1
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Joshi S, López L, Morosi LG, Amadio R, Pachauri M, Bestagno M, Ogar IP, Giacca M, Piperno GM, Vorselen D, Benvenuti F. Tim4 enables large peritoneal macrophages to cross-present tumor antigens at early stages of tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114096. [PMID: 38607919 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptors controlling the cross-presentation of tumor antigens by macrophage subsets in cancer tissues are poorly explored. Here, we show that TIM4+ large peritoneal macrophages efficiently capture and cross-present tumor-associated antigens at early stages of peritoneal infiltration by ovarian cancer cells. The phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor TIM4 promotes maximal uptake of dead cells or PS-coated artificial targets and triggers inflammatory and metabolic gene programs in combination with cytoskeletal remodeling and upregulation of transcriptional signatures related to antigen processing. At the cellular level, TIM4-mediated engulfment induces nucleation of F-actin around nascent phagosomes, delaying the recruitment of vacuolar ATPase, acidification, and cargo degradation. In vivo, TIM4 deletion blunts induction of early anti-tumoral effector CD8 T cells and accelerates the progression of ovarian tumors. We conclude that TIM4-mediated uptake drives the formation of specialized phagosomes that prolong the integrity of ingested antigens and facilitate cross-presentation, contributing to immune surveillance of the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Joshi
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucía López
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Luciano Gastón Morosi
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Amadio
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Manendra Pachauri
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste and International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Bestagno
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Ironya Paul Ogar
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115 Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste and International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy; King's College London, British Heart Foundation Center of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Giulia Maria Piperno
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Cell Biology & Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
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2
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Pennacchio FA, Poli A, Pramotton FM, Lavore S, Rancati I, Cinquanta M, Vorselen D, Prina E, Romano OM, Ferrari A, Piel M, Cosentino Lagomarsino M, Maiuri P. N2FXm, a method for joint nuclear and cytoplasmic volume measurements, unravels the osmo-mechanical regulation of nuclear volume in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1070. [PMID: 38326317 PMCID: PMC10850064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes are tightly regulated to ensure proper cell homeostasis. However, current methods to measure cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes, including confocal 3D reconstruction, have limitations, such as relying on two-dimensional projections or poor vertical resolution. Here, to overcome these limitations, we describe a method, N2FXm, to jointly measure cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes in single cultured adhering human cells, in real time, and across cell cycles. We find that this method accurately provides joint size over dynamic measurements and at different time resolutions. Moreover, by combining several experimental perturbations and analyzing a mathematical model including osmotic effects and tension, we show that N2FXm can give relevant insights on how mechanical forces exerted by the cytoskeleton on the nuclear envelope can affect the growth of nucleus volume by biasing nuclear import. Our method, by allowing for accurate joint nuclear and cytoplasmic volume dynamic measurements at different time resolutions, highlights the non-constancy of the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio along the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio A Pennacchio
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Poli
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Michela Pramotton
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Lavore
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rancati
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Cinquanta
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Elisabetta Prina
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Orso Maria Romano
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, and I.N.F.N., Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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3
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de Jesus M, Settle AH, Vorselen D, Gaetjens TK, Galiano M, Wong YY, Fu TM, Santosa E, Winer BY, Tamzalit F, Wang MS, Bao Z, Sun JC, Shah P, Theriot JA, Abel SM, Huse M. Topographical analysis of immune cell interactions reveals a biomechanical signature for immune cytolysis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.16.537078. [PMID: 37131635 PMCID: PMC10153123 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.16.537078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells live intensely physical lifestyles characterized by structural plasticity, mechanosensitivity, and force exertion. Whether specific immune functions require stereotyped patterns of mechanical output, however, is largely unknown. To address this question, we used super-resolution traction force microscopy to compare cytotoxic T cell immune synapses with contacts formed by other T cell subsets and macrophages. T cell synapses were globally and locally protrusive, which was fundamentally different from the coupled pinching and pulling of macrophage phagocytosis. By spectrally decomposing the force exertion patterns of each cell type, we associated cytotoxicity with compressive strength, local protrusiveness, and the induction of complex, asymmetric interfacial topographies. These features were further validated as cytotoxic drivers by genetic disruption of cytoskeletal regulators, direct imaging of synaptic secretory events, and in silico analysis of interfacial distortion. We conclude that T cell-mediated killing and, by implication, other effector responses are supported by specialized patterns of efferent force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Jesus
