Plant Phenolics and Phenolic-Enriched Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents against Food-Contaminating Microorganisms

New biological strategies for preventing and controlling food contaminants in the supply chain: Smart use of common plant-derived substances

Traditional means of contaminant management that rely on chemical additives and high-temperature processing have raised concerns about long-term safety and environmental issues in the modern food supply chain. Therefore, sustainable, safe, and innovative strategies are urgently needed. Plant-derived substances are known for their biological activity and antifouling potential as natural alternatives for contamination control. This review examines the sources of various contaminants, the categories of plant-derived substances, the action mechanisms, and their feasibility in the food supply chain. The smart use of plant-derived substances to improve microbial, chemical, and metal contamination in the food blockchain is not only a profound fusion of nature and technology, but also a mutual combination of ecological preservation and food safety. However, the realization of its commercialization is subject to multiple sanctions, but as the thorny issues are gradually resolved, the consolidation and market for the new strategies will thrive.

Antibiofilm action of phytochemicals on Enterobacteriaceae

The biofilm-associated infections pose a great threat to human health. The available drugs are not effective due to the formation of biofilm and limited access to underlying pathogens. The initiation of biofilm formation occurs through adhesion, facilitated by the adhesin protein MrkD1P in the fimbriae tip. This study targeted the MrkD1P protein and employed plant phenols to inhibit biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, as major Enterobacteriaceae species. A homology model was constructed for the MrkD1P protein, and 44 phenolic derivatives were assessed for their interaction with this protein. Caffeic acid and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid exhibited the best binding-free energies of 29.61 kcal/mol and 24.24 kcal/mol, respectively. Using a microtiter plates-based minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration assay, it was found that doses of these compounds ranging from 2 to 256 mg/mL effectively reduced biofilm formation. The biofilm inhibition assay demonstrated over 80 % reduction of biofilms in all tested species at inhibitory doses. Further analysis through field emission gun scanning electron micrographs revealed that the compounds disintegrated fimbriae on cell surfaces. Additionally, the re-formation assay demonstrated the inability of biofilm-associated cells to re-form the biofilm on fresh surfaces due to fimbriae inhibition. This study highlights the antibiofilm capabilities of caffeic acid and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, indicating their potential as effective treatments for illnesses caused by Enterobacteriaceae biofilms.

Bioactive biopolymer films reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals and green-extracted polyphenols from date seeds for veal meat preservation

This study investigated the effectiveness of bioactive films fabricated using chitosan (Cs) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and polyphenolic components extracted using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), both derived from date seeds. The CsCNC films with NADES-extracted date seed polyphenols (DSP) showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli. Total phenolic content (0.01 to 0.20 mg GAE/mL), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (0.10 to 3.22 mmol TE/mL), and ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (0.49 to 3.31 μmol TE/mL) improved significantly. Elongation at break (46.53 % to 90.87 %) and thickness (0.08 mm to 0.17 mm) increased while tensile strength (11.62 MPa to 3.30 MPa) decreased after incorporating DSP. The films improved UV-shielding ability, although DSP affected water barrier properties (2.91 to 7.83 × 10-10 g/m.s.Pa) and increased solubility and swelling rate. The performance of CsCNC bioactive film containing 4 % DSP for preserving veal meat during refrigeration for 8 days was studied. Compared to conventional cling film, the bioactive film retained meat quality by preserving pH, color, and lipid stability while delaying microbial spoilage. This study demonstrates the potential of valorizing both phenolic and cellulosic fractions from date seeds to develop an eco-friendly and bioactive packaging film.

Extraction of phenolic compounds from Pfaffia glomerata leaves and evaluation of composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties

This work aimed to evaluate the extraction conditions of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from Pfaffia glomerata leaves (PGLs) and characterize the extract obtained in the best conditions. Aqueous extraction was performed in a Shaker, varying the levels of rotation (100, 150, 200 rpm), temperature (30, 45, 60° C) and mass to volume (w v-1) ratio (1:10, 1:20, 1:30 g ml-1). The variables w v-1 ratio and temperature, and their combination, showed a positive effect (p<0.05) in TPC extraction. The time of extraction increased TPC extraction until 30 min, thereafter, the values decreased. The extraction performed at 60o C, 1:30 g ml-1, 125 rpm and 30 min allowed to reach the maximum TPC content (11.94 mg g-1). This extract contains β-ecdysone (4.64 g 100g-1), a chemical marker of P. glomerata, and, phenolic compounds, as gallic acid (28.51 mg 100g-1) and catechin (24.82 mg 100g-1). PGLs extract exhibits antioxidant activity by the in vitro methods evaluated (iron reduction powder and radical scavenging ability). Antibacterial activity was also detected, being found the minimum inhibitory concentration of 20 mg mL-1 for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore, PGL extract had a potential application as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial in food or pharmaceutical products.

Metabolomics and Molecular Networking Approach for Exploring the Effect of Light Intensity and Quality on the Chemical Profile and Accumulation of Glucosinolates in Broccoli Microgreen

Light intensity is a crucial factor impacting the cost-efficiency of controlled environment agriculture (CEA). Broccoli microgreens were cultivated under different photosynthetic photon flux densities: 50, 100, and 150 μmol•m-2•s-1 with white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and an additional far-red (FR) light supplement (20% of total photon flux density) at the 50 μmol•m-2•s-1 intensity. This study examines how low light intensity influences the chemical profile and glucosinolate accumulation in broccoli microgreens through both nontargeted and targeted metabolomics with molecular networking analysis. The analysis identified 28 glucosinolates and 23 phenolic compounds with targeted quantification of 12 glucosinolates. The results showed that FR light supplementation significantly increased the total glucosinolate content compared to white light-only treatments, while similar glucosinolate levels were found across the different white light intensities. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing LED light intensity to enhance glucosinolate accumulation in broccoli microgreens, thus promoting more efficient energy use in CEA.

Control of Listeria monocytogenes on Frankfurters by Surface Treatment with Olive Mill Wastewater Polyphenolic Extract

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a frequent post-process contaminant in meat products. This study aimed to investigate the antilisterial effectiveness of post-process antimicrobial treatments employing olive mill wastewater polyphenolic extract (PE) in commercially manufactured frankfurters. Frankfurters were inoculated on the surface with a three-strain LM mixture (~102 CFU/g), treated on the surface with PE in a 2-fold series of concentrations (PM, 2PM, 4PM) and a control group (CTR) of PE-untreated samples. Then, the frankfurters were vacuum-packed and stored at 4 °C for 28 days. Samples were examined on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 for LM count, in silico growth modeling, and impacts on pH, water activity (aw), and sensory characteristics. From T(time) 7, the PE treatment showed a significant effect on LM growth, registering maximum Δ values between CTR and 4PM of 3.19, 4.86, 4.59, 4.39 at T7, T14, T21, T28, respectively. Minimum effect was attributable to PM treatment with Δ values (CTR versus PM) of 2.07, 2.52, 1.14, 0.65 at T7, T14, T21, T28, respectively. No significant changes occurred in pH (average 6 at T0 and 5.9 at T28), aw (average 0.978 at T0 and 0.968 at T28), nor in sensory profile (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that PE is an effective natural antimicrobial, offering a promising approach to enhancing food safety and extending shelf life in meat products.

Antimicrobial Potential of Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action and Microbial Responses-A Narrative Review

Polyphenols (PPs) are recognized as bioactive compounds and antimicrobial agents, playing a critical role in enhancing food safety, preservation, and extending shelf life. The antimicrobial effectiveness of PPs has different molecular and biological reasons, predominantly linked to their hydroxyl groups and electron delocalization, which interact with microbial cell membranes, proteins, and organelles. These interactions may reduce the efficiency of metabolic pathways, cause destructive damage to the cell membrane, or they may harm the proteins and nucleic acids of the foodborne bacteria. Moreover, PPs exhibit a distinctive ability to form complexes with metal ions, further amplifying their antimicrobial activity. This narrative review explores the complex and multifaceted interactions between PPs and foodborne pathogens, underlying the correlation of their chemical structures and mechanisms of action. Such insights shed light on the potential of PPs as innovative natural preservatives within food systems, presenting an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to synthetic additives.

Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Vibrio species in fish in a reduction trial using lemon juice and sesame oil

Background

Because of its high nutritional value, excellent taste, and ease of digestion, fish is one of the most popular foods. However, it also serves as a vehicle for various pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Vibrio species, which pose a risk to public health.

Aim

This study targeted studying the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Vibrio species in three marine fish retailed in Egypt. In addition, the antimicrobial activities of lemon juice and sesame oil against Vibrio parahaemolyticus were screened.

Methods

For these reasons, this study assessed the prevalence of Vibrio species in marine fish (mullet, brush tooth lizard, and coral fish) that are sold in the local market of Zagazig, Egypt. Additionally, certain virulence factors were detected in the recovered V. parahaemolyticus isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the recovered V. parahaemolyticus isolates was also screened. The antivibrio activities of lemon juice and sesame oil (1% and 2%) were additionally tested.

Results

The acquired data showed that the prevalence of Vibrio species was 40% among the tested fish samples. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated at 20.8%. Vibrio fluvialis (8.3%), Vibrio Mimicus (8.3%), and Vibrio alginolyticus (2.5%). The recovered isolates were highly resistant to cefazolin (87.5%), ampicillin (77.1%), cephalothin (68.75%), penicillin, and streptomycin (100%, each). Lemon juice and sesame oil had marked antibacterial activities against V. parahaemolyticus.

Conclusion

Fish dipping in lemon juice and sesame oil was an effective way to lower the load of V. parahaemolyticus in fish. In addition, sanitary measures must be implemented to prevent microbial contamination in fish markets and aquatic environments.

Unveiling the impact of thermal water in German chamomile infusions: effects on phenolic compounds, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties

German chamomile (GC) and thermal water (TW) are widely known for their biological properties. This study explored whether combining GC with TW could promote an improvement in the bioactivities of GC infusions compared to using drinking water (DW). DW was tested at 100 °C (GC-100DW) and TW at both 100 °C (GC-100TW) and 60 °C (GC-60TW). The use of TW for preparing infusions was associated with the reduction of the number and concentration of extracted phenolic compounds, with GC-60TW showing the lowest levels. It was also associated with a decrease in the antioxidant activity of the samples, as indicated by lower ORAC values and higher EC50 levels for TBARS. However, GC infusions prepared with TW, particularly GC-100TW, exhibited higher antibacterial and antifungal activities. These findings suggest that while TW's high mineral content affected phenolic extraction and antioxidant potential, it was associated with enhanced antimicrobial activity, partially confirming our hypothesis.

Linear phenolic polymers with amide stabilized catechol moieties

Phenolic polymers with catechol groups easily undergo oxidative crosslinking. Through the incorporation of pendant amide groups, the thermal stability of linear phenolic polymers with catechol moieties was significantly improved with maintained antioxidation performance and solubility in THF after storing at 80 °C for 96 hours.

Hidden Places for Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens and Novel Approaches to Control Biofilms in the Meat Industry

Biofilms are of great concern for the meat industry because, despite the implementation of control plans, they remain important hotspots of contamination by foodborne pathogens, highlighting the need to better understand the ecology of these microecosystems. The objective of this paper was to critically survey the recent scientific literature on microbial biofilms of importance for meat safety and quality, also pointing out the most promising methods to combat them. For this, the databases PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were surveyed in a 10-year time frame (but preferably papers less than 5 years old) using selected keywords relevant for the microbiology of meats, especially considering bacteria that are tolerant to cleaning and sanitization processes. The literature findings showed that massive DNA sequencing has deeply impacted the knowledge on the species that co-habit biofilms with important foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). It is likely that recalcitrant commensal and/or spoilage microbiota somehow protect the more fastidious organisms from harsh conditions, in addition to harboring antimicrobial resistance genes. Among the members of background microbiota, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacteriales have been commonly found on food contact and non-food contact surfaces in meat processing plants, in addition to less common genera, such as Psychrobacter, Enhydrobacter, Brevundimonas, and Rothia, among others. It has been hypothesized that these rare taxa may represent a primary layer in microbial biofilms, offering better conditions for the adhesion of otherwise poor biofilm formers, especially considering their tolerance to cold conditions and sanitizers. Taking into consideration these findings, it is not only important to target the foodborne pathogens per se in cleaning and disinfection plans but the use of multiple hurdles is also recommended to dismantle the recalcitrant structures of biofilms. In this sense, the last part of this manuscript presents an updated overview of the antibiofilm methods available, with an emphasis on eco-friendly approaches.

Mechanistic concepts involved in biofilm associated processes of Campylobacter jejuni: persistence and inhibition in poultry environments

Campylobacter species, predominantly Campylobacter jejuni, remains a significant zoonotic pathogen worldwide, with the poultry sector being the primary vector for human transmission. In recent years. there has been a notable rise in the incidence of human campylobacteriosis, necessitating a deeper understanding of the pathogen's survival mechanisms and transmission dynamics. Biofilm presence significantly contributes to C. jejuni persistence in poultry and subsequent food product contamination, and this review describes the intricate processes involved in biofilm formation. The ability of Campylobacter to form biofilms on various surfaces, including stainless steel, plastic, and glass, is a critical survival strategy. Campylobacter biofilms, with their remarkable resilience, protect the pathogen from environmental stresses such as desiccation, pH extremes, biocides and sanitizing agents. This review explores the molecular and genetic mechanisms of C. jejuni biofilm formation, highlighting regulatory genes involved in motility, chemotaxis, and stress responses. Flagellar proteins, particularly flaA, flaB, flaG, and adhesins like cadF and flpA, are identified as the main molecular components in biofilm development. The role of mixed-species biofilms, where C. jejuni integrates into existing biofilms of other bacteria to enhance pathogen resilience, is also discussed. This review also considers alternative interventions to control C. jejuni in poultry production, in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. It explores the effectiveness of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, vaccines, and organic acids, with a focus on their mechanisms of action in reducing bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. Studies show that mixtures of organic acids and compounds like Carvacrol and Eugenol significantly downregulate genes linked with motility and adhesion, thereby disrupting biofilm integrity. It discusses the impact of environmental factors, such as temperature and oxygen levels on biofilm formation, providing insights into how industrial conditions can be manipulated to reduce contamination. This paper stresses the need for a multifaceted approach to control Campylobacter in poultry, integrating molecular and genetic insights with practical interventions. By advancing our understanding of biofilm dynamics and gene regulation, we aim to inform the development of more effective strategies to enhance food safety and protect public health.

Silicon uptake and transport mechanisms in plants: processes, applications and challenges in sustainable plant management

Silicon (Si) is an abundant element in the earth's crust essential for plant growth and development. Recent studies silicon's potential for improving plant resilience to numerous biotic stressors, notably fungal diseases. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of the processes and advantages of silicon-induced systemic resistance in plants, with a special focus on its interactions with fungal pathogens. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of silicon on plant physiological and biochemical changes, such as enhanced lignification, strengthening of physical barriers, and activation of antioxidant systems. Additionally, we examine the influence of silicon on microbial populations within the rhizosphere and its effects on mycorrhizal associations. Lastly, we discuss the potential applications and challenges of integrating silicon-based strategies in sustainable plant disease management. This review provides valuable insights into using silicon as a novel approach to enhance plant systemic resistance against fungal pathogens, offering prospects for developing eco-friendly and efficient agricultural practices.

