Rapid Solid-Liquid Dynamic Extraction (RSLDE): A Powerful and Greener Alternative to the Latest Solid-Liquid Extraction Techniques

Shredded Bacterial Cellulose as a Potential Carrier of Polyphenols Derived from Apple Waste Applying Rapid Solid-Liquid Dynamic Extraction

The production and application of bacterial cellulose (BC) from nonpathogenic microorganisms, such as Acetobacter species, have gained popularity due to its high-water absorption capacity and mechanical strength. Although BC is already used as an additive to modulate the texture of some cosmetic and food formulations, it has not yet been characterized as a carrier of bioactive compounds in such formulations. This study explores the production and characterization of shredded-BC incorporating polyphenolic compounds extracted from waste apples using rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE) at room temperature. While shredding did not alter BC's inner microstructure, the increased surface-to-volume ratio and simplified tridimensional structure significantly enhanced the absorption and release kinetics of polyphenols, enabling faster delivery. These findings highlight the potential of shredded-BC as a particle-based ingredient for cosmetic masks, facilitating the rapid release of antioxidant compounds and offering new opportunities for the development of BC cosmetic formulations capable of controlling the release rate of bioactive compounds by modulating their size.

Extraction of total flavonoids from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai and its antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition effects

Ultrasound-assisted extraction technology was utilized to extract total flavonoids from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai, and response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction process. The anti-oxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities were evaluated, along with an analysis of the type of inhibition. The results revealed that the optimal extraction conditions for total flavonoids from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai were as follows: an ethanol concentration of 62%, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 15:1 mL/g, an ultrasonic temperature of 68°C, and an ultrasonic time of 40 min, resulting in a total flavonoid extraction rate of 10.18%. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that the Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai extract exhibited significant radical scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt) radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, with IC50 values of 582 µg/mL, 538 µg/mL, and 1709 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, enzyme inhibition assays indicated that the Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai extract possesses notable inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase, with an IC50 value of 2658 µg/mL. This inhibition is mediated through a mixed reversible inhibition mechanism.

Efficient Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Molecules from Brown Macroalga Sargassum horneri: Optimal Extraction, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Evaluation

Sargassum horneri (SH) is a promising marine bioresource for producing bioactive compounds. Recently, the biological functions (including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities) of SH extracts have been revealed; however, efficient extraction processes to produce bioactive molecules (such as tannin and phenol) have not been carefully designed. In this study, the ultrasound-assisted extraction process was optimized based on the response surface methodology (RSM) to efficiently produce tannin and phenol from SH. Significant RSM models (p < 0.05) for predicting tannin and phenol yields were developed, and prethanol A concentration, temperature, and solid loading were significantly affected by tannin or phenol yield (p < 0.05). Following numerical optimization, the tannin and phenol yields achieved 14.59 and 13.83 mg/g biomass, respectively, under optimal conditions (39.1% solvent, 61.9 °C, 52.0 g/L solid loading, and 49.0% amplitude), similar to the model-predicted values (12.95 and 13.37 mg/g, respectively). Then, time profiling under optimal conditions determined the optimal time as 10.0 min, resulting in the highest yield (15.88 mg tannin and 14.55 mg phenol/g). The extracts showed antioxidant activity (IC50: 79.86 μg/mL) comparable to that of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It was found to be particularly non-toxic, raising its potential as a functional ingredient in food or cosmetics.

Spinacia oleracea L. Baby Leaves as a Source of Bioactive Principles: The Chemical Profiling of Eco-Sustainable Extracts by Using LC-ESI/HRMS- and 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics

Spinacia oleracea L. cultivar platypus leaves are identified as a functional food due to their nutrient composition which promotes health beyond basic nutrition. Considering the increasing use of food supplements, S. oleracea baby leaves have been extracted by maceration, solid-liquid dynamic extraction (SLDE)-Naviglio, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using EtOH and EtOH:H2O mixtures. The analysis of the extracts by using LC-ESI/HRMSMS revealed 42 compounds (flavonoids, polar lipid derivatives, and 20-hydroxyecdysone), along with primary metabolites, detected by NMR analysis. A principal component analysis (PCA) of LC-ESI/HRMS and NMR data was performed, revealing how 20-hydroxyecdysone and flavonoids, the specialized metabolites mainly responsible for the biological activity of S. oleracea leaves, occurred in the highest amount in the EtOH and EtOH:H2O (70:30, v/v) extracts obtained by SLDE-Naviglio extraction. 20-hydroxyecdysone was also quantified in all the extracts via LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS using the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method. The EtOH extracts obtained by SLDE-Naviglio and maceration showed the highest content (82.16 and 81.27 mg/g extract, respectively). The total phenolic content (118.35-206.60 mg GAE/g), the flavonoid content (10.90-41.05 mg rutin/g), and the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) (1.63-2.05 mM) of the extracts were determined. The EtOH:H2O (70:30, v/v) extract analyzed by using SLDE-Naviglio showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity.

Valorization of Potato Peels (Solanum tuberosum) Using Infrared-Assisted Extraction: A Novel Sprouting Suppressant and Antibacterial Agent

Recently, there has been a growing interest in reducing waste to promote environmental sustainability, with particular focus on agricultural by-products, especially fruits and vegetables. Potato, a widely used crop across various industries, generates a significant amount of peel waste. This study aims to valorize potato peels using water bath extraction (WBE) and infrared-assisted extraction (IRAE), both with distilled water as the solvent, followed by assessments of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-sprouting activities. Optimization using response surface methodology identified optimal extraction conditions for WBE (90 °C for 70 min) and IRAE (80 °C for 10 min), with both methods yielding 3.5 mg GAE/g DM in polyphenol content. IRAE demonstrated superior energy efficiency and enhanced antioxidant activity. The extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus sp. and Salmonella sp.), with inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 14 mm. Furthermore, the potato peels extract showed significant anti-sprouting effects at room temperature, reducing both the number and size of sprouts compared with the control. HPLC analysis showed the presence of different phenolic compounds such as rutin, catechin, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid in one or both extracts. These findings suggest that potato peels extract holds potential for applications in the food industry as a natural preservative due to its antioxidant properties, as well as a sprout suppressant. The antibacterial activity of the extracts suggests their potential as a natural preservative as well, offering protection against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that may be present in food.

