Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Koreanaside A, a Lignan Isolated from the Flower of Forsythia koreana, against LPS-Induced Macrophage Activation and DSS-Induced Colitis Mice: The Crucial Role of AP-1, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT Signaling

Pyridazine and pyridazinone derivatives: Synthesis and in vitro investigation of their anti-inflammatory potential in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages

New pyridazine and pyridazinone derivatives 3a-g, 4a-f, 6a, and 6b were designed and synthesized. Cell viability of all compounds was established based on the viability of lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells determined via the MTT assay. In vitro inhibition assays on human COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes were conducted to probe the newly synthesized compounds' anti-inflammatory activity. The half maximal inhibitory concentration values for the most active compounds, 3d, 3e, and 4e towards COX-2 were 0.425, 0.519, and 0.356 µM, respectively, in comparison with celecoxib. The newly synthesized compounds' ability to inhibit the production of certain proinflammatory cytokines, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin-E2, was also estimated in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). Compounds 3d and 3e were identified as the most potent cytokine production inhibitors. The results of molecular modeling studies suggested that these compounds were characterized by a reasonable binding affinity toward the active site of COX-2, when compared to a reference ligand. These results might be taken into consideration in further investigations into new anti-inflammatory agents.

YTE-17 inhibits colonic carcinogenesis by resetting antitumor immune response via Wnt5a/JNK mediated metabolic signaling

The density and composition of lymphocytes infiltrating colon tumors serve as predictive factors for the clinical outcome of colon cancer. Our previous studies highlighted the potent anti-cancer properties of the principal compounds found in Garcinia yunnanensis (YTE-17), attributing these effects to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. However, knowledge regarding the mechanism and effect of YTE-17 in the prevention of colorectal cancer is limited. In this study, we conducted isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) analysis on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) exposed YTE-17, both in vitro and invivo, revealing a significant inhibition of the Wnt family member 5a (Wnt5a)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Subsequently, we elucidated the influence and mechanism of YTE-17 on the tumor microenvironment (TME), specifically focusing on macrophage-mediated T helper 17 (Th17) cell induction in a colitis-associated cancer (CAC) model with Wnt5a deletion. Additionally, we performed the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on the colonic tissue from the Wnt5a-deleted CAC model to characterize the composition, lineage, and functional status of immune mesenchymal cells during different stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. Remarkably, our findings demonstrate a significant reduction in M2 macrophage polarization and Th17 cell phenotype upon treatment with YTE-17, leading to the restoration of regulatory T (Treg)/Th17 cell balance in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model. Furthermore, we also confirmed that YTE-17 effectively inhibited the glycolysis of Th17 cells in both direct and indirect co-culture systems with M2 macrophages. Notably, our study shed light on potential mechanisms linking the non-canonical Wnt5a/JNK signaling pathway and well-established canonical β-catenin oncogenic pathway in vivo. Specifically, we proposed that Wnt5a/JNK signaling activity in IECs promotes the development of cancer stem cells with β-catenin activity within the TME, involving macrophages and T cells. In summary, our study undergoes the potential of YTE-17 as a preventive strategy against CRC development by addressing the imbalance with the immune microenvironment, thereby mitigating the risk of malignancies.

Identification of key genes as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for comorbidity of myasthenia gravis and COVID-19

Introduction

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a significant impact on the health and quality of life of MG patients and may even trigger the onset of MG in some cases. With the worldwide development of the COVID-19 vaccination, several new-onset MG cases and exacerbations following the COVID-19 vaccines have been acknowledged. The potential link between myasthenia gravis (MG) and COVID-19 has prompted the need for further investigation into the underlying molecular mechanism.

Methods and results

The differential expression analysis identified six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by myasthenia gravis (MG) and COVID-19, namely SAMD9, PLEK, GZMB, JUNB, NR4A1, and NR1D1. The relationship between the six common genes and immune cells was investigated in the COVID-19 dataset. The predictive value of the shared genes was assessed and a nomogram was constructed using machine learning algorithms. The regulatory miRNAs, transcription factors and small molecular drugs were predicted, and the molecular docking was carried out by AutoDock.

Discussion

We have identified six common DEGs of MG and COVID-19 and explored their immunological effects and regulatory mechanisms. The result may provide new insights for further mechanism research.

Plants with Anti-Ulcer Activity and Mechanism: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Ulcer disorders including the oral mucosa, large intestine, and stomach mucosa, cause significant global health burdens. Conventional treatments such as non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), and cytoprotective agents have drawbacks like mucosal injury, diminish gastric acid secretion, and interact with concurrent medications. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches are needed to tackle this health concern. Plants are rich in active metabolites in the bark, roots, leaves, fruits, and seeds, and have been utilized for medicinal purposes since ancient times. The use of herbal therapy is crucial, and regulations are necessary to ensure the quality of products, particularly in randomized studies, to assess their efficacy and safety in treating ulcer disorders. This study aims to explore the anti-ulcer activity of medicinal plants in treating peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis, and aphthous ulcers. Articles were searched in Scopus and PubMed, and filtered for publication from 2013 to 2023, resulting in a total of 460 from Scopus and 239 from PubMed. The articles were further screened by title and abstract and resulted in 55 articles. Natural products, rich in active metabolites, were described to manage ulcer disease by protecting the mucosa, reducing ulcer effects, inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors, and reducing bacterial load, thus improving patients' quality of life. Natural extracts have proven effective in managing other health problems, including ulcers by reducing pain and decreasing lesions. This review provides an overview of preclinical and clinical studies on medicinal plants, focusing on their effectiveness in treating conditions like peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, and aphthous ulcers.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the LK5 Herbal Complex on LPS- and IL-4/IL-13-Stimulated HaCaT Cells and a DNCB-Induced Animal Model of Atopic Dermatitis in BALB/c Mice

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The activation of the JAK-STAT pathway increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13, further deteriorating AD. Therefore, for the treatment of AD, the JAK-STAT pathway is emerging as a significant target, alongside inflammatory cytokines. This study investigates the potential therapeutic effects of a novel herbal complex, LK5, composed of Scutellaria baicalensis, Liriope platyphylla, Sophora flavescens, Dictammus dasycarpus, and Phellodendron schneider, known for their anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties. We examined the anti-inflammatory and anti-AD effects of the LK5 herbal complex in HaCaT cells stimulated by LPS and IL-4/IL-13, as well as in a mouse model of AD induced by DNCB. In HaCaT cells stimulated with LPS or IL-4/IL-13, the LK5 herbal complex demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and downregulating the phosphorylation of STAT proteins. In a murine AD-like model induced by DNCB, administration of the LK5 herbal complex significantly ameliorated clinical symptoms, including dermatitis, ear thickness, and TEWL. Histological analysis revealed a reduction in epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration. The LK5 herbal complex also inhibited pruritus induced by compound 48/80. Furthermore, the LK5 herbal complex treatment significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TSLP, IL-6, and IgE in plasma and ear tissue of AD-induced mice. These findings suggest that the LK5 herbal complex may modulate the immune response and alleviate AD symptoms by inhibiting STAT pathways.

