivery of HlyA-MVs might act as a protective mechanism on the part of erythrocytes that removes the toxin from the membrane to prevent the spread of infection. Although erythrocytes have been found to eliminate denatured hemoglobin and several membrane proteins by shedding MVs, the present work has revealed for the first time that an exogenous protein, such as a toxin, is eliminated by this process. This finding sheds light on the mechanism of action of the toxin and serves to further elucidate the consequences of UPEC infection in patients exhibiting HlyA-related diseases.
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33
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Cloos AS, Ghodsi M, Stommen A, Vanderroost J, Dauguet N, Pollet H, D'Auria L, Mignolet E, Larondelle Y, Terrasi R, Muccioli GG, Van Der Smissen P, Tyteca D. Interplay Between Plasma Membrane Lipid Alteration, Oxidative Stress and Calcium-Based Mechanism for Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis From Erythrocytes During Blood Storage. Front Physiol 2020; 11:712. [PMID: 32719614 PMCID: PMC7350142 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the red blood cell (RBC) surface is observed during senescence in vivo and RBC storage in vitro. Two main models for EV shedding, respectively based on calcium rise and oxidative stress, have been proposed in the literature but the role of the plasma membrane lipid composition and properties is not understood. Using blood in K+/EDTA tubes stored for up to 4 weeks at 4°C as a relevant RBC vesiculation model, we showed here that the RBC plasma membrane lipid composition, organization in domains and biophysical properties were progressively modified during storage and contributed to the RBC vesiculation. First, the membrane content in cholesterol and linoleic acid decreased whereas lipid peroxidation and spectrin:membrane occupancy increased, all compatible with higher membrane rigidity. Second, phosphatidylserine surface exposure showed a first rapid rise due to membrane cholesterol decrease, followed by a second calcium-dependent increase. Third, lipid domains mainly enriched in GM1 or sphingomyelin strongly increased from the 1st week while those mainly enriched in cholesterol or ceramide decreased during the 1st and 4th week, respectively. Fourth, the plasmatic acid sphingomyelinase activity considerably increased upon storage following the sphingomyelin-enriched domain rise and potentially inducing the loss of ceramide-enriched domains. Fifth, in support of the shedding of cholesterol- and ceramide-enriched domains from the RBC surface, the number of cholesterol-enriched domains lost and the abundance of EVs released during the 1st week perfectly matched. Moreover, RBC-derived EVs were enriched in ceramide at the 4th week but depleted in sphingomyelin. Then, using K+/EDTA tubes supplemented with glucose to longer preserve the ATP content, we better defined the sequence of events. Altogether, we showed that EV shedding from lipid domains only represents part of the global vesiculation mechanistics, for which we propose four successive events (cholesterol domain decrease, oxidative stress, sphingomyelin/sphingomyelinase/ceramide/calcium alteration and phosphatidylserine exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Cloos
- CELL Unit and PICT Platform, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marine Ghodsi
- CELL Unit and PICT Platform, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amaury Stommen
- CELL Unit and PICT Platform, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Juliette Vanderroost
- CELL Unit and PICT Platform, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauguet
- GECE Unit and CYTF Platform, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hélène Pollet
- CELL Unit and PICT Platform, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ludovic D'Auria
- NCHM Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Mignolet
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Romano Terrasi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Der Smissen
- CELL Unit and PICT Platform, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit and PICT Platform, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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34
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Williams BA, Cochrane KM, Fischer JAJ, Aljaadi AM, McAnena L, Ward M, McNulty H, Kroeun H, Green TJ, Whitfield KC, Karakochuk CD. The Homozygous Hemoglobin EE Variant Is Associated with Poorer Riboflavin Status in Cambodian Women of Reproductive Age. J Nutr 2020; 150:1943-1950. [PMID: 32433728 PMCID: PMC7330481 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riboflavin is required for erythropoiesis, which is increased in people with hemoglobinopathies due to increased hemolysis and erythrocyte turnover. Dietary intake and status of riboflavin is poor in Cambodia, where hemoglobinopathies are common. OBJECTIVE We assessed the association between genetic hemoglobin disorders and riboflavin status in women of reproductive age in Cambodia. METHODS Venous blood samples from 515 Cambodian women of reproductive age, 18-45 y, were analyzed for biomarker status of riboflavin [erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac)], genetic hemoglobin (Hb) disorders, and hematological indices. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the association between EGRac with Hb, ferritin, and Hb genotypes. EGRac was log transformed in the analyses, and the regression coefficients represent the geometric mean differences. RESULTS Genetic Hb disorders were present in 57% of the population, with the homozygous hemoglobin E variant (Hb EE) occurring in ∼10% of women (n = 53). Deficient (EGRac ≥1.40) or marginal riboflavin status (EGRac ≥1.30 and <1.40) was observed in 92% (n = 475) of women. The variant Hb EE genotype was associated with 18% (95% CI: 9%, 28%) higher geometric mean EGRac values than the normal Hb AA genotype (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although riboflavin biomarker deficiency or marginal status is widely prevalent in Cambodian women, lower riboflavin status was observed more frequently in women with the Hb EE genotype than in women with normal Hb AA. The relation between genetic Hb disorders and riboflavin warrants further investigation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01593423 and NCT02481375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock A Williams