Medicinal Plants Derived Green Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Potential Applications in Cancer Therapy

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to explore the synthesis, characterization, and potential applications of carbon dots (CDs) derived from medicinal plants for cancer prevention, highlighting their role as a promising alternative in nanotechnological approaches.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was conducted to gather information on the synthesis methods, complex matrices, characterization techniques, and potential applications of CDs derived from medicinal plants in cancer therapy.

RESULT

Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a subject of significant interest due to their favorable chemical and biological properties. Various precursors, including graphite, carbon black, and organic molecules, are utilized in the synthesis of CDs through chemical or physical methods. Notably, CDs derived from medicinal plants offer environmentally friendly alternatives, leveraging complex matrices such as aqueous, alcoholic, and hydroalcoholic extracts. This review emphasizes the green synthesis approaches, characterization techniques, and diverse applications of CDs, including drug transport, bioimaging, biosensing, and anti-cancer therapies. Furthermore, it highlights the advantages and disadvantages of different synthesis methods, aiding researchers in selecting appropriate techniques for continuous production.

CONCLUSION

Carbon dots (CDs) represent a transformative advancement in nanotheranostics, offering a versatile platform for precise cancer diagnosis and therapy. With inherent anticancer properties, CDs hold promise in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), enabling precise tumor targeting while minimizing systemic toxicity. To address the limitations of standalone PDT and PTT, researchers are exploring multimodal treatment approaches integrating CDs. By leveraging the unique properties of CDs derived from medicinal plants, a new era of precision cancer therapy may be realized, emphasizing enhanced therapeutic outcomes and reduced adverse effects.

From Waste to Wealth: Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Wine By-Products-A Review

The present paper explores the biological potential of bioactive compounds present in wine industry wastes, highlighting their valorization to promote sustainability and circular economy. Wine by-products, such as grape pomace and vine shoots, contain a high concentration of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and other phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. Both conventional extraction methods, such as solid-liquid extraction, and emerging technologies, including enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, high-hydrostatic-pressure extraction, and deep natural solvent-assisted extraction (NaDES), are discussed. In addition, the preservation of polyphenolic extracts by microencapsulation, a key technique to improve the stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds, is addressed. The combination of advanced extraction methods and innovative preservation techniques offers a promising perspective for the valorization of bioactive compounds from wine residues, driving sustainability and innovation in the industry.

Development of a New Extraction Method for Pomegranate and Metabolite Profiling by a LC-MS and 1H NMR Combined Approach

The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) market has steadily grown due to the increasing demand of health-conscious consumers of products with health-promoting effects. Recently, a growing interest in developing ecological and environmentally friendly extraction methods has led to investigating extraction procedures to obtain a higher extraction yield using a lower amount of solvents and energy. Herein, a new extraction procedure was developed to obtain an enriched pomegranate food supplement by using the peels of pomegranate, cultivar "Dente di Cavallo" and its juice. The extraction was performed through a non-conventional extraction technique like SLDE-Naviglio using ethanol and pomegranate juice as a solvent, and peels as a matrix. The extract was analysed by a combined approach based on LCESI/QExactive/MS/MS and NMR analysis, and its chemical profile was compared with those of pomegranate juice and of the extract obtained from peels by SLDE-Naviglio by using ethanol:H2O. The LC-MS analysis highlighted the presence of hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, ellagic acid and phenol glucoside derivatives, while 1H NMR analysis completed the profile by detecting the primary metabolites. The LC-MS and 1H NMR analysis indicated that the extract obtained by SLDE-Naviglio using ethanol and pomegranate juice was enriched in the bioactives as confirmed by the highest phenolic, tannin and flavonoid content.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate recovery overview: properties, characterizations, and extraction strategies

Due to their excellent properties, polyhydroxyalkanoates are gaining increasing recognition in the biodegradable polymer market. These biogenic polyesters are characterized by high biodegradability in multiple environments, overcoming the limitation of composting plants only and their versatility in production. The most consolidated techniques in the literature or the reference legislation for the physical, chemical and mechanical characterisation of the final product are reported since its usability on the market is still linked to its quality, including the biodegradability certificate. This versatility makes polyhydroxyalkanoates a promising prospect with the potential to replace fossil-based thermoplastics sustainably. This review analyses and compares the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate, indicating their current limitations and strengths. In particular, the copolymer is characterised by better performance in terms of crystallinity, hardness and workability. However, the knowledge in this area is still in its infancy, and the selling prices are too high (9-18 $ kg-1). An analysis of the main extraction techniques, established and in development, is also included. Solvent extraction is currently the most widely used method due to its efficiency and final product quality. In this context, the extraction phase of the biopolymer production process remains a major challenge due to its high costs and the need to use non-halogenated toxic solvents to improve the production of good-quality bioplastics. The review also discusses all fundamental parameters for optimising the process, such as solubility and temperature.