Inhibition of STAT-mediated cytokine responses to chemically-induced colitis prevents inflammation-associated neurobehavioral impairments

Depression can be associated with chronic systemic inflammation, and production of peripheral proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of the kynurenine pathway have been implicated in pathogenesis of depression. However, the mechanistic bases for these comorbidities are not yet well understood. As tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which convert tryptophan to kynurenine, are rate-limiting enzymes of the kynurenine pathway, we screened TDO or IDO inhibitors for effects on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse macrophage cell line. The TDO inhibitor 680C91 attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and IL-6. Surprisingly, this effect was TDO-independent, as it occurred even in peritoneal macrophages from TDO knockout mice. Instead, the anti-inflammatory effects of 680C91 were mediated through the suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT) signaling. Furthermore, 680C91 suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines and STAT signaling in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. Specifically, 680C91 effectively attenuated acute phase colon cytokine responses in male mice subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Interestingly, this treatment also prevented the development of anxiodepressive-like neurobehaviors in DSS-treated mice during the recovery phase. The ability of 680C91 to prevent anxiodepressive-like behavior in response to chemically-induced colitis appeared to be due to rescue of attenuated dopamine responses in the nucleus accumbens. Thus, inhibition of STAT-mediated, but TDO-independent proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages can prevent inflammation-associated anxiety and depression. Identification of molecular mechanisms involved may facilitate the development of new treatments for gastrointestinal-neuropsychiatric comorbidity.

Role of the epithelial barrier in intestinal fibrosis associated with inflammatory bowel disease: relevance of the epithelial-to mesenchymal transition

In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to tissue damage and remodelling, which can ultimately result in fibrosis. Prolonged injury and inflammation can trigger the activation of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. As fibrosis progresses, the tissue becomes increasingly stiff and less functional, which can lead to complications such as intestinal strictures, obstructive symptoms, and eventually, organ dysfunction. Epithelial cells play a key role in fibrosis, as they secrete cytokines and growth factors that promote fibroblast activation and ECM deposition. Additionally, epithelial cells can undergo a process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in which they acquire a more mesenchymal-like phenotype and contribute directly to fibroblast activation and ECM deposition. Overall, the interactions between epithelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts play a critical role in the development and progression of fibrosis in IBD. Understanding these complex interactions may provide new targets for therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat fibrosis in IBD. In this review, we have collected and discussed the recent literature highlighting the contribution of epithelial cells to the pathogenesis of the fibrotic complications of IBD, including evidence of EMT, the epigenetic control of the EMT, the potential influence of the intestinal microbiome in EMT, and the possible therapeutic strategies to target EMT. Finally we discuss the pro-fibrotic interactions epithelial-immune cells and epithelial-fibroblasts cells.

Ameliorating inflammation in an in vitro model by screening the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles of putative probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease

IBD is considered a relapsing disease with relapsing phases. Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that modulate inflammatory signaling pathways. Our aim was to identify the precise molecular effects of probiotics on inflammatory signaling pathways during the presence of inflammation. Evaluation of the expression of JAK/STAT and inflammatory genes after treatment of the HT -29 cell line with the sonicated pathogens and probiotics, simultaneously was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The production of IL-6 and IL-1β after administration of probiotics was conducted by means of cytokine assay. The probiotic cocktail resulted in the downregulation of TIRAP, IRAK4, NEMO, and RIP genes in the NF-кB pathway compared with Sonicat-treated cells. The expression of JAK/STAT genes was various after probiotic treatment. The application of probiotics has been observed to result in a notable decrease in the production of IL-6 and IL-1β. The investigated probiotic cocktail, especially Bifidobacterium spp. showed anti-inflammatory effects on HT -29 cells via modulation of JAK/STAT and NF-кB signaling pathways. The use of probiotics with the least side effects could be considered a suitable treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease, even at the beginning of inflammation.

Bacteroides uniformis-induced perturbations in colonic microbiota and bile acid levels inhibit TH17 differentiation and ameliorate colitis developments

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with gut dysbiosis and can lead to colitis-associated malignancies. Bacteroides uniformis (Bu) regulates animal intestinal homeostasis; however, the mechanism by which it alleviates colitis in mice remains unknown. We investigated the effects of B. uniformis JCM5828 and its metabolites on female C57BL/6J mice with dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced colitis. Treatment with Bu considerably alleviated colitis progression and restored the mechanical and immune barrier protein expression. Additionally, Bu increased the abundance of the symbiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus vaginalis while decreasing that of pathogenic Escherichia-Shigella, and modulated intestinal bile acid metabolism. Bu largely regulated the expression of key regulatory proteins of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in colonic tissues and the differentiation of TH17 cells. However, Bu could not directly inhibit TH17 cell differentiation in vitro; it modulated the process in the lamina propria by participating in bile acid metabolism and regulating key metabolites (alpha-muricholic, hyodeoxycholic, and isolithocholic acid), thereby modulating the intestinal immune response. Our findings suggest that Bu or bile acid supplements are potential therapies for colitis and other diseases associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction.

The Wu-Shi-Cha formula protects against ulcerative colitis by orchestrating immunity and microbiota homeostasis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ulcerative colitis (UC) has become a healthy burden worldwide due to its insidious onset and repetitive relapse, with a rather complex etiology, including inappropriate immune response, dysbiosis, genetic susceptibility, and unhealthy diets. The Wu-Shi-Cha (WSC) formula is a widely utilized drug to protect against gastrointestinal disorders.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aspired to dissect the pertinent mechanisms of the WSC to treat UC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Network pharmacology and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were performed to predict the targets of WSC in the context of UC and colorectal cancer. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was used to construct murine models of experimental colitis, and the WSC was given to colitis mice for 14 days. Feces and colon samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and biochemical experiments, respectively.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology analysis predicted that the WSC formula could orchestrate inflammation, infection, and tumorigenesis, and WGCNA based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database showed a potent anti-neoplastic effect of the WSC therapy for colorectal cancer. The WSC therapy rescued bursts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and colonic epithelial collapse in DSS-induced colitis mice. Moreover, the high dose of WSC treatment facilitated the alternative activation of peritoneal macrophages (Mφs) and these Mφs were conducive to the survival of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and the disturbed homeostasis of gut microbiota was re-established after WSC treatment, as evidenced by the decreased colonization of pathological taxa in the fecal samples.

CONCLUSION

The WSC formula suppresses inflammation and re-establishes the homeostasis of gut microbiota, thereby ameliorating colitis progression.

Accumulation of Fat Not Responsible for Femoral Head Necrosis, Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: A Preliminary Study

The etiology of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is not yet fully understood. However, ONFH is a common disease with high morbidity, and approximately one-third of cases are caused by glucocorticoids. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of bone marrow to explore the effect of glucocorticoid on ONFH. Bone marrow samples of the proximal femur were extracted from four participants during total hip arthroplasty, including two participants diagnosed with ONFH for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treated with glucocorticoids (the case group) and two participants with femoral neck fracture (the control group). Unbiased transcriptome-wide single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and computational analyses were performed. Seventeen molecularly defined cell types were identified in the studied samples, including significantly dysregulated neutrophils and B cells in the case group. Additionally, fatty acid synthesis and aerobic oxidation were repressed, while fatty acid beta-oxidation was enhanced. Our results also preliminarily clarified the roles of the inflammatory response, substance metabolism, vascular injury, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and dysregulated coagulation and fibrinolysis in glucocorticoid-induced ONFH. Notably, we list the pathways that were markedly altered in glucocorticoid-induced ONFH with SLE compared with femoral head fracture, as well as their common genes, which are potential early therapeutic targets. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced ONFH and present potential clues for effective and functional manipulation of human glucocorticoid-induced ONFH, which could improve patient outcomes.