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Alexander H. Settle
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Thomas K. Gaetjens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Michael Galiano
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Yung Yu Wong
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Tian-Ming Fu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Endi Santosa
- Immunology & Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Winer
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Fella Tamzalit
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Mitchell S. Wang
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Joseph C. Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Pavak Shah
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Julie A. Theriot
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Steven M. Abel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
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4
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de Jesus M, Settle A, Vorselen D, Galiano M, Santosa E, Merghoub T, Sun J, Shah P, Theriot J, Huse M. Efferent immune-mechanical activities reflect cell function and state. Biophys J 2023; 122:534a. [PMID: 36784765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Jesus
- Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Settle
- Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael Galiano
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Endi Santosa
- Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Joseph Sun
- Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pavak Shah
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Barger SR, Vorselen D, Gauthier NC, Theriot JA, Krendel M. F-actin organization and target constriction during primary macrophage phagocytosis is balanced by competing activity of myosin-I and myosin-II. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:br24. [PMID: 36129777 PMCID: PMC9727803 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis requires rapid remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton for extension of membrane protrusions and force generation to ultimately drive the engulfment of targets. The detailed mechanisms of phagocytosis have almost exclusively been studied in immortalized cell lines. Here, we make use of high-resolution imaging and novel biophysical approaches to determine the structural and mechanical features of phagocytosis by primary bone marrow-derived macrophages. We find that the signature behavior of these primary cells is distinct from macrophage-like cell lines; specifically, it is gentle, with only weak target constriction and modest polarization of the F-actin distribution inside the phagocytic cup. We show that long-tailed myosins 1e/f are critical for this organization. Deficiency of myo1e/f causes dramatic shifts in F-actin localization, reducing F-actin at the phagocytic cup base and enhancing F-actin-mediated constriction at the cup rim. Surprisingly, these changes can be almost fully reverted upon inhibition of another myosin motor protein, myosin-II. Hence, we show that the biomechanics and large-scale organization of phagocytic cups is tightly regulated through competing contributions from myosin-Ie/f and myosin-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Barger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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6
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Abstract
Phagocytosis triggered by the phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is key for the removal of apoptotic cells in development, tissue homeostasis and infection. Modulation of PS-mediated phagocytosis is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in the context of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. Whereas the mechanisms of target recognition, lipid and protein signalling, and cytoskeletal remodelling in opsonin-driven modes of phagocytosis are increasingly well understood, PS-mediated phagocytosis has remained more elusive. This is partially due to the involvement of a multitude of receptors with at least some redundancy in functioning, which complicates dissecting their contributions and results in complex downstream signalling networks. This review focusses on the receptors involved in PS-recognition, the signalling cascades that connect receptors to cytoskeletal remodelling required for phagocytosis, and recent progress in our understanding of how phagocytic cup formation is coordinated during PS-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, U.S.A
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7