A Comprehensive Review on the Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Antiparasitic Potential of Silybin

Silybin, a flavonolignan extracted from the seeds of the plant species Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., has a variety of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms of clinical interest. This review analyzes the existing studies on silybin's antimicrobial activity and possible mechanisms of action. Silybin has been shown to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungi, viruses, and protozoa. In general, possible mechanisms of antimicrobial action include the inhibition of efflux pumps, prevention of biofilm formation, reduction of the expression of virulence factors, induction of apoptosis-like effects, and plasma membrane damage, as well as the inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Silybin has been shown to have synergistic effects when combined with conventional antibiotics against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant microorganisms. However, the low bioavailability observed for this flavonolignan has been a challenge to its clinical use. In this context, nanotechnology has been used to increase silybin's bioavailability while enhancing its antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, certain structural modifications have been able to enhance its antimicrobial activity in comparison to that of the natural molecule. Overall, this review provides insights into the scientific understanding of the mechanism of action of silybin and its desired properties for the effective treatment of infections.

In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Grape Seed, Green Tea, and Rosemary Phenolic Extracts Against Liver Abscess Causing Bacterial Pathogens in Cattle

Liver abscesses, which occur in finishing cattle, are of significant economic concern to the feedlot industry. The causative agents include both Fusobacterium necrophorum subspecies (F. necrophorum and F. funduliforme), Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes), and Salmonella enterica serotype Lubbock (S. Lubbock). Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic, is supplemented in the feed to reduce liver abscesses. However, due to the concern with emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the antimicrobial activities of the plant-based phenolic compounds could be an antibiotic alternative to control liver abscesses. We investigated the inhibitory activities of phenolic compounds extracted from grape seed, green tea, and rosemary on liver-abscess-causing bacterial pathogens. Total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically. Anaerobic Brain-Heart Infusion broth (for Fusobacterium) and Muller-Hinton broth (for S. enterica and T. pyogenes) with phenolic extracts at 0, 0.1, 1, and 2 mg/mL were prepared. Growth was measured at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h by determining bacterial concentrations. A micro-broth dilution method was used to quantify the inhibition. Grape seed and green tea phenolics inhibited growth of both Fusobacterium subspecies, T. pyogenes and S. enterica. Green tea at 1 mg/mL concentration was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Fusobacterium when compared to grape seed and rosemary. Green tea at 2 mg/mL was more effective than at 1 mg/mL against Salmonella. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent, which was consistent across all strains within the same bacterial species. The phenolic extracts were inhibitory against T. pyogenes with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 µg/mL. Among the phenolic extracts tested, green tea showed the most potent activity, suggesting its strong potential as a natural alternative to conventional antibiotics. Plant-based phenolic compounds supplemented in the feed may have the potential to control liver abscesses.

Improved Physical Properties of Frozen Chicken Egg Gels with Olive Leaf Extract Fortification

The research focused on evaluating the impact of olive leaf water extract (OEx4) on the microbiological and physical properties of egg gels, as well as its ability to protect the rheological properties of gel throughout freeze-thaw cycles. Egg gels with added OEx4 at concentrations of 0.03% and 0.1% (w/w) a to minced whole egg and egg white were frozen at -20°C for five days, undergoing three freeze-thaw cycles. The weight of the OEx4-egg gels was constant throughout the cycles, in contrast to the control egg gels without OEx4, which displayed accelerated thawing weight loss. The OEx4-egg gels maintained their water-holding capacity, breaking strength, elasticity, and viscosity, but the control egg gels saw a decrease. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was discovered that the OEx4-egg gels even after freezing retained a structure similar to their non-frozen condition, in contrast to the control egg gels. These findings suggest that OEx4 imparts freeze-resistance to egg gels. Additionally, OEx4 application improved the interaction between non-polar groups and water molecules, in egg gels leading to a rise in pH. Then, OEx4 has been found to effectively hinder the proliferation of bacteria while also minimizing the occurrence of gel contamination in eggs subjected to the freeze-thaw process. Therefore, OEx4 proves to be beneficial in enhancing the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of frozen processed poultry products.

Identification of compounds from Origanum compactum and Origanum elongatum using HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and comparative analysis of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic properties

The aim was to assess the phytochemical composition, phenolic component levels, and biological properties of the flowering tops of Origanum compactum and Origanum elongatum. The study employed phytochemical assays, spectrophotometric techniques for quantitative analysis of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, and compound identification using HPLC/UV-ESI-MS. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic properties were examined both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the O. compactum extract had significantly high levels of total polyphenols, measuring 47.368 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram, and flavonoids, measuring 14.839 mg quercetin equivalents per gram. The phytochemical examination of O. compactum revealed that lithospermic acid accounted for 36.82 % of the chemicals detected, followed by salvianolic acid C at 12.57 % and ros-marinic acid at 6.01 %. The main constituents of O. elongatum are salvianolic acid C (14.46 %), luteolin-3-O-glucuronide (13.51 %), salvianolic acid B (12.24 %), rosmarinic acid (7.83 %), and rutin (6.18 %). The results demonstrated different levels of effectiveness against the investigated microorganisms, with the extract from O. compactum exhibiting better activity, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria, certain yeasts, and the fungus Aspergillus niger. The aqueous extracts of both Origanum species demonstrate significant antioxidant activity. O. compactum has a higher total antioxidant capacity (IC50 of 35.083 μg/mL) compared to O. elongatum (IC50 of 77.080 μg/mL). However, O. elongatum has a higher reducing power (35.697 μg/mL) compared to O. compactum (42.563 μg/mL). In vivo evaluations revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. compactum and O. elongatum possess significant antihyperglycemic and anticoagulant properties. The extracts demonstrated a marked reduction in blood glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in Wistar rats and effectively prolonged both prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), highlighting their ability to inhibit coagulation pathways. Moreover, their comparable efficacy to standard antihyperglycemic medications and absence of severe toxicity, even at high doses, underscore their therapeutic potential for safe and effective treatment applications. Between the two species, O. compactum exhibited superior efficacy in key biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant properties, making it a strong candidate for therapeutic applications. This study underscores the value of Origanum species as a rich source of bioactive compounds, offering significant potential in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and agri-food industries. The findings pave the way for further exploration of their diverse applications.

Modulating effects of fodder grasses extracts on antibiotic sensitivity and biofilm production in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains

Extracts of certain fodder grasses may be viewed as powerful agents against infections induced by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Here we demonstrated ability of Galega orientalis and Rhaponticum carthamoides extracts, alone or in combination with antibiotics, to inhibit growth, viability and biofilm formation in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains with different sensitivity to antibiotics and non-pathogenic laboratory strain E. coli BW25113 as well as its mutant derivatives. Modulation of motility and production of extracellular structures in the presence of the extracts correlated with their anti-biofilm effects. Interestingly, an increase in antibacterial action of kanamycin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefotaxime on both biofilms and planktonic cultures of the studied strains was observed in the presence of the extracts, including antibiotic resistant APEC strain #45. The extracts alone showed weak prooxidant activity which could contribute to modification of redox-sensitive sites of various regulatory circuits, resulting to synergetic effects in combination with antibiotics.

Sausage Preservation Using Films Composed of Chitosan and a Pickering Emulsion of Essential Oils Stabilized with Waste-Jujube-Kernel-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystals

The purpose of this study was to prepare Pickering emulsions stabilized by waste jujube kernel cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using composite essential oils (EOs) (i.e., cinnamon essential oil [CIN] combined with clove essential oil [CL]). The Pickering emulsions were blended with chitosan (CS) to generate a composite film (CS/CNC/EOs Pickering emulsions). We evaluated the mechanical properties, barrier properties, and microstructures of CS/CNC/EOs bio-based packaging films containing different concentrations of EOs. In addition, the fresh-keeping effects of the composite membranes on beef sausages were evaluated over a 12-day storage period. Notably, the EOs exhibited good compatibility with CS. With the increase in the EOs concentration, the droplet size increased, the composite films became thicker, the elongation at break decreased, the tensile strength increased, and the water vapor permeability decreased. When the composite films were used for preserving beef sausages, the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the membranes improved as the concentration of EOs increased, effectively prolonging the shelf life of the sausages. Composite membranes with an EOs concentration of 2% exerted the best fresh-keeping effects. Overall, owing to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, the bio-based composite films prepared using CS/CNC/EOs Pickering emulsions demonstrated immense potential for application in the packaging of meat products.