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kelsey M Cochrane
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jordie A J Fischer
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Abeer M Aljaadi
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liadhan McAnena
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tim J Green
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kyly C Whitfield
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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Kontoghiorghes GJ, Kontoghiorghe CN. Iron and Chelation in Biochemistry and Medicine: New Approaches to Controlling Iron Metabolism and Treating Related Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E1456. [PMID: 32545424 PMCID: PMC7349684 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for all living organisms. Many iron-containing proteins and metabolic pathways play a key role in almost all cellular and physiological functions. The diversity of the activity and function of iron and its associated pathologies is based on bond formation with adjacent ligands and the overall structure of the iron complex in proteins or with other biomolecules. The control of the metabolic pathways of iron absorption, utilization, recycling and excretion by iron-containing proteins ensures normal biologic and physiological activity. Abnormalities in iron-containing proteins, iron metabolic pathways and also other associated processes can lead to an array of diseases. These include iron deficiency, which affects more than a quarter of the world's population; hemoglobinopathies, which are the most common of the genetic disorders and idiopathic hemochromatosis. Iron is the most common catalyst of free radical production and oxidative stress which are implicated in tissue damage in most pathologic conditions, cancer initiation and progression, neurodegeneration and many other diseases. The interaction of iron and iron-containing proteins with dietary and xenobiotic molecules, including drugs, may affect iron metabolic and disease processes. Deferiprone, deferoxamine, deferasirox and other chelating drugs can offer therapeutic solutions for most diseases associated with iron metabolism including iron overload and deficiency, neurodegeneration and cancer, the detoxification of xenobiotic metals and most diseases associated with free radical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, CY-3021 Limassol, Cyprus;
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Lazari D, Freitas Leal JK, Brock R, Bosman G. The Relationship Between Aggregation and Deformability of Red Blood Cells in Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:288. [PMID: 32351399 PMCID: PMC7174766 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular organization of the membrane of the red blood cell controls cell morphology and function and is thereby a main determinant of red blood cell homeostasis in the circulation. The role of membrane organization is prominently reflected in red blood cell deformation and aggregation. However, there is little knowledge on whether they are controlled by the same membrane property and if so, to what extent. To address the potential interdependence of these two parameters, we measured deformation and aggregation in a variety of physiological as well as pathological conditions. As a first step, we correlated a number of deformability and aggregation parameters in red blood cells from healthy donors, which we obtained in the course of our studies on red blood cell homeostasis in health and disease. This analysis yielded some statistically significant correlations. Also, we found that most of these correlations were absent in misshapen red blood cells that have an inborn defect in the interaction between the membrane and the cytoskeleton. The observations suggest that deformability and aggregation share at least one common, membrane-related molecular mechanism. Together with data obtained after treatment with various agents known to affect membrane organization in vitro, our findings suggest that a phosphorylation-controlled interaction between the cytoskeleton and the integral membrane protein band 3 is part of the membrane-centered mechanism that plays a role in deformability as well as aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lazari
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joames Kauffimann Freitas Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Giel Bosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Asaro RJ, Zhu Q. Vital erythrocyte phenomena: what can theory, modeling, and simulation offer? Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1361-1388. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Trivedi M, Vaidya D, Patel C, Prajapati S, Bhatt J. In silico and in vitro studies to elucidate the role of 1HYN and 1QKI activity in BPA induced toxicity and its amelioration by Gallic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125076. [PMID: 31683422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is well known as an artificial environmental endocrine disrupting (ED) chemical. BPA also leads to many deleterious impacts on human blood through the production of reactive oxygen species and by some unknown mechanism. Up to now, very few studies have been conducted to assess the impact of BPA on Red Blood Corpuscle (RBC), Complete Blood Count (CBC), and no study on 1HYN (Erythrocyte Band 3 membrane protein) and 1QKI (Human Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase) have been so far carried out. Besides, no study has been conducted to assess the ameliorating impact of the most commonly available antioxidant like Gallic Acid (GA). The present investigation revealed that BPA exposure (50-200 μg ml-1) causes significant increase in percent hemolysis and morphological alteration of RBC, as well as significant reduction in CBC except White Blood Cell (WBC), Platelet, and Red blood density width (RDW). BPA exposure also caused a significant reduction in G6PD activity. In silico docking study revealed that BPA effectively binds with 1HYN and 1QKI protein to alter its activity. Concurrent addition of GA (10-50 μg ml-1) with highest dose of BPA (200 μg ml-1) ameliorates all parameters significantly as compared to BPA (200 μg ml-1) treatment. Ameliorating effect of GA is mainly due to its antioxidant property and interaction with BPA, was confirmed using UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometric, molecular dynamic simulation and docking approach by YASARA software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrugesh Trivedi
- Molecular Ecology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj-Kachchh, Gujarat, India.
| | - Druma Vaidya
- Molecular Ecology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj-Kachchh, Gujarat, India
| | - Chirag Patel
- Department of Bioinformatics, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sagar Prajapati
- Molecular Ecology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj-Kachchh, Gujarat, India
| | - Jyotindra Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj-Kachchh, India
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Hesh CA, Qiu Y, Lam WA. Vascularized Microfluidics and the Blood-Endothelium Interface. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:E18. [PMID: 31878018 PMCID: PMC7019435 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The microvasculature is the primary conduit through which the human body transmits oxygen, nutrients, and other biological information to its peripheral tissues. It does this through bidirectional communication between the blood, consisting of plasma and non-adherent cells, and the microvascular endothelium. Current understanding of this blood-endothelium interface has been predominantly derived from a combination of reductionist two-dimensional in vitro models and biologically complex in vivo animal models, both of which recapitulate the human microvasculature to varying but limited degrees. In an effort to address these limitations, vascularized microfluidics have become a platform of increasing importance as a consequence of their ability to isolate biologically complex phenomena while also recapitulating biochemical and biophysical behaviors known to be important to the function of the blood-endothelium interface. In this review, we discuss the basic principles of vascularized microfluidic fabrication, the contribution this platform has made to our understanding of the blood-endothelium interface in both homeostasis and disease, the limitations and challenges of these vascularized microfluidics for studying this interface, and how these inform future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Hesh
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Yongzhi Qiu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Facile spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy for the discrimination of α and β thalassemia traits and diseases: A photodiagnosis approach. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:149-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pretini V, Koenen MH, Kaestner L, Fens MHAM, Schiffelers RM, Bartels M, Van Wijk R. Red Blood Cells: Chasing Interactions. Front Physiol 2019; 10:945. [PMID: 31417415 PMCID: PMC6684843 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBC) are highly differentiated cells that have lost all organelles and most intracellular machineries during their maturation process. RBC are fundamental for the nearly all basic physiologic dynamics and they are key cells in the body's respiratory system by being responsible for the oxygen transport to all cells and tissues, and delivery of carbon dioxide to the lungs. With their flexible structure RBC are capable to deform in order to travel through all blood vessels including very small capillaries. Throughout their in average 120 days lifespan, human RBC travel in the bloodstream and come in contact with a broad range of different cell types. In fact, RBC are able to interact and communicate with endothelial cells (ECs), platelets, macrophages, and bacteria. Additionally, they are involved in the maintenance of thrombosis and hemostasis and play an important role in the immune response against pathogens. To clarify the mechanisms of interaction of RBC and these other cells both in health and disease as well as to highlight the role of important key players, we focused our interest on RBC membrane components such as ion channels, proteins, and phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Pretini
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mischa H. Koenen
- Department of Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcel H. A. M. Fens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond M. Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marije Bartels