Phytochemicals and Regulation of NF-kB in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Effects

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic relapsing idiopathic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. They are mainly represented by two forms, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). IBD can be associated with the activation of nuclear factors, such as nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), leading to increased transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators that result in diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, and many extra-intestinal manifestations. Phytochemicals can interfere with many inflammation targets, including NF-kB pathways. Thus, this review aimed to investigate the effects of different phytochemicals in the NF-kB pathways in vitro and in vivo models of IBD. Fifty-six phytochemicals were included in this study, such as curcumin, resveratrol, kaempferol, sesamol, pinocembrin, astragalin, oxyberberine, berberine hydrochloride, botulin, taxifolin, naringin, thymol, isobavachalcone, lancemaside A, aesculin, tetrandrine, Ginsenoside Rk3, mangiferin, diosgenin, theanine, tryptanthrin, lycopene, gyngerol, alantolactone, mangostin, ophiopogonin D, fisetin, sinomenine, piperine, oxymatrine, euphol, artesunate, galangin, and nobiletin. The main observed effects related to NF-kB pathways were reductions in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and augmented occludin, claudin-1, zonula occludens-1, and IL-10 expression levels. Moreover, phytochemicals can improve weight loss, stool consistency, and rectal bleeding in IBD. Therefore, phytochemicals can constitute a powerful treatment option for IBD in humans.

Targeting Type I IFN/STAT1 signaling inhibited and reversed corneal squamous metaplasia in Aire-deficient mouse

Corneal transparency and integrity are essential for obtaining good vision; nevertheless, squamous metaplasia (SQM) of ocular epithelium is a kind of serious blinding corneal diseases, without therapeutic medication in clinic. Here, we found that deficiency of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) in corneas spontaneously developed corneal plaques. Using corneal abrasion model, we revealed that deletion of Aire not only resulted in delayed corneal re-epithelialization, but also promoted a cell-fate transition from transparent corneal epithelium to keratinized epithelium, histopathologically characterized with SQM based on the transcriptomic analysis. Mechanistically, Aire-deficient corneas led to the heightened Type I interferon (IFN-I)/STAT1 signaling after abrasion. Pharmacological blockade of IFN-I/JAK/STAT1 signaling in Aire-knockout (KO) corneas not only accelerated epithelial wound healing, but also alleviated corneal plaques and SQM. Collectively, our findings revealed critical roles of AIRE in governing corneal epithelial homeostasis and pathologic keratinization, and further identified IFN-I/STAT1 signaling as a potential target for treating ocular surface diseases with SQM, and even for treating pathological scenarios related to SQM in other tissues.

Lipopolysaccharide-induced immune stress negatively regulates broiler chicken growth via the COX-2-PGE2-EP4 signaling pathway

Aims

Immune stress in broiler chickens is characterized by the development of persistent pro-inflammatory responses that contribute to degradation of production performance. However, the underlying mechanisms that cause growth inhibition of broilers with immune stress are not well defined.

Methods

A total of 252 1-day-old Arbor Acres(AA) broilers were randomly allocated to three groups with six replicates per group and 14 broilers per replicate. The three groups comprised a saline control group, an Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (immune stress) group, and an LPS and celecoxib group corresponding to an immune stress group treated with a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Birds in LPS group and saline group were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of LPS or saline from 14d of age for 3 consecutive days. And birds in the LPS and celecoxib group were given a single intraperitoneal injection of celecoxib 15 min prior to LPS injection at 14 d of age.

Results

The feed intake and body weight gain of broilers were suppressed in response to immune stress induced by LPS which is an intrinsic component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme that mediates prostaglandin synthesis, was up-regulated through MAPK-NF-κB pathways in activated microglia cells in broilers exposed to LPS. Subsequently, the binding of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to the EP4 receptor maintained the activation of microglia and promoted the secretion of cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-8, and chemokines CX3CL1 and CCL4. In addition, the expression of appetite suppressor proopiomelanocortin protein was increased and the levels of growth hormone-releasing hormone were reduced in the hypothalamus. These effects resulted in decreased expression of insulin-like growth factor in the serum of stressed broilers. In contrast, inhibition of COX-2 normalized pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and promoted the expression of Neuropeptide Y and growth hormone-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus which improved the growth performance of stressed broilers. Transcriptomic analysis of the hypothalamus of stressed broilers showed that inhibition of COX-2 activity significantly down-regulated the expression of the TLR1B, IRF7, LY96, MAP3K8, CX3CL1, and CCL4 genes in the MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathway.

Conclusion

This study provides new evidence that immune stress mediates growth suppression in broilers by activating the COX-2-PGE2-EP4 signaling axis. Moreover, growth inhibition is reversed by inhibiting the activity of COX-2 under stressed conditions. These observations suggest new approaches for promoting the health of broiler chickens reared in intensive conditions.

Role of metabolic reprogramming in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion from LPS or silica-activated macrophages

In the lungs, macrophages constitute the first line of defense against pathogens and foreign bodies and play a fundamental role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Activated macrophages show altered immunometabolism and metabolic changes governing immune effector mechanisms, such as cytokine secretion characterizing their classic (M1) or alternative (M2) activation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages demonstrate enhanced glycolysis, blocked succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and increased secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Glycolysis suppression using 2 deoxyglucose in LPS-stimulated macrophages inhibits IL-1β secretion, but not TNF-α, indicating metabolic pathway specificity that determines cytokine production. In contrast to LPS, the nature of the immunometabolic responses induced by non-organic particles, such as silica, in macrophages, its contribution to cytokine specification, and disease pathogenesis are not well understood. Silica-stimulated macrophages activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and NLRP3 inflammasome and release IL-1β, TNF-α, and interferons, which are the key mediators of silicosis pathogenesis. In contrast to bacteria, silica particles cannot be degraded, and the persistent macrophage activation results in an increased NADPH oxidase (Phox) activation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ultimately leading to macrophage death and release of silica particles that perpetuate inflammation. In this manuscript, we reviewed the effects of silica on macrophage mitochondrial respiration and central carbon metabolism determining cytokine specification responsible for the sustained inflammatory responses in the lungs.

Bamboo Shoot and Artemisia capillaris Extract Mixture Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract and is characterized by recurrent chronic inflammation and mucosal damage of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have demonstrated that bamboo shoot (BS) and Artemisia capillaris (AC) extracts enhance anti-inflammatory effects in various disease models. However, it is uncertain whether there is a synergistic protective effect of BS and AC in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. In the current study, we tested the combined effects of BS and AC extracts (BA) on colitis using in vivo and in vitro models. Compared with control mice, oral administration of DSS exacerbated colon length and increased the disease activity index (DAI) and histological damage. In DSS-induced colitis, treatment with BA significantly alleviated DSS-induced symptoms such as colon shortening, DAI, histological damage, and colonic pro-inflammatory marker expression compared to single extracts (BS or AC) treatment. Furthermore, we found BA treatment attenuated the ROS generation, F-actin formation, and RhoA activity compared with the single extract (BS or AC) treatment in DSS-treated cell lines. Collectively, these findings suggest that BA treatment has a positive synergistic protective effect on colonic inflammation compared with single extracts, it may be a highly effective complementary natural extract mixture for the prevention or treatment of IBD.

Extracts Prepared from Feed Supplements Containing Wood Lignans Improve Intestinal Health by Strengthening Barrier Integrity and Reducing Inflammation

Lignans are known to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, indicating their potential as constituents of feed supplements. This study investigated two extracts derived from the feed supplements ‘ROI’ and ‘Protect’—which contain the wood lignans magnolol and honokiol (‘ROI’), or soluble tannins additional to the aforementioned lignans (‘Protect’)—and their impact on selected parameters of intestinal functionality. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts were determined by measuring their effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in vitro. The impact on intestinal barrier integrity was evaluated in Caco-2 cells and Drosophila melanogaster by examining leaky gut formation. Furthermore, a feeding trial using infected piglets was conducted to study the impact on the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione and lipid peroxidation. The Protect extract lowered ROS production in Caco-2 cells and reversed the stress-induced weakening of barrier integrity. The ROI extract inhibited the expression or secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Moreover, the ROI extract decreased leaky gut formation and mortality rates in Drosophila melanogaster. Dietary supplementation with Protect improved the antioxidant status and barrier integrity of the intestines of infected piglets. In conclusion, wood lignan-enriched feed supplements are valuable tools that support intestinal health by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and barrier-strengthening effects.