Trends in extracting Agro-byproducts' phenolics using non-thermal technologies and their combinative effect: Mechanisms, potentials, drawbacks, and safety evaluation

The agro-food industries generate significant waste with adverse effects. However, these byproducts are rich in polyphenols with diverse bioactivities. Innovative non-thermal extraction (NTE) technologies (Naviglio extractor®, cold plasma (CP), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulse-electric field (PEF), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), etc.) and their combinative effect (integrated UAE + HPPE, integrated PEF + enzyme-assisted extraction, etc.) could improve polyphenolic extraction. Hence, this article comprehensively reviewed the mechanisms, applications, drawbacks, and safety assessment of emerging NTE technologies and their combinative effects in the last 5 years, emphasizing their efficacy in improving agro-byproduct polyphenols' extraction. According to the review, incorporating cutting-edge NTE might promote the extraction ofmore phenolic extractfrom agro-byproducts due to numerous benefits,such as increased extractability,preserved thermo-sensitive phenolics, and low energy consumption. The next five years should investigate combined novel NTE technologies as they increase extractability. Besides, more research must be done on extracting free and bound phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lignans from agro by-products. Finally, the safety of the extraction technology on the polyphenolic extract needs a lot of studies (in vivo and in vitro), and their mechanisms need to be explored.

The way forward to produce nutraceuticals from agri-food processing residues: obstacle, solution, and possibility

Food matrices contain bioactive compounds that have health benefits beyond nutritional value. The bulk of bioactive chemicals are still present in agro-industrial by-products as food matrices. Throughout the food production chain, there is a lot of agro-industrial waste that, if not managed effectively, could harm the environment, company, and how nutritiously and adequately people eat. It's important to establish processes that maximise the use of agro-industrial by-products, such as biological technologies that improve the extraction and acquisition of bioactive compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries. As opposed to nonbiological processes, biological procedures provide high-quality, bioactive extracts with minimum toxicity and environmental impact. Fermentation and enzymatic treatment are biological processes for obtaining bioactive compounds from agro-industrial waste. In this context, this article summarises the principal bioactive components in agro-industrial byproducts and the biological methods employed to extract them. In this review efficient utilization of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial waste more effectively in food and pharmaceutical industries has been described.

Detailed Protocol for Solid-Phase Extraction for Lipidomic Analysis

Developing robust analytical techniques is a vital phase to facilitate understanding the roles and impacts of various omic profilings in cellular functions. The comprehensive analysis of various biological molecules within a biological system requires a precise sample preparation technique. Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) has proven to be an indispensable method in lipidomic analysis, providing an uncomplicated and user-friendly technique for extraction and purification of lipid components from complex biological matrices. Of all the factors influencing the reliability and success of SPE, column or adsorbent materials, flow rate, and storage conditions are paramount in terms of their significance. In this chapter, we will discuss in detail the SPE steps for lipidomic analysis in biofluid samples (serum and plasma) and muscle tissues.

Valorization of grape (Vitis vinifera) leaves for bioactive compounds: novel green extraction technologies and food-pharma applications

Grape leaves, scientifically known as Vitis vinifera, the primary by-product obtained after the processing of grapes, are gathered in enormous amounts and disposed of as agricultural waste. For more sustainable agriculture and better food systems, it is crucial to investigate these byproducts' nutritional values. The primary bioactive compounds present in grape leaves are quercetin, resveratrol, caffeic acid, kaempferol, and gallic acid, which favour pharmacological effects on human health such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective. Furthermore, grape leaves extract has been used as a functional ingredient for creating both food and non-food products. The aim of the current review is to review the nutritional and phytochemical composition of various varieties of grape leaves, their health-promoting characteristics and their applications. The study also highlights the various extraction techniques including conventional and non-conventional methods for extracting the various bioactive compounds present in grape leaves. Grape leaves bioactives can be extracted using environmentally safe and sustainable processes, which are in line with the rising demand for eco-friendly and healthful products worldwide. These methods are perfectly suited to the changing needs of both customers and industries since they lessen environmental effect, enhance product quality, and offer financial advantages.

Purification and characterization of pure curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin from North-East India Lakadong turmeric (Curcuma longa)

Lakadong turmeric has been outlined for its high content of curcuminoids across the globe. Three significant molecular markers are widely present in turmeric viz, curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, and they are present very high amount in Lakadong turmeric. Curcuminoids have been reported for structural and spectrum similarity of 3 to 4 nm (432, 434, and 436 nm, respectively). Current purification methods are based on recrystallisation where it is difficult to get highly pure material and preparative methods associated with tedious separation with high cost. Lakadong turmeric has not been explored commercially since long time. No reports are available in the literature with highly pure reference materials with in-depth characterization data and purity assessment. Curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin were characterized using different analytical techniques viz, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR), Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13CNMR), High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HR-MS) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Purified 3 markers has shown High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) purity more than 99.5%. DSC the melting peaks of curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin were observed at 168 °C, 165 °C, and 210 °C, respectively. These plant-based markers have high commercial potential as reference material for routine Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC) in herbal industries.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Applewood Polyphenols at Lab and Pilot Scales

This study focused on the extraction of polyphenols from applewood using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). First, the influence of solvent composition and mass-volume (m:v) ratio on the extraction yield was studied at a lab scale (200 mL). Overall, a ratio of 1:33 (m:v) resulted in a higher yield of polyphenols. Furthermore, both a higher yield of polyphenols and higher antioxidant capacity were detected in the extracts produced in the presence of a 30 v/v % ethanol mixture compared to pure water; a further increase in ethanol did not improve the extraction yield. Second, under the optimal conditions (30 v/v % ethanol-water; 1:33 and 1:20 (m:v)), the UAE technique was applied at a pilot scale (100 L). At 1:33 (m:v), the polyphenol yield was lower at the pilot scale compared to the lab scale; by contrast, at 1:20 (m:v), production at the pilot scale resulted in a higher yield compared to the lab scale. To identify and quantify individual polyphenols, HPLC-PDA analyses were performed. Phloridzin appears to be the major identified compound. Finally, the UAE process was compared to a conventional solid-liquid extraction technique, showing that a significantly higher yield could be obtained with UAE.

