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Brooks MD, Szeto RC. Biological nitrogen fixation maintains carbon/nitrogen balance and photosynthesis at elevated CO 2. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:2178-2191. [PMID: 38481026 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Understanding crop responses to elevated CO2 is necessary to meet increasing agricultural demands. Crops may not achieve maximum potential yields at high CO2 due to photosynthetic downregulation, often associated with nitrogen limitation. Legumes have been proposed to have an advantage at elevated CO2 due to their ability to exchange carbon for nitrogen. Here, the effects of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) on the physiological and gene expression responses to elevated CO2 were examined at multiple nitrogen levels by comparing alfalfa mutants incapable of nitrogen fixation to wild-type. Elemental analysis revealed a role for BNF in maintaining shoot carbon/nitrogen (C/N) balance under all nitrogen treatments at elevated CO2, whereas the effect of BNF on biomass was only observed at elevated CO2 and the lowest nitrogen dose. Lower photosynthetic rates at were associated with the imbalance in shoot C/N. Genome-wide transcriptional responses were used to identify carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes underlying the traits. Transcription factors important to C/N signalling were identified from inferred regulatory networks. This work supports the hypothesis that maintenance of C/N homoeostasis at elevated CO2 can be achieved in plants capable of BNF and revealed important regulators in the underlying networks including an alfalfa (Golden2-like) GLK ortholog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Brooks
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ronnia C Szeto
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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2
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Scharte J, Hassa S, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Forlani G, Weis E, von Schaewen A. Metabolic priming in G6PDH isoenzyme-replaced tobacco lines improves stress tolerance and seed yields via altering assimilate partitioning. Plant J 2023; 116:1696-1716. [PMID: 37713307 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the basis for better performance of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants with G6PDH-isoenzyme replacement in the cytosol (Xanthi::cP2::cytRNAi, Scharte et al., 2009). After six generations of selfing, infiltration of Phytophthora nicotianae zoospores into source leaves confirmed that defence responses (ROS, callose) are accelerated, showing as fast cell death of the infected tissue. Yet, stress-related hormone profiles resembled susceptible Xanthi and not resistant cultivar SNN, hinting at mainly metabolic adjustments in the transgenic lines. Leaves of non-stressed plants contained twofold elevated fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6P2 ) levels, leading to partial sugar retention (soluble sugars, starch) and elevated hexose-to-sucrose ratios, but also more lipids. Above-ground biomass lay in between susceptible Xanthi and resistant SNN, with photo-assimilates preferentially allocated to inflorescences. Seeds were heavier with higher lipid-to-carbohydrate ratios, resulting in increased harvest yields - also under water limitation. Abiotic stress tolerance (salt, drought) was improved during germination, and in floated leaf disks of non-stressed plants. In leaves of salt-watered plants, proline accumulated to higher levels during illumination, concomitant with efficient NADP(H) use and recycling. Non-stressed plants showed enhanced PSII-induction kinetics (upon dark-light transition) with little differences at the stationary phase. Leaf exudates contained 10% less sucrose, similar amino acids, but more fatty acids - especially in the light. Export of specific fatty acids via the phloem may contribute to both, earlier flowering and higher seed yields of the Xanthi-cP2 lines. Apparently, metabolic priming by F2,6P2 -combined with sustained NADP(H) turnover-bypasses the genetically fixed growth-defence trade-off, rendering tobacco plants more stress-resilient and productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Scharte
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hassa
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften and Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (GZMB), Abteilung Biochemie der Pflanze, Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften and Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (GZMB), Abteilung Biochemie der Pflanze, Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia e Biochimica Vegetale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Universitá degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Engelbert Weis
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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Mourantian A, Aslanidou M, Mente E, Katsoulas N, Levizou E. Basil functional and growth responses when cultivated via different aquaponic and hydroponics systems. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15664. [PMID: 37483975 PMCID: PMC10361078 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aquaponics is an innovative farming system that combines hydroponics and aquaculture, resulting in the production of both crops and fish. Decoupled aquaponics is a new approach introduced in aquaponics research for the elimination of certain system bottlenecks, specifically targeting the optimization of crops and fish production conditions. The aquaponics-related literature predominantly examines the system's effects on crop productivity, largely overlooking the plant functional responses which underlie growth and yield performance. The aim of the study was the integrated evaluation of basil performance cultivated under coupled and decoupled aquaponic systems compared with a hydroponic one, in terms of growth and functional parameters in a pilot-scale aquaponics greenhouse. Methods We focused on the efficiency of the photosynthetic process and the state of the photosynthetic machinery, assessed by instantaneous gas exchange measurements as well as photosynthetic light response curves, and in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence. Light use efficiency was estimated through leaf reflectance determination. Photosynthetic pigments content and leaf nutritional state assessments completed the picture of basil functional responses to the three different treatments/systems. The plant's functional parameters were assessed at 15-day intervals. The experiment lasted for two months and included an intermediate and a final harvest during which several basil growth parameters were determined. Results Coupled aquaponics resulted in reduced growth, which was mainly ascribed to sub-sufficient leaf nutrient levels, a fact that triggered a series of negative feedbacks on all aspects of their photosynthetic performance. These plants experienced a down-regulation of PSII activity as reflected in the significant decreases of quantum yield and efficiency of electron transport, along with decreased photosynthetic pigments content. On the contrary, decoupled aquaponics favored both growth and photochemistry leading to higher light use efficiency compared with coupled system and hydroponics, yet without significant differences from the latter. Photosynthetic light curves indicated constantly higher photosynthetic capacity of the decoupled aquaponics-treated basil, while also enhanced pigment concentrations were evident. Basil functional responses to the three tested production systems provided insights on the underlying mechanisms of plant performance highlighting key-points for systems optimization. We propose decoupled aquaponics as an effective system that may replace hydroponics supporting high crops productivity. We suggest that future works should focus on the mechanisms involved in crop and fish species function, the elucidation of which would greatly contribute to the optimization of the aquaponics productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Mourantian
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece
| | - Maria Aslanidou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece
| | - Eleni Mente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Katsoulas
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece
| | - Efi Levizou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece
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Bellido E, de la Haba P, Agüera E. Responses in Nodulated Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Plants Grown at Elevated Atmospheric CO 2. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12091828. [PMID: 37176886 PMCID: PMC10180886 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is currently causing metabolomic and physiological changes in living beings and especially in plants. Future climate change may affect crop productivity by limiting the uptake of soil resources such as nitrogen (N) and water. The contribution of legume-rhizobia symbioses to N2 fixation increases the available biological N reserve. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) has been shown to enhance the amount of fixed N2 primarily by increasing biomass. Greater leaf biomass under eCO2 levels increases N demand, which can stimulate and increase N2 fixation. For this reason, bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were used in this work to investigate how, in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, inoculation with rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum) affects different growth parameters and metabolites of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as enzymatic activities of nitrogen metabolism and the oxidative state of the plant, with a view to future scenarios, where the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere will increase. The results showed that bean symbiosis with R. leguminosarum improved N2 fixation, while also decreasing the plant's oxidative stress, and provided the plant with a greater defense system against eCO2 conditions. In conclusion, the nodulation with rhizobia potentially replaced the chemical fertilization of bean plants (P. vulgaris L.), resulting in more environmentally friendly agricultural practices. However, further optimization of symbiotic activities is needed to improve the efficiency and to also develop strategies to improve the response of legume yields to eCO2, particularly due to the climate change scenario in which there is predicted to be a large increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Bellido
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Purificación de la Haba
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eloísa Agüera
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Wall S, Cockram J, Vialet-Chabrand S, Van Rie J, Gallé A, Lawson T. The impact of growth at elevated [CO2] on stomatal anatomy and behavior differs between wheat species and cultivars. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:2860-2874. [PMID: 36633860 PMCID: PMC10134898 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plants to respond to changes in the environment is crucial to their survival and reproductive success. The impact of increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration (a[CO2]), mediated by behavioral and developmental responses of stomata, on crop performance remains a concern under all climate change scenarios, with potential impacts on future food security. To identify possible beneficial traits that could be exploited for future breeding, phenotypic variation in morphological traits including stomatal size and density, as well as physiological responses and, critically, the effect of growth [CO2] on these traits, was assessed in six wheat relative accessions (including Aegilops tauschii, Triticum turgidum ssp. Dicoccoides, and T. turgidum ssp. dicoccon) and five elite bread wheat T. aestivum cultivars. Exploiting a range of different species and ploidy, we identified key differences in photosynthetic capacity between elite hexaploid wheat and wheat relatives. We also report differences in the speed of stomatal responses which were found to be faster in wheat relatives than in elite cultivars, a trait that could be useful for enhanced photosynthetic carbon gain and water use efficiency. Furthermore, these traits do not all appear to be influenced by elevated [CO2], and determining the underlying genetics will be critical for future breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellie Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - James Cockram
- NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | | | - Jeroen Van Rie
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV-Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Gallé
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV-Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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6
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Niu S, Song L, Wang J, Luo Y, Yu G. Dynamic carbon-nitrogen coupling under global change. Sci China Life Sci 2023. [PMID: 36680674 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-nitrogen coupling is a fundamental principle in ecosystem ecology. However, how the coupling responds to global change has not yet been examined. Through a comprehensive and systematic literature review, we assessed how the dynamics of carbon processes change with increasing nitrogen input and how nitrogen processes change with increasing carbon input under global change. Our review shows that nitrogen input to the ecosystem mostly stimulates plant primary productivity but inconsistently decreases microbial activities or increases soil carbon sequestration, with nitrogen leaching and nitrogenous gas emission rapidly increasing. Nitrogen fixation increases and nitrogen leaching decreases to improve soil nitrogen availability and support plant growth and ecosystem carbon sequestration under elevated CO2 and temperature or along ecosystem succession. We conclude that soil nitrogen cycle processes continually adjust to change in response to either overload under nitrogen addition or deficiency under CO2 enrichment and ecosystem succession to couple with carbon cycling. Indeed, processes of both carbon and nitrogen cycles continually adjust under global change, leading to dynamic coupling in carbon and nitrogen cycles. The dynamic coupling framework reconciles previous debates on the "uncoupling" or "decoupling" of ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycles under global change. Ecosystem models failing to simulate these dynamic adjustments cannot simulate carbon-nitrogen coupling nor predict ecosystem carbon sequestration well.