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Vorselen D, Barger SR, Wang Y, Cai W, Theriot JA, Gauthier NC, Krendel M. Phagocytic 'teeth' and myosin-II 'jaw' power target constriction during phagocytosis. eLife 2021; 10:e68627. [PMID: 34708690 PMCID: PMC8585483 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis requires rapid actin reorganization and spatially controlled force generation to ingest targets ranging from pathogens to apoptotic cells. How actomyosin activity directs membrane extensions to engulf such diverse targets remains unclear. Here, we combine lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM) with microparticle traction force microscopy (MP-TFM) to quantify actin dynamics and subcellular forces during macrophage phagocytosis. We show that spatially localized forces leading to target constriction are prominent during phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. This constriction is largely driven by Arp2/3-mediated assembly of discrete actin protrusions containing myosin 1e and 1f ('teeth') that appear to be interconnected in a ring-like organization. Contractile myosin-II activity contributes to late-stage phagocytic force generation and progression, supporting a specific role in phagocytic cup closure. Observations of partial target eating attempts and sudden target release via a popping mechanism suggest that constriction may be critical for resolving complex in vivo target encounters. Overall, our findings present a phagocytic cup shaping mechanism that is distinct from cytoskeletal remodeling in 2D cell motility and may contribute to mechanosensing and phagocytic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sarah R Barger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
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8
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Vorselen D, Piontek MC, Roos WH, Wuite GJL. Mechanical Characterization of Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles, a Protocol. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:139. [PMID: 32850949 PMCID: PMC7396484 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Both natural as well as artificial vesicles are of tremendous interest in biology and nanomedicine. Small vesicles (<200 nm) perform essential functions in cell biology and artificial vesicles (liposomes) are used as drug delivery vehicles. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a powerful technique to study the structural properties of these vesicles. AFM is a well-established technique for imaging at nanometer resolution and for mechanical measurements under physiological conditions. Here, we describe the procedure of AFM imaging and force spectroscopy on small vesicles. We discuss how to image vesicles with minimal structural disturbance, and how to analyze the data for accurate size and shape measurements. In addition, we describe the procedure for performing nanoindentations on vesicles and the subsequent data analysis including mechanical models used for data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Fysica Van Levende Systemen and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melissa C. Piontek
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gijs J. L. Wuite
- Fysica Van Levende Systemen and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Vorselen D, Labitigan RLD, Theriot JA. A mechanical perspective on phagocytic cup formation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:112-122. [PMID: 32698097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a widespread and evolutionarily conserved process with diverse biological functions, ranging from engulfment of invading microbes during infection to clearance of apoptotic debris in tissue homeostasis. Along with differences in biochemical composition, phagocytic targets greatly differ in physical attributes, such as size, shape, and rigidity, which are now recognized as important regulators of this process. Force exertion at the cell-target interface and cellular mechanical changes during phagocytosis are emerging as crucial factors underlying sensing of such target properties. With technological developments, mechanical aspects of phagocytosis are increasingly accessible experimentally, revealing remarkable organizational complexity of force exertion. An increasingly high-resolution picture is emerging of how target physical cues and cellular mechanical properties jointly govern important steps throughout phagocytic engulfment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo D Labitigan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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10
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Vorselen D, Wang Y, de Jesus MM, Shah PK, Footer MJ, Huse M, Cai W, Theriot JA. Microparticle traction force microscopy reveals subcellular force exertion patterns in immune cell-target interactions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 31911639 PMCID: PMC6946705 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Force exertion is an integral part of cellular behavior. Traction force microscopy (TFM) has been instrumental for studying such forces, providing spatial force measurements at subcellular resolution. However, the applications of classical TFM are restricted by the typical planar geometry. Here, we develop a particle-based force sensing strategy for studying cellular interactions. We establish a straightforward batch approach for synthesizing uniform, deformable and tuneable hydrogel particles, which can also be easily derivatized. The 3D shape of such particles can be resolved with superresolution (<50 nm) accuracy using conventional confocal microscopy. We introduce a reference-free computational method allowing inference of traction forces with high sensitivity directly from the particle shape. We illustrate the potential of this approach by revealing subcellular force patterns throughout phagocytic engulfment and force dynamics in the cytotoxic T-cell immunological synapse. This strategy can readily be adapted for studying cellular forces in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Miguel M de Jesus
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pavak K Shah