Efficiency of Recovery of the Bioactive Principles of Plants by Comparison between Solid-Liquid Extraction in Mixture and Single-Vegetable Matrices via Maceration and RSLDE

The term "officinal" derives from the Latin and includes all medicinal, aromatic and perfume plant species, which have long been a subject of interest for multiple purposes: health, food, pharmacological, cosmetic and so on. In this work, a study on six different species of medicinal plants, particularly characterized by digestive, choleretic and diuretic properties, was carried out: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), laurel (Laurus nobilis), gentian (Gentiana lutea), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and rhubarb (Rheum palmatum). The roots and aerial parts of plants were separately extracted with two different techniques-maceration and rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE)-and the quali/quantitative analysis of active ingredients have been determined by applying dry residue, Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH assays. Data obtained have provided useful answers regarding the efficiency of the extraction carried out on a mixture or on single plants, allowing us to evaluate the best choice according to the cases and the final uses.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Polyphenols and Their Nutraceutical Value against Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Coriander is a widely used plant for its medicinal and biological properties. Both coriander essential oil and extracts are interesting sources of bioactive compounds and are widely used as spices in culinary practice due to their exclusive aroma and flavour. We focus our attention on coriander extracts that are rich in polyphenols. It is well known that plant polyphenols possess different biological activities and several functional foods contain this class of compounds. The polyphenol profile in an extract can be influenced by the plant part studied, the method of extraction and other parameters. This study performs a literature review using the words "coriander", "polyphenols" and "extraction" or "biological activity" in different databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus. After that, we focus on the evidence of coriander polyphenols as protective agents against some inflammation-related diseases. Due to the bioactivities of coriander extract, this herb can be considered a valuable functional food against obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes.

Black rice and its by-products: anthocyanin-rich extracts and their biological potential

Recently, growing demand for products enriched with natural compounds that support human health has been observed. Black rice, its by-products, and residues are known to have in their composition a large amount of these compounds with biological potential, mainly anthocyanins. These compounds have reported effects on anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the extract from black rice or its by-products have great potential for application as ingredients in functional foods, supplements, or pharmacological formulations. This overview summarizes the methods employed for the extraction of anthocyanins from both black rice and its by-products. In addition, trends in applications of these extracts are also evaluated regarding their biological potential. Commonly, the extraction methods used to recover anthocyanins are conventional (maceration) and some emerging technologies (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction - UAE, and Microwave-Assisted Extraction - MAE). Anthocyanin-rich extracts from black rice have presented a biological potential for human health. In vitro and in vivo assays (in mice) showed these compounds mainly with anti-cancer properties. However, more clinical trials are still needed to prove these potential biological effects. Extracts from black rice and its by-products have great potential in applying functional products with beneficial characteristics to humans and reducing agro-industrial residues.

Bioactive Components and Their Activities from Different Parts of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle for Food Development

Citrus aurantifolia is part of the Rutaceae family and belongs to the genus Citrus. It is widely used in food, the chemical industry, and pharmaceuticals because it has a unique flavor and odor. It is nutrient-rich and is beneficial as an antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insecticide. Secondary metabolites present in C. aurantifolia are what give rise to biological action. Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, limonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils are among the secondary metabolites/phytochemicals discovered in C. aurantifolia. Every portion of the plant's C. aurantifolia has a different composition of secondary metabolites. Environmental conditions such as light and temperature affect the oxidative stability of the secondary metabolites from C. aurantifolia. The oxidative stability has been increased by using microencapsulation. The advantages of microencapsulation are control of the release, solubilization, and protection of the bioactive component. Therefore, the chemical makeup and biological functions of the various plant components of C. aurantifolia must be investigated. The aim of this review is to discuss the bioactive components of C. aurantifolia such as essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic, limonoids, and alkaloids obtained from different parts of the plants and their biological activities such as being antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, an insecticide, and anti-inflammatory. In addition, various extraction techniques of the compounds out of different parts of the plant matrix as well as the microencapsulation of the bioactive components in food are also provided.

Tuning water chemistry for the recovery of greener products: pragmatic and sustainable approaches

The environmental impact and denaturing propensity of organic solvents in the extraction of plant bioactives pose great challenges in extraction systems. As a result, proactive consideration of procedures and evidence for tuning water properties for better recovery and positive influence on the green synthesis of products become pivotal. The conventional maceration approach takes a longer duration (1-72 h) for product recovery while percolation, distillation, and Soxhlet extractions take about 1 to 6 h. An intensified modern hydro-extraction process was identified for tuning water properties with an appreciable yield similar to organic solvents within 10-15 min. The percentage yield of tuned hydro-solvents achieved close to 90% recovery of active metabolites. The additional advantage of using tuned water over organic solvents is in the preservation of the bio-activities and forestalling the possibility of contamination of the bio-matrices during extractions with an organic solvent. This advantage is based on the fast extraction rate and selectivity of the tuned solvent when compared to the traditional approach. This review uniquely approaches the study of biometabolite recovery through insights from the chemistry of water under different extraction techniques for the very first time. Current challenges and prospects from the study are further presented.

Phytochemical Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant and Photobiological Properties of Different Extracts from Prangos ferulacea Lindl

Interesting photobiological properties have been demonstrated for some Cachrys species, including C. libanotis L., C. sicula L., and C. pungens Jan. The present study was designed to assess the photocytotoxic activity of Prangos ferulacea Lindl. (synonym of C. ferulacea (L.) Calest.). This plant was previously considered a Cachrys species but, at present, it is part of the Prangos genus. P. ferulacea is an orophilous plant present in the eastern Mediterranean and in western Asia. Three different extraction techniques were utilized. Obtained extracts were compared both for their phytochemical content and for their photobiological properties on human melanoma cells irradiated with UVA light. The apoptotic responses, together with the antioxidant activity, were also assessed. P. ferulacea extracts were able to affect cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with the sample obtained through supercritical CO₂ extraction showing the highest activity (IC₅₀ = 4.91 μg/mL). This research points out the interesting content in the photoactive compounds of this species, namely furanocoumarins, and could provide a starting point for further studies aimed at finding new photosensitizing agents useful in cancer photochemotherapy.