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Manning T, Birch R, Stevenson T, Nugent G, Whitney S. Bacterial Form II Rubisco can support wild-type growth and productivity in Solanum tuberosum cv. Desiree (potato) under elevated CO 2. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgac305. [PMID: 36743474 PMCID: PMC9896143 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen significant advances in the development of approaches for improving both the light harvesting and carbon fixation pathways of photosynthesis by nuclear transformation, many involving multigene synthetic biology approaches. As efforts to replicate these accomplishments from tobacco into crops gather momentum, similar diversification is needed in the range of transgenic options available, including capabilities to modify crop photosynthesis by chloroplast transformation. To address this need, here we describe the first transplastomic modification of photosynthesis in a crop by replacing the native Rubisco in potato with the faster, but lower CO2-affinity and poorer CO2/O2 specificity Rubisco from the bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. High level production of R. rubrum Rubisco in the potRr genotype (8 to 10 µmol catalytic sites m2) allowed it to attain wild-type levels of productivity, including tuber yield, in air containing 0.5% (v/v) CO2. Under controlled environment growth at 25°C and 350 µmol photons m2 PAR, the productivity and leaf biochemistry of wild-type potato at 0.06%, 0.5%, or 1.5% (v/v) CO2 and potRr at 0.5% or 1.5% (v/v) CO2 were largely indistinguishable. These findings suggest that increasing the scope for enhancing productivity gains in potato by improving photosynthate production will necessitate improvement to its sink-potential, consistent with current evidence productivity gains by eCO2 fertilization for this crop hit a ceiling around 560 to 600 ppm CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahnee Manning
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Rosemary Birch
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Trevor Stevenson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Murchie EH, Reynolds M, Slafer GA, Foulkes MJ, Acevedo-Siaca L, McAusland L, Sharwood R, Griffiths S, Flavell RB, Gwyn J, Sawkins M, Carmo-Silva E. A 'wiring diagram' for source strength traits impacting wheat yield potential. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:72-90. [PMID: 36264277 PMCID: PMC9786870 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Source traits are currently of great interest for the enhancement of yield potential; for example, much effort is being expended to find ways of modifying photosynthesis. However, photosynthesis is but one component of crop regulation, so sink activities and the coordination of diverse processes throughout the crop must be considered in an integrated, systems approach. A set of 'wiring diagrams' has been devised as a visual tool to integrate the interactions of component processes at different stages of wheat development. They enable the roles of chloroplast, leaf, and whole-canopy processes to be seen in the context of sink development and crop growth as a whole. In this review, we dissect source traits both anatomically (foliar and non-foliar) and temporally (pre- and post-anthesis), and consider the evidence for their regulation at local and whole-plant/crop levels. We consider how the formation of a canopy creates challenges (self-occlusion) and opportunities (dynamic photosynthesis) for components of photosynthesis. Lastly, we discuss the regulation of source activity by feedback regulation. The review is written in the framework of the wiring diagrams which, as integrated descriptors of traits underpinning grain yield, are designed to provide a potential workspace for breeders and other crop scientists that, along with high-throughput and precision phenotyping data, genetics, and bioinformatics, will help build future dynamic models of trait and gene interactions to achieve yield gains in wheat and other field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A Slafer
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida–AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Av. R. Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- ICREA (Catalonian Institution for Research and Advanced Studies), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M John Foulkes
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Liana Acevedo-Siaca
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Lorna McAusland
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Robert Sharwood
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Simon Griffiths
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard B Flavell
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeff Gwyn
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mark Sawkins
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Ruiz-Vera UM, Acevedo-Siaca LG, Brown KL, Afamefule C, Gherli H, Simkin AJ, Long SP, Lawson T, Raines CA. Field-grown ictB tobacco transformants show no difference in photosynthetic efficiency for biomass relative to the wild type. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:4897-4907. [PMID: 35561330 PMCID: PMC9366323 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four tobacco transformants overexpressing the inorganic carbon transporter B gene (ictB) were screened for photosynthetic performance relative to the wild type (WT) in field-based conditions. The WT and transgenic tobacco plants were evaluated for photosynthetic performance to determine the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vc, max), maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax), the photosynthetic compensation point (Γ*), quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), and mesophyll conductance (gm). Additionally, all plants were harvested to compare differences in above-ground biomass. Overall, transformants did not perform better than the WT on photosynthesis-, biomass-, and leaf composition-related traits. This is in contrast to previous studies that have suggested significant increases in photosynthesis and yield with the overexpression of ictB, although not widely evaluated under field conditions. These findings suggest that the benefit of ictB is not universal and may only be seen under certain growth conditions. While there is certainly still potential benefit to utilizing ictB in the future, further effort must be concentrated on understanding the underlying function of the gene and in which environmental conditions it offers the greatest benefit to crop performance. As it stands at present, it is possible that ictB overexpression may be largely favorable in controlled environments, such as greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Ruiz-Vera
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, USA
- Bayer CropScience LLC, Bayer Marana Greenhouse, 9475 N Sanders Rd, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Liana G Acevedo-Siaca
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, USA
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), México-Veracruz, El Batán Km. 45, Mexico
| | - Kenny L Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
- N2 Applied AS, Hagaløkkveien 7, 1383 Asker, Norway
| | - Chidi Afamefule
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Hussein Gherli
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
- Crop Science and Production Systems, NIAB-EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent, UK
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Christine A Raines
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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10
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Fan J, Halpern M, Yu Y, Zuo Q, Shi J, Fan Y, Wu X, Yermiyahu U, Sheng J, Jiang P, Ben-Gal A. The Mechanisms Responsible for N Deficiency in Well-Watered Wheat Under Elevated CO 2. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:801443. [PMID: 35251079 PMCID: PMC8888439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.801443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentration [e(CO2)] often promotes plant growth with a decrease in tissue N concentration. In this study, three experiments, two under hydroponic and one in well-watered soil, including various levels or patterns of CO2, humidity, and N supply were conducted on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to explore the mechanisms of e[CO2]-induced N deficiency (ECIND). Under hydroponic conditions, N uptake remained constant even as transpiration was limited 40% by raising air relative humidity and only was reduced about 20% by supplying N during nighttime rather than daytime with a reduction of 85% in transpiration. Compared to ambient CO2 concentration, whether under hydroponic or well-watered soil conditions, and whether transpiration was kept stable or decreased to 12%, e[CO2] consistently led to more N uptake and higher biomass, while lower N concentration was observed in aboveground organs, especially leaves, as long as N supply was insufficient. These results show that, due to compensation caused by active uptake, N uptake can be uncoupled from water uptake under well-watered conditions, and changes in transpiration therefore do not account for ECIND. Similar or lower tissue NO 3 - -N concentration under e[CO2] indicated that NO 3 - assimilation was not limited and could therefore also be eliminated as a major cause of ECIND under our conditions. Active uptake has the potential to bridge the gap between N taken up passively and plant demand, but is limited by the energy required to drive it. Compared to ambient CO2 concentration, the increase in N uptake under e[CO2] failed to match the increase of carbohydrates, leading to N dilution in plant tissues, the apparent dominant mechanism explaining ECIND. Lower N concentration in leaves rather than roots under e[CO2] validated that ECIND was at least partially also related to changes in resource allocation, apparently to maintain root uptake activity and prevent more serious N deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Moshe Halpern
- Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Mobile Post Negev, Israel
| | - Yangliu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yuchuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Mobile Post Negev, Israel
| | - Jiandong Sheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Pingan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Alon Ben-Gal
- Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Mobile Post Negev, Israel
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11
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Agüera E, de la Haba P. Climate Change Impacts on Sunflower ( Helianthus annus L.) Plants. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:2646. [PMID: 34961117 PMCID: PMC8705722 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical, biological, and morphogenetic processes of plants are affected by ongoing climate change, causing alterations in crop development, growth, and productivity. Climate change is currently producing ecosystem modifications, making it essential to study plants with an improved adaptive capacity in the face of environmental modifications. This work examines the physiological and metabolic changes taking place during the development of sunflower plants due to environmental modifications resulting from climate change: elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and increased temperatures. Variations in growth, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as their effect on the plant's oxidative state in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) plants, are studied. An understanding of the effect of these interacting factors (elevated CO2 and elevated temperatures) on plant development and stress response is imperative to understand the impact of climate change on plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Agüera
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
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12