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Matthew J Footer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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11
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Denning D, Bennett S, Mullen T, Moyer C, Vorselen D, Wuite GJL, Nemerow G, Roos WH. Maturation of adenovirus primes the protein nano-shell for successful endosomal escape. Nanoscale 2019; 11:4015-4024. [PMID: 30768112 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability of adenoviruses to infect a broad range of species has spurred a growing interest in nanomedicine to use adenovirus as a cargo delivery vehicle. While successful maturation of adenovirus and controlled disassembly are critical for efficient infection, the underlying mechanisms regulating these processes are not well understood. Here, we present Atomic Force Microscopy nanoindentation and fatigue studies of adenovirus capsids at different maturation stages to scrutinize their dynamic uncoating properties. Surprisingly, we find that the early intermediate immature (lacking DNA) capsid is mechanically indistinguishable in both break force and spring constant from the mature (containing DNA) capsid. However, mature and immature capsids do display distinct disassembly pathways, as revealed by our mechanically-induced fatigue analysis. The mature capsid first loses the pentons, followed by either long-term capsid stability or abrupt and complete disassembly. However, the immature capsid has a stable penton region and undergoes a stochastic disassembly mechanism, thought to be due to the absence of genomic pressure. Strikingly, the addition of the genome alone is not sufficient to achieve penton destabilization as indicated by the penton stability of the maturation-intermediate mutant, G33A. Full penton destabilization was achieved only when the genome was present in addition to the successful maturation-linked proteolytic cleavage of preprotein VI. Therefore these findings strongly indicate that maturation of adenovirus in concert with genomic pressure induces penton destabilization and thus, primes the capsid for controlled disassembly. This latter aspect is critical for efficient infection and successful cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Denning
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands and Natuur- en Sterrenkunde and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S Bennett
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - T Mullen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - C Moyer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - D Vorselen
- Natuur- en Sterrenkunde and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - G J L Wuite
- Natuur- en Sterrenkunde and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - G Nemerow
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - W H Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Haney MS, Bohlen CJ, Morgens DW, Ousey JA, Barkal AA, Tsui CK, Ego BK, Levin R, Kamber RA, Collins H, Tucker A, Li A, Vorselen D, Labitigan L, Crane E, Boyle E, Jiang L, Chan J, Rincón E, Greenleaf WJ, Li B, Snyder MP, Weissman IL, Theriot JA, Collins SR, Barres BA, Bassik MC. Identification of phagocytosis regulators using magnetic genome-wide CRISPR screens. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1716-1727. [PMID: 30397336 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is required for a broad range of physiological functions, from pathogen defense to tissue homeostasis, but the mechanisms required for phagocytosis of diverse substrates remain incompletely understood. Here, we developed a rapid magnet-based phenotypic screening strategy, and performed eight genome-wide CRISPR screens in human cells to identify genes regulating phagocytosis of distinct substrates. After validating select hits in focused miniscreens, orthogonal assays and primary human macrophages, we show that (1) the previously uncharacterized gene NHLRC2 is a central player in phagocytosis, regulating RhoA-Rac1 signaling cascades that control actin polymerization and filopodia formation, (2) very-long-chain fatty acids are essential for efficient phagocytosis of certain substrates and (3) the previously uncharacterized Alzheimer's disease-associated gene TM2D3 can preferentially influence uptake of amyloid-β aggregates. These findings illuminate new regulators and core principles of phagocytosis, and more generally establish an efficient method for unbiased identification of cellular uptake mechanisms across diverse physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Haney
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Bohlen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James A Ousey
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amira A Barkal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Braeden K Ego
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roni Levin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roarke A Kamber
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Collins
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Tucker
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Labitigan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emily Crane
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Evan Boyle
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joanne Chan
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Esther Rincón
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Billy Li
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Sorkin R, Huisjes R, Bošković F, Vorselen D, Pignatelli S, Ofir-Birin Y, Freitas Leal JK, Schiller J, Mullick D, Roos WH, Bosman G, Regev-Rudzki N, Schiffelers RM, Wuite GJL. Nanomechanics of Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Vesiculation Pathways. Small 2018; 14:e1801650. [PMID: 30160371 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as important mediators of cell-cell communication as well as potential disease biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles. However, the mechanical properties of these vesicles are largely unknown, and processes leading to microvesicle-shedding from the plasma membrane are not well understood. Here an in depth atomic force microscopy force spectroscopy study of the mechanical properties of natural EVs is presented. It is found that several natural vesicles of different origin have a different composition of lipids and proteins, but similar mechanical properties. However, vesicles generated by red blood cells (RBC) at different temperatures/incubation times are different mechanically. Quantifying the lipid content of EVs reveals that their stiffness decreases with the increase in their protein/lipid ratio. Further, by maintaining RBC at "extreme" nonphysiological conditions, the cells are pushed to utilize different vesicle generation pathways. It is found that RBCs can generate protein-rich soft vesicles, possibly driven by protein aggregation, and low membrane-protein content stiff vesicles, likely driven by cytoskeleton-induced buckling. Since similar cortical cytoskeleton to that of the RBC exists on the membranes of most mammalian cells, our findings help advancing the understanding of the fundamental process of vesicle generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Sorkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Huisjes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Filip Bošković
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Pignatelli
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Yifat Ofir-Birin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Joames K Freitas Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Härtelstr. 16/18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Debakshi Mullick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Giel Bosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs J L Wuite
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
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14
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Vorselen D, Marchetti M, López-Iglesias C, Peters PJ, Roos WH, Wuite GJL. Multilamellar nanovesicles show distinct mechanical properties depending on their degree of lamellarity. Nanoscale 2018; 10:5318-5324. [PMID: 29504612 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09224e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Small multilamellar vesicles may have benefits over unilamellar vesicles for drug delivery, such as an increased volume for hydrophobic drugs. In addition, their altered mechanical properties might be beneficial for cellular uptake. Here, we show how atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to detect and characterize multilamellar vesicles. We quantify the size of each break event occurring during AFM nanoindentations, which shows good agreement with the thickness of supported lipid bilayers. Analyzing the size and number of these events for individual vesicles allows us to distinguish between vesicles consisting of 1 up to 5 bilayers. We validate these results by comparison with correlative cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) data at the vesicle population level. Finally, we quantify the vesicle geometry and mechanical properties, and show that with additional bilayers adherent vesicles are more spherical and stiffer. Surprisingly, at ∼20% stiffening for each additional bilayer, the vesicle stiffness scales only weakly with lamellarity. Our results show the potential of AFM for studying liposomal nanoparticles and suggest that small multilamellar vesicles may have beneficial mechanical properties for cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
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15
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Vorselen D, van Dommelen S, Sorkin R, van Wijk R, Schiffelers RM, Wuite GJ, Roos WH. Atomic Force Microscopy Probing of Extra-Cellular Vesicles. Biophys J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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16
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Sorkin R, Huisjes R, Bošković F, Vorselen D, Pignatelli S, Ofir-Birin Y, Leal JK, Schiller J, Roos WH, Bosman G, Regev-Rudzki N, Schiffelers RM, Wuite GJ. The Soft Side of Extracellular Vesicles. Biophys J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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17
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Vorselen D, MacKintosh FC, Roos WH, Wuite GJ. Competition between Bending and Internal Pressure Governs the Mechanics of Fluid Nanovesicles. ACS Nano 2017; 11:2628-2636. [PMID: 28273422 PMCID: PMC5371924 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanovesicles (∼100 nm) are ubiquitous in cell biology and an important vector for drug delivery. Mechanical properties of vesicles are known to influence cellular uptake, but the mechanism by which deformation dynamics affect internalization is poorly understood. This is partly due to the fact that experimental studies of the mechanics of such vesicles remain challenging, particularly at the nanometer scale where appropriate theoretical models have also been lacking. Here, we probe the mechanical properties of nanoscale liposomes using atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation. The mechanical response of the nanovesicles shows initial linear behavior and subsequent flattening corresponding to inward tether formation. We derive a quantitative model, including the competing effects of internal pressure and membrane bending, that corresponds well to these experimental observations. Our results are consistent with a bending modulus of the lipid bilayer of ∼14kbT. Surprisingly, we find that vesicle stiffness is pressure dominated for adherent vesicles under physiological conditions. Our experimental method and quantitative theory represents a robust approach to study the mechanics of nanoscale vesicles, which are abundant in biology, as well as being of interest for the rational design of liposomal vectors for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Department