Neuroprotective Properties of Cardoon Leaves Extracts against Neurodevelopmental Deficits in an In Vitro Model of Rett Syndrome Depend on the Extraction Method and Harvest Time

This study investigates the bioactive properties of different extracts of cardoon leaves in rescuing neuronal development arrest in an in vitro model of Rett syndrome (RTT). Samples were obtained from plants harvested at different maturity stages and extracted with two different methodologies, namely Naviglio^® and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂). While scCO₂ extracts more hydrophobic fractions, the Naviglio^® method extracts phenolic compounds and less hydrophobic components. Only the scCO₂ cardoon leaves extract obtained from plants harvested in spring induced a significant rescue of neuronal atrophy in RTT neurons, while the scCO₂ extract from the autumn harvest stimulated dendrite outgrowth in Wild-Type (WT) neurons. The scCO₂ extracts were the richest in squalene, 3ß-taraxerol and lupeol, with concentrations in autumn harvest doubling those in spring harvest. The Naviglio^® extract was rich in cynaropicrin and exerted a toxic effect at 20 µM on both WT and RTT neurons. When cynaropicrin, squalene, lupeol and 3ß-taraxerol were tested individually, no positive effect was observed, whereas a significant neurotoxicity of cynaropicrin and lupeol was evident. In conclusion, cardoon leaves extracts with high content of hydrophobic bioactive molecules and low cynaropicrin and lupeol concentrations have pharmacological potential to stimulate neuronal development in RTT and WT neurons in vitro.

Optimization for the efficient recovery of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) using the green solvent 1,3-dioxolane

In this study, a simple non-toxic recovery process of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) using the green solvent 1,3-dioxolane and water was successfully developed. The critical parameters were optimized, and the process platform was scaled up from 2 ml to 1,000 ml for the efficient recovery of PHB. The physical parameters including continuous shaking, ultrasonication, extraction using the Soxhlet extractor, diluted 1,3-dioxolane, reused 1,3-dioxolane, and cell rupture by steam explosion prior to solvent extraction were carefully investigated. The results showed that continuous shaking played a major role in increasing the recovery efficiency during the scale-up process. The PHB extraction at 2 ml from dried cells at 80°C with 100 rpm of shaking speed for 5 h resulted in a recovery yield of 96.6 ± 0.1% with purity up to 99.1 ± 0.6% and that from wet cells under the same condition resulted in a recovery yield of 94.6 ± 4.8% and purity of 97.0 ± 0.1%. It should be noted that the PHB extracted from wet cells at room temperature with 150 rpm of shaking speed for 36 h resulted in a recovery yield of 93.5 ± 0.7% and purity of 97.7 ± 1.3% and had an M_W of 3.1×10⁵, M_N of 2.7×10⁵, and polydispersity index of 1.1. The direct scale-up process at 1,000 ml showed comparable results in purity, recovery yield, molecular weight distribution, thermal properties, and mechanical properties. The PHB extraction from dried cells gave the highest purity of 99.3 ± 0.5% and recovery of 94.0 ± 0.3%, whereas the PHB extraction from wet cells gave a purity of 90.3 ± 1.5% and recovery of 92.6 ± 1.0%. The novel recovery process showed its feasibility to be applied on an industrial scale.

Photoprotective activities of Lignosus rhinocerus in UV-irradiated human keratinocytes

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Lignosus rhinocerus, also known as Tiger Milk Mushroom has been used traditionally to treat a variety of human conditions, including asthma, diabetes, respiratory disease, skin allergy, and food poisoning. The reported activities of Lignosus rhinocerus extracts include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-asthmatic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, neuroprotection, and immune modulation effects. However, its effect on human skin is not well documented, including human skin exposed to ultraviolet light (UV). Exposure to UV can trigger various cellular responses, including inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell death, and cellular aging.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aims to investigate the effects of methanolic extract prepared from cultured Lignosus rhinocerus (herein referred to as TM02 and its methanol extract as TM02-ME) on UV-irradiated human keratinocytes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Powdered stock of TM02 was dissolved and sequentially extracted with different solvents to prepare the extracts and the methanol extract was subsequently characterized based on its bio-activities on HaCaT human keratinocytes. The keratinocytes were pre-treated with the methanol extract followed by UV-irradiation. Cellular responses of the HaCaT cells such as cell viability, DNA damage, as well as gene and protein expressions that were responsive to the treatments, were characterized by using bio-assays, including reverse-transcription based PCR, Western blot, cell viability, and mitochondrial Cytochrome C release assays.

RESULTS

TM02-ME protected HaCaT cells from UV-induced DNA damage and cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of HaCaT cells with TM02-ME led to a 39% reduction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and up-regulated the gene expression of REV1 and SPINK5 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells when compared to the control. In addition, TM-02-ME treated HaCaT cells increased the expression of BCL-XL and BCL-2 proteins which coincided with the down-regulation of mitochondrial Cyt. C release in the UV-B irradiated HaCaT cells. The results were further supported by data that showed the stable clones of HaCaT cells stably expressed BCL-XL were resistant to UVB-induced cell death.

CONCLUSIONS

^__The results showed that TM02-ME confers photoprotective activities to UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, leading to a reduction in DNA damage and cell death as well as up-regulated the expression of REV1 and SPINK5 which are involved in DNA repair and skin barrier function, respectively. The up-regulation of pro-survival members of the BCL-2 family by TM02-ME confers protection against UVB-induced cell death.