Protective effect of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation on experimental colitis and its mechanism

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common chronic remitting disease with no satisfactory treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), and to determine the underlying mechanism of its activity.

Methods

The expression and distribution of α7nAChR in the intestinal tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease were analyzed. The effects of vagal excitation on murine experimental colitis were investigated. The colitis model was induced in C57BL/6 mice by the administration of 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The therapeutic group received treatment with the α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987 by intraperitoneal injection.

Results

Our results showed that there was significantly increased expression of α7nAChR in colitis and Crohn’s disease intestinal tissue, and its expression was mainly located in macrophages and neutrophils, which were extensively infiltrated in the disease status. Treatment with an α7nAChR agonist potently ameliorated the DSS-induced illness state, including weight loss, stool consistency, bleeding, colon shortening, and colon histological injury. α7nAChR agonist exerted anti-inflammatory effects in DSS colitis mice by suppressing the secretion of multiple types of proinflammatory factors, such as IL6, TNFα, and IL1β, and it also inhibited the colonic infiltration of inflammatory cells by blocking the DSS-induced overactivation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Mechanistically, activation of α7nAChR decreased the number of infiltrated M1 macrophages in the colitis intestine and inhibited the phagocytosis ability of macrophages, which were activated in response to LPS stimulation.

Conclusion

Thus, an α7nAChR agonist ameliorated colonic pathology and inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mice by blocking the activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages.

[WDSUB1 knockdown alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effect of WDSUB1 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory colon injury in mice and the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

Different WDSUB1 siRNA sequences were transfected into mouse fibroblast L929 cells and the optimal sequence was selected by Western blotting. Twelve male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into two groups for injection of siWDSUB1 or siControl via the caudal vein, followed by treatment with 2.5% DSS in drinking water to establish mouse models of DSS- induced colitis (n=6). The expression level of WDSUB1 in the colon tissue of the mice was detected with Western blotting and RT-PCR, the changes in body weight and fecal condition were recorded, and the clinical symptoms of the mice were evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of IL-6, COX-2 and TNF-α and the protein expression of IκBα and P65 in the colon tissues were detected with RT- PCR and Western blotting, respectively.

RESULTS

The mRNA and protein expressions of WDSUB1 in the colon tissues were significantly lower in colitis mice with WDSUB1 knock-down than in the control mice. Compared with the control mice, the mice receiving siWDSUB1 injection showed obviously milder weight loss, diarrhea and hematochezia with significantly lower mRNA expressions of COX2, IL-6 and TNFα (P < 0.05) and protein expression of IκBα but without obvious changes in P65 expression in the colon tissue.

CONCLUSION

WDSUB1 knockdown can alleviate DSS- induced colitis in mice possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and decreasing the expression of inflammatory factors in the colon tissues.

Flos puerariae ameliorates the intestinal inflammation of Drosophila via modulating the Nrf2/Keap1, JAK-STAT and Wnt signaling

Gut homeostasis is important for human health, and its disruption can lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Flos Puerariae is a herb with a wide variety of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antialcoholismic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the role of Flos Puerariae on treating IBD remains obscure. Here, we employed Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism to investigate the protective effect of Flos Puerariae extract (FPE) against sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-induced intestinal injury. Our data showed that FPE had no toxic effect in flies, and significantly extended lifespan in SDS-inflamed flies, reduced stem cell proliferation in the midgut, and maintained intestinal morphological integrity. Furthermore, FPE remarkably recused the altered expression level of genes and proteins in Nrf2/Keap1 signaling, JAK-STAT signaling and Wnt signaling pathways in gut of inflammation flies. Thus, FPE has a protective effect against intestinal injury possibly via increasing the Nrf2/keap1 pathway and suppressing the JAK-STAT and Wnt signaling pathways, which would have tremendous potential for treating IBD.

Two New Phenolic Glycosides with Lactone Structural Units from Leaves of Ardisia crenata Sims with Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Two new lactones, named Ardisicreolides A–B (1–2), together with four known flavonoids, Quercetin (3), Myricetrin (4), Quercitrin (5), Tamarixetin 3-O-rhamnoside (6), were isolated from the ethyl acetate portion of 70% ethanol extracts of dried leaves from Ardisia crenata Sims. These compounds were identified from Ardisia crenata Sims for the first time. The structures of 1–6 were elucidated according to 1D and 2D-NMR methods and together with the published literature. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for in vitro anti-microbial effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. In addition, compounds 1–2 were assessed for anti-inflammatory activity by acting on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in vitro. The results showed that only compound 2 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, compounds 1 and 2 were found to significantly inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reduce the release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The present data suggest that lactones from the leaves of A. crenata Sims might be used as a potential source of natural anti-inflammatory agents.

Lignans as Pharmacological Agents in Disorders Related to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Chemical Synthesis Approaches and Biological Activities

Plant lignans exhibit a wide range of biological activities, which makes them the research objects of potential use as therapeutic agents. They provide diverse naturally-occurring pharmacophores and are available for production by chemical synthesis. A large amount of accumulated data indicates that lignans of different structural groups are apt to demonstrate both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, in many cases, simultaneously. In this review, we summarize the comprehensive knowledge about lignan use as a bioactive agent in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, pharmacological effects in vitro and in vivo, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, and chemical synthesis approaches. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the current data in this area, available in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, screened from 2000 to 2022.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Mitrephora sirikitiae Leaf Extract and Isolated Lignans in RAW 264.7 Cells

Mitrephora sirikitiae Weeras., Chalermglin & R.M.K. Saunders has been reported as a rich source of lignans that contribute to biological activities and health benefits. However, cellular anti-inflammatory effects of M. sirikitiae leaves and their lignan compounds have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of M. sirikitiae leaves and their lignan constituents on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with the methanol extract of M. sirikitiae leaves and its isolated lignans, including (−)-phylligenin (2) and 3′,4-O-dimethylcedrusin (6) significantly decreased LPS-induced prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and nitric oxide (NO) productions. These inhibitory effects of the extract and isolated lignans on LPS-induced upregulation of PGE₂ and NO productions were derived from the suppression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production, respectively. In addition, treatment with 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (3) and mitrephoran (5) was able to suppress LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion and synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. These results demonstrated that M. sirikitiae leaves and some isolated lignans exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of secretion and synthesis of PGE₂, NO, and TNF-α.

Mosloflavone-Resveratrol Hybrid TMS-HDMF-5z Exhibits Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effects Through NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK/STAT Inactivation

TMS-HDMF-5z is a hybrid of the natural products mosloflavone and resveratrol. It was discovered to show potent inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, its mechanism of action is unknown. Hence this study aimed to demonstrate and explore in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of TMS-HDMF-5z and its mechanism of action employing RAW 264.7 macrophages and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema. This work revealed that TMS-HDMF-5z suppressed the LPS-induced inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein, mRNA, and promoter binding levels and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, and interferon-β (IFN-β) at the mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that TMS-HDMF-5z reduced the transcription and DNA binding activities of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through inhibiting nuclear translocation of p65 and phosphorylation of κB inhibitor α (IκBα), IκB kinase (IKK), and TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1). Additionally, TMS-HDMF-5z attenuated the LPS-induced transcriptional and DNA binding activities of activator protein-1 (AP-1) by suppressing nuclear translocation of phosphorylated c-Fos, c-Jun, and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2). TMS-HDMF-5z also reduced the LPS-induced phosphorylation of Janus kinase 1/2 (JAK1/2), signal transducers and activators of transcription 1/3 (STAT1/3), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2). In rats, TMS-HDMF-5z alleviated carrageenan-induced hind paw edema through the suppressing iNOS and COX-2 via NF-κB, AP-1, and STAT1/3 inactivation. Collectively, the TMS-HDMF-5z-mediated inhibition of NF-κB, AP-1, and STAT1/3 offer an opportunity for the development of a potential treatment for inflammatory diseases.