- Paediatric Haematology Department, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richard Van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Timoshin AA, Lakomkin VL, Ruuge EK. The Influence of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Rat Blood Components. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Zou H, Zhu J, Huang DS. Cell membrane capsule: a novel natural tool for antitumour drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:251-269. [PMID: 30742557 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1581762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy plays an important role in antitumour therapy, but causes serious adverse reactions. So, drug delivery system (DDS) with cell-targeting ability is an important method to reduce adverse reactions while ensuring the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Synthetic drug carriers and DDSs based on cells have proven safety and efficacy, but they also have many deficiencies or limitations. Cell membrane capsules (CMCs), which are based on extracellular vesicles (EVs), are a promising biomimetic DDS that retains some cell membrane channels and cytoplasmic functions, with escape macrophage phagocytosis. AREAS COVERED The EVs for constructing CMCs can be prepared by natural secretion, chemical-induced budding, nanofilter membrane extrusion and similar methods and are isolated and purified by a variety of methods such as centrifugation and liquid chromatography. CMCs can target the tumour cells either spontaneously or through targeting modifications using proteins or aptamers to actively target the tumour cells. CMCs can be directly wrapped with chemicals, photosensitizers, RNA, proteins and other ingredients, or they can be loaded with antitumour agent-loaded synthetic nanoparticles, which are delivered to the target cells to play a specific role. EXPERT OPINION This review describes the concept, function, characteristics, origins, and manufacturing methods of CMCs and their application in antitumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zou
- a Clinical Research Institute , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China.,b Department of Cardiology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , PR China.,c People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China.,d Medical College , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jing Zhu
- c People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China.,d Medical College , Hangzhou , China.,e Department of Reproductive Endocrinology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huang
- c People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China.,f Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China
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The fluid membrane determines mechanics of erythrocyte extracellular vesicles and is softened in hereditary spherocytosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4960. [PMID: 30470753 PMCID: PMC6251882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely studied regarding their role in cell-to-cell communication and disease, as well as for applications as biomarkers or drug delivery vehicles. EVs contain membrane and intraluminal proteins, affecting their structure and thereby likely their functioning. Here, we use atomic force microscopy for mechanical characterization of erythrocyte, or red blood cell (RBC), EVs from healthy individuals and from patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) due to ankyrin deficiency. While these EVs are packed with proteins, their response to indentation resembles that of fluid liposomes lacking proteins. The bending modulus of RBC EVs of healthy donors is ~15 kbT, similar to the RBC membrane. Surprisingly, whereas RBCs become more rigid in HS, patient EVs have a significantly (~40%) lower bending modulus than donor EVs. These results shed light on the mechanism and effects of EV budding and might explain the reported increase in vesiculation of RBCs in HS patients. Red blood cell disorders are often accompanied by increased release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), but their structural and mechanical properties are not fully understood. Here, the authors show that red blood cell EVs show liposome-like mechanical features and are softened in blood disorder patients.
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45
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Starodubtseva MN, Mitsura EF, Starodubtsev IE, Chelnokova IA, Yegorenkov NI, Volkova LI, Kharin YS. Nano- and microscale mechanical properties of erythrocytes in hereditary spherocytosis. J Biomech 2018; 83:1-8. [PMID: 30503563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS), an erythrocyte membranopathy, is a heterogeneous disease, even at the level of the erythrocyte population. The paper aims at studying the mechanical properties (the Young's modulus, median and RMS roughness of friction force maps; fractal dimension, lacunarity and spatial distribution parameters of lateral force maps) of the cell surface layer of the erythrocytes of two different morphologies (discocytes and spherocytes) in HS using atomic force microscopy. The results of spatial-spectral and fractal analysis showed that the mechanical property maps of the HS spherocyte surface were more structurally homogeneous compared to the maps of HS discocytes. HS spherocytes also had a reduced RMS roughness and lacunarity of the mechanical property maps. The Young's modulus and averaged friction forces over the microscale HS spherocyte surface regions were approximately 20% higher than that of HS discocytes. The revealed significant difference at the nano- and microscales in the structural and mechanical properties of main (discoidal and spheroidal) morphological types of HS erythrocytes can potentially cause blood flow disturbance in the vascular system in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Starodubtseva
- Gomel State Medical University, Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Lange Str., 5, 246000 Gomel, Belarus; Radiobiology Institute of NAS of Belarus, Fedyuninskogo Str., 4, 246007 Gomel, Belarus.