Overview of the Polyphenols in Salicornia: From Recovery to Health-Promoting Effect

Nowadays, there has been considerable attention paid toward the recovery of waste plant matrices as possible sources of functional compounds with healthy properties. In this regard, we focus our attention on Salicornia, a halophyte plant that grows abundantly on the coasts of the Mediterranean area. Salicornia is used not only as a seasoned vegetable but also in traditional medicine for its beneficial effects in protecting against diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. In numerous research studies, Salicornia consumption has been highly suggested due to its high level of bioactive molecules, among which, polyphenols are prevalent. The antioxidant and antiradical activity of polyphenols makes Salicornia a functional food candidate with potential beneficial activities for human health. Therefore, this review provides specific and compiled information for optimizing and developing new extraction processes for the recovery of bioactive compounds from Salicornia; focusing particular attention on polyphenols and their health benefits.

Extraction and Isolation of Natural Products

Bioactive compounds are substances that are generally found in small amounts in food and can have beneficial health effects [...]

Optimization of a Green Extraction of Polyphenols from Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Pulp

This work focused on the optimization of the ultrasound (US) extraction of polyphenols from sweet cherry pulp by monitoring cyanidin-3O-rutinoside, quercetin-3O-rutinoside, and trans-3-O-coumaroylquinic acid, representing the main anthocyanin, flavonol, and hydroxycinnamate, respectively, identified in the extracts through chromatographic analyses (HPLC-DAD), as output variables. The optimization was performed following a two-level central composite design and the influence of the selected independent variables (i.e., extraction time and solid to solvent ratio) was checked through the response surface methodology. The maximum recovery of the phenolic compounds was obtained at 3 min and 0.25 g/mL in water/ethanol (1:1, v/v) at a set temperature (25 °C), sonication power (100 W), and sonication frequency (37 kHz). Subsequent validation experiments proved the effectiveness and reliability of the gathered mathematical models in defining the best ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions.

Phytocompounds as an Alternative Antimicrobial Approach in Aquaculture

Despite culturing the fastest-growing animal in animal husbandry, fish farmers are often adversely economically affected by pathogenic disease outbreaks across the world. Although there are available solutions such as the application of antibiotics to mitigate this phenomenon, the excessive and injudicious use of antibiotics has brought with it major concerns to the community at large, mainly due to the rapid development of resistant bacteria. At present, the use of natural compounds such as phytocompounds that can be an alternative to antibiotics is being explored to address the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These phytocompounds are bioactive agents that can be found in many species of plants and hold much potential. In this review, we will discuss phytocompounds extracted from plants that have been evidenced to contain antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic activities. Further, it has also been found that compounds such as terpenes, phenolics, saponins and alkaloids can be beneficial to the aquaculture industry when applied. This review will focus mainly on compounds that have been identified between 2000 and 2021. It is hoped this review will shed light on promising phytocompounds that can potentially and effectively mitigate AMR.

Analytical Techniques for Phytocannabinoid Profiling of Cannabis and Cannabis-Based Products-A Comprehensive Review

Cannabis is gaining increasing attention due to the high pharmacological potential and updated legislation authorizing multiple uses. The development of time- and cost-efficient analytical methods is of crucial importance for phytocannabinoid profiling. This review aims to capture the versatility of analytical methods for phytocannabinoid profiling of cannabis and cannabis-based products in the past four decades (1980-2021). The thorough overview of more than 220 scientific papers reporting different analytical techniques for phytocannabinoid profiling points out their respective advantages and drawbacks in terms of their complexity, duration, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness for their specific application, along with the most widely used sample preparation strategies. In particular, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, are presented and discussed. Acquired knowledge of phytocannabinoid profile became extremely relevant and further enhanced chemotaxonomic classification, cultivation set-ups examination, association of medical and adverse health effects with potency and/or interplay of certain phytocannabinoids and other active constituents, quality control (QC), and stability studies, as well as development and harmonization of global quality standards. Further improvement in phytocannabinoid profiling should be focused on untargeted analysis using orthogonal analytical methods, which, joined with cheminformatics approaches for compound identification and MSLs, would lead to the identification of a multitude of new phytocannabinoids.

Molecular and pharmacological aspects of piperine as a potential molecule for disease prevention and management: evidence from clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Piperine is a type of amide alkaloid that exhibits pleiotropic properties like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and enhancing bioavailability and fertility-related activities. Piperine has the ability to alter gastrointestinal disorders, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and bioavailability of several drugs. The present review explores the available clinical and preclinical data, nanoformulations, extraction process, structure-activity relationships, molecular docking, bioavailability enhancement of phytochemicals and drugs, and brain penetration properties of piperine in the prevention, management, and treatment of various diseases and disorders.

MAIN BODY

Piperine provides therapeutic benefits in patients suffering from diabetes, obesity, arthritis, oral cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral stroke, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, inflammatory diseases, and rhinopharyngitis. The molecular basis for the pleiotropic activities of piperine is based on its ability to regulate multiple signaling molecules such as cell cycle proteins, anti-apoptotic proteins, P-glycoprotein, cytochrome P450 3A4, multidrug resistance protein 1, breast cancer resistance protein, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 proinflammatory cytokine, nuclear factor-κB, c-Fos, cAMP response element-binding protein, activation transcription factor-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, Human G-quadruplex DNA, Cyclooxygenase-2, Nitric oxide synthases-2, MicroRNA, and coronaviruses. Piperine also regulates multiple signaling pathways such as Akt/mTOR/MMP-9, 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase-activated NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 inflammasome, voltage-gated K+ current, PKCα/ERK1/2, NF-κB/AP-1/MMP-9, Wnt/β-catenin, JNK/P38 MAPK, and gut microbiota.