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Deuchande T, Soares J, Nunes F, Pinto E, Vasconcelos MW. Short Term Elevated CO2 Interacts with Iron Deficiency, Further Repressing Growth, Photosynthesis and Mineral Accumulation in Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Environments 2021; 8:122. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 (eCO2) has been reported to cause mineral losses in several important food crops such as soybean (Glycine max L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In addition, more than 30% of the world’s arable land is calcareous, leading to iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis and lower Fe levels in plant tissues. We hypothesize that there will be combinatorial effects of eCO2 and Fe deficiency on the mineral dynamics of these crops at a morphological, biochemical and physiological level. To test this hypothesis, plants were grown hydroponically under Fe sufficiency (20 μM Fe-EDDHA) or deficiency (0 μM Fe-EDDHA) at ambient CO2 (aCO2, 400 ppm) or eCO2 (800 ppm). Plants of both species exposed to eCO2 and Fe deficiency showed the lowest biomass accumulation and the lowest root: shoot ratio. Soybean at eCO2 had significantly higher chlorophyll levels (81%, p < 0.0001) and common bean had significantly higher photosynthetic rates (60%, p < 0.05) but only under Fe sufficiency. In addition, eCO2 increased ferric chelate reductase acivity (FCR) in Fe-sufficient soybean by 4-fold (p < 0.1) and in Fe-deficient common bean plants by 10-fold (p < 0.0001). In common bean, an interactive effect of both environmental factors was observed, resulting in the lowest root Fe levels. The lowering of Fe accumulation in both crops under eCO2 may be linked to the low root citrate accumulation in these plants when grown with unrestricted Fe supply. No changes were observed for malate in soybean, but in common bean, shoot levels were significantly lower under Fe deficiency (77%, p < 0.05) and Fe sufficiency (98%, p < 0.001). These results suggest that the mechanisms involved in reduced Fe accumulation caused by eCO2 and Fe deficiency may not be independent, and an interaction of these factors may lead to further reduced Fe levels.
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13
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Zhao HL, Chang TG, Xiao Y, Zhu XG. Potential metabolic mechanisms for inhibited chloroplast nitrogen assimilation under high CO2. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:1812-1833. [PMID: 34618071 PMCID: PMC8566258 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Improving photosynthesis is considered a major and feasible option to dramatically increase crop yield potential. Increased atmospheric CO2 concentration often stimulates both photosynthesis and crop yield, but decreases protein content in the main C3 cereal crops. This decreased protein content in crops constrains the benefits of elevated CO2 on crop yield and affects their nutritional value for humans. To support studies of photosynthetic nitrogen assimilation and its complex interaction with photosynthetic carbon metabolism for crop improvement, we developed a dynamic systems model of plant primary metabolism, which includes the Calvin-Benson cycle, the photorespiration pathway, starch synthesis, glycolysis-gluconeogenesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and chloroplastic nitrogen assimilation. This model successfully captures responses of net photosynthetic CO2 uptake rate (A), respiration rate, and nitrogen assimilation rate to different irradiance and CO2 levels. We then used this model to predict inhibition of nitrogen assimilation under elevated CO2. The potential mechanisms underlying inhibited nitrogen assimilation under elevated CO2 were further explored with this model. Simulations suggest that enhancing the supply of α-ketoglutarate is a potential strategy to maintain high rates of nitrogen assimilation under elevated CO2. This model can be used as a heuristic tool to support research on interactions between photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen assimilation. It also provides a basic framework to support the design and engineering of C3 plant primary metabolism for enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen assimilation in the coming high-CO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Long Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tian-Gen Chang
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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14
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Roy S, Mathur P. Delineating the mechanisms of elevated CO 2 mediated growth, stress tolerance and phytohormonal regulation in plants. Plant Cell Rep 2021; 40:1345-1365. [PMID: 34169360 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has drastically affected natural ecosystems and crop productivity. Among several factors of global climate change, CO2 is considered to be the dynamic parameter that will regulate the responses of all biological system on earth in the coming decade. A number of experimental studies in the past have demonstrated the positive effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, growth and biomass, biochemical and physiological processes such as increased C:N ratio, secondary metabolite production, as well as phytohormone concentrations. On the other hand, elevated CO2 imparts an adverse effect on the nutritional quality of crop plants and seed quality. Investigations have also revealed effects of elevated CO2 both at cellular and molecular level altering expression of various genes involved in various metabolic processes and stress signaling pathways. Elevated CO2 is known to have mitigating effect on plants in presence of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature etc., while contrasting effects in the presence of different biotic agents i.e. phytopathogens, insects and herbivores. However, a well-defined crosstalk is incited by elevated CO2 both under abiotic and biotic stresses in terms of phytohormones concentration and secondary metabolites production. With this background, the present review attempts to shed light on the major effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth, physiological and molecular responses and will highlight the interactive effects of elevated CO2 with other abiotic and biotic factors. The article will also provide deep insights into the phytohormones modulation under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
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Gao B, Hu S, Jing L, Niu X, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wang Y, Yang L. Alterations in Source-Sink Relations Affect Rice Yield Response to Elevated CO 2: A Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment Study. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:700159. [PMID: 34276751 PMCID: PMC8283783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To understand the effects of source-sink relationships on rice yield response to elevated CO2 levels (eCO2), we conducted a field study using a popular japonica cultivar grown in a free-air CO2 enrichment environment in 2017-2018. The source-sink ratio of rice was set artificially via source-sink treatments (SSTs) at the heading stage. Five SSTs were performed in 2017 (EXP1): cutting off the flag leaf (LC1) and the top three functional leaves (LC3), removing one branch in every three branches of a panicle (SR1/3) and one branch in every two branches of a panicle (SR1/2), and the control (CK) without any leaf cutting or spikelet removal. The eCO2 significantly increased grain yield by 15.7% on average over all treatments; it significantly increased grain yield of CK, LC1, LC3, SR1/3, and SR1/2 crops by 13.9, 18.1, 25.3, 12.0, and 10.9%, respectively. The yield response to eCO2 was associated with a significant increase of panicle number and fully-filled grain percentage (FGP), and the response of crops under different SSTs was significantly positively correlated with FGP and the average grain weight of the seeds. Two SSTs (CK and LC3) were performed in 2018 (EXP2), which confirmed that the yield response of LC3 crops (25.1%) to eCO2 was significantly higher than that of CK (15.9%). Among the different grain positions, yield response to eCO2 of grains attached to the lower secondary rachis was greater than that of grains attached to the upper primary rachis. Reducing the source-sink ratio via leaf-cutting enhanced the net photosynthetic rate response of the remaining leaves to eCO2 and increased the grain filling ability. Conversely, spikelet removal increased the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content of the stem, causing feedback inhibition and photosynthetic down-regulation. This study suggests that reducing the source-sink ratio by adopting appropriate management measures can increase the response of rice to eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, China
| | - Shaowu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liquan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xichao Niu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lianxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Miao Y, Cai Y, Wu H, Wang D. Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in the Photosynthetic Characteristics and the Gas Exchange Simulations of Two Rice Cultivars Grown at Ambient and Elevated CO 2. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:651606. [PMID: 33889167 PMCID: PMC8056013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the diurnal and seasonal variations of plant photosynthetic performance under future atmospheric CO2 conditions is essential for understanding plant adaptation to global change and for estimating parameters of ecophysiological models. In this study, diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), and photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv'/F m ') were measured in two rice cultivars grown in the open-top-chambers at ambient (∼450 μmol mol-1) and elevated (∼650 μmol mol-1) CO2 concentration [(CO2)] throughout the growing season for 2 years. The results showed that elevated (CO2) greatly increased Anet, especially at jointing stage. This stimulation was acclimated with the advance of growing season and was not affected by either stomatal limitations or Rubisco activity. Model parameters in photosynthesis model (Vcmax, Jmax, and Rd) and two stomatal conductance models (m and g1) varied across growing stages and m and g1 also varied across (CO2) treatments and cultivars, which led to more accurate photosynthesis and stomatal conductance simulations when using these cultivar-, CO2-, and stage- specific parameters. The results in the study suggested that further research is still needed to investigate the dominant factors contributing to the acclimation of photosynthetic capacity under future elevated CO2 conditions. The study also highlighted the need of investigating the impact of other environmental, such as nitrogen and O3, and non-environmental factors, such as additional rice cultivars, on the variations of these parameters in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance models and their further impacts on simulations in large scale carbon and water cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dan Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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17
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Cooney LJ, Beechey-Gradwell Z, Winichayakul S, Richardson KA, Crowther T, Anderson P, Scott RW, Bryan G, Roberts NJ. Changes in Leaf-Level Nitrogen Partitioning and Mesophyll Conductance Deliver Increased Photosynthesis for Lolium perenne Leaves Engineered to Accumulate Lipid Carbon Sinks. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:641822. [PMID: 33897730 PMCID: PMC8063613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyl-transferase (DGAT) and cysteine oleosin (CO) expression confers a novel carbon sink (of encapsulated lipid droplets) in leaves of Lolium perenne and has been shown to increase photosynthesis and biomass. However, the physiological mechanism by which DGAT + CO increases photosynthesis remains unresolved. To evaluate the relationship between sink strength and photosynthesis, we examined fatty acids (FA), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), gas exchange parameters and leaf nitrogen for multiple DGAT + CO lines varying in transgene accumulation. To identify the physiological traits which deliver increased photosynthesis, we assessed two important determinants of photosynthetic efficiency, CO2 conductance from atmosphere to chloroplast, and nitrogen partitioning between different photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pools. We found that DGAT + CO accumulation increased FA at the expense of WSC in leaves of L. perenne and for those lines with a significant reduction in WSC, we also observed an increase in photosynthesis and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. DGAT + CO L. perenne displayed no change in rubisco content or Vcmax but did exhibit a significant increase in specific leaf area (SLA), stomatal and mesophyll conductance, and leaf nitrogen allocated to photosynthetic electron transport. Collectively, we showed that increased carbon demand via DGAT+CO lipid sink accumulation can induce leaf-level changes in L. perenne which deliver increased rates of photosynthesis and growth. Carbon sinks engineered within photosynthetic cells provide a promising new strategy for increasing photosynthesis and crop productivity.