Mechanism of Peitu Shengjin Formula Shenlingbaizhu Powder in Treating Bronchial Asthma and Allergic Colitis through Different Diseases with Simultaneous Treatment Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Background

Shenlingbaizhu powder (SLBZP), one of the classic Earth-cultivating and gold-generating prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used to treat various diseases. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of SLBZP on bronchial asthma (BA) and allergic colitis (AC) remain to be elucidated.

Methods

Network pharmacology and molecular docking technology were used to explore the potential mechanism of SLBZP in treating BA and AC with the simultaneous treatment of different diseases. The potential active compounds of SLBZP and their corresponding targets were obtained from BATMAN-TCM, ETCM, SymMap TCM@TAIWAN, and TCMSP databases. BA and AC disease targets were collected through DisGeNET, TTD, GeneCards, PharmGKB, OMIM, NCBI, The Human Phenotype Ontology, and DrugBank databases. Common targets for drugs and diseases were screened by using the bioinformatics and evolutionary genomics platform. The analyses and visualizations of Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment of common targets were carried out by R software. The key targets were screened by using the plug-in “cytoHubba” of Cytoscape software, and the “active compound-key target” network was constructed. Molecular docking analysis was performed using AutoDock software. The miRTarBase database was used to predict microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting key targets, and the key target-miRNA network was constructed.

Result

Through screening, 246 active compounds and 281 corresponding targets were obtained. Common targets were mainly enriched in 2933 biological processes and 182 signal pathways to play the role of treating BA and AC. There were 131 active compounds related to key targets. The results of molecular docking showed that the important active compounds in SLBZP had good binding ability with the key targets. The key target-miRNA network showed that 94 miRNAs were predicted.

Conclusion

SLBZP has played the role of treating different diseases with the same treatment on BA and AC through the characteristics of multicompound, multitarget, and multipathway of traditional Chinese medicine, which provides a theoretical basis for explaining the mechanism and clinical application of SLBZP treating different diseases with the same treatment in BA and AC.

Diosmetin has therapeutic efficacy in colitis regulating gut microbiota, inflammation, and oxidative stress via the circ-Sirt1/Sirt1 axis

Diosmetin (3',5,7 -trihydroxy-4'-methoxy flavone) is a natural flavonoid compound in the citrus species, it exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities, but little is known of its effects on colitis. In this study we evaluated the therapeutic effects of diosmetin on mouse models of chronic and acute colitis. Chronic colitis was induced in mice by drinking water containing 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) from D0 to D8, followed by administration of diosmetin (25, 50 mg · kg^-1 · d^-1) for another 8 days. Acute colitis was induced by drinking water containing 5% DSS from D0 to D7, the mice concomitantly received diosmetin (25, 50 mg · kg^-1 · d^-1) from D1 to D7. During the experiments, body weight and disease activity index (DAI) were assessed daily. After the mice were sacrificed, colon tissue and feces samples were collected, and colon length was measured. We showed that in both models, diosmetin administration significantly decreased DAI score and ameliorated microscopic colon tissue damage; increased the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1), and reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and Cox-2 in colon tissue. We found that diosmetin administration remarkably inhibited colon oxidative damage by adjusting the levels of intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, GSH-Px, SOD, MDA and GSH in colon tissue. The protection of diosmetin against intestinal epithelial barrier damage and oxidative stress were also observed in LPS-treated Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that diosmetin markedly increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and reduced the ratio of acetylated NF-κB and NF-κB by activating the circ-Sirt1/Sirt1 axis, which inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Diosmetin reversed the effects of si-circSirt1 and si-Sirt1 in LPS-treated Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells. When the gut microbiota was analyzed in the mouse model of colitis, we found that diosmetin administration modulated the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes, which were crucial for inflammatory bowel disease. Our results have linked colitis to the circ-Sirt1/Sirt1 signaling pathway, which is activated by diosmetin. The results imply that diosmetin may be a novel candidate to alleviate DSS-induced colitis and can be a lead compound for future optimization and modification.

Modulation of Gut Microbiota Combined with Upregulation of Intestinal Tight Junction Explains Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Corylin on Colitis-Associated Cancer in Mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves chronic inflammation, loss of epithelial integrity, and gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis, resulting in the development of a colon cancer known as colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). In this study, we evaluated the effects of corylin in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. The results showed corylin could improved the survival rate and colon length, maintained body weight, and ameliorated the inflammatory response in the colon. Then, we further identified the possible antitumor effects after 30-day treatment of corylin on an azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-induced CAC mouse model. Biomarkers associated with inflammation, the colon tissue barrier, macrophage polarization (CD11c, CCR7, CD163, and CD206), and microbiota dysbiosis were monitored in the AOM/DSS group versus corylin groups. Corylin downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6) mRNA expression and inflammatory signaling-associated markers (TLR4, MyD88, AP-1, CD11b, and F4/80). In addition, a colon barrier experiment revealed that epithelial cell proliferation of the mucus layer (Lgr5, Cyclin D1, and Olfm4) was downregulated and tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and ZO-1) were upregulated. Furthermore, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio changed with corylin intervention, and the microbial diversity and community richness of the AOM/DSS mice were improved by corylin. The comparative analysis of gut microbiota revealed that Bacteroidetes, Patescibacteria, Candidatus Saccharimonas, Erysipelatoclostridium, and Enterorhabdus were significantly increased but Firmicutes, Turicibacter, Romboutsia, and Blautia decreased after corylin treatment. Altogether, corylin administration showed cancer-ameliorating effects by reducing the risk of colitis-associated colon cancer via regulation of inflammation, carcinogenesis, and compositional change of gut microbiota. Therefore, corylin could be a novel, potential health-protective, natural agent against CAC.

Polyphenol Rich Forsythia suspensa Extract Alleviates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice through the Nrf2-NLRP3 Pathway

This study systematically evaluated the effect of Forsythia suspensa extract on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) and determined its mechanism of action. The results showed that Forsythia suspensa extract significantly inhibited DSS-induced UC in mice. In vivo mechanistic studies revealed that Forsythia suspensa extract relieved the symptoms of colitis by enhancing antioxidant activity and inhibiting pyroptosis. Further in vitro experiments on the mechanism of Forsythia suspensa showed that it reduced the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in J774A.1 cells. We found that Forsythia suspensa extract enhanced cellular antioxidation activity and inhibited pyroptosis. After silencing NLRP3, it was found to play an important role in pyroptosis. In addition, after Nrf2 was silenced, the inhibitory effect of Forsythia suspensa extract on cell pyroptosis was eliminated, indicating an interaction between Nrf2 and NLRP3. Metabonomics revealed that Forsythia suspensa extract significantly improved metabolic function in colitis mice by reversing the abnormal changes in the levels of 9 metabolites. The main metabolic pathways involved were glutathione metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and linoleic acid metabolism. In conclusion, we found that Forsythia suspensa extract significantly alleviated DSS-induced UC injury through the Nrf2-NLRP3 pathway and relieved metabolic dysfunction.