SHORT CONCLUSION

Based on the current evidence, piperine can be the potential molecule for treatment of disease, and its significance of this molecule in the clinic is discussed.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Cytotoxicity of an Innovative Pressurised Cyclic Solid-Liquid (PCSL) Extract from Artemisia annua

Therapeutic treatments with Artemisia annua have a long-established tradition in various diseases due to its antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-malaria and anti-cancer effects. However, in relation to the latter, virtually all reports focused on toxic effects of A. annua extracts were obtained mostly through conventional maceration methods. In the present study, an innovative extraction procedure from A. annua, based on pressurised cyclic solid-liquid (PCSL) extraction, resulted in the production of a new phytocomplex with enhanced anti-cancer properties. This extraction procedure generated a pressure gradient due to compressions and following decompressions, allowing to directly perform the extraction without any maceration. The toxic effects of A. annua PCSL extract were tested on different cells, including three cancer cell lines. The results of this study clearly indicate that the exposure of human, murine and canine cancer cells to serial dilutions of PCSL extract resulted in higher toxicity and stronger propensity to induce apoptosis than that detected by subjecting the same cells to Artemisia extracts obtained through canonical extraction by maceration. Collected data suggest that PCSL extract of A. annua could be a promising and economic new therapeutic tool to treat human and animal tumours.

Assessing Green Methods for Pectin Extraction from Waste Orange Peels

In this work, we assess three different methods for the extraction of pectin from waste orange peels, using water as extracting solvent. “Hot-water”, Rapid Solid Liquid Dynamic (RSLD) and microwave-assisted extractions have been compared and evaluated in terms of amount and quality of extracted pectin, as well as embodied energy. This analysis provides useful guidelines for pectin production from food waste according to green procedures, enabling the identification of acidic “hot-water” as the most sustainable extraction route.

Mechanical Processing of Hermetia illucens Larvae and Bombyx mori Pupae Produces Oils with Antimicrobial Activity

The aim of this work was to develop processing methods that safeguard the quality and antimicrobial properties of H. illucens and B. mori oils. We adopted a vegetable diet for both insects: leftover vegetables and fruit for H. illucens and mulberry leaves for B. mori. First, alternative techniques to obtain a good oil extraction yield from the dried biomass of H. illucens larvae were tested. Traditional pressing resulted to be the best system to maximize the oil yield and it was successfully applied to B. mori pupae. Oil quality resulted comparable to that obtained with other extraction methods described in the literature. In the case of B. mori pupae, different treatments and preservation periods were investigated to evaluate their influence on the oil composition and quality. Interestingly, agar diffusion assays demonstrated the sensitivity of Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus to H. illucens and B. mori derived oils, whereas the growth of Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was not affected. This study confirms that fat and other active compounds of the oil extracted by hot pressing could represent effective antimicrobials against bacteria, a relevant result if we consider that they are by-products of the protein extraction process in the feed industry.

Curcumin, Quercetin, Catechins and Metabolic Diseases: The Role of Gut Microbiota

Polyphenols (PPs) are the naturally occurring bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, and they are the most abundant antioxidant in the human diet. Studies are suggesting that ingestion of PPs might be helpful to ameliorate metabolic syndromes that may contribute in the prevention of several chronic disorders like diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and colon cancer. PPs have structural diversity which impacts their bioavailability as they accumulate in the large intestine and are extensively metabolized through gut microbiota (GM). Intestinal microbiota transforms PPs into their metabolites to make them bioactive. Interestingly, not only GM act on PPs to metabolize them but PPs also modulate the composition of GM. Thus, change in GM from pathogenic to beneficial ones may be helpful to ameliorate gut health and associated diseases. However, to overcome the low bioavailability of PPs, various approaches have been developed to improve their solubility and transportation through the gut. In this review, we present evidence supporting the structural changes that occur after metabolic reactions in PPs (curcumin, quercetin, and catechins) and their effect on GM composition that leads to improving overall gut health and helping to ameliorate metabolic disorders.

Trends in the management of waste tyres and recent experimental approaches in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from rubber crumbs

The health and environmental consciousness of waste tires has increased tremendously over the years. This has motivated efforts to develop secondary applications that will utilize tire when they reach the end of their life cycle and limit their disposal in landfills. Among the applications of waste tires which are discussed in this review, the use of rubber crumbs in artificial turf fields has gained worldwide attention and is increasing annually. However, there are serious concerns regarding chemicals that are used in the manufacturing process of tires, which ultimately end up in rubber crumbs. Chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals which are found in rubber crumbs have been identified as harmful to human health and the environment. This review paper is intended to highlight some of the methods which have been used to manage waste tire; it also looks at chemicals/materials used in tire compounding which are identified as possible carcinogenic.

Emerging challenges in the extraction, analysis and bioanalysis of cannabidiol and related compounds

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a bioactive terpenophenolic compound isolated from Cannabis sativa L. It is known to possess several properties of pharmaceutical interest, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective and anti-convulsant, being it active as a multi-target compound. From a therapeutic point of view, CBD is most commonly used for seizure disorder in children. CBD is present in both medical and fiber-type C. sativa plants, but, unlike Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), it is a non-psychoactive compound. Non-psychoactive or fiber-type C. sativa (also known as hemp) differs from the medical one, since it contains only low levels of THC and high levels of CBD and related non-psychoactive cannabinoids. In addition to medical Cannabis, which is used for many different therapeutic purposes, a great expansion of the market of hemp plant material and related products has been observed in recent years, due to its usage in many fields, including food, cosmetics and electronic cigarettes liquids (commonly known as e-liquids). In this view, this work is focused on recent advances on sample preparation strategies and analytical methods for the chemical analysis of CBD and related compounds in both C. sativa plant material, its derived products and biological samples. Since sample preparation is considered to be a crucial step in the development of reliable analytical methods for the determination of natural compounds in complex matrices, different extraction methods are discussed. As regards the analysis of CBD and related compounds, the application of both separation and non-separation methods is discussed in detail. The advantages, disadvantages and applicability of the different methodologies currently available are evaluated. The scientific interest in the development of portable devices for the reliable analysis of CBD in vegetable and biological samples is also highlighted.