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18
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Ruiz-Vera UM, De Souza AP, Ament MR, Gleadow RM, Ort DR. High sink strength prevents photosynthetic down-regulation in cassava grown at elevated CO2 concentration. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:542-560. [PMID: 33045084 PMCID: PMC7853607 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cassava has the potential to alleviate food insecurity in many tropical regions, yet few breeding efforts to increase yield have been made. Improved photosynthetic efficiency in cassava has the potential to increase yields, but cassava roots must have sufficient sink strength to prevent carbohydrates from accumulating in leaf tissue and suppressing photosynthesis. Here, we grew eight farmer-preferred African cassava cultivars under free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) to evaluate the sink strength of cassava roots when photosynthesis increases due to elevated CO2 concentrations ([CO2]). Relative to the ambient treatments, elevated [CO2] treatments increased fresh (+27%) and dry (+37%) root biomass, which was driven by an increase in photosynthesis (+31%) and the absence of photosynthetic down-regulation over the growing season. Moreover, intrinsic water use efficiency improved under elevated [CO2] conditions, while leaf protein content and leaf and root cyanide concentrations were not affected. Overall, these results suggest that higher cassava yields can be expected as atmospheric [CO2] increases over the coming decades. However, there were cultivar differences in the partitioning of resources to roots versus above-grown biomass; thus, the particular responses of each cultivar must be considered when selecting candidates for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Ruiz-Vera
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amanda P De Souza
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael R Ament
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Roslyn M Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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19
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Ofori-amanfo KK, Klem K, Veselá B, Holub P, Agyei T, Marek MV, Grace J, Urban O. Interactive Effect of Elevated CO2 and Reduced Summer Precipitation on Photosynthesis is Species-Specific: The Case Study with Soil-Planted Norway Spruce and Sessile Oak in a Mountainous Forest Plot. Forests 2021; 12:42. [DOI: 10.3390/f12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how reduced summer precipitation modifies photosynthetic responses of two model tree species—coniferous Norway spruce and broadleaved sessile oak—to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Saplings were grown under mountainous conditions for two growing seasons at ambient (400 μmol CO2 mol–1) and elevated (700 μmol CO2 mol–1) CO2 concentration. Half were not exposed to precipitation during the summer (June–August). After two seasons of cultivation under modified conditions, basic photosynthetic characteristics including light-saturated rate of CO2 assimilation (Amax), stomatal conductance (GSmax), and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured under their growth CO2 concentrations together with in vivo carboxylation rate (VC) and electron transport rate (J) derived from CO2-response curves at saturating light. An increase in Amax under elevated CO2 was observed in oak saplings, whereas it remained unchanged or slightly declined in Norway spruce, indicating a down-regulation of photosynthesis. Such acclimation was associated with an acclimation of both J and VC. Both species had increased WUE under elevated CO2 although, in well-watered oaks, WUE remained unchanged. Significant interactive effects of tree species, CO2 concentration, and water availability on gas-exchange parameters (Amax, GSmax, WUE) were observed, while there was no effect on biochemical (VC, J) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The assimilation capacity (Asat; CO2 assimilation rate at saturating light intensity and CO2 concentration) was substantially reduced in spruce under the combined conditions of water deficiency and elevated CO2, but not in oak. In addition, the stimulatory effect of elevated CO2 on Amax persisted in oak, but completely diminished in water-limited spruce saplings. Our results suggest a strong species-specific response of trees to reduced summer precipitation under future conditions of elevated CO2 and a limited compensatory effect of elevated CO2 on CO2 uptake under water-limited conditions in coniferous spruce.
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20
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Dingkuhn M, Luquet D, Fabre D, Muller B, Yin X, Paul MJ. The case for improving crop carbon sink strength or plasticity for a CO 2-rich future. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2020; 56:259-272. [PMID: 32682621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] has increased from 260 to 280μmolmol-1 (level during crop domestication up to the industrial revolution) to currently 400 and will reach 550μmolmol-1 by 2050. C3 crops are expected to benefit from elevated [CO2] (e-CO2) thanks to photosynthesis responsiveness to [CO2] but this may require greater sink capacity. We review recent literature on crop e-CO2 responses, related source-sink interactions, how abiotic stresses potentially interact, and prospects to improve e-CO2 response via breeding or genetic engineering. Several lines of evidence suggest that e-CO2 responsiveness is related either to sink intrinsic capacity or adaptive plasticity, for example, involving enhanced branching. Wild relatives and old cultivars mostly showed lower photosynthetic rates, less downward acclimation of photosynthesis to e-CO2 and responded strongly to e-CO2 due to greater phenotypic plasticity. While reverting to such archaic traits would be an inappropriate strategy for breeding, we argue that substantial enhancement of vegetative sink vigor, inflorescence size and/or number and root sinks will be necessary to fully benefit from e-CO2. Potential ideotype features based on enhanced sinks are discussed. The generic 'feast-famine' sugar signaling pathway may be suited to engineer sink strength tissue-specifically and stage-specifically and help validate ideotype concepts. Finally, we argue that models better accounting for acclimation to e-CO2 are needed to predict which trait combinations should be targeted by breeders for a CO2-rich world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR 108 AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- INRAE, UMR 759 LEPSE, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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Baslam M, Mitsui T, Hodges M, Priesack E, Herritt MT, Aranjuelo I, Sanz-Sáez Á. Photosynthesis in a Changing Global Climate: Scaling Up and Scaling Down in Crops. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:882. [PMID: 32733499 PMCID: PMC7357547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the major process leading to primary production in the Biosphere. There is a total of 7000bn tons of CO2 in the atmosphere and photosynthesis fixes more than 100bn tons annually. The CO2 assimilated by the photosynthetic apparatus is the basis of crop production and, therefore, of animal and human food. This has led to a renewed interest in photosynthesis as a target to increase plant production and there is now increasing evidence showing that the strategy of improving photosynthetic traits can increase plant yield. However, photosynthesis and the photosynthetic apparatus are both conditioned by environmental variables such as water availability, temperature, [CO2], salinity, and ozone. The "omics" revolution has allowed a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating stress responses including the identification of genes and proteins involved in the regulation, acclimation, and adaptation of processes that impact photosynthesis. The development of novel non-destructive high-throughput phenotyping techniques has been important to monitor crop photosynthetic responses to changing environmental conditions. This wealth of data is being incorporated into new modeling algorithms to predict plant growth and development under specific environmental constraints. This review gives a multi-perspective description of the impact of changing environmental conditions on photosynthetic performance and consequently plant growth by briefly highlighting how major technological advances including omics, high-throughput photosynthetic measurements, metabolic engineering, and whole plant photosynthetic modeling have helped to improve our understanding of how the photosynthetic machinery can be modified by different abiotic stresses and thus impact crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Michael Hodges
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Evry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Eckart Priesack
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthew T. Herritt
- USDA-ARS Plant Physiology and Genetics Research, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Agrobiotechnology Institute (IdAB-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sanz-Sáez
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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22
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Parvin S, Uddin S, Tausz-Posch S, Armstrong R, Tausz M. Carbon sink strength of nodules but not other organs modulates photosynthesis of faba bean (Vicia faba) grown under elevated [CO 2 ] and different water supply. New Phytol 2020; 227:132-145. [PMID: 32129887 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic stimulation by elevated [CO2 ] (e[CO2 ]) may be limited by the capacity of sink organs to use photosynthates. In many legumes, N2 -fixing symbionts in root nodules provide an additional sink, so that legumes may be better able to profit from e[CO2 ]. However, drought not only constrains photosynthesis but also the size and activity of sinks, and little is known about the interaction of e[CO2 ] and drought on carbon sink strength of nodules and other organs. To compare carbon sink strength, faba bean was grown under ambient (400 ppm) or elevated (700 ppm) atmospheric [CO2 ] and subjected to well-watered or drought treatments, and then exposed to 13 C pulse-labelling using custom-built chambers to track the fate of new photosynthates. Drought decreased 13 C uptake and nodule sink strength, and this effect was even greater under e[CO2 ], and was associated with an accumulation of amino acids in nodules. This resulted in decreased N2 fixation, and increased accumulation of new photosynthates (13 C/sugars) in leaves, which in turn can feed back on photosynthesis. Our study suggests that nodule C sink activity is key to avoid sink limitation in legumes under e[CO2 ], and legumes may only be able to achieve greater C gain if nodule activity is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaj Parvin
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia
| | - Shihab Uddin
- The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Sabine Tausz-Posch
- Department of Agriculture, Science and the Environment, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, CQUniversity Australia, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger Armstrong
- Agriculture Victoria Research, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC, 3400, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Michael Tausz
- Department of Agriculture, Science and the Environment, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, CQUniversity Australia, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