Impact of Drying Methods on Phenolic Composition and Bioactivity of Celery, Parsley, and Turmeric-Chemometric Approach

Drying is one of the most commonly used methods for food preservation, and in spice processing, it has a significant impact on quality. In this paper, the influences of drying at room temperature, 60 °C, and 90 °C and freeze-drying on celery and parsley roots and turmeric rhizomes were examined. The highest content of total phenolics was found in celery dried at 60 °C (C60), parsley at room temperature (PRT), and freeze-dried turmeric (TFD) (1.44, 1.58, and 44.92 mg GAE/gdm, respectively). Celery dried at room temperature (CRT), PRT, and TFD showed the highest antioxidant activity regarding the DPPH and ABTS radicals and FRAP. The analysis of color parameters revealed that celery dried at 90 °C (C90); PFD and TFD showed the most similar values to control samples. The drying process was optimized using a combination of standard score (SS) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods. The ANN model effectively evaluated the significance of drying parameters, demonstrating high predictive accuracy for total phenolics, total flavonoids, total flavonols, total flavan-3-ols, IC50ABTS, and FRAP. TFD showed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Also, TFD extract showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus but not against Escherichia coli. C90 and PFD extracts did not show antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms.

Bioengineering of glucan coated silver nanoparticles as dynamic biomedical compound; in vitro and in vivo studies

The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gaining importance for the treatment of microbial infections and are in great demand due to their efficient broad antibacterial action but there is only one problem that silver nanoparticles can cause tissue damage. Therefore, the present study evaluated antimicrobial potential and intricacy of glucan coated silver nanoparticles in comparison with free silver nanoparticles. In this study, glucan coated silver nanoparticles (Glucan-AgNPs) by using Pleurotus spps. were characterized for their antimicrobial, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biofilm inhibition, mutagenicity potential, hemolytic activities and histological examination through in vitro and in vivo analysis. The liver, kidney, intestine, and skin tissues were examined to gauge the adverse effects of the treatment method's toxicity by silver deposition. The results of this study have shown that mushroom's glucan extracted from Pleurotus spps. are excellent reducing agent and due to their best capping ability they reduce the toxicity of AgNPs and enhance their antimicrobial activities. The highest zone of inhibition was observed by Glucan-AgNPs from P. ostreatus (24 mm) against S. aureus while least zone of inhibition was resulted from Glucan-AgNPs from P. sapidus (14 mm) against B. subtilis. The results for biofilm inhibition showed excellent biofilm inhibition ability of Glucan-AgNPs. In results, maximum inhibition 95.2 % was observed by Glucan-AgNPs from P. ostreatus against S. aureus, while minimum inhibition 79.2 % by Glucan-AgNPs of P. sapidus against E. coli. Furthermore, Glucan-AgNPs treated mice showed no deposition and damage in the organs. Glucan-AgNPs has a higher efficacy in treating microbial infection.

Harnessing medicinal plant compounds for the control of Campylobacter in foods: a comprehensive review

Campylobacter is a major foodborne and zoonotic pathogen, causing severe human infections and imposing a substantial economic burden on global public health. The ongoing spread and emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains across various fields exacerbate therapeutic challenges, raising the incidence of diseases and fatalities. Medicinal plants, renowned for their abundance in secondary metabolites, exhibit proven efficacy in inhibiting various foodborne and zoonotic pathogens, presenting sustainable alternatives to ensure food safety. This review aims to synthesize recent insights from peer-reviewed journals on the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species, elucidate the in vitro antibacterial activity of medicinal plant compounds against Campylobacter by delineating underlying mechanisms, and explore the application of these compounds in controlling Campylobacter in food. Additionally, we discuss recent advancements and future prospects of employing medicinal plant compounds in food products to mitigate foodborne pathogens, particularly Campylobacter. In conclusion, we argue that medicinal plant compounds can be used as effective and sustainable sources for developing new antimicrobial alternatives to counteract the dissemination of MDR Campylobacter strains.

Combating bacterial biofilms and related drug resistance: Role of phyto-derived adjuvant and nanomaterials

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in clinical microbes has led to a search for novel antibiotics for combating bacterial infections. The treatment of bacterial infections becomes more challenging with the onset of biofilm formation. AMR is further accelerated by biofilm physiology and differential gene expression in bacteria with an inherent resistance to conventional antibiotics. In the search for innovative strategies to control the spread of AMR in clinical isolates, plant-derived therapeutic metabolites can be repurposed to control biofilm-associated drug resistance. Unlike antibiotics, designed to act on a single cellular process, phytochemicals can simultaneously target multiple cellular components. Furthermore, they can disrupt biofilm formation and inhibit quorum sensing, offering a comprehensive approach to combat bacterial infections. In bacterial biofilms, the first line of AMR is due to biofilms associated with the extracellular matrix, diffusion barriers, quorum sensing, and persister cells. These extracellular barriers can be overcome using phytochemical-based antibiotic adjuvants to increase the efficacy of antibiotic treatment and restrict the spread of AMR. Furthermore, phytochemicals can be used to target bacterial intracellular machinery such as DNA replication, protein synthesis, efflux pumps, and degrading enzymes. In parallel with pristine phytochemicals, phyto-derived nanomaterials have emerged as an effective means of fighting bacterial biofilms. These nanomaterials can be formulated to cross the biofilm barriers and function on cellular targets. This review focuses on the synergistic effects of phytochemicals and phyto-derived nanomaterials in controlling the progression of biofilm-related AMR. IT provides comprehensive insights into recent advancements and the underlying mechanisms of the use of phyto-derived adjuvants and nanomaterials.

Phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Jatropha curcas extracts against oral microorganisms

Introduction

The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance on a global scale has highlighted the need to investigate alternative antimicrobial agents with reduced side effects. Plant-derived secondary metabolites have emerged as potential contenders in tackling this challenge. Jatropha curcas, a perennial plant, has traditionally been utilized for the treatment of gum boils, toothaches, and infections. This plant exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties. However, its potential as an antimicrobial agent against oral microorganisms has yet to be investigated. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Jatropha curcas extracts against selected bacteria and fungi commonly present in the oral cavity.

Methodology

Jatropha curcas samples were collected from Bagan Datuk, Perak, Malaysia, and subsequently identified at Universiti Malaya. The ethanolic extract of the leaves (ELJC) and the stem bark latex (LJC) of Jatropha curcas were tested against six species of oral microorganism: Streptococcus sanguinis , Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Candida albicans , Candida tropicalis, and a mixture of these microorganisms. The methods employed in this study were well diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bacterial concentration, live-dead assay, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

ELJC and LJC demonstrated significant antimicrobial effects (p < 0.05). Treatment with ELJC and LJC resulted in morphological changes and increased death rates in the targeted microorganisms. ELJC was found to contain more than 300 bioactive compounds, with isovitexin, being the most abundant. In contrast, LJC exhibited over 1000 bioactive compounds with 2-hexyl-decanoic acid and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid being the predominant constituents.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the antimicrobial effects observed in ELJC and LJC against S. sanguinis and S. mutans can be primarily attributed to isovitexin, 2-hexyl-decanoic acid, and trihydroxybenzoic acid. However, further research and investigation are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms by which these constituents exert their antimicrobial effects on the microorganisms.