| | - Ekaterina F Mitsura
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Ilyicha Str., 290, 246040 Gomel, Belarus
| | - Ivan E Starodubtsev
- Research Institute for Applied Problems of Mathematics and Informatics, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimosti Ave., 4, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Irina A Chelnokova
- Gomel State Medical University, Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Lange Str., 5, 246000 Gomel, Belarus; Radiobiology Institute of NAS of Belarus, Fedyuninskogo Str., 4, 246007 Gomel, Belarus
| | - Nikolai I Yegorenkov
- Gomel State Medical University, Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Lange Str., 5, 246000 Gomel, Belarus
| | - Lyudmila I Volkova
- Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Brovki Str., 3, 220013 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yuriy S Kharin
- Research Institute for Applied Problems of Mathematics and Informatics, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimosti Ave., 4, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
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46
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Asaro RJ, Zhu Q, Cabrales P. Erythrocyte Aging, Protection via Vesiculation: An Analysis Methodology via Oscillatory Flow. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1607. [PMID: 30505281 PMCID: PMC6250888 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that erythrocyte deformations, specifically of a type as occur in splenic flow (Zhu et al., 2017), and of the type that promote vesiculation can be caused by simple, yet tailored, oscillatory shear flow. We show that such oscillatory shear flow provides an ideal environment to explore a wide variety of metabolic and biochemical effects that promote erythrocyte vesiculation. Deformation details, typical of splenic flow, such as in-folding and implications for membrane/skeleton interaction are demonstrated and quantitatively analyzed. We introduce a theoretical, essentially analytical, vesiculation model that directly couples to our more complex numerical, multilevel, model that clearly delineates various fundamental elements, i.e., sub-processes, that are involved and mediate the vesiculation process. This analytical model highlights particulary important vesiculation precursors such as areas of membrane/skeleton disruptions that trigger the vesiculation process. We demonstrate, using flow cytometry, that the deformations we experimentally induce on cells, and numerically simulate, do not induce lethal forms of cell damage but do induce vesiculation as theoretically forecasted. This, we demonstrate, provides a direct link to cell membrane/skeletal damage such as is associated with metabolic and aging damage. An additional noteworthy feature of this approach is the avoidance of artificial devices, e.g., micro-fluidic chambers, in which deformations and their time scales are often unrepresentative of physiological processes such as splenic flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Biological Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Tomschi F, Bizjak D, Bloch W, Latsch J, Predel HG, Grau M. Deformability of different red blood cell populations and viscosity of differently trained young men in response to intensive and moderate running. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 69:503-514. [PMID: 29710695 DOI: 10.3233/ch-189202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) deformability and blood viscosity are essential to ensure optimal microcirculation and may contribute to athletic performance. OBJECTIVE To investigate the acute responses of density fractionated young, middle old and old RBC, RBC viscosity (RBCV), plasma viscosity (PV) and hematological changes to two running modes (intensive and moderate). METHODS 27 young and healthy men of different training status participated in this study and were grouped into three groups in accordance to their VO2peak and conducted an intensive and moderate running test, respectively (crossover design). Pre and Post exercise, RBC were fractionated via percoll density gradient centrifugation. RBC deformability of the entire RBC population and the fractionated RBC was determined. Viscosity, hematocrit and mean cellular volume were determined. RESULTS Baseline results reveal that high trained subjects possess more young RBC and show increased deformability of un-fractioned RBC and middle aged RBC. Baseline PV, RBCV, hematocrit and mean cellular volume did not differ between groups. Applied running modes did not change RBC deformability of any sub-fractions. Viscosity only increased after intensive running. Hematological changes were observed after both exercises. CONCLUSIONS Acute effects of exercise on RBC are marginal, but chronic differences can be observed in RBC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Tomschi
- Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Bizjak
- Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Hans Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marijke Grau
- Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
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48
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Pollet H, Conrard L, Cloos AS, Tyteca D. Plasma Membrane Lipid Domains as Platforms for Vesicle Biogenesis and Shedding? Biomolecules 2018; 8:E94. [PMID: 30223513 PMCID: PMC6164003 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to several pathophysiological processes and appear as emerging targets for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, successful translation from bench to bedside requires deeper understanding of EVs, in particular their diversity, composition, biogenesis and shedding mechanisms. In this review, we focus on plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs), far less appreciated than exosomes. We integrate documented mechanisms involved in MV biogenesis and shedding, focusing on the red blood cell as a model. We then provide a perspective for the relevance of plasma membrane lipid composition and biophysical properties in microvesiculation on red blood cells but also platelets, immune and nervous cells as well as tumor cells. Although only a few data are available in this respect, most of them appear to converge to the idea that modulation of plasma membrane lipid content, transversal asymmetry and lateral heterogeneity in lipid domains may play a significant role in the vesiculation process. We suggest that lipid domains may represent platforms for inclusion/exclusion of membrane lipids and proteins into MVs and that MVs could originate from distinct domains during physiological processes and disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pollet