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Domiciano D, Nery FC, de Carvalho PA, Prudente DO, de Souza LB, Chalfun-Júnior A, Paiva R, Marchiori PER. Nitrogen sources and CO 2 concentration synergistically affect the growth and metabolism of tobacco plants. Photosynth Res 2020; 144:327-339. [PMID: 32291595 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The initial stimulation of photosynthesis under elevated CO2 concentrations (eCO2) is often followed by a decline in photosynthesis, known as CO2 acclimation. Changes in N levels under eCO2 can have different effects in plants fertilized with nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+) as the N source. NO3- assimilation consumes approximately 25% of the energy produced by an expanded leaf, whereas NH4+ requires less energy to be incorporated into organic compounds. Although plant-N interactions are important for the productivity and nutritional value of food crops worldwide, most studies have not compared the performance of plants supplied with different forms of N. Therefore, this study aims to go beyond treating N as the total N in the soil or the plant because the specific N compounds formed from the available N forms become highly engaged in all aspects of plant metabolism. To this end, plant N metabolism was analyzed through an experiment with eCO2 and fertigation with NO3- and/or NH4+ as N sources for tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. The results showed that the plants that received only NO3- as a source of N grew more slowly when exposed to a CO2 concentration of 760 μmol mol-1 than when they were exposed to ambient CO2 conditions. On the other hand, in plants fertigated with only NH4+, eCO2 enhanced photosynthesis. This was essential for the maintenance of the metabolic pathways responsible for N assimilation and distribution in growing tissues. These data show that the physiological performance of tobacco plants exposed to eCO2 depends on the form of inorganic N that is absorbed and assimilated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Domiciano
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology Sector, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Carlota Nery
- Biosystems Engineering Department, Federal University of Sao Joao del Rei, Sao Joao del Rei, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucas Batista de Souza
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology Sector, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Antônio Chalfun-Júnior
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology Sector, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Renato Paiva
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology Sector, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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Tucker SL, Dohleman FG, Grapov D, Flagel L, Yang S, Wegener KM, Kosola K, Swarup S, Rapp RA, Bedair M, Halls SC, Glenn KC, Hall MA, Allen E, Rice EA. Evaluating maize phenotypic variance, heritability, and yield relationships at multiple biological scales across agronomically relevant environments. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:880-902. [PMID: 31733168 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A challenge to improve an integrative phenotype, like yield, is the interaction between the broad range of possible molecular and physiological traits that contribute to yield and the multitude of potential environmental conditions in which they are expressed. This study collected data on 31 phenotypic traits, 83 annotated metabolites, and nearly 22,000 transcripts from a set of 57 diverse, commercially relevant maize hybrids across three years in central U.S. Corn Belt environments. Although variability in characteristics created a complex picture of how traits interact produce yield, phenotypic traits and gene expression were more consistent across environments, while metabolite levels showed low repeatability. Phenology traits, such as green leaf number and grain moisture and whole plant nitrogen content showed the most consistent correlation with yield. A machine learning predictive analysis of phenotypic traits revealed that ear traits, phenology, and root traits were most important to predicting yield. Analysis suggested little correlation between biomass traits and yield, suggesting there is more of a sink limitation to yield under the conditions studied here. This work suggests that continued improvement of maize yields requires a strong understanding of baseline variation of plant characteristics across commercially-relevant germplasm to drive strategies for consistently improving yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lex Flagel
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri
| | - Sean Yang
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Ryan A Rapp
- Pairwise, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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25
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Fabre D, Dingkuhn M, Yin X, Clément-Vidal A, Roques S, Soutiras A, Luquet D. Genotypic variation in source and sink traits affects the response of photosynthesis and growth to elevated atmospheric CO 2. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:579-593. [PMID: 31961455 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the response of photosynthesis and growth to e-CO2 conditions (800 vs. 400 μmol mol-1 ) of rice genotypes differing in source-sink relationships. A proxy trait called local C source-sink ratio was defined as the ratio of flag leaf area to the number of spikelets on the corresponding panicle, and five genotypes differing in this ratio were grown in a controlled greenhouse. Differential CO2 resources were applied either during the 2 weeks following heading (EXP1) or during the whole growth cycle (EXP2). Under e-CO2 , low source-sink ratio cultivars (LSS) had greater gains in photosynthesis, and they accumulated less nonstructural carbohydrate in the flag leaf than high source-sink ratio cultivars (HSS). In EXP2, grain yield and biomass gain was also greater in LSS probably caused by their strong sink. Photosynthetic capacity response to e-CO2 was negatively correlated across genotypes with local C source-sink ratio, a trait highly conserved across environments. HSS were sink-limited under e-CO2 , probably associated with low triose phosphate utilization (TPU) capacity. We suggest that the local C source-sink ratio is a potential target for selecting more CO2 -responsive cultivars, pending validation for a broader genotypic spectrum and for field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Dingkuhn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Clément-Vidal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Soutiras
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Luquet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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26
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Batke SP, Yiotis C, Elliott-Kingston C, Holohan A, McElwain J. Plant responses to decadal scale increments in atmospheric CO 2 concentration: comparing two stomatal conductance sampling methods. Planta 2020; 251:52. [PMID: 31950281 PMCID: PMC6965045 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that the species respond non-linearly to increases in CO2 concentration when exposed to decadal changes in CO2, representing the year 1987, 2025, 2051, and 2070, respectively. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that the vast majority of C3 plants respond to elevated atmospheric CO2 by decreasing their stomatal conductance (gs). However, in the majority of CO2 enrichment studies, the response to elevated CO2 are tested between plants grown under ambient (380-420 ppm) and high (538-680 ppm) CO2 concentrations and measured usually at single time points in a diurnal cycle. We investigated gs responses to simulated decadal increments in CO2 predicted over the next 4 decades and tested how measurements of gs may differ when two alternative sampling methods are employed (infrared gas analyzer [IRGA] vs. leaf porometer). We exposed Populus tremula, Popolus tremuloides and Sambucus racemosa to four different CO2 concentrations over 126 days in experimental growth chambers at 350, 420, 490 and 560 ppm CO2; representing the years 1987, 2025, 2051, and 2070, respectively (RCP4.5 scenario). Our study demonstrated that the species respond non-linearly to increases in CO2 concentration when exposed to decadal changes in CO2. Under natural conditions, maximum operational gs is often reached in the late morning to early afternoon, with a mid-day depression around noon. However, we showed that the daily maximum gs can, in some species, shift later into the day when plants are exposed to only small increases (70 ppm) in CO2. A non-linear decreases in gs and a shifting diurnal stomatal behavior under elevated CO2, could affect the long-term daily water and carbon budget of many plants in the future, and therefore alter soil-plant-atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Peter Batke
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, St. Helen's Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Charilaos Yiotis
- Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Elliott-Kingston
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aidan Holohan
- School Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McElwain
- Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
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Rho H, Doty SL, Kim SH. Endophytes alleviate the elevated CO2-dependent decrease in photosynthesis in rice, particularly under nitrogen limitation. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:707-718. [PMID: 31587073 PMCID: PMC6945999 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The positive effects of high atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2] decrease over time in most C3 plants because of down-regulation of photosynthesis. A notable exception to this trend is plants hosting N-fixing bacteria. The decrease in photosynthetic capacity associated with an extended exposure to high [CO2] was therefore studied in non-nodulating rice that can establish endophytic interactions. Rice plants were inoculated with diazotrophic endophytes isolated from the Salicaceae and CO2 response curves of photosynthesis were determined in the absence or presence of endophytes at the panicle initiation stage. Non-inoculated plants grown under elevated [CO2] showed a down-regulation of photosynthesis compared to those grown under ambient [CO2]. In contrast, the endophyte-inoculated plants did not show a decrease in photosynthesis associated with high [CO2], and they exhibited higher photosynthetic electron transport and mesophyll conductance rates than non-inoculated plants under high [CO2]. The endophyte-dependent alleviation of decreases in photosynthesis under high [CO2] led to an increase in water-use efficiency. These effects were most pronounced when the N supply was limited. The results suggest that inoculation with N-fixing endophytes could be an effective means of improving plant growth under high [CO2] by alleviating N limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Rho
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon Lafferty Doty
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soo-Hyung Kim
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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28