Unveiling the effect of natural deep eutectic solvents-based date seed polyphenolic extract on the properties of chitosan-PVA films and its application in shrimp packaging

This study explored natural deep eutectic solvent-based polyphenolic extract from date fruit seed as a functional and bioactive compound in chitosan-poly(vinyl)alcohol (CSPVA) films. Various concentrations of the extract (1.5 %, 2 %, 2.5 %, and 3 %) were added to study the effect on the film's bioactive, physicochemical, mechanical and structural properties. The extract increased the total phenolic content (0.01 to 0.16 mg GAE/mL), and antioxidant activities determined via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity assay (1.45 to 5.53 mmol GAE/mL), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay (0.12 to 2.4 μmol TE/mL) assays. It also enhanced antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli. The extract was also successful in increasing the elongation at break (45.51 % to 58.16 %) and thickness (0.10 to 0.19 mm) while reducing tensile strength (11.18 MPa to 3.02 MPa) and Young's modulus (24.5 MPa to 5.7 MPa). UV-shielding ability, opacity, water vapor permeability (3.7 to 7.6 × 10-10 g/m.s.Pa) and solubility (53.7 % to 73.9 %) also increased. CSPVA films with 3 % DSP preserved white shrimps better than cling film by reducing quality deterioration (i.e., color, lipid oxidation, and bacterial population) after 4 days of refrigeration. These findings suggest that CSPVA films enriched with green-extracted date seed polyphenolic compounds hold significant potential for sustainable food packaging.

Pinhão potential and their parts (failures, shells, and almonds) in the elaboration of yogurts containing acai pulp: physicochemical, nutritional, and functional properties, antimicrobial activity, and multi-elemental profile

This study applies natural resources, prioritizing recyclable and renewable inputs produced by pinhão cultivation, whose purpose is to use the failures, shells, and almonds as a source of bioactive compounds addition in yogurt, ensuring intelligent use of these natural resources. Thus, one açaí yogurt sample and eight yogurt formulations containing portions of pinhão byproducts between 5 % and 10 % were elaborated. These formulations were compared regarding their physicochemical, nutritional, functional properties, antimicrobial activity, and multi-elemental profile properties. Enriching açaí yogurt with pinhão byproducts does not significantly differ in protein, lipid, moisture, and mineral salt content between all samples with pinhão byproducts. Açaí yogurts enriched with pinhão byproducts had 5.71 to 26.07 % times total protein than the control sample, and total fiber also had a significant increase in samples ranging between 18.62 to 85.29 % times more than the control sample. Regarding color settings, all yogurt samples tended to be red-purple. A sample of açaí yogurt with pine nut flour and whole pine nut flour caused a biofilm mass amount of 46.58, 45.55, and 11.85 % for Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The behavior of pathogenic bacteria is related to the total polyphenol content in yogurts enriched with pinhão byproducts, which increased from 8.27 to 18.24 mg/100 g. Yogurt with açaí enriched with whole pinhão flour showed high antioxidant capacity. The sample's antioxidant activity results increased by 47.62 % and 130.38 % in the ABTS and DPPH analyses, respectively. The compounds in pinhão failure nanosuspensions, pinhão flour, whole pinhão flour, and yogurts were identified and divided into hydrophilic and lipophilic classes. Five classes (amino acids, organic acids, sugars, phenols, and cyclitols) were identified as hydrophilic. Lipophilic compounds were identified and separated into six classes (carboxylic acids, diterpenes, alcohols, Α-hydroxy acids, sterols, and triterpenes). The addition of pinhão byproducts increased the contents of Ca, Fe, K, Na, and P. Açaí yogurt with pinhão nanosuspension, pinhão flour, and whole pinhão flour had the highest Ca content (2164.38 ± 2.16 µg/L). Açaí yogurt with pinhão flour and whole pinhão flour had the highest Fe content (84.02 ± 0.08 µg/L).

Natural antibiotics against antimicrobial resistance: sources and bioinspired delivery systems

The current burden associated to multidrug resistance, and the emerging superbugs, result in a decreased and even loss of antibiotic efficacy, which poses significant challenges in the treatment of infectious diseases. This situation has created a high demand for the discovery of novel antibiotics that are both effective and safe. However, while antibiotics play a crucial role in preventing and treating diseases, they are also associated with adverse effects. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and the extensive appearance of drug-resistant microorganisms, has become one of the major hurdles in healthcare. Addressing this problem will require the development of at least 20 new antibiotics by 2060. However, the process of designing new antibiotics is time-consuming. To overcome the spread of drug-resistant microbes and infections, constant evaluation of innovative methods and new molecules is essential. Research is actively exploring alternative strategies, such as combination therapies, new drug delivery systems, and the repurposing of existing drugs. In addition, advancements in genomic and proteomic technologies are aiding in the identification of potential new drug targets and the discovery of new antibiotic compounds. In this review, we explore new sources of natural antibiotics from plants, algae other sources, and propose innovative bioinspired delivery systems for their use as an approach to promoting responsible antibiotic use and mitigate the spread of drug-resistant microbes and infections.

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Black Walnut and Sycamore Syrups

Historically, tree sap has been used globally for medicinal purposes, in fermented beverages, and for syrup production. Maple tree sap is notably concentrated into syrup and is valued as a natural sweetener rich in phenolic compounds and minerals compared to refined sugar. Recently, syrups from other trees like black walnut (Juglans nigra) and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) have gained popularity, yet their properties are not well understood scientifically. To address this gap, we collected sycamore, black walnut, and maple syrup samples and analyzed their physicochemical and functional properties. Our findings showed significant differences among the syrups in pH, browning intensity, and water activity (p < 0.05). Sycamore syrup had the highest total phenolic content, followed by black walnut and maple syrups. Both black walnut and sycamore syrups exhibited similar antioxidant activity, significantly higher than maple syrup (p < 0.05). High-resolution mass spectrometry identified 54 phenolic acids and 22 flavonoids in these syrups, including Acetylsalicylic acid, 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, and syringic acid, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, sycamore syrups and most black walnut syrups displayed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative microorganisms. This study offers insights into the properties and potential health benefits of these specialty tree syrups.

Highly Specific Polyphenolic Colloids as Alternatives to Antimicrobials in Livestock Production

The dispersion of antibiotics in livestock farming represents a health concern worldwide, contributing to the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through animals, the environment, and humans. Phenolic compounds could be alternatives to antibiotics, once drawbacks such as their low water solubility, bioavailability, and reduced stability are overcome. Although nano- or micro-sized formulations could counter these shortcomings, they do not represent cost-effective options. In this study, three phenolic compounds, obtained from wood-processing manufacturers, were characterized, revealing suitable features such as their antioxidant activity, size, and chemical and colloidal stability for in-field applications. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these colloidal suspensions was measured against six bacterial strains isolated from livestock. These particles showed different inhibition behaviors: Colloidal chestnut was effective against one of the most threatening antibiotic-resistant pathogens, i.e., S. aureus, but ineffective toward E. coli. Instead, colloidal pine showed a weak effect on S. aureus but specificity toward E. coli. The present proof-of-concept points at colloidal polyphenols as valuable alternatives for antimicrobial substitutes in the livestock context.

Antibacterial activity of Bajakah Kalalawit phenolic against Staphylococcus aureus and possible use of phenolic nanoparticles

Dayak tribes indigenous to the Indonesian island of Borneo has been using Bajakah Kalalawit (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) as traditional medicine for ages. This inspired us to develop phenolic from Bajakah Kalalawit extract as antibacterial agent. The extraction was done through decoction method and the determination of phenolic concentration was done using a visible spectrophotometer and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (mixture of phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acids). We investigated the possibility of developing phenolic nanoparticle for future work. Kirby-Bauer method was used to assess antibacterial activity of phenolic against Staphylococcus aureus and the results were compared to Chloramphenicol in terms of its efficacy and duration of inhibition. This study contributes to the ongoing effort to address antibiotic resistance through the development of innovative antibacterial agents derived from natural sources. The results provide valuable insights into the potential of Bajakah Kalalawit phenolic extracts as a promising avenue for combating bacterial infections in the future.