Acanthopanax senticosus total flavonoids alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal inflammation and modulate the gut microbiota in mice

Here, we study the therapeutic effect of Acanthopanax senticosus total flavonoids (ASTFs) using a mouse intestinal inflammation model. The inflammation model used in the present study was developed through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of mice. The experimental mice were divided into a control group, model group (10 mg/kg LPS), dexamethasone group (1 mg/kg DEX) and ASTF low-, medium- and high-dosage groups (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, respectively). The morphological and structural changes in the ileum, jejunum and duodenum were observed using HE staining. The number of intestinal goblet cells (GCs) was calculated based on PAS staining. The contents of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the related mRNA expression level were measured by RT-PCR. The protein expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MyD88, p65 and p-p65 were measured using Western blotting. In addition, the 16S rRNA sequences of bacterial taxa were amplified and analyzed to assess changes in the intestinal microbes of LPS-induced mice and also in response to regulation by ASTF. Following intervention with ASTF, different therapeutic effects were shown according to the various dosages tested, all of which resulted in improved intestinal morphology and an increased number of intestinal GCs, while the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and TNF-α and the related mRNA expression level were significantly reduced. The TLR4, MyD88 and p-p65/p-65 protein expression levels were also significantly reduced. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing results show that LPS disrupts the structure of mouse gut microbes, though we observed that normal microbial status can be restored through ASTF intervention.

Targeting NF-κB pathway by dietary lignans in inflammation: expanding roles of gut microbiota and metabolites

Inflammation is a major factor affecting human health. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays a vital role in the development of inflammation, and the promoters of most inflammatory cytokine genes have NF-κB-binding sites. Targeting NF-κB could be an exciting route for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. As important constituents of natural plants, lignans are proved to have numerous biological functions. There are growing pieces of evidence demonstrate that lignans have the potential anti-inflammatory activities. In this work, the type, structure and source of lignans and the influence on mitigating the inflammation are systematically summarized. This review focuses on the targeting NF-κB signaling pathway in the inflammatory response by different lignans and their molecular mechanisms. Lignans also regulate gut microflora and change gut microbial metabolites, which exert novel pathway to prevent NF-κB activation. Taken together, lignans target NF-κB with various mechanisms to inhibit inflammatory cytokine expressions in the inflammatory response. It will provide a scientific theoretical basis for further research on the anti-inflammatory effects of lignans and the development of functional foods.

Anti-inflammatory effects of β-1,3-1,6-glucan derived from black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans in RAW264.7 cells

β-glucan derived from the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans) is one of the natural products attracting attention due to its high potential for application as a functional food and pharmaceutical. Our team of researchers obtained a highly soluble, low-molecular-weight β-glucan from the fermentation culture medium of A. pullulans via mechanochemical ball milling method, that is, the low-molecular-weight A. pullulans-fermented β-D-glucan (LMW-AP-FBG). We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of LMW-AP-FBG using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) in the current study. LMW-AP-FBG altered LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. As well, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways were downregulated by LMW-AP-FBG. Furthermore, LMW-AP-FBG markedly reduced LPS-induced expression of cell surface molecules, CD14, CD86, and MHC class II, which mediate macrophage activation. These findings suggest that LMW-AP-FBG can be used as an effective immune modulator to attenuate the progression of inflammatory disease.

Corticotropin releasing hormone promotes inflammatory bowel disease via inducing intestinal macrophage autophagy

Psychosocial stress is a vital factor contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The contribution of intestinal macrophage autophagy to the onset and development of IBD has been widely studied. Herein, we investigated the underlying mechanism of psychosocial stress in an IBD mouse model pertaining to macrophage autophagy. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) was peripherally administrated to induce psychosocial stress. For in vivo studies, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used for the creation of our IBD mouse model. For in vitro studies, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was applied on murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) as a cellular IBD-related challenge. Chloroquine was applied to inhibit autophagy. We found that CRH aggravated the severity of DSS-induced IBD, increasing overall and local inflammatory reactions and infiltration. The levels of autophagy in intestinal macrophages and murine BMDMs were increased under these IBD-related inflammatory challenges and CRH further enhanced these effects. Subsequent administration of chloroquine markedly attenuated the detrimental effects of CRH on IBD severity and inflammatory reactions via inhibition of autophagy. These findings illustrate the effects of peripheral administration of CRH on DSS-induced IBD via the enhancement of intestinal macrophage autophagy, thus providing a novel understanding as well as therapeutic target for the treatment of IBD.

Anticancer profile and anti-inflammatory effect of new N-(2-((4-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridine sulfonamide derivatives

A new series of N-(2-((4-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridine sulfonamide derivatives 11a-o were designed and synthesized based on our previous works. The new series was tested for its anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. The anticancer profile of final target compounds was obtained by testing them over 60 cell lines belong to nine types of cancers. Compound 11c showed the highest percent inhibition, so its potency was measured over the most sensitive cell line to determine its IC₅₀ over each cell. In addition, compound 11c was tested over kinase panel to get its biological target(s). Compound 11c had strong activity over JNK1, JNK2, p38a and V600EBRAF. All final target compounds were tested against the four kinases to build a structure activity relationship. Compound 11c was subjected to cell cycle analysis to check at which phase is affected by 11c. The anti-inflammatory effect of final target compounds was screened by testing their ability to inhibit both nitric oxide release and prostaglandin E2 production on raw 264.7 macrophages in addition to test their cytotoxic effect on the same cells. Compound 11n showed the highest ability to inhibit prostaglandin E2 and all compound showed moderate to low activity regarding inhibition of nitric oxide release. Compound 11n was investigated for its ability to reduce Interleukin 6 and TNF-alpha. In addition, compound 11n was tested for its effect on induced Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and COX-2 mRNA expression level and its effect on nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-1 and COX-2 protein levels where it showed selectivity for COX-2 compared to COX-1 and iNOS.

Targeting JAK/STAT signaling pathways in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Janus kinase/signal transduction and transcriptional activator (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway is a transport hub for cytokine secretion and exerts its effects. The activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway is essential for the regulation of inflammatory responses. Inappropriate activation or deletion of JAK/STAT signaling pathway is the initiator of the inflammatory response. JAK/STAT signaling pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in the process of innate and adaptive immune response to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review, we discuss the role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the regulation of different cells in IBD, as well as new findings on the involvement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the regulation of the intestinal immune response. The current status of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of IBD is summarized as well. This review highlights natural remedies that can serve as potential JAK inhibitors. These phytochemicals may be useful in the identification of precursor compounds in the process of designing and developing novel JAK inhibitors.

Challenges of pectic polysaccharides as a prebiotic from the perspective of fermentation characteristics and anti-colitis activity

Several studies are described that contribute to the systematic exploration of new aspects of digestion, fermentation, and biological activities of pectic polysaccharides (PPS) leading to a better understanding of prebiotics. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to be associated with the dysbacteriosis induced by different environmental agents in genetically susceptible persons. PPS are considered as an indispensable gut-microbiota-accessible carbohydrate that play a dominant role in maintaining gut microbiota balance and show a better effect in ameliorating IBD than some traditional prebiotics. The aim of this review is to summarize the fermentation characteristics of PPS, highlight its role in improving IBD, and propose a view that PPS may be a new and effective prebiotic.

STAT1 epigenetically regulates LCP2 and TNFAIP2 by recruiting EP300 to contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

Background

The aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is related to genetics and epigenetics. Epigenetic regulation of the pathogenesis of IBD has not been well defined. Here, we investigated the role of H3K27ac events in the pathogenesis of IBD. Based on previous ChIP-seq and RNA-seq assays, we studied signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) as a transcription factor (TF) and investigated whether the STAT1–EP300–H3K27ac axis contributes to the development of IBD. We performed ChIP-PCR to investigate the interaction between STAT1 and H3K27ac, and co-IP assays were performed to investigate the crosstalk between STAT1 and EP300.