Application of Analytical Chemistry to Foods and Food Technology

Foods are a mixture of substances capable of supplying the human body with nutrients, which, once metabolized, are used mainly for the production of energy, heat, replenishment, and growth material for organs and tissues, ensuring the normal performance of vital functions necessary for growth of the human body. Therefore, the study of the chemical composition of foods and the properties of their constituents helps to define their nutritional and commodity values. Furthermore, it allows for evaluation of the chemical modifications that the constituents of the food undergo following the treatments (Food Technology) to which they are subjected. Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry based on the qualitative and quantitative determination of compounds present in a sample under examination. Therefore, through its application, it is possible to determine the quality of a product and/or its nutritional value, reveal adulterations, identify the presence of xenobiotic substances potentially harmful to human health (heavy metals, IPA, pharmaceuticals, etc.). Furthermore, some foods, in particular those of plant origin, contain numerous substances, secondary metabolites, with huge beneficial effects for human health. These functional components can be taken both through a correct diet, but also obtained from different food matrices by technological or biotechnological processes for the formulation of both functional foods and/or nutraceutical products. This Special Issue brings together 10 original studies and two comprehensive reviews on the above topics, in particular: (i) processes of extraction, identification, and characterization of biologically active compounds from different food matrices, (ii) overview of the main techniques applied for the determination of food colors, (iii) newer and greener solid-liquid extraction techniques.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thyme, Hemp and Coriander Extracts: A Comparison Study of Maceration, Soxhlet, UAE and RSLDE Techniques

Appropriate and standardized techniques for the extraction of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activity from plants are required. In this work, a comparison of different conventional and unconventional extraction techniques (maceration—M, Soxhlet—S, ultrasound assisted extraction—UAE, and rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction—RSLDE) was investigated. Bioactive compounds were extracted from Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme), Cannabis sativa L. (industrial hemp) and Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) and chemically characterized for their volatile fraction and polyphenolic content by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). Linalool (48.19%, RSLDE) and carvacrol (21.30%, M) for thyme, caryophyllene (54.78%, S) and humulene (14.13%, S) for hemp, and linalool (84.16%, RSLDE) for coriander seeds were the main compounds among terpenes, while thyme was the richest source of polyphenols with rosmarinic acid (51.7 mg/g dry extract-S), apigenin (7.6 mg/g dry extract-S), and luteolin (4.1 mg/g dry extract-UAE) being the most abundant. In order to shed light on their potential as natural food preservatives, the biological activity of the extracts was assessed in terms of antioxidant activity (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid—ABTS˙⁺, ferric reducing antioxidant power—FRAP, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl—DPPH˙ assays) and phenolic content (Folin–Ciocâlteu method). For thyme, Soxhlet extracts showed best performances in FRAP and ABTS˙⁺ assays (74 mg TE/g dry extract and 134 mg TE/g dry extract, respectively), while Soxhlet and RSLDE extracts recorded similar activity in DPPH˙ (107–109 mg TE/g dry extract). For hemp and coriander, indeed, RSLDE extracts accounted for higher antioxidant activity as evidenced by FRAP (80 mg TE/g dry extract and 18 mg TE/g dry extract, respectively) and ABTS˙⁺ (557 mg TE/g dry extract and 48 mg TE/g dry extract, respectively) assays. With respect to DPPH˙, the best results were observed for UAE extracts (45 mg TE/g dry extract and 220 mg TE/g dry extract, respectively). Our findings suggest that all the investigated techniques are valid extraction methods to retain bioactive compounds and preserve their activity for application in food and pharmaceutical formulations. Among them, the innovative RSLDE stands out for the slightly higher antioxidant performances of the extracts, coupled with the facility of use and standardization of the extraction process.

Optimization of extraction and quantification technique for phenolics content of garlic (Allium sativum): An application for comparative phytochemical evaluation based on cultivar origin

A range of conventional, i.e. maceration, percolation, ultrasonic assisted, Soxhlet and Soxtec extraction (STE), to advanced extraction techniques of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was utilized for the first time in order to optimize the extract yield and recovery of phenolics-gallic acid (GA), rutin (RT) and quercetin (QT)-quantified via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD). The effect of solvents (n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol) and temperature (60, 80 and 100°C) upon extraction yield, phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and DPPH) was studied, and the method was validated in commercial food samples from Saudi Arabia, China and India. A high extract yield with percentage recovery was observed for STE (1221.10 mg/5 g; 24.42%) and ASE techniques (91.50 mg/1 g; 9.15%) in methanol at 100°C. UHPLC-DAD showed retention times (min) of 0.67, 1.93 and 1.90 for GA, RT and QT, respectively in the shortest runtime of 3 min. The yield for phenolics was higher for STE/ASE (ppm): 15.27/15.29 (GA), 85.24/37.56 (RT) and 52.20/33.40 (QT), respectively. In terms of antioxidant activities, low IC₅₀ values (μg/ml) of 1.09/1.18 (DPPH), 2.11/5.32 (ABTS) and 4.35/7.88 (phenazine methosulfate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) were observed for STE and ASE, respectively. Multivariate analysis for STE showed a significant (P = 0.000) correlation for extraction type vs. extract yield and phenolics content; however, there was no significance for antioxidant activities vs. extraction type. ASE showed a positive correlation for solvent vs. extraction yield, phenolics and antioxidant activity; however, there was no correlation for extraction yield and DPPH activity. Principal component analysis for STE showed a major variability (52.02%) for extraction yield and phenolics in PC1 followed by PC2 (38.30%) for antioxidant activities. For ASE, PC1 (48.68%) showed a positive correlation for solvent vs. extraction yield and phenolics while PC2 (33.12%) showed a positive correlation for temperature and antioxidant activities. STE and ASE were the optimized extraction techniques for the garlic food sample while a significant effect of solvent and temperature was observed upon extraction yield, phenolics and antioxidant activity.