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Zhang J, Li D, Xu X, Ziska LH, Zhu J, Liu G, Zhu C. The potential role of sucrose transport gene expression in the photosynthetic and yield response of rice cultivars to future CO 2 concentration. Physiol Plant 2020; 168:218-226. [PMID: 31069813 PMCID: PMC7003829 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic basis for observed differences in the yield response of rice to projected carbon dioxide concentrations (CO2 ) is unclear. In this study, three rice cultivars, differing in their yield response to elevated CO2 , were grown under ambient and elevated CO2 conditions, using the free-air CO2 enrichment technology. Flag leaves of rice were used to determine (1) if manipulative increases in sink strength decreased the soluble sucrose concentration for the 'weak' responders and (2), whether the genetic expression of sucrose transporters OsSUT1 and OsSUT2 was associated with an accumulation of soluble sugars and the maintenance of photosynthetic capacity. For the cultivars that showed a weak response to additional CO2 , photosynthetic capacity declined under elevated CO2 and was associated with an accumulation of soluble sugars. For these cultivars, increasing sink relative to source strength did not increase photosynthesis and no change in OsSUT1 or OsSUT2 expression was observed. In contrast, the 'strong' response cultivar did not show an increase in soluble sugars or a decline in photosynthesis but demonstrated significant increases in OsSUT1 and OsSUT2 expression at elevated CO2 . Overall, these data suggest that the expression of the sucrose transport genes OsSUT1 and OsSUT2 may be associated with the maintenance of photosynthetic capacity of the flag leaf during grain fill; and, potentially, greater yield response of rice as atmospheric CO2 increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesYuquan Road No. 19A, Beijing 100049China
| | - Danfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesYuquan Road No. 19A, Beijing 100049China
| | - Xi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesYuquan Road No. 19A, Beijing 100049China
| | - Lewis H. Ziska
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Adaptive Cropping Systems Lab10300 Baltimore Avenue, BeltsvilleMD20705USA
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China
| | - Chunwu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China
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29
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Tausz-Posch S, Tausz M, Bourgault M. Elevated [CO 2 ] effects on crops: Advances in understanding acclimation, nitrogen dynamics and interactions with drought and other organisms. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2020; 22 Suppl 1:38-51. [PMID: 30945436 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Future rapid increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2 ] are expected, with values likely to reach ~550 ppm by mid-century. This implies that every terrestrial plant will be exposed to nearly 40% more of one of the key resources determining plant growth. In this review we highlight selected areas of plant interactions with elevated [CO2 ] (e[CO2 ]), where recently published experiments challenge long-held, simplified views. Focusing on crops, especially in more extreme and variable growing conditions, we highlight uncertainties associated with four specific areas. (1) While it is long known that photosynthesis can acclimate to e[CO2 ], such acclimation is not consistently observed in field experiments. The influence of sink-source relations and nitrogen (N) limitation on acclimation is investigated and current knowledge about whether stomatal function or mesophyll conductance (gm ) acclimate independently is summarised. (2) We show how the response of N uptake to e[CO2 ] is highly variable, even for one cultivar grown within the same field site, and how decreases in N concentrations ([N]) are observed consistently. Potential mechanisms contributing to [N] decreases under e[CO2 ] are discussed and proposed solutions are addressed. (3) Based on recent results from crop field experiments in highly variable, non-irrigated, water-limited environments, we challenge the previous opinion that the relative CO2 effect is larger under drier environmental conditions. (4) Finally, we summarise how changes in growth and nutrient concentrations due to e[CO2 ] will influence relationships between crops and weeds, herbivores and pathogens in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tausz-Posch
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Tausz
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Agriculture, Science and the Environment, CQUniversity Australia, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - M Bourgault
- Northern Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, Havre, MT, USA
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30
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Fotirić Akšić M, Dabić Zagorac D, Sredojević M, Milivojević J, Gašić U, Meland M, Natić M. Chemometric Characterization of Strawberries and Blueberries according to Their Phenolic Profile: Combined Effect of Cultivar and Cultivation System. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234310. [PMID: 31779117 PMCID: PMC6930459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical characterizations of leaves and fruits that were obtained from organically and integrally produced strawberries ('Favette', 'Alba', and 'Clery') and blueberries ('Bluecrop', 'Duke', and 'Nui') from western Serbia were undertaken in this study. Phenolic analysis was done while using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a linear ion trap-Orbitrap hybrid mass analyzer, while total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and radical-scavenging activity (RSA) by spectrophotometry. In general, leaves and fruits from blueberry showed higher levels of TPC and TAC as compared to strawberry. These chemical traits were larger in organic grown fruits and larger in leaves than fruits. The most abundant phenolics in leaves and fruits of blueberry was 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, followed by quercetin 3-O-galactoside, while catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol 3-O-glucosid were dominant in the leaves and fruits of strawberry. cis, trans-Abscisic acid was detected in all fruit samples, but not in leaves. Blueberries (both fruits and leaves) were separated from strawberries, but only organic blueberry fruits were distinguished from integrated fruits, according to principal component analysis. Quercetin, kaempferol, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, p-coumaric acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were the most influential phenolic compounds for the separation. Much higher contents of TPC, RSA, TAC, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, and quercetin were found in fruits and TPC, RSA, catechin, p-hydroxybenzoicacid, p-coumaricacid, and ferulic acid in leaves in all three blueberry cultivars and the strawberry cultivar 'Clery'. These phenolic compounds are good sources of antioxidant compounds with potentially high beneficial effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Fotirić Akšić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-64-2612710
| | - Dragana Dabić Zagorac
- Innovation Center, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Milica Sredojević
- Innovation Center, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.Z.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Uroš Gašić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Mekjell Meland
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research-NIBIO Ullensvang, NO-5781 Lofthus, Norway;
| | - Maja Natić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Menezes‐Silva PE, Loram‐Lourenço L, Alves RDFB, Sousa LF, Almeida SEDS, Farnese FS. Different ways to die in a changing world: Consequences of climate change for tree species performance and survival through an ecophysiological perspective. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11979-11999. [PMID: 31695903 PMCID: PMC6822037 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities such as uncontrolled deforestation and increasing greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for triggering a series of environmental imbalances that affect the Earth's complex climate dynamics. As a consequence of these changes, several climate models forecast an intensification of extreme weather events over the upcoming decades, including heat waves and increasingly severe drought and flood episodes. The occurrence of such extreme weather will prompt profound changes in several plant communities, resulting in massive forest dieback events that can trigger a massive loss of biodiversity in several biomes worldwide. Despite the gravity of the situation, our knowledge regarding how extreme weather events can undermine the performance, survival, and distribution of forest species remains very fragmented. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide a broad and integrated perspective of the main biochemical, physiological, and morpho-anatomical disorders that may compromise the performance and survival of forest species exposed to climate change factors, particularly drought, flooding, and global warming. In addition, we also discuss the controversial effects of high CO2 concentrations in enhancing plant growth and reducing the deleterious effects of some extreme climatic events. We conclude with a discussion about the possible effects that the factors associated with the climate change might have on species distribution and forest composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Loram‐Lourenço
- Laboratory of Plant EcophysiologyInstituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio VerdeGoiásBrazil
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32
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Klem K, Gargallo-Garriga A, Rattanapichai W, Oravec M, Holub P, Veselá B, Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Urban O. Distinct Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses to Light Quality in Barley Leaves and Roots. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1026. [PMID: 31475023 PMCID: PMC6703096 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Light quality modulates plant growth, development, physiology, and metabolism through a series of photoreceptors perceiving light signal and related signaling pathways. Although the partial mechanisms of the responses to light quality are well understood, how plants orchestrate these impacts on the levels of above- and below-ground tissues and molecular, physiological, and morphological processes remains unclear. However, the re-allocation of plant resources can substantially adjust plant tolerance to stress conditions such as reduced water availability. In this study, we investigated in two spring barley genotypes the effect of ultraviolet-A (UV-A), blue, red, and far-red light on morphological, physiological, and metabolic responses in leaves and roots. The plants were grown in growth units where the root system develops on black filter paper, placed in growth chambers. While the growth of above-ground biomass and photosynthetic performance were enhanced mainly by the combined action of red, blue, far-red, and UV-A light, the root growth was stimulated particularly by supplementary far-red light to red light. Exposure of plants to the full light spectrum also stimulates the accumulation of numerous compounds related to stress tolerance such as proline, secondary metabolites with antioxidative functions or jasmonic acid. On the other hand, full light spectrum reduces the accumulation of abscisic acid, which is closely associated with stress responses. Addition of blue light induced accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), sorgolactone, or several secondary metabolites. Because these compounds play important roles as osmolytes, antioxidants, UV screening compounds, or growth regulators, the importance of light quality in stress tolerance is unequivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Centro de Investigación Ecológica y Aplicaciones Forestales (CREAF), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Veselá
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Centro de Investigación Ecológica y Aplicaciones Forestales (CREAF), Barcelona, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Centro de Investigación Ecológica y Aplicaciones Forestales (CREAF), Barcelona, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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Gavito ME, Jakobsen I, Mikkelsen TN, Mora F. Direct evidence for modulation of photosynthesis by an arbuscular mycorrhiza-induced carbon sink strength. New Phytol 2019; 223:896-907. [PMID: 30891762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that plant carbon (C) use by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be compensated by higher photosynthetic rates because fungal metabolism creates a strong C sink that prevents photosynthate accumulation and downregulation of photosynthesis. This mechanism remains largely unexplored and lacks experimental evidence. We report here two experiments showing that the experimental manipulation of the mycorrhizal C sink significantly affected the photosynthetic rates of cucumber host plants. We expected that a sudden reduction in sink strength would cause a significant reduction in photosynthetic rates, at least temporarily. Excision of part of the extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium from roots, and causing no disturbance to the plant, induced a sustained (10-40%) decline in photosynthetic rates that lasted from 30 min to several hours in plants that were well-nourished and hydrated, and in the absence of growth or photosynthesis promotion by mycorrhizal inoculation. This effect was though minor in plants growing at high (700 ppm) atmospheric CO2 . This is the first direct experimental evidence for the C sink strength effects exerted by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts on plant photosynthesis. It encourages further experimentation on mycorrhizal source-sink relations, and may have strong implications in large-scale assessments and modelling of plant photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra E Gavito
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de Sán José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190, Michoacán, México
| | - Iver Jakobsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Teis N Mikkelsen
- DTU Environmental Engineering, Air, Land & Water Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK - 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de Sán José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190, Michoacán, México
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Kitao M, Tobita H, Kitaoka S, Harayama H, Yazaki K, Komatsu M, Agathokleous E, Koike T. Light Energy Partitioning under Various Environmental Stresses Combined with Elevated CO2 in Three Deciduous Broadleaf Tree Species in Japan. Climate 2019; 7:79. [DOI: 10.3390/cli7060079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding plant response to excessive light energy not consumed by photosynthesis under various environmental stresses, would be important for maintaining biosphere sustainability. Based on previous studies regarding nitrogen (N) limitation, drought in Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica), and elevated O3 in Japanese oak (Quercus mongolica var. crispula) and Konara oak (Q. serrata) under future-coming elevated CO2 concentrations, we newly analyze the fate of absorbed light energy by a leaf, partitioning into photochemical processes, including photosynthesis, photorespiration and regulated and non-regulated, non-photochemical quenchings. No significant increases in the rate of non-regulated non-photochemical quenching (JNO) were observed in plants grown under N limitation, drought and elevated O3 in ambient or elevated CO2. This suggests that the risk of photodamage caused by excessive light energy was not increased by environmental stresses reducing photosynthesis, irrespective of CO2 concentrations. The rate of regulated non-photochemical quenching (JNPQ), which contributes to regulating photoprotective thermal dissipation, could well compensate decreases in the photosynthetic electron transport rate through photosystem II (JPSII) under various environmental stresses, since JNPQ+JPSII was constant across the treatment combinations. It is noteworthy that even decreases in JNO were observed under N limitation and elevated O3, irrespective of CO2 conditions, which may denote a preconditioning-mode adaptive response for protection against further stress. Such an adaptive response may not fully compensate for the negative effects of lethal stress, but may be critical for coping with non-lethal stress and regulating homeostasis. Regarding the three deciduous broadleaf tree species, elevated CO2 appears not to influence the plant responses to environmental stresses from the viewpoint of susceptibility to photodamage.
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Ma Y, Reddy VR, Devi MJ, Song L, Cao B. De novo characterization of the Goji berry (Lycium barbarium L.) fruit transcriptome and analysis of candidate genes involved in sugar metabolism under different CO2 concentrations. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:1032-1045. [PMID: 30824924 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) is one of the important economic crops due to its exceptional nutritional value and medicinal benefits. Although reduced sugar levels in goji berry exposed to long-term elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) have been documented, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. The objective of this study was to explore the transcriptome of goji berry fruit under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations and further to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for functions related to sugar metabolism. Fruit samples from goji berry exposed to ambient (400 μmol mol-1) and elevated (700 μmol mol-1) levels of CO2 for 120 days were analyzed for total sugar, carotenoid and flavone analysis. In this study, a reduction in total sugar and carotenoid levels in the fruits grown under elevated CO2 levels were observed. Fruit samples were also used to construct cDNA libraries using a HiSeqTM2500 platform. Consequently, 81,100 unigenes were assembled, of which 35,111 (43.3%) were annotated using various databases. Through DEGs analysis, it was found that 55 genes were upregulated and 18 were down-regulated in response to elevated CO2 treatment. Genes involved in the sugar metabolism and the related pathways were identified by Gene Ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Furthermore, three genes, LBGAE (Lycium barbarum UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase), LBGALA (Lycium barbarum alpha-galactosidase) and LBMS (Lycium barbarum malate synthase), associated with sugar metabolism were identified and discussed with respect to the reduction in the total sugar levels along with the enzymes acid invertase (AI), sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) of the sucrose metabolism. This study can provide gene sources for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of sugar metabolism in the fruit of goji berry under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- USDA-ARS-NEA, Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, 10300 BARC, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Vangimalla R Reddy
- USDA-ARS-NEA, Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, 10300 BARC, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Mura Jyostna Devi
- USDA-ARS-NEA, Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, 10300 BARC, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Lihua Song
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- USDA-ARS-NEA, Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, 10300 BARC, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Bing Cao
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Sugiura D, Betsuyaku E, Terashima I. Interspecific differences in how sink-source imbalance causes photosynthetic downregulation among three legume species. Ann Bot 2019; 123:715-726. [PMID: 30517608 PMCID: PMC6417475 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sink-source imbalance could cause an accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC; soluble sugar and starch) in source leaves. We aimed to clarify interspecific differences in how sink-source imbalance and TNC causes the downregulation of photosynthesis among three legume plants. The TNC in source leaves was altered by short-term manipulative treatments, and its effects on photosynthetic characteristics were evaluated. METHODS Soybean, French bean and azuki bean were grown under high nitrogen availability. After primary leaves were fully expanded, they were subjected to additional treatments: defoliation except for two primary leaves; transfer to low nitrogen conditions; transfer to low nitrogen conditions and defoliation; or irradiation by light-emitting diodes. Physiological and anatomical traits such as TNC content, maximum photosynthetic rate, cell wall content and δ13C values of primary leaves and whole-plant growth were examined. KEY RESULTS Among the three legume plants, the downregulation of maximum photosynthesis and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) content was co-ordinated with an increase in TNC only in French bean. Rubisco did not decrease with an increase in TNC in soybean and azuki bean. The defoliation treatment caused an increase in cell wall content especially in soybean, and maximum photosynthesis decreased despite resulting in a higher Rubisco content. This indicates that a decrease in mesophyll conductance could cause photosynthetic downregulation, which was confirmed by an increase in δ13C. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that a downregulation of photosynthesis in response to increased levels of TNC in source leaves can result not only from decreases in Rubisco content, but also from anatomical factors, such as an increase in cell wall thickness leading to reduced chloroplast CO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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Yi Y, Sugiura D, Yano K. Quantifying Phosphorus and Water Demand to Attain Maximum Growth of Solanum tuberosum in a CO 2-Enriched Environment. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1417. [PMID: 31749822 PMCID: PMC6848731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth promotion by ambient CO2 enrichment may be advantageous for crop growth but this may be influenced by soil nutrient availability. Therefore, we quantified potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth responses to phosphorus (P) supply under ambient (a[CO2]) and elevated (doubled) CO2 concentration (e[CO2]). A pot experiment was conducted in controlled-environment chambers with a[CO2] and e[CO2] combined with six P supply rates. We obtained response curves of biomass against P supply rates under a[CO2] and e[CO2] (R2 = 0.996 and R2 = 0.992, respectively). A strong interaction between [CO2] and P was found. Overall, e[CO2] enhanced maximum biomass accumulation (1.5-fold) and water-use efficiency (WUE) (1.5-fold), but not total water use. To reach these maxima, minimum P supply rate at both [CO2] conditions was similar. Foliar critical P concentration (i.e., minimum [P] to reach 90% of maximum growth) was also similar at nearly 110 mg P m-2. Doubling [CO2] did not increase P and water demand of potato plants, thus enabling the promotion of maximum growth without additional P or water supply, but via a significant increase in WUE (9.6 g biomass kg-1 water transpired), presumably owing to the interaction between CO2 and P.
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Ruiz-Vera UM, Siebers MH, Jaiswal D, Ort DR, Bernacchi CJ. Canopy warming accelerates development in soybean and maize, offsetting the delay in soybean reproductive development by elevated CO 2 concentrations. Plant Cell Environ 2018; 41:2806-2820. [PMID: 30055106 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2 ]) and surface temperature are known to individually have effects on crop development and yield, but their interactive effects have not been adequately investigated under field conditions. We evaluated the impacts of elevated [CO2 ] with and without canopy warming as a function of development in soybean and maize using infrared heating arrays nested within free air CO2 enrichment plots over three growing seasons. Vegetative development accelerated in soybean with temperature plus elevated [CO2 ] resulting in higher node number. Reproductive development was delayed in soybean under elevated [CO2 ], but warming mitigated this delay. In maize, both vegetative and reproductive developments were accelerated by warming, whereas elevated [CO2 ] had no apparent effect on development. Treatment-induced changes in the leaf carbohydrates, dark respiration rate, morphological parameters, and environmental conditions accompanied the changes in plant development. We used two thermal models to investigate their ability to predict the observed development under warming and elevated [CO2 ]. Whereas the growing degree day model underestimated the thermal threshold to reach each developmental stage, the alternative process-based model used (β function) was able to predict crop development under climate change conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Ruiz-Vera
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew H Siebers
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Deepak Jaiswal
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Burnett AC, Rogers A, Rees M, Osborne CP. Nutrient sink limitation constrains growth in two barley species with contrasting growth strategies. Plant Direct 2018; 2:e00094. [PMID: 31245695 PMCID: PMC6508780 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrients exert important limitations on plant growth. Growth is limited by the nutrient source when it is constrained by nutrient availability and uptake, which may simultaneously limit investment in photosynthetic proteins, leading to carbon source limitation. However, growth may also be limited by nutrient utilization in sink tissue. The relative importance of these processes is contested, with crop and vegetation models typically assuming source limitations of carbon and mineral nutrients (especially nitrogen). This study compared the importance of source and sink limitation on growth in a slower-growing wild perennial barley (Hordeum bulbosum) and a faster-growing domesticated annual barley (Hordeum vulgare), by applying a mineral nutrient treatment and measuring nitrogen uptake, growth, allocation, and carbon partitioning. We found that nitrogen uptake, growth, tillering, shoot allocation, and nitrogen storage were restricted by low nutrient treatments. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that low nutrient levels do not limit growth via carbon acquisition: (a) Carbohydrate storage does not increase at high nutrient levels. (b) Ratio of free amino acids to sucrose increases at high nutrient levels. (c) Shoot allocation increases at high nutrient levels. These data indicate that barley productivity is limited by the capacity for nutrient use in growth. Models must explicitly account for sink processes in order to properly simulate this mineral nutrient limitation of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C. Burnett
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Present address:
Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNew York11973
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNew York
| | - Mark Rees
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Colin P. Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Koike T, Kitao M, Hikosaka K, Agathokleous E, Watanabe Y, Watanabe M, Eguchi N, Funada R. Photosynthetic and Photosynthesis-Related Responses of Japanese Native Trees to CO2: Results from Phytotrons, Open-Top Chambers, Natural CO2 Springs, and Free-Air CO2 Enrichment. In: Adams Iii WW, Terashima I, editors. The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. pp. 425-49. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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Dahal K, Vanlerberghe GC. Growth at Elevated CO 2 Requires Acclimation of the Respiratory Chain to Support Photosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:82-100. [PMID: 30042213 PMCID: PMC6130046 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants will experience an elevated atmospheric concentration of CO2 (ECO2) in the future. Growth of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) at ECO2 more than doubled the leaf protein amount of alternative oxidase (AOX), a non-energy-conserving component of mitochondrial respiration. To test the functional significance of this AOX increase, wild-type tobacco was compared with AOX knockdown and overexpression lines, following growth at ambient CO2 or ECO2 The ECO2-grown AOX knockdowns had a reduced capacity for triose phosphate use (TPU) during photosynthesis compared with the other plant lines. This TPU limitation of CO2 assimilation was associated with an increased accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate, sucrose, and starch in the leaves of the knockdowns. Under TPU-limiting conditions, the size of the proton gradient and proton motive force across the thylakoid membrane was enhanced in the knockdowns relative to the other plant lines, suggesting a restriction of chloroplast ATP synthase activity. This restriction was not due to a decline in ATP synthase (AtpB) protein amount. The knockdowns also displayed a photosystem stoichiometry adjustment at ECO2, which was absent in the other plant lines. Additional experiments showed that the way in which AOX supports photosynthesis at ECO2 is distinct from its previously described role in supporting photosynthesis during water deficit. The results are discussed in terms of how AOX contributes to TPU capacity and the maintenance of chloroplast ATP synthase activity at ECO2 Overall, the evidence suggests that AOX respiration is needed to maintain both the carbon and energy balance in photosynthetic tissues during growth at ECO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Dahal
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C1A4
| | - Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C1A4
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Adams MA, Buchmann N, Sprent J, Buckley TN, Turnbull TL. Crops, Nitrogen, Water: Are Legumes Friend, Foe, or Misunderstood Ally? Trends Plant Sci 2018; 23:539-550. [PMID: 29559299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by crop legumes reduces demand for industrial nitrogen fixation (INF). Nonetheless, rates of BNF in agriculture remain low, with strong negative feedback to BNF from reactive soil nitrogen (N) and drought. We show that breeding for yield has resulted in strong relationships between photosynthesis and leaf N in non-leguminous crops, whereas grain legumes show strong relations between leaf N and water use efficiency (WUE). We contrast these understandings with other studies that draw attention to the water costs of grain legume crops, and their potential for polluting the biosphere with N. We propose that breeding grain legumes for reduced stomatal conductance can increase WUE without compromising production or BNF. Legume crops remain a better bet than relying on INF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Adams
- Swinburne University, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; Centre for Carbon Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2480, Australia.
| | - Nina Buchmann
- ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janet Sprent
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at JHI, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tarryn L Turnbull
- Centre for Carbon Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2480, Australia
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Ainsworth EA, Lemonnier P. Phloem function: a key to understanding and manipulating plant responses to rising atmospheric [CO 2]? Curr Opin Plant Biol 2018; 43:50-56. [PMID: 29329037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) directly stimulates photosynthesis and reduces stomatal conductance in C3 plants. Both of these physiological effects have the potential to alter phloem function at elevated [CO2]. Recent research has clearly established that photosynthetic capacity is correlated to vascular traits associated with phloem loading and water transport, but the effects of elevated [CO2] on these relationships are largely unexplored. Plants also employ different strategies for loading sucrose and other sugars into the phloem, and there is potential for species with different phloem loading strategies to respond differently to elevated [CO2]. Recent research manipulating sucrose transporters and other key enzymes with roles in phloem loading show promise for maximizing crop performance in an elevated [CO2] world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, USA.
| | - Pauline Lemonnier
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, USA
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