Results

Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (LCP2) and TNF-α‐inducible protein 2 (TNFAIP2) are target genes of STAT1. p-STAT1 binds to the enhancer loci of the two genes where H3K27ac is enriched, and EP300 subsequently binds to regulate their expression. In mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis, an EP300 inhibitor significantly inhibited colitis.

Conclusions

p-STAT1 and EP300 promote TNFAIP2 and LCP2 expression through an increase in H3K27ac enrichment on their enhancers and contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.

Graphic abstract

The alleviating effect and mechanism of Bilobalide on ulcerative colitis

Dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis can drive the onset or aggravation of ulcerative colitis (UC). Bilobalide (BI) is an extract of Ginkgo biloba that has been shown to exhibit a range of anti-inflammatory properties. Herein, we explored functional and mechanistic effects of BI treatment in a rodent model of DSS-induced UC. These analyses revealed that BI treatment was sufficient to reduce disease severity, increase colon length, and normalize colon histological characteristics relative to those observed in DSS-treated model mice. BI also enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins associated with intestinal barrier integrity including ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-3. Through 16S rDNA sequencing analyses, BI was also found to influence the overall richness of the intestinal microbiome, promoting the proliferation of probiotic species including Lactobacillus. Consistent with these in vivo findings, BI treatment protected RAW264.7 cells against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory damage, suppressing the activation of the AKT/NF-κB p65 and MAPK signaling pathways in this experimental context. In summary, these findings revealed that BI can suppress MAPK and AKT/NF-κB p65 signaling, thereby suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, while additionally alleviating UC severity by facilitating repair of the intestinal epithelial barrier and the remodeling of intestinal microbial communities.

Structure elucidation and anti-inflammatory mechanism of difengpienol C, a new neolignan isolated from Illicium difengpi

Illicium difengpi is well-known as its stem barks that have been widely used in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for therapy rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic injury. To comprehensive utilization of resources, the phytochemical investigation on the branches and leaves of this plant was carried out, which led to the isolation of an undescribed neolignan along with three known lignans. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data and the new compound was elucidated as a neolignan possessing a dihydropyran ring formed by a unique conjugation way and named difengpienol C. Difengpienol C showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which powerfully inhibited nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production and suppressed the mRNA transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-6 and TNF-α. Besides, difengpienol C blocked the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, difengpienol C might be a potent agent for anti-inflammatory drug development, and the non-traditional medicinal parts of Illicium difengpi can be identified as the source of natural anti-inflammatory molecules.

Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 inhibits LPS-induced downregulation of ZO-1 expression via TLR2/4-mediated JNK/AP-1 signalling pathways

AIMS

ZO-1 is a key regulatory tight junction protein that plays an important role in maintaining gastrointestinal health. In this study, we investigated the protective effect and regulation mechanism of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 on tight junction protein ZO-1 at the cellular and molecular levels.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We established LPS-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury model, and detected the protective effect of HDRsEf1 on ZO-1 in IPEC-J2 cells by Real-time PCR and Western blot. The results showed that HDRsEf1 inhibited the downregulation of ZO-1 expression induced by LPS. HDRsEf1 stabilized the destruction of the ZO-1 structure caused by LPS in an immunofluorescence assay. Through gene overexpression and siRNA interference tests, we found that transcription factor AP-1 inhibited the level of ZO-1 expression. Silencing experiment further supported that the protective effect of HDRSEF1 might mediated by suppression of LPS-provoked activation of ASK1/MKK7/JNK signalling pathways. In addition, HDRsEf1 could stabilize ZO-1 expression by increasing TLR2 expression and competing with LPS for the TLR4 binding site. More interestingly, we also found that HDRsEf1 could stabilize ZO-1 expression through inhibiting the production of TNF-α induced by LPS.

CONCLUSIONS

HDRsEf1 could protect the IPEC-J2 cell against LPS induced down-regulation of ZO-1 expression by inhibiting the activation of TLR2/4-mediated JNK-AP-1 and signalling cascade and the production of TNF-α.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This study can provide a theoretical basis for probiotics to regulate the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, and supply technical support for probiotics to prevent and treat animal intestinal infectious diseases.

Mutagenic and teratogenic toxicity evaluation of Forsythia suspensa leaves aqueous extract

Forsythia suspensa leaves (FSL), rich in phillyrin, forsythiaside A, phillygenin, rutin, and other compounds, is a known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It has been effective in heat retreat and detoxification. In this study, we performed the mutagenic and teratogenic toxicity evaluation of FSL aqueous extract (FSLAE) using the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, spermatocyte chromosomal aberration assay in mice. Kunming mice and SD rats were used were for the mutagenic and the teratogenic studies, respectively. We found that FSLAE was not mutagenic and did not induce unfavorable chromosomal events. Additionally, the Ames test revealed FSLAE was not genotoxic and showed no mutagenic activity in histidine dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium at concentrations up to 5000 μg/plate. Likewise, in vivo test revealed no induced micronucleus of mouse bone marrow or chromosome aberration in spermatocytes up to the dose of 10.00 g/kg BW. For the teratogenic evaluations, pregnant rats were treated with 1.04, 2.08, and 4.17 g/kg FSL, and fetuses were examined on the 6-15 day of pregnancy. We observed no maternal toxicity and embryotoxicity related to the treatment. Based on these in vitro and in vivo studies, we concluded the genotoxic and teratogenic safety of FSL.

Biliverdin Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating the miR-27a-3p/Rgs1 Axis

BACKGROUND

We have previously demonstrated that biliverdin has neuroprotective effects that ameliorate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. This study aimed at elucidating on the modulatory role of miR-27a-3p on Rgs1 as a mechanism by which biliverdin affects cerebral I/R injury.

METHODS

Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) was used to establish I/R rat models while oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was used to induce hippocampal neurons to establish I/R models in vitro. Infarct volume was assessed by TTC staining. Apoptotic analyses of ischemic cortical neurons and cells were performed by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay while the target of miR-27a-3p was determined by double luciferase reporter assay. Relative expression levels of miR-27a-3p and Rgs1 (in vivo and in vitro) as well as markers of inflammation and apoptosis (in vitro) were detected by RT-qPCR. Then, Elisa and western blot were used to assess protein expression levels of inflammatory and apoptotic markers in vitro.

RESULTS

Biliverdin suppressed inflammation and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons upon OGD/R, and reduced cerebral infarction volume as well as apoptosis in the MCAO/R rat model. Furthermore, biliverdin upregulated miR-27a-3p and downregulated hippocampal neuron Rgs1 after OGD/R as well as in rat brain tissues after cerebral I/R. Bioinformatic analysis revealed an miR-27a-3p docking site in the 3'-UTR region of Rgs1. Luciferase reporter assays showed that Rgs1 is an miR-27a-3p target. Moreover, miR-27a-3p upregulation inhibited OGD/R-triggered inflammation and suppressed neuronal apoptosis. Rgs1 knockdown suppressed OGD/R-triggered inflammation and decreased neuronal apoptosis while miR-27a-3p downregulation reversed the protective effect of Rgs1 knockdown. Moreover, miR-27a-3p overexpression and Rgs1 silencing suppressed NF-κB (p65) expression.