of Oral Function and Restorative Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry
Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 LA, The Netherlands
| | - Fred C. MacKintosh
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Departments
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics
& Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Center
for Theoretical Biophysics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Wouter H. Roos
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Moleculaire
Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit
Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J.L. Wuite
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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18
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Heller I, Laurens N, Vorselen D, Broekmans OD, Biebricher AS, King GA, Brouwer I, Wuite GJL, Peterman EJG. Versatile Quadruple-Trap Optical Tweezers for Dual DNA Experiments. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1486:257-272. [PMID: 27844431 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6421-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Optical manipulation techniques provide researchers the powerful ability to directly move, probe and interrogate molecular complexes. Quadruple optical trapping is an emerging method for optical manipulation and force spectroscopy that has found its primary use in studying dual DNA interactions, but is certainly not limited to DNA investigations. The key benefit of quadruple optical trapping is that two molecular strands can be manipulated independently and simultaneously. The molecular geometries of the strands can thus be controlled and their interactions can be quantified by force measurements. Accurate control of molecular geometry is of critical importance for the analysis of, for example, protein-mediated DNA-bridging, which plays an important role in DNA compaction. Here, we describe the design of a dedicated and robust quadruple optical trapping-instrument. This instrument can be switched straightforwardly to a high-resolution dual trap and it is integrated with microfluidics and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, making it a highly versatile tool for correlative single-molecule analysis of a wide range of biomolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iddo Heller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Laurens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno D Broekmans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas S Biebricher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Graeme A King
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke Brouwer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J L Wuite
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that single cells in vitro respond to changes in gravity, and that this response might play an important role for physiological changes at the organism level during spaceflight. Gravity can lead to changes in cell proliferation, differentiation, signaling, and gene expression. At first glance, gravitational forces seem too small to affect bodies with the size of a cell. Thus, the initial response to gravity is both puzzling and important for understanding physiological changes in space. This also offers a unique environment to study the mechanical response of cells. In the past 2 decades, important steps have been made in the field of mechanobiology, and we use these advances to reevaluate the response of single cells to changes in gravity. Recent studies have focused on the cytoskeleton as initial gravity sensor. Thus, we review the observed changes in the cytoskeleton in a microgravity environment, both during spaceflight and in ground-based simulation techniques. We also evaluate to what degree the current experimental evidence supports the cytoskeleton as primary gravity sensor. Finally, we consider how the cytoskeleton itself could be affected by changed gravity. To make the next step toward understanding the response of cells to altered gravity, the challenge will be to track changes quantitatively and on short timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- 1Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Office 11N15, Gustav Mahler Laan 3004, 1081LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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21
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Dai L, Vorselen D, Korolev KS, Gore J. Generic Indicators for Loss of Resilience Before a Tipping Point Leading to Population Collapse. Science 2012; 336:1175-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1219805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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22
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Heller I, Laurens N, Vorselen D, Kruijssen D, Peterman EJ, Wuite GJ. Versatile Optical Tweezers with Single Base-Pair Resolution. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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23
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Laurens N, Vorselen D, Driessen RP, Noom MC, Hol FJ, White MF, Dame RT, Wuite GJ. Archaeal DNA Organization: The Mechanism of Alba I & II Revealed. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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