Sources, Extraction and Biomedical Properties of Polysaccharides

Optimizing ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis and evaluating their antioxidant and antibacterial activities in acidic environments

In this study, the response surface method was used to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis. The optimal extraction conditions were ultrasonic time 50 min, solid-liquid ratio 1: 40, ultrasonic power 265 w, and the predicted extraction rate was 6.861 ± 0.116 %. The FT-IR and NMR confirmed that polysaccharide from S. platensis would protonate to form β-glucoside bond in acidic environment, and the original carbonyl group would be converted to carboxyl group and then esterified to form acyl group donor. In the acidic pH range (7.0, 6.0, 5.0 and 4.0), the antioxidant, nitrite scavenging and bacteriostatic activities of the extracted polysaccharide from S. platensis were measured in vitro. The results showed that polysaccharide of S. platensis had better antioxidant activity in acidic environment and better performance in low pH condition. In addition, it has the best inhibitory effect on Salmonella enteritidis (14.3-17.15 mm) in acidic environment, and the inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus (11.95-12.87 mm) is stronger than that in neutral environment (10.48-12.08 mm). To sum up, the structure of polysaccharide from S. platensis will change in acidic environment, and it has good antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

Polysaccharides as natural enhancers for meat quality, preservation, and protein functionality: A comprehensive review

Recent research focuses on developing meat products with health-promoting properties to reduce disease risk, particularly using natural polysaccharides due to their antioxidant and antibacterial effects. These polysaccharides, sourced from various materials, act through diverse structural mechanisms, inhibiting pathogen growth, enhancing oxidative stability, and improving meat flavor. This study highlights the role of meat proteins in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their importance in enhancing processed meat quality. It also examines the application of natural antioxidants and preservatives in meat processing. While some promising results demonstrate the potential of polysaccharides in meat science, their role in improving meat protein functions requires further investigation. Additionally, current solutions for improving meat quality face limitations, necessitating further research to reach industrial-scale applications. Thermal stability of meat proteins remains a critical factor throughout all stages of meat production, from processing and sterilization to consumption and preservation.

Extraction optimization, purification, characterization, and hypolipidemic activities of polysaccharide from pumpkin

Polysaccharides derived from pumpkin have garnered increasing interest due to their diverse biological activities. In this study, pumpkin polysaccharides were extracted using an ultrasound-assisted extraction method, optimized via response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as follows: a solid-liquid ratio of 1:60 (g/mL), an extraction time of 1.9 h, an extraction temperature of 62 °C, and an ultrasonic power of 286 W. Under these conditions, the total carbohydrate content in pumpkin polysaccharides reached 71.14 ± 1.53 %, closely aligning with the predicted value. Post extraction, the polysaccharides were purified using DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-100 columns, resulting in a pure fraction termed PPS3. Structural analysis revealed that PPS3, with a molecular mass of 5.96 × 104 Da, consisted of mannose, glucosamine hydrochloride, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 0.005:0.004:0.041:0.013:0.545:0.004:0.241:0.147, respectively. The backbone primarily contained →4)-α-D-GalpA-6-OMe-(1→ residue with several branched chains. Functionally, PPS3 demonstrated potent in vitro hypolipidemic activities. These findings elucidated the structural characteristics of pumpkin polysaccharides and suggested their potential as natural hypolipidemic agents.

Mapping the evolution of anti-diabetic polysaccharides research: Trends, collaborations, and emerging frontiers

Diabetes Mellitus, characterized by insufficient insulin secretion, pancreatic beta cell damage, or insulin resistance, is the third most prevalent chronic metabolic disease worldwide. Polysaccharides, biocompatible natural macromolecules, have garnered significant attention for their potential in modulating diabetes through various mechanisms. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive and impartial evaluation of anti-diabetic polysaccharides (ATDPs) research is still lacking. This study employs bibliometric and knowledge mapping techniques to analyze research trends and developments concerning ATDPs. A total of 3435 publications from 2001 to 2024 were examined, revealing a marked increase in publication volume and citation frequency, particularly since 2016. Network analysis indicates China as the leading contributor, with the highest number of publications and prominent institutions. The International Journal of Biological Macromolecules is identified as the most prolific journal in this field. Shaoping Nie stands out as a leading researcher with the highest citation frequency and h-index. Current research trends focus on the role of polysaccharides in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation, modulation of gut microbiota, and their structural characterization. Emerging studies investigate how these polysaccharides impact gut microbiota composition, enhance intestinal barrier functions, and modulate immune responses, representing cutting-edge areas in diabetes research. This research pioneers the use of bibliometric analysis to map ATDPs research trajectories, offering valuable insights into prevailing trends, emerging topics, and opportunities for future research and collaboration.