CONCLUSION

Biliverdin protects against cerebral I/R injury by regulating the miR-27a-3p/Rgs1 axis, thereby inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Extracts and Pure Compounds Derived from Plants via Modulation of Signaling Pathways, Especially PI3K/AKT in Macrophages

The plant kingdom is a source of important therapeutic agents. Therefore, in this review, we focus on natural compounds that exhibit efficient anti-inflammatory activity via modulation signaling transduction pathways in macrophage cells. Both extracts and pure chemicals from different species and parts of plants such as leaves, roots, flowers, barks, rhizomes, and seeds rich in secondary metabolites from various groups such as terpenes or polyphenols were included. Selected extracts and phytochemicals control macrophages biology via modulation signaling molecules including NF-κB, MAPKs, AP-1, STAT1, STAT6, IRF-4, IRF-5, PPARγ, KLF4 and especially PI3K/AKT. Macrophages are important immune effector cells that take part in antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and immunomodulation. The M1 and M2 phenotypes are related to the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents, respectively. The successful resolution of inflammation mediated by M2, or failed resolution mediated by M1, may lead to tissue repair or chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is strictly related to several disorders. Thus, compounds of plant origin targeting inflammatory response may constitute promising therapeutic strategies.

HLJ2 Effectively Ameliorates Colitis-Associated Cancer via Inhibition of NF-κB and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Introduction

Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) accounts for approximately 15% of IBD patient mortalities. However, currently available anti-CAC drugs possess many disadvantages including safety, specificity and side effects. Therefore, the development of novel anti-CAC compounds is imperative. HLJ2 was a monomeric compound synthesized by our institute and reported to have an effect on ulcer colitis.

Methods

In vivo the AOM/DSS-induced CAC model was used to evaluate the effects of HLJ2 on ameliorating CAC symptoms, immunohistochemical analysis was used to analyze the pathological damage to colons and epithelial–mesenchymal transition was for changes of cytokines. In vitro, flow cytometric analysis, immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to detect the inhibition effect of HLJ2 on nuclear factor-κB and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in TGF-β1-stimulated SW480 cells.

Results

In the AOM/DSS animal model, HLJ2 was demonstrated to inhibit the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-κB, levels of tumorigenesis-related proteins including snail, and finally inhibited a key step in metastasis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition. In vitro, HLJ2 was also shown to inhibit nuclear factor-κB and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in TGF-β1-stimulated SW480 cells in accordance with in vivo results. Meanwhile, the nuclear factor-κB inhibitor could interrupt the effect of HLJ2 on epithelial–mesenchymal transition.

Discussion

HLJ2 may ameliorate CAC through inhibiting nuclear factor-κB and then downstream epithelial–mesenchymal transition. The combination of the obvious improvement in effects on CAC without obvious side effects suggests that HLJ2 could be developed as a potential CAC therapeutic candidate.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and ROS Regulation Effect of Sinapaldehyde in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of SNAH in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by performing nitric oxide (NO) assays, cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Western blotting, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. SNAH inhibited the production of NO (nitric oxide), reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6. Additionally, 100 μM SNAH significantly inhibited total NO and ROS inhibitory activity by 93% (p < 0.001) and 34% (p < 0.05), respectively. Protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) stimulated by LPS were also decreased by SNAH. Moreover, SNAH significantly (p < 0.001) downregulated the TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS mRNA expression upon LPS stimulation. In addition, 3–100 µM SNAH was not cytotoxic. Docking simulations and enzyme inhibitory assays with COX-2 revealed binding scores of −6.4 kcal/mol (IC₅₀ = 47.8 μM) with SNAH compared to −11.1 kcal/mol (IC₅₀ = 0.45 μM) with celecoxib, a known selective COX-2 inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that SNAH exerts anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of ROS and NO by COX-2 inhibition. Thus, SNAH may be useful as a pharmacological agent for treating inflammation-related diseases.

Disruption of FGF Signaling Ameliorates Inflammatory Response in Hepatic Stellate Cells

It is a well-documented event that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate liver development and homeostasis in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine manners via binding and activating FGF receptors (FGFRs) tyrosine kinase in hepatocytes. Recent research reveals that hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a fundamental role in liver immunology. However, how FGF signaling in HSCs regulates liver inflammation remains unclear. Here, we report that FGF promoted NF-κB signaling, an inflammatory pathway, in human HSCs, which was associated with FGFR1 expression. Both FGF and NF-κB signaling in HSCs were compromised by FGFR1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. After stimulating HSCs with proinflammatory cytokines, expression of multiple FGF ligands was significantly increased. However, disruption of FGF signaling with FGFR inhibitors prominently reduced the apoptosis, inflammatory response, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) induced by TNFα in HSCs. Interestingly, FGF21 significantly alleviated the inflammation responses in the concanavalin A (Con A)-induced acutely injured liver. Unlike canonic FGFs that elicit signals through activating the FGFR–heparan sulfate complex, FGF21 activates the FGFR–KLB complex and elicits a different set of signals. Therefore, the finding here indicates the urgency of developing pathway-specific inhibitors that only suppress canonical FGF, but not non-canonical FGF21, signaling for alleviating inflammation in the liver, which is presented in all stages of diseased liver.

Andrographolide sulfonate ameliorates chronic colitis induced by TNBS in mice via decreasing inflammation and fibrosis

Inflammatory bowel disease could result in diarrhea and abdominal pain, as well as potential complications such as tissue fibrosis. The therapeutic effect of andrographolide sulfonate on acute murine experimental colitis induced by 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) has been confirmed. In the study here, chronic colitis triggered by repeated intrarectal administration of TNBS was established and the effect of andrographolide sulfonate was examined. Repeated TNBS administration induced substantial mice death, which was significantly decreased by andrographolide sulfonate treatment. The elevation of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α as well as IFN-γ in colonic tissues levels were decreased after administration of andrographolide sulfonate. Next, CD4⁺ T cell and macrophage infiltration was found to descend. The subset of pathogenic CD4⁺ T cell subset including CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ (Th1) and CD4⁺IL-17A⁺ (Th17) were also suppressed by andrographolide sulfonate. Further, the restrain of p38 and p65 activation were also observed after andrographolide sulfonate administration. Finally, TNBS-induced colonic epithelial damage as well as fibrosis were significantly mitigated by andrographolide sulfonate. Based on the results got here, we can make a conclusion that andrographolide sulfonate could decrease inflammation and epithelial damage as well as fibrosis thus ameliorating chronic colitis in mice. Our study suggest the possible use of andrographolide sulfonate for chronic colitis treatment in clinical.

GDF3 Protects Mice against Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction and Mortality by Suppression of Macrophage Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype

Macrophages are critical for regulation of inflammatory response during endotoxemia and septic shock. However, the mediators underlying their regulatory function remain obscure. Growth differentiation factor 3 (GDF3), a member of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, has been implicated in inflammatory response. Nonetheless, the role of GDF3 in macrophage-regulated endotoxemia/sepsis is unknown. Here, we show that serum GDF3 levels in septic patients are elevated and strongly correlate with severity of sepsis and 28-day mortality. Interestingly, macrophages treated with recombinant GDF3 protein (rGDF3) exhibit greatly reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, comparing to controls upon endotoxin challenge. Moreover, acute administration of rGDF3 to endotoxin-treated mice suppresses macrophage infiltration to the heart, attenuates systemic and cardiac inflammation with less pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) and more anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2), as well as prolongs mouse survival. Mechanistically, GDF3 is able to activate Smad2/Smad3 phosphorylation, and consequently inhibits the expression of nod-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) in macrophages. Accordingly, blockade of Smad2/Smad3 phosphorylation with SB431542 significantly offsets rGDF3-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, this study uncovers that GDF3, as a novel sepsis-associated factor, may have a dual role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Acute administration of rGDF3 into endotoxic shock mice could increase survival outcome and improve cardiac function through anti-inflammatory response by suppression of M1 macrophage phenotype. However, constitutive high levels of GDF3 in human sepsis patients are associated with lethality, suggesting that GDF3 may promote macrophage polarization toward M2 phenotype which could lead to immunosuppression.