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Louise Conrard
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Sophie Cloos
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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49
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Sorkin R, Huisjes R, Bošković F, Vorselen D, Pignatelli S, Ofir-Birin Y, Freitas Leal JK, Schiller J, Mullick D, Roos WH, Bosman G, Regev-Rudzki N, Schiffelers RM, Wuite GJL. Nanomechanics of Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Vesiculation Pathways. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801650. [PMID: 30160371 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as important mediators of cell-cell communication as well as potential disease biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles. However, the mechanical properties of these vesicles are largely unknown, and processes leading to microvesicle-shedding from the plasma membrane are not well understood. Here an in depth atomic force microscopy force spectroscopy study of the mechanical properties of natural EVs is presented. It is found that several natural vesicles of different origin have a different composition of lipids and proteins, but similar mechanical properties. However, vesicles generated by red blood cells (RBC) at different temperatures/incubation times are different mechanically. Quantifying the lipid content of EVs reveals that their stiffness decreases with the increase in their protein/lipid ratio. Further, by maintaining RBC at "extreme" nonphysiological conditions, the cells are pushed to utilize different vesicle generation pathways. It is found that RBCs can generate protein-rich soft vesicles, possibly driven by protein aggregation, and low membrane-protein content stiff vesicles, likely driven by cytoskeleton-induced buckling. Since similar cortical cytoskeleton to that of the RBC exists on the membranes of most mammalian cells, our findings help advancing the understanding of the fundamental process of vesicle generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Sorkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Huisjes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Filip Bošković
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Pignatelli
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Yifat Ofir-Birin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Joames K Freitas Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Härtelstr. 16/18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Debakshi Mullick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Giel Bosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs J L Wuite
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
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Hannemann A, Rees DC, Brewin JN, Noe A, Low B, Gibson JS. Oxidative stress and phosphatidylserine exposure in red cells from patients with sickle cell anaemia. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:567-578. [PMID: 29938778 PMCID: PMC6120535 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure increases as red cells age, and is an important signal for the removal of senescent cells from the circulation. PS exposure is elevated in red cells from sickle cell anaemia (SCA) patients and is thought to enhance haemolysis and vaso-occlusion. Although precise conditions leading to its externalisation are unclear, high intracellular Ca2+ has been implicated. Red cells from SCA patients are also exposed to an increased oxidative challenge, and we postulated that this stimulates PS exposure, through increased Ca2+ levels. We tested four different ways of generating oxidative stress: hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase, phenazine methosulphate, nitrite and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, together with thiol modification with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), dithiothreitol and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), in red cells permeabilised to Ca2+ using bromo-A23187. Unexpectedly, our findings showed that the four oxidants significantly reduced Ca2+ -induced PS exposure (by 40-60%) with no appreciable effect on Ca2+ affinity. By contrast, NEM markedly increased PS exposure (by about 400%) and slightly but significantly increased the affinity for Ca2+ . Dithiothreitol modestly reduced PS exposure (by 25%) and HOCl had no effect. These findings emphasise the importance of thiol modification for PS exposure in sickle cells but suggest that increased oxidant stress alone is not important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hannemann
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David C. Rees
- Department of Paediatric HaematologyKing's College HospitalKing's College London School of MedicineLondonUK
| | - John N. Brewin
- Department of Paediatric HaematologyKing's College HospitalKing's College London School of MedicineLondonUK
| | - Andreas Noe
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ben Low
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John S. Gibson
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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