Anti-dyslipidemic potential of sulfated glycosaminoglycan from rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata: An in vivo study

The rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata, native to the Indo-Pacific region, is widely recognized for its nutritional and therapeutic benefits. A sulfated glycosaminoglycan (SCP-2) with β-(1 → 3)-GlcNSp and α-(1 → 4)-GlcAp as recurring units was isolated from S. cucullata. SCP-2 exhibited substantial 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibition potential (IC50 0.65 mg/mL) in comparison with atorvastatin (IC50 0.72 mg/mL). An in vitro study of SCP-2 (0.1-160 μg/dL) revealed a 77-89 % reduction in triglyceride levels in Caco-2 cells after 4 days of incubation, similar to atorvastatin-treated cells (90 %). The efficacy of SCP-2 (at 90 mg/kg body weight) showed timely alleviation of triglyceride and cholesterol levels in tyloxapol-induced dyslipidemic rats (∼43 % and 81 % inhibition at 5 h), which was analogous to the atorvastatin treatment group (∼66 % and 71 %). Furthermore, SCP-2 (at 90 mg/kg body weight) showed mitigation in triglyceride (>50 %) and cholesterol levels (>25 %) in high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet-induced rats, similar to the lovastatin treatment group (approximately 62 % and 33 % inhibition on the 45th day). Histopathological studies of SCP-2 also showed recovery in ballooning degeneration, steatosis, and inflammation in liver tissues. Structure-activity relationship analysis suggested the importance of sulfate group in SCP-2 in contributing to its anti-dyslipidemic efficacy. The capability of SCP-2 to mitigate cholesterol, triglyceride, and HMGCR levels positions it as a promising functional food against dyslipidemia-related disorders.

Sustainable and biocompatible hybrid materials-based sulfated polysaccharides for biomedical applications: a review

Sustainable biomaterials that are both efficient and environmentally friendly are the subject of research and development efforts among scientists and academics from a variety of contemporary scientific disciplines. Due to their significant involvement in several physiological and pathological processes, sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) have garnered growing interest across various application domains, including biomedicine. Nevertheless, mechanical and thermal stability are issues for unmodified polysaccharide materials. Interactions between polymers, such as the mixing of biopolymers with synthetic or biopolymers through chemical interaction or grafting into the main chain structure of raw materials to enhance their therapeutic effects, are essential to meet the high standards of biomedical features. Another way to improve the mechanical and thermal properties is to graft appropriate fillers onto the polysaccharide backbone. The characteristics of polysaccharide bio-nanocomposites in comparison to more traditional polymers have attracted a lot of interest. With an emphasis on anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anticoagulant properties, this review delves into the most recent biological uses of sulfated polysaccharides. As well as thoroughly outlining the factors that impact the biological properties, such as the extraction process, molecular weight (Mw), the degree of sulfation, distribution/position, modification procedures, and the filler size, etc., this review aims to: (1) provide a systematic and critical overview of the cutting-edge research on SPs and hybrid sulfated polysaccharide bio-nanocomposites; (2) identify the key factors, mechanisms, methods, and challenges impacting SPs bio-nanocomposites; (3) elucidate the current and potential biomedical applications, advantages, manufacturing challenges, and opportunities associated with SPs bio-nanocomposites; (4) offer insights into future research directions by suggesting improvements for bio-nanocomposites, including novel materials, and advanced processing techniques.

Developing a Versatile Arsenal: Novel Antimicrobials as Offensive Tools Against Pathogenic Bacteria

The pervasive and often indiscriminate use of antibiotics has accelerated the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains, thus presenting an acute threat to global public health. Despite a growing acknowledgment of the severity of this crisis, the current suite of strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance remains markedly inadequate. This paper asserts the paramount need for the swift development of groundbreaking antimicrobial strategies and provides a comprehensive review of an array of innovative techniques currently under scrutiny. Among these, nano-antimicrobials, antimicrobials derived from ribosomal proteins, CRISPR/Cas-based systems, agents that undermine bacterial bioenergetics, and antimicrobial polysaccharides hold particular promise. This analysis gives special attention to CRISPR/Cas-based antimicrobials, scrutinizing their underlying mechanisms, exploring their potential applications, delineating their distinct advantages, and noting their likely limitations. Furthermore, we extend our exploration by proposing theoretical advancements in antimicrobial technology and evaluating feasible methods for the effective delivery of these agents. This includes leveraging these advances for broader biomedical applications, potentially revolutionizing how we confront bacterial pathogens in the future, and laying a foundation for extended research in multimodal therapeutic strategies.