Antibacterial activity of natural flavones against bovine mastitis pathogens: in vitro, SAR analysis, and computational study

Bovine mastitis is a worldwide disease affecting dairy cattle and causes major economic losses in the dairy industry. Recently, the emergence of microbial resistance to the current antibiotics complicates the treatment protocol which necessitates antibiotic stewardship and further research to find new active compounds. Recently, phytobiotics have gained interest in being used as an alternative to antibiotics in the poultry industry as an antibiotic stewardship intervention. This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of 16 flavonoids against bovine mastitis pathogens. Two flavones: 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one (1) and 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one (4) showed inhibition of the growth of Klebsiella oxytoca with MIC values range (25-50 µg mL- 1) followed by a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study indicating that the presence of a hydroxyl group at C-3` or methoxy at C-4` increases the activity against Klebsiella oxytoca while the presence of hydroxyl group at C-7 decreases the activity. Furthermore, a structure-based drug development approach was applied using several in silico tools to understand the interactions of active flavones at the active site of the DNA gyrase protein. Compound (4) showed a higher docking score than quercetin (standard) which is known to have antibacterial activity by inhibiting the DNA gyrase. In addition, the structure-based pharmacophores of compound (4) and quercetin showed similar pharmacophoric features and interactions with DNA gyrase. Based on our findings, compounds (1) and (4) are promising for further study as potential anti-microbial phytochemicals that can have a role in controlling bovine mastitis as well as to investigate their mechanism of action further.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-024-00253-w.

Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Aqueous Extract of Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera against Pathogenic Bacteria and Spoilage Yeasts

The antimicrobial activity of an aqueous extract of the leaves of Schinus polygamus (cav.) Cabrera against microorganisms of food importance was evaluated. First, the leaf aqueous extract of Schinus polygamus was characterized, quantifying hydroxycinnamic acids and phenolic compounds. Then, a battery of strains was tested, including Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 13932. Also, we tested wine spoilage yeasts such as Brettanomyces bruxellensis LAMAP2480, B. bruxellensis LAMAP1359, B. bruxellensis CECT1451, and Pichia guilliermondii NPCC1051. Tests were conducted using the kinetic curve of growth and cell viability counts. The results indicate that with 10% v/v of concentrated extract, it is possible to observe growth inhibition of all microorganisms studied, with statistically significant differences during the whole measurement time (70 h for bacteria and 145 h for yeast).

The therapeutic role of Azadirachta indica leaves ethanolic extract against detrimental effects of Aeromonas veronii infection in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Bacterial pathogens cause high fish mortalities and in turn economic losses in fish farms. Innovative strategies should be applied to control bacterial infections instead of antibiotics to avoid the resistance problem. Consequently, the present investigation studied the curative potential of Azadirachta indica leave ethanolic extract (AILEE) on Aeromonas veronii infection in Oreochromis niloticus. A preliminary trial was assessed to evaluate the curative dose of AILEE which was found to be 2.5 mg/L. One hundred and sixty fish were divided into equal four groups in four replications, where group 1 and group 2 were non-challenged and treated with 0- and 2.5-mg/L AILEE, respectively. Group 3 and group 4 were challenged with A. veronii and treated with 0- and 2.5-mg/L AILEE, respectively for 10 days. A. veronii infection produced severe clinical manifestations and a high mortality rate in the infected fish. Furthermore, the infected fish exhibited a significant rise in the hepatorenal indices (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine), the oxidant biomarker (malondialdehyde), and the stress indicators (glucose and cortisol). A significant reduction in the protein profile and antioxidant/immune parameters (catalase, immunoglobulin M, lysozyme, nitric oxide, and phagocytic activity) was observed in the infected fish. Water application of the infected group to 2.5-mg/L AILEE notably ameliorated the hepatorenal indices, the oxidant biomarker, and the stress indicators. Furthermore, AILEE improved the antioxidant/immune indices. Water application of 2.5-mg/L AILEE could be useful against A. veronii infection in O. niloticus culture.

Sustainable media feedstocks for cellular agriculture

The global food system is shifting towards cellular agriculture, a second domestication marked by cultivating microorganisms and tissues for sustainable food production. This involves tissue engineering, precision fermentation, and microbial biomass fermentation to establish food value chains independent of traditional agriculture. However, these techniques rely on growth media sourced from agricultural, chemical (fossil fuels), and mining supply chains, raising concerns about land use competition, emissions, and resource depletion. Fermentable sugars, nitrogen, and phosphates are key ingredients derived from starch crops, energy-intensive fossil fuel based processes, and finite phosphorus resources, respectively. This review explores sustainable alternatives to reduce land use and emissions associated with cellular agriculture media ingredients. Sustainable alternatives to first generation sugars (lignocellulosic substrates, sidestreams, and gaseous feedstocks), sustainable nitrogen sources (sidestreams, green ammonia, biological nitrogen fixation), and efficient use of phosphates are reviewed. Especially cellulosic sugars, gaseous chemoautotrophic feedstocks, green ammonia, and phosphate recycling are the most promising technologies but economic constraints hinder large-scale adoption, necessitating more efficient processes and cost reduction. Collaborative efforts are vital for a biotechnological future grounded in sustainable feedstocks, mitigating competition with agricultural land and emissions.

Exploring chitosan-plant extract bilayer coatings: Advancements in active food packaging via polypropylene modification

UV-ozone activated polypropylene (PP) food films were subjected to a novel bilayer coating process involving primary or quaternary chitosan (CH/QCH) as the first layer and natural extracts from juniper needles (Juniperus oxycedrus; JUN) or blackberry leaves (Rubus fruticosus; BBL) as the second layer. This innovative approach aims to redefine active packaging (AP) development. Through a detailed analysis by surface characterization and bioactivity assessments (i.e., antioxidant and antimicrobial functionalities), we evaluated different coating combinations. Furthermore, we investigated the stability and barrier characteristics inherent in these coatings. The confirmed deposition, coupled with a comprehensive characterization of their composition and morphology, underscored the efficacy of the coatings. Our investigation included wettability assessment via contact angle (CA) measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), which revealed substantial enhancements in surface concentrations of elements and functional groups of CH, QCH, JUN, and BBL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) unveiled the coatings' heterogeneity, while time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and CA profiling showed moderately compact bilayers on PP, providing active species on the hydrophilic surface, respectively. The coatings significantly reduced the oxygen permeability. Additionally, single-layer depositions of CH and QCH remained below the overall migration limit (OML). Remarkably, the coatings exhibited robust antioxidative properties due to plant extracts and exceptional antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, attributed to QCH. These findings underscore the pivotal role of film surface properties in governing bioactive characteristics and offer a promising pathway for enhancing food packaging functionality.

Antimicrobial Compounds in Wine

Ipsum vinum est potestas et possession (wine itself is power and possession). Wine is a complex system that triggers multisensory cognitive stimuli. Wine and its consumption are thoroughly intertwined with the development of human society. The beverage was appreciated in many ancient mythologies and plays an essential part in Christianity and rituals to this day. Wine has been said to enlighten and inspire artists and has even been prohibited by law and some religions, but has nevertheless played a role in human civilizations since the beginning. Winemaking is also a prospering and economically important industry and a longtime symbol of status and luxury. In winemaking, the formation of the final product is influenced by several factors that contribute to the chemical and sensory complexity often associated with quality vintages. Factors such as terroir, climatic conditions, variety of the grape, all aspects of the winemaking process to the smallest details, including metabolic processes carried out by yeast and malolactic bacteria, and the conditions for the maturation and storage of the final product, up to, and even beyond the point of deciding to open the bottle and enjoy the wine. In conjunction with the empiric and scientific process of winemaking, different molecules with antibacterial activity can be identified in wine during the production process, and several of them are clearly present in the final product. Some of these antibacterial components are phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, that may be delivered to the final product (wine) as a part of the grape, a variety of potential additive compounds, or from the oak barrels or clay amphoras used during the maturation process. Others are produced by yeasts and malolactic bacteria and play a role not only in the moderation of the fermentation process but contributing to the microbiological safety and beneficial properties spectra of the final product. Lactic acid bacteria, responsible for conducting malolactic fermentation, contribute to the final balance of the wine but are also directly involved in the production of different compounds exhibiting antibacterial activity. Some examples of these compounds include bacteriocins (antibacterial peptides), diacetyl, organic acids, reuterin, hydrogen peroxide, and carbon dioxide. Major aspects of these different beneficial metabolites are the subject of discussion in this review with the aim of highlighting their beneficial functions.

Dietary Phenolic Compounds-Wellbeing and Perspective Applications

Contemporary living is continuously leading to poor everyday choices resulting in the manifestation of various diseases. The benefits of plant-based nutrition are undeniable and research on the topic is rising. Modern man is now aware of the possibilities that plant nutrition can provide and is seeking ways to benefit from it. Dietary phenolic compounds are among the easily accessible beneficial substances that can exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, antiproliferative, as well as cardio-and neuroprotective activities. Several industries are exploring ways to incorporate biologically active substances in their produce. This review is concentrated on presenting current information about the dietary phenolic compounds and their contribution to maintaining good health. Additionally, this content will demonstrate the importance and prosperity of natural compounds for various fields, i.e., food industry, cosmetology, and biotechnology, among others.

Investigating the Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Skin Penetration Ability of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Extracts

Plant extracts can be a valuable source of biologically active compounds in many cosmetic preparations. Their effect depends on the phytochemicals they contain and their ability to penetrate the skin. Therefore, in this study, the possibility of skin penetration by phenolic acids contained in dogwood extracts of different fruit colors (yellow, red, and dark ruby red) prepared using different extractants was investigated. These analyses were performed using a Franz chamber and HPLC-UV chromatography. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of the tested extracts were compared and their impact on the intracellular level of free radicals in skin cells was assessed. The cytotoxicity of these extracts towards keratinocytes and fibroblasts was also analyzed and their anti-inflammatory properties were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analyses showed differences in the penetration of individual phenolic acids into the skin and different biological activities of the tested extracts. None of the extracts had cytotoxic effects on skin cells in vitro, and the strongest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were found in dogwood extracts with dark ruby red fruits.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Antibacterial, Anti-Motility, and Anti-Biofilm Effects of Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw. Leaves and Stem Defatted Subfractions

The formation of biofilms underscores the challenge of treating bacterial infections. The study aimed to assess the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anti-motility, and anti-biofilm effects of defatted fractions from Myrothamnus flabellifolius (resurrection plant). Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide assays. Cytotoxicity was screened using a brine shrimp lethality assay. Antibacterial activity was determined using the micro-dilution and growth curve assays. Antibiofilm potential was screened using the crystal violet and tetrazolium reduction assay. Liquid-liquid extraction of crude extracts concentrated polyphenols in the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions. Subsequently, these fractions had notable antioxidant activity and demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC values < 630 μg/mL). Growth curves showed that the bacteriostatic inhibition by the ethyl acetate fractions was through the extension of the lag phase and/or suppression of the growth rate. The sub-inhibitory concentrations of the ethyl acetate fractions inhibited the swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae by 100% and eradicated more than 50% of P. aeruginosa biofilm biomass. The polyphenolic content of M. flabellifolius plays an important role in its antibacterial, anti-motility, and antibiofilm activity, thus offering an additional strategy to treat biofilm-associated infections.

Microgreens on the rise: Expanding our horizons from farm to fork

Escalating public health concerns necessitate innovative approaches to food sources. Microgreens, nutrient-rich seedlings of vegetables and herbs, have gained recognition as functional foods. This review explores the evolution of microgreens, cultivation methods, biochemical changes during germination, nutritional content, health benefits, and commercial significance. Comprehensive studies have demonstrated that microgreens have an elevated level of various nutrients. Further, in vitro and in vivo research validated their antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic properties. Microgreens, termed "desert food," show promise for sustainable food production in climate-vulnerable regions. This paper synthesizes recent research on microgreens, addressing challenges and gaps in understanding their nutritional content and health benefits. It contributes valuable insights for future research, fostering sustainable agriculture and enhancing understanding of microgreens in human health and nutrition.

Polyphenols and CRISPR as Quorum Quenching Agents in Antibiotic-Resistant Foodborne Human Pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli 0157:H7)

Antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens is an increasing threat to global human health. Among the most prevalent antibiotic-resistant bacteria are Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli 0157:H7. Control of these and other pathogens requires innovative approaches, i.e., discovering new molecules that will inactivate them, or render them less virulent without inducing resistance. Recently, several polyphenol molecules have been shown to possess such characteristics. Also, the use of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) approaches has recently been proposed for such purpose. This review summarizes the main findings regarding the application of both approaches to control the above-mentioned foodborne pathogens by relying on Quorum Sensing interference (Quorum Quenching) mechanisms and highlights the avenues needed for further research.

Polyphenols and CRISPR as Quorum Quenching Agents in Antibiotic-Resistant Foodborne Human Pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli 0157:H7)

Antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens is an increasing threat to global human health. Among the most prevalent antibiotic-resistant bacteria are Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli 0157:H7. Control of these and other pathogens requires innovative approaches, i.e., discovering new molecules that will inactivate them, or render them less virulent without inducing resistance. Recently, several polyphenol molecules have been shown to possess such characteristics. Also, the use of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) approaches has recently been proposed for such purpose. This review summarizes the main findings regarding the application of both approaches to control the above-mentioned foodborne pathogens by relying on Quorum Sensing interference (Quorum Quenching) mechanisms and highlights the avenues needed for further research.

Variation of antibacterial and antioxidant secondary metabolites and volatiles in leaf and callus extracts of Phulai (Acacia Modesta Wall.)

BACKGROUND

Acacia species are economically significant as medicinal plants that have been utilized since ancient times. Acacia modesta has been reported to possess potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties, but its growth rate is slow. In this study, we hypothesized that inducing callus in vitro from A. modesta could enhance the production of antibacterial and antioxidant secondary metabolites, thereby circumventing the issues of slow growth and excessive harvesting of the plant.

RESULTS

The callus was induced from axillary buds on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L of 2,4-D and 1 mg/L of BAP. The secondary metabolites, volatile compounds, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity of the callus and parent plant leaf extracts were evaluated. The results revealed that the content of phenolics and flavonoids, the number of volatile compounds, and the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the callus extract were significantly enhanced (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the leaf extract. The antibacterial and antioxidant effects were strongly correlated with the total phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that in vitro callus culture increases the production of phenolics, flavonoids, and volatile compounds. This subsequently enhances the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of A. modesta.

Enhancing Sustainability and Antifungal Properties of Biodegradable Composites: Caffeine-Treated Wood as a Filler for Polylactide

This study investigates the suitability of using caffeine-treated and untreated black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) wood as a polylactide filler. Composites containing 10%, 20%, and 30% filler were investigated in terms of increasing the nucleating ability of polylactide, as well as enhancing its resistance to microorganisms. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that the addition of caffeine-treated wood significantly altered the crystallization behavior of the polymer matrix, increasing its crystallization temperature and degree of crystallinity. Polarized light microscopic observations revealed that only the caffeine-treated wood induced the formation of transcrystalline structures in the polylactide. Incorporation of the modified filler into the matrix was also responsible for changes in the thermal stability and decreased hydrophilicity of the material. Most importantly, the use of black cherry wood treated with caffeine imparted antifungal properties to the polylactide-based composite, effectively reducing growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum, Alternaria alternata, and Trichoderma viride. For the first time, it was reported that treatment of wood with a caffeine compound of natural origin alters the supermolecular structure, nucleating abilities, and imparts antifungal properties of polylactide/wood composites, providing promising insights into the structure-properties relationship of such composites.

Nutritional characteristics of Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC., an underutilized edible wild fruit of dietary interest

Malnutrition and hunger is a serious global issue, however, wild fruits possess the potential of combatting it being rich in nutrients. Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC., commonly known as "Patala" in Ayurvedic text, is a large wild tree bearing edible, yet, underutilized fruits consumed by the locals in Western parts of India and neighboring countries. The present study focuses on the nutritional profile of S. chelonoides fruit along with quantification of bioactive constituents using RP-HPLC-PDA and evaluation of in-vitro anti-oxidant and, anti-microbial activity. The fruit was found rich in nutritional composition having protein (2.41 % ± 0.007), fibre (3.46 % ± 0.02) and carbohydrate (90.19 % ± 1.73) with energy value of 368.2 ± 3.94 Kcal/100g. The elemental analysis of fruit resulted in macronutrients Ca, Mg and Na and micronutrients Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu in amounts comparable to common marketed fruits. The RP-HPLC-PDA analysis revealed the presence of six phenolic compounds in all 3 extracts made from the fruit in which highest amount are present in hydro-alcoholic extract. All the extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activity evaluated through DPPH assay and oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), with highest activity in hydro-alcoholic extract. All the analyzed extracts also exhibited potent inhibition, against four human pathogens namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri. Therefore, it is evident from the study that the fruit of S. chelonoides has immense potential as a nutraceutical supplement and may help in the management of nutrient deficiency and malnutrition among rural and tribal communities.

Antibacterial Effect and Possible Mechanism of Sesamol against Foodborne Pathogens

Food safety problems caused by foodborne pathogens have become a major public issue, and the search for efficient and safe bacteriostatic agents has gained attention. Sesamol (SE), a phenolic compound abundant in sesame oil, offers numerous health benefits and exhibits certain antibacterial properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect and potential mechanisms of SE against representative foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. The results showed that SE significantly inhibited the growth of the five pathogenic bacteria in sterile saline and pasteurized milk by 2.16-4.16 log10 CFU/g within 48 h. The results of the minimum bactericidal concentration and time-kill assay showed that SE had a greater inhibitory effect on L. monocytogenes compared with other bacteria. Additionally, SE was found to alter the cell membranes' permeability in these bacteria, resulting in the release of intercellular proteins and DNA. A scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that exposure to SE resulted in significant changes in bacterial morphology, producing cell shrinkage and deformation. These findings suggest that SE could inhibit both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria by interfering with the function and morphology of bacterial cells.

Discriminating geographical origins and determining active substances of water caltrop shells through near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometric methods were used to discriminate the geographical origins of the water caltrop shells from different regions of China. Two active substances, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in the water caltrop shells were determined through the technique as well. Principal component analysis (PCA) combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was adopted to build the geographical discriminant model. Quantitative analysis models of TPC and TFC were built using partial least squares (PLS) regression. 1st derivative and randomization test (RT) methods were used to optimize the quantitative analysis models. It was found that the geographical discriminant model can correctly recognize the water caltrop shells from different regions of China with a total accuracy of 93.33%. The values of TPC and TFC obtained by the optimized models and the standard method are close. The coefficient of determination (R2) and the ratio of prediction to deviation for the two substances were 0.91, 0.89 and 3.02, 3.02, respectively. The results demonstrated the feasibility of NIRS combined with chemometric methods for the geographical discrimination of water caltrop shells and the quantitative analysis of TPC and TFC in water caltrop shells.

Effect of Different Pre-Growth Temperatures on the Survival Kinetics of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in Fresh-Cut Salad during Refrigerated Storage

The effect of the pre-growth temperature of bacterial cultures on their subsequent survival kinetics in fresh-cut produce during refrigerated storage was investigated in this study. Three-strain cocktails of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica, cultured at different growth temperatures (4, 21, and 37 °C) were inoculated on fresh-cut mixed salad and on individual produce in the mixed salad. The inoculated samples were stored at 4 °C and 80 ± 2% relative humidity (RH) for up to 72 h and the growth, survival, or death kinetics were determined at regular intervals. The results indicate that depending upon the type of pathogen tested, the pre-growth temperature(s) and the type of produce showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on the survival kinetics. Among the tested produce, mixed salad showed the highest reduction in L. monocytogenes pre-grown at 37 °C (1.33 log CFU/g) followed by red cabbage (0.56 log CFU/g), iceberg lettuce (0.52 log CFU/g), and carrot (-0.62 log CFU/g), after 72 h, respectively. In the case of Salmonella, carrot showed the highest reduction (1.07 log CFU/g for 37 °C pre-grown culture) followed by mixed salad (0.78 log CFU/g for 37 °C pre-grown culture), cabbage (0.76 log CFU/g for 21 °C pre-grown culture), and lettuce (0.65 log CFU/g for 4 °C pre-grown culture), respectively. Among the tested ComBase predictive models, the Baranyi-Roberts model better fitted the experimental data. These findings indicate that the appropriate selection of pre-growth environmental conditions is critical to better understand the kinetics of foodborne pathogens.

Review of Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used to Treat Diarrhea by the People in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia

Background

Diarrheal illness is the second-most common cause of death in under-five children. Worldwide, it results in about 1.7 billion illnesses and 525,000 deaths among under-five children annually. It is the leading cause of malnutrition among under-five children. Different people use medicinal plants to treat diarrhea. The present study aimed to review the medicinal plants used to treat diarrhea by the people in the Amhara region and to diagnose whether the antidiarrheal activities of the medicinal plants have been confirmed by studies using animal models.

Methods

The author searched 21 articles from worldwide databases up to December 2022 using Boolean operators ("AND" and "OR") and the terms "ethnobotanical studies," "ethnobiology," "traditional medicine," "ethnobotanical knowledge," and "Amhara region."

Results

From the 21 studies reviewed, 50 plant species grouped into 28 families were reported to treat diarrhea by the people in the Amhara region. The top most used families were Lamiaceae (12%), Fabaceae (8%), Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Poaceae (6% each). The modes of administration of the plant parts were orally 98.88% and topically 1.12%. The different extracts of 18 (or 36%) of the medicinal plants traditionally used to treat diarrhea by the people in the Amhara region have been proven experimentally in animal models.

Conclusions

The people in the Amhara region use different medicinal plants to treat diarrhea. Most of them take the medicinal plants orally. The traditional claim that 60% of medicinal plants are antidiarrheal has been confirmed in in vitro studies.

Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel waste and its application to inhibit foodborne pathogens

Polyphenolics have been predicted to effectively develop antimicrobial agents for the food industry as food additives and promote human health. This study aims to synthesize pomegranate peel extract (PPE) with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against eight foodborne pathogens. Multispectroscopic analysis of UV-vis spectroscopy, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used to characterize the interaction between PPE and AgNPs. Eight foodborne pathogenic strains (six bacterial and two fungal strains) Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 8379, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 00607, Salmonella typhi DSM 17058, Shigella sonnei DSM 5570, Aspergillus flavus ATCC 9643, and Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 96382 were used to test the inhibitory potential of PPW-AgNPs. The reaction colour of PPE-AgNPs from yellow to brown indicated that the nanoparticles were successfully formed. The UV absorption of PPE-AgNPs was detected at 440 nm of 0.9 SPR. SEM image of PPE-AgNPs exhibited spherical shapes with a zeta potential of - 20.1 mV. PPE-AgNPs showed high antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. The highest inhibition activity of PPE-AgNPs was recorded for the B. subtilis strain followed by K. pneumonia, while the highest resistance was noticed for R. oryzae. The components of pomegranate peel were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of pomegranate peel is phenol (51.1%), followed by Isocitronellol (19.41%) and 1-Propanol, 2-(2-hydroxypropyl)- (16.05%). PPE is key in the simple, eco-friendly green synthesis of extracellular stable AgNPs as an alternative source for harmful chemical disinfectants.