Cordyceps militaris-Derived Bioactive Gels: Therapeutic and Anti-Aging Applications in Dermatology

Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal mushroom widely utilized in traditional East Asian medicine, recognized for its diverse therapeutic properties. This review explores the potential of C. militaris-derived bioactive gels for applications in dermatology and skincare, with a particular focus on their therapeutic and anti-aging benefits. In response to the rising incidence of skin cancers and the growing demand for natural bioactive ingredients, C. militaris has emerged as a valuable source of functional compounds, including cordycepin, polysaccharides, and adenosine. These compounds exhibit multiple bioactivities, including apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and anti-inflammatory effects, which have been shown to be particularly effective against melanoma and other skin cancers. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of C. militaris enhance skin resilience by scavenging reactive oxygen species, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting collagen synthesis, thereby addressing skin health and anti-aging requirements. The potential for incorporating C. militaris compounds into gel-based formulations for skincare is also examined, either as standalone bioactives or in combination with synergistic ingredients. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of clinical trials and standardization to establish the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of such applications. By providing a safer alternative to synthetic agents, C. militaris-derived bioactive gels represent a promising advancement in dermatology and skincare.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction, Structural Characteristics, and Activity of Polysaccharides From Gymnocladus chinensis Baill

In this study, the response surface method (RSM) was used to determine the optimal parameters of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Gymnocladus chinensis Baill. polysaccharides (GCBPs). The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: a liquid-solid ratio of 50.4 mL/g, an extraction temperature of 60°C, an extraction time of 43 min, and an extraction power of 240 W. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of GCBP reached 50.1%. Three fractions of GCBP-40, GCBP-60, and GCBP-80 with sugar contents of 64.33%, 59.16%, and 59.46% were obtained by different concentrations of ethanol purification. All the three fractions consisted of six monosaccharides with different ratios, namely, Man, Rha, Gal, Glu, Ara, and Xyl. From Congo red test, it is confirmed that all three fractions could have a triple helix structure. In addition, the antioxidant and hypoglycemic experiments showed that all three components had excellent antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] free-radical scavenging activity, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) [ABTS] free-radical scavenging activity, and OH- free-radical scavenging activity) and hypoglycemic activity (α-glucosidase inhibitory activity).

Polysaccharides and Peptides With Wound Healing Activity From Bacteria and Fungi

Bacteria and fungi are natural sources of metabolites exhibiting diverse bioactive properties such as wound healing, antioxidative, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Two important groups of bacteria or fungi-derived metabolites with wound-healing potential are polysaccharides and peptides. In addition to bacteria-derived cellulose and hyaluronic acid and fungi-derived chitin and chitosan, these organisms also produce different polysaccharides (e.g., exopolysaccharides) with wound-healing potential. The most commonly used bacterial peptides in wound healing studies are bacteriocins and lipopeptides. Bacteria or fungi-derived polysaccharides and peptides exhibit both the in vitro and the in vivo wound healing potency. In the in vivo models, including animals and humans, these metabolites positively affect wound healing by inhibiting pathogens, exhibiting antioxidant activity, modulating inflammatory response, moisturizing the wound environment, promoting the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, increasing collagen synthesis, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis. Therefore, peptides and polysaccharides derived from bacteria and fungi have medicinal importance. This study aims to overview current literature knowledge (especially within the past 5 years) on the in vitro and in vivo wound repair potentials of polysaccharides and peptides obtained from bacteria (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria) and fungi (yeasts, filamentous microfungi, and mushrooms).

Application progress of ultrasound in the production and processing of traditional Chinese herbal medicines

The quality of Chinese herbal medicines is the key to the quality of traditional Chinese medicine. The processing of Chinese herbal medicines is an important part of the production and quality formation of medicinal materials. Traditional processing methods have low productivity and cannot guarantee the quality of Chinese herbal medicines. Among various non-thermal processing methods, ultrasonic technology has been proved to be a very valuable green processing technology. This paper will discuss the application of ultrasonic technology in the production and processing of Chinese herbal medicines in recent years, including the extraction, cleaning, drying and sterilization of effective components of Chinese herbal medicines. This review summarizes its principle, characteristics and application progress in recent years, and discusses its existing problems. The effects of ultrasound on the chemical structure and biological activity of bioactive compounds extracted from Chinese herbal medicines are mainly introduced. In addition, this paper discusses the effects of different ultrasonic conditions such as frequency, power, time and temperature on the chemical properties and processing of Chinese herbal medicines. In general, the use of ultrasound in the production and processing of Chinese herbal medicines has great application potential.

A mini review of polysaccharides from Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim: Their extraction, purification, structural characteristics, bioactivity and potential applications

Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (Z. bungeanum), commonly known as Sichuan pepper or Chinese prickly ash, is a deciduous shrub in the Rutaceae family, with a lengthy history of use as a food ingredient and traditional medicine in China. Z. bungeanum polysaccharides (ZBPs) represent one of the crucial bioactive components of Z. bungeanum, garnering global attention due to their potential medicinal value, culinary significance, and promising application prospects. The principal methods for extracting ZBPs are hot water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction and microbial fermentation extraction. However, the structural characteristics of ZBPs remain ambiguous, necessitating further exploration and elucidation of the structure-activity relationship using the advanced analytical techniques. In addition, ZBPs demonstrate diverse bioactivities, including antioxidant activity, neuroprotective effect, antibacterial activity, and the anti-fatigue effect, positioning them as promising candidates for various therapeutic and health-promoting applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, bioactivities, and potential applications of ZBPs, emphasizing the significant promise of ZBPs as valuable natural compounds with a range of bioactivities, supporting their further exploitation and application in various fields of industries and therapeutics.

Structural Characteristics and Immunological Function of a New Non-Starch Polysaccharide from Red Sprout Taro

Taro is a tuber crop that is used for nutritional and medicinal purposes due to its abundance of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). Red Sprout taro is a local variety in Southern China, but the characteristics and bioactivities of its NSPs are currently unknown. In this study, NSPs were isolated from the corms of Red Sprout taro using hot-water extraction, ion-exchange chromatography, and ethanol precipitation; their molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, structural formulae, and immunomodulatory effects were examined. A novel NSP named Colocasia esculenta polysaccharide 1 (CEP1) was purified and characterized and was shown to mainly consist of glucose (60.49%) and galactose (25.92%) and have a molecular weight of 4556.272 kDa. The backbone of CEP1 consisted primarily of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, and →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→ residues, with a branch consisting of the β-D-Glcp-(1→ residue. In addition, 25-400 µg/mL CEP1 was shown to have immunomodulatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. CEP1 not only increased cell viability, phagocytic capacity, inducible nitric oxide synthase secretion, and nitric oxide generation in RAW264.7 cells, but it also activated M1 and M2 macrophages to generate tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, transforming growth factor β, and interleukin 10. These findings could lead to the use of CEP1 from Red Sprout taro as a possible immunomodulatory polysaccharide in functional foods.

Innovative synthesis and molecular modeling of actinomycetes-derived silver nanoparticles for biomedical applications

The rising demand for innovative antimicrobial solutions has shifted focus towards silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), especially those produced through eco-friendly methods. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing actinomycetes strains-Streptomyces albus, Micromonospora maris, and Arthrobacter crystallopoietes-to biosynthesize AgNPs with remarkable antibacterial properties. Through molecular characterization, we identified unique features of these nanoparticles, and computational modeling suggested significant ion-ligand interactions with proteins 6REV and 3K07. Our research highlights the promise of these biogenically synthesized nanoparticles in advancing biomedical applications. Actinomycetes were sourced and screened for their ability to produce metallic nanoparticles, revealing that among 35 samples, only six showed this capability. Notably, Streptomyces albus strain smmdk14 (OR685674), Micromonospora maris strain smmdk13 (OR685672), and Arthrobacter crystallopoietes strain smmdk12 (OR685674) were identified as effective silver nanoparticle producers. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against common pathogens including E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter spp. The data obtained from color change observation, UV-visible spectrophotometry, Zeta potential, FTIR spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterized AgNPs potentiality. The nanoparticles were spherical, with sizes ranging from 6.46 nm to 24.7 nm. Optimization of production conditions, comparison of antimicrobial effects with antibiotics, evaluation of potential toxicity, and assessment of wound-healing capabilities were also conducted. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to traditional antibiotics and significantly accelerated wound healing by approximately 66.4 % in fibroblast cell cultures. Additionally, computational analysis predicted interactions between various metal ions and specific amino acid residues in proteins 6REV and 3K07. Overall, this study demonstrates the successful creation of AgNPs with notable antibacterial and wound-healing properties, underscoring their potential for medical applications.

Polysaccharide-based chondroitin sulfate macromolecule loaded hydrogel/scaffolds in wound healing- A comprehensive review on possibilities, research gaps, and safety assessment

Wound healing is an intricate multifactorial process that may alter the extent of scarring left by the wound. A substantial portion of the global population is impacted by non-healing wounds, imposing significant financial burdens on the healthcare system. The conventional dosage forms fail to improve the condition, especially in the presence of other morbidities. Thus, there is a pressing requirement for a type of wound dressing that can safeguard the wound site and facilitate skin regeneration, ultimately expediting the healing process. In this context, Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a sulfated glycosaminoglycan material, is capable of hydrating tissues and further promoting the healing. Thus, this comprehensive review article delves into the recent advancement of CS-based hydrogel/scaffolds for wound healing management. The article initially summarizes the various physicochemical characteristics and sources of CS, followed by a brief understanding of the importance of hydrogel and CS in tissue regeneration processes. This is the first instance of such a comprehensive summarization of CS-based hydrogel/scaffolds in wound healing, focusing more on the mechanistic wound healing process, furnishing the recent innovations and toxicity profile. This contemporary review provides a profound acquaintance of strategies for contemporary challenges and future direction in CS-based hydrogel/scaffolds for wound healing.

The potential auxiliary effects of Sargassum fusiform polysaccharides on sitagliptin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus

This work aimed to evaluate the potential positive effects of Sargassum fusiform polysaccharides (SFP) as add-on adjuncts to sitagliptin (SIT) in treating diabetes in rats. The results showed that both SIT and SIT co-administrated with SFP (SIT+SFP) could improve hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, and SIT+SFP exhibited better effects in alleviating the levels of blood glucose, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance index, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to SIT administration. Intestinal flora analysis showed that SIT+SFP treatment significantly restored the beneficial composition of gut flora as compared with SIT administration, such as the increase of Lactobacillus, Romboutsia, Blautia, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 and Ruminococcus_1, and the decrease of Helicobacter, Escherichia-Shigella and Pseudomonas. The fecal metabolite analysis demonstrated that the fecal bile acid and short-chain fatty acid levels in the SIT+SFP group significantly increased compared to SIT treatment. Additionally, mRNA expression results confirmed that the hypoglycemic effects of SIT+SFP were better than those of SIT, which might be attributed to the regulation of blood glucose absorption, inhibition of gluconeogenesis and regulation of cholesterol metabolism. These results suggested that SFP could be used as an auxiliary substance for SIT in treating diabetes mellitus.

A polysaccharide PRCP from Rosa cymosa Tratt fruit: Structural characteristics and immunomodulatory effects via MAPK pathway modulation in vitro

The Rosa cymosa Tratt, an herbal plant from the Rosaceae family, has historically been valued in China for its medicinal and edible properties. In this study, a novel polysaccharide from R. cymosa fruit, termed PRCP (purified R. cymosa polysaccharide), was isolated using water extraction, decolorization, deproteinization, and ion-exchange chromatography. The structural characteristics of PRCP were investigated using monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation, GPC, FTIR, CD, and NMR spectroscopy. The immunomodulatory effect and potential mechanism of PRCP were evaluated in vitro using a macrophage cell model. Results indicated that PRCP (37.28 kDa) is a highly branched polysaccharide (72.61 %) primarily composed of arabinogalactan, rhamnogalacturonan, and galactoglucan domains with 13 types of glycosidic linkage fragments. Furthermore, PRCP appears to modulate immunomodulatory effects by influencing the phosphorylation of P38 and JNK proteins in the MAPK pathway. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of PRCP as a promising natural functional food ingredient for immunostimulation.

Anti-virus activity and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides from medicinal herbs

There has been a sudden increase in viral diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing significant harm to human and animal well-being, as well as economic development. Medicinal herbs, with a history of thousands of years in clinical use, contain versatile polysaccharides as one of their primary compounds. This review offers an overview of the antiviral effects of polysaccharides from medicinal herbs on viruses in humans, poultry, swine and aquaculture in recent years. The mechanism of these antiviral polysaccharides, involved in hindering various stages of the viral life cycle thereby blocking virus infection, is summarized. The review also explores other underlying mechanisms of antiviral effects, such as enhancing the immune response, regulating inflammatory reactions, balancing gut flora, reducing oxidative stress, and suppressing apoptosis through various corresponding signaling pathways. The structure-function relationships discussed in this article also aid in understanding the antiviral mechanism of natural polysaccharides, indicating the need for more in-depth research and analysis. Natural polysaccharides from medicinal herbs have emerged as valuable resources in the fight against viral infections, exhibiting high effectiveness. This review emphasizes the promising role of polysaccharides from medicinal herbs as potential candidates for blocking viral infections in humans and animals.

Hypoglycemic Effect of Polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L. in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disease that adversely impacts patient health. In this study, a T2DM model was established in ICR mice through the administration of a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to explore the hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L. After six weeks of treatment, the mice in the high-dosage group (800 mg/kg bw) displayed significant improvements in terms of fasting blood glucose concentration, glucose tolerance, serum insulin level, insulin resistance, and weight loss (p < 0.05). The polysaccharides also significantly regulated blood lipid levels by reducing the serum contents of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins and increasing the serum content of high-density lipoproteins (p < 0.05). Furthermore, they significantly enhanced the hepatic and pancreatic antioxidant capacities, as determined by measuring the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and the total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the P. alkekengi polysaccharides can increase the expression of GPR43 in mice colon epithelial cells, thereby promoting the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. In summary, P. alkekengi polysaccharides can help to regulate blood glucose levels in T2DM mice and alleviate the decline in the antioxidant capacities of the liver and pancreas, thus protecting these organs from damage.

A spectrophotometric analysis of extracted water-soluble phenolic metabolites of lichens

MAIN CONCLUSION

Rainwater most probably constitutes a relatively effective solvent for lichen substances in nature which have the potential to provide for human and environmental needs in the future. The aims were (i) to test the hypothesis on the potential solubility of lichen phenolic compounds using rainwater under conditions that partly reflect the natural environment and (ii) to propose new and effective methods for the water extraction of lichen substances. The results of spectrophotometric analyses of total phenolic metabolites in rainwater-based extracts from epigeic and epiphytic lichens, employing the Folin-Ciocalteu (F.-C.) method, are presented. The water solvent was tested at three pH levels: natural, 3, and 9. Extraction methods were undertaken from two perspectives: the partial imitation of natural environmental conditions and the potential use of extraction for economic purposes. From an ecological perspective, room-temperature water extraction ('cold' method) was used for 10-, 60-, and 120-min extraction periods. A variant of water extraction at analogous time intervals was an 'insolation' with a 100W light bulb to simulate the heat energy of the sun. For economic purposes, the water extraction method used the Soxhlet apparatus and its modified version, the 'tea-extraction' method ('hot' ones). The results showed that those extractions without an external heat source were almost ineffective, but insolation over 60- and 120-min periods proved to be more effective. Both tested 'hot' methods also proved to be effective, especially the 'tea-extraction' one. Generally, an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds in water extracts resulted from an increasing solvent pH. The results show the probable involvement of lichen substances in biogeochemical processes in nature and their promising use for a variety of human necessities.

Comparison of Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides Found in Young and Mature Rhizomes

The main active component of Polygonatum sibiricum (P. sibiricum) rhizome is Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharide (PsP) with antioxidant function. At present, only the mature rhizome of P. sibiricum is used to extract PsP, while the young rhizome of by-product is discarded directly as waste, resulting in significant wastage of P. sibiricum resources. We used ultrasound-assisted extraction-deep eutectic solvents (UAE-DESs) method to extract PsP of young and mature rhizomes, respectively. The extraction rate, structure composition and antioxidant ability of PsP between young and mature rhizomes were compared, so as to provide references for comprehensive utilization of P. sibiricum resources. The PsP extraction rate (33.88 ± 1.95%) of young rhizome was close to that (45.08 ± 1.92%) of mature rhizomes. The main component (PsP-2) of the PsP in young rhizome contained six kinds of monosaccharides, which belonged to acidic polysaccharides. The above characteristics of the PsP of young rhizome were similar to those of mature rhizome. The PsP of young rhizome also exhibited similar biological activity to that of the mature rhizome, which indicated even more advantages in DPPH free radical scavenging ability. The results of this study support the utility of the young rhizome, consequently helping to avoid unnecessary waste and provide reference for comprehensive utilization of P. sibiricum.

EPS Production by Lacticaseibacillus casei Using Glycerol, Glucose, and Molasses as Carbon Sources

This study demonstrates that Lactobacillus can produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs) using alternative carbon sources, such as sugarcane molasses and glycerol. After screening 22 strains of Lactobacillus to determine which achieved the highest production of EPS based on dry weight at 37 °C, the strain Ke8 (L. casei) was selected for new experiments. The EPS obtained using glycerol and glucose as carbon sources was classified as a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose and mannose, containing 1730 g.mol-1, consisting of 39.4% carbohydrates and 18% proteins. The EPS obtained using molasses as the carbon source was characterized as a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose, galactose, and arabinose, containing 1182 g.mol-1, consisting of 52.9% carbohydrates and 11.69% proteins. This molecule was characterized using Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPLC), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The existence of polysaccharides was confirmed via FT-IR and NMR analyses. The results obtained suggest that Lacticaseibacillus casei can grow in media that use alternative carbon sources such as glycerol and molasses. These agro-industry residues are inexpensive, and their use contributes to sustainability. The lack of studies regarding the use of Lacticaseibacillus casei for the production of EPS using renewable carbon sources from agroindustry should be noted.

The regulatory effect of polysaccharides on the gut microbiota and their effect on human health: A review

Polysaccharides with low toxicity and high biological activities are a kind of biological macromolecule. Recently, growing studies have confirmed that polysaccharides could improve obesity, diabetes, tumors, inflammatory bowel disease, hyperlipidemia, diarrhea, and liver-related diseases by changing the intestinal micro-environment. Moreover, polysaccharides could promote human health by regulating gut microbiota, enhancing production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), improving intestinal mucosal barrier, regulating lipid metabolism, and activating specific signaling pathways. Notably, the biological activities of polysaccharides are closely related to their molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond types, and regulation of gut microbiota. The intestinal microbiota can secrete glycoside hydrolases, lyases, and esterases to break down polysaccharides chains and generate monosaccharides, thereby promoting their absorption and utilization. The degradation of polysaccharides can produce SCFAs, further regulating the proportion of gut microbiota and achieving the effect of preventing and treating various diseases. This review aims to summarize the latest studies: 1) effect of polysaccharides structures on intestinal flora; 2) regulatory effect of polysaccharides on gut microbiota; 3) effects of polysaccharides on gut microbe-mediated diseases; 4) regulation of gut microbiota on polysaccharides metabolism. The findings are expected to provide important information for the development of polysaccharides and the treatment of diseases.

The Effect of κ-Carrageenan on Porcine Sperm Cryo-Survival

κ-Carrageenan is a sulfated polysaccharide from red seaweed with substantial antioxidant activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of κ-Carrageenan treatment on frozen-thawed (FT) porcine semen quality. Therefore, the spermatozoa were diluted and cryopreserved in a freezing extender supplemented with 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/mL κ-Carrageenan. Sperm kinematics were assessed immediately after thawing (AT) and post-incubation for 120 min. The viability, acrosome integrity, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and intracellular caspase activity were measured AT. The results indicated that 0.2 mg/mL κ-Carrageenan increased total and progressive motility AT and post-incubation for 120 min (p < 0.05). Moreover, the viable sperm percentage and MMP after 0.2 mg/mL treatment were higher than those after control and other κ-Carrageenan concentration treatments. The proportion of acrosome-intact spermatozoa was significantly higher after 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL κ-Carrageenan treatment than that after control and other κ-Carrageenan concentration treatments. The intracellular caspase activity was not significantly different among the experimental groups. However, the MDA concentration after 0.2 mg/mL κ-Carrageenan treatment was lower (p < 0.05) than that after the control treatment. Taken together, adding κ-Carrageenan to the porcine semen freezing extender improved the FT sperm quality mainly by influencing membrane stability and protecting against oxidative stress.

Updated Progress on Polysaccharides with Anti-Diabetic Effects through the Regulation of Gut Microbiota: Sources, Mechanisms, and Structure-Activity Relationships

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic metabolic disease worldwide. The disturbance of the gut microbiota has a complex influence on the development of DM. Polysaccharides are one type of the most important natural components with anti-diabetic effects. Gut microbiota can participate in the fermentation of polysaccharides, and through this, polysaccharides regulate the gut microbiota and improve DM. This review begins by a summary of the sources, anti-diabetic effects and the gut microbiota regulation functions of natural polysaccharides. Then, the mechanisms of polysaccharides in regulating the gut microbiota to exert anti-diabetic effects and the structure-activity relationship are summarized. It is found that polysaccharides from plants, fungi, and marine organisms show great hypoglycemic activities and the gut microbiota regulation functions. The mechanisms mainly include repairing the gut burrier, reshaping gut microbiota composition, changing the metabolites, regulating anti-inflammatory activity and immune function, and regulating the signal pathways. Structural characteristics of polysaccharides, such as monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and type of glycosidic linkage, show great influence on the anti-diabetic activity of polysaccharides. This review provides a reference for the exploration and development of the anti-diabetic effects of polysaccharides.

Biomedical potency and mechanisms of marine polysaccharides and oligosaccharides: A review

Derived from bountiful marine organisms (predominantly algae, fauna, and microorganisms), marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides are intricate macromolecules that play a significant role in the growth and development of marine life. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides as auspicious natural products due to their promising biological attributes. Herein, we provide an overview of recent advances in the miscellaneous biological activities of marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides that encompasses their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-diabetes mellitus, and anticoagulant properties. Furthermore, we furnish a concise summary of the underlying mechanisms governing the behavior of these biological macromolecules. We hope that this review inspires research on marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides in medicinal applications while offering fresh perspectives on their broader facets.

Lichen pectin-containing polysaccharide from Xanthoria elegans and its ability to effectively protect LX-2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage

Xanthoria elegans, a drought-tolerant lichen, is the original plant of the traditional Chinese medicine "Shihua" and effectively treats a variety of liver diseases. However, thus far, the hepatoprotective effects of polysaccharides, the most important chemical constituents of X. elegans, have not been determined. The aim of this study was to screen the polysaccharide fraction for hepatoprotective activity by using free radical scavenging assays and a H2O2-induced Lieming Xu-2 cell (LX-2) oxidative damage model and to elucidate the chemical composition of the bioactive polysaccharide fraction. In the present study, three polysaccharide fractions (XEP-50, XEP-70 and XEP-90) were obtained from X. elegans by hot-water extraction, DEAE-cellulose anion exchange chromatography separation and ethanol gradient precipitation. Among the three polysaccharide fractions, XEP-70 exhibited the best antioxidant activity in free radical scavenging capacity and reducing power assays. Structural studies showed that XEP-70 was a pectin-containing heteropolysaccharide fraction that was composed mainly of (1 → 4)-linked and (1 → 4,6)-linked α-D-Glcp, (1 → 4)-linked α-D-GalpA, (1 → 2)-linked, (1 → 6)-linked and (1 → 2,6)-linked α-D-Manp, and (1 → 6)-linked and (1 → 2,6)-linked β-D-Galf. Furthermore, XEP-70 exhibited effectively protect LX-2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage by enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity by activating the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling pathway. Thus, XEP-70 has good potential to protect hepatic stellate cells against oxidative damage.

Cultivation of microalgae-bacteria consortium by waste gas-waste water to achieve CO2 fixation, wastewater purification and bioproducts production

The cultivation of microalgae and microalgae-bacteria consortia provide a potential efficient strategy to fix CO2 from waste gas, treat wastewater and produce value-added products subsequently. This paper reviews recent developments in CO2 fixation and wastewater treatment by single microalgae, mixed microalgae and microalgae-bacteria consortia, as well as compares and summarizes the differences in utilizing different microorganisms from different aspects. Compared to monoculture of microalgae, a mixed microalgae and microalgae-bacteria consortium may mitigate environmental risk, obtain high biomass, and improve the efficiency of nutrient removal. The applied microalgae include Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Pediastrum sp., and Phormidium sp. among others, and most strains belong to Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta. The bacteria in microalgae-bacteria consortia are mainly from activated sludge and specific sewage sources. Bioengineer in CBB cycle in microalgae cells provide effective strategy to achieve improvement of CO2 fixation or a high yield of high-value products. The mechanisms of CO2 fixation and nutrient removal by different microbial systems are also explored and concluded, the importance of microalgae in the technology is proven. After cultivation, microalgae biomass can be harvested through physical, chemical, biological and magnetic separation methods and used to produce high-value by-products, such as biofuel, feed, food, biochar, fertilizer, and pharmaceutical bio-compounds. Although this technology has brought many benefits, some challenging obstacles and limitation remain for industrialization and commercializing.

Structural characterization and in vitro fermentation properties of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema

Polysaccharides, the major active ingredient and quality control indicator of Polygomatum cyrtonema are in need of elucidation for its in vitro fermentation characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics of the homogeneous Polygomatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (PCP-80 %) and its effects on human intestinal bacteria and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production during the in vitro fermentation. The results revealed that PCP-80 % was yielded in 10.44 % and the molecular weight was identified to be 4.1 kDa. PCP-80 % exhibited a smooth, porous, irregular sheet structure and provided good thermal stability. The analysis of Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) suggested that PCP-80 % contained six glycosidic bonds, with 2,1-linked-Fruf residues accounted for a largest proportion. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provided additional evidence that the partial structure of PCP-80 % probably consists of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2 → as the main chain, accompanied by side chains dominated by →6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→. Besides, PCP-80 % promoted the production of SCFAs and increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Megamonas, Bifidobacterium and Phascolarctobacterium during in vitro colonic fermentation, which changed the composition of the intestinal microbiota. These findings indicated that Polygomatum cyrtonema polysaccharides were able to modulate the structure and composition of the intestinal bacteria flora and had potential probiotic properties.

Microbial Therapy and Breast Cancer Management: Exploring Mechanisms, Clinical Efficacy, and Integration within the One Health Approach

This comprehensive review elucidates the profound relationship between the human microbiome and breast cancer management. Recent findings highlight the significance of microbial alterations in tissue, such as the gut and the breast, and their role in influencing the breast cancer risk, development, progression, and treatment outcomes. We delve into how the gut microbiome can modulate systemic inflammatory responses and estrogen levels, thereby impacting cancer initiation and therapeutic drug efficacy. Furthermore, we explore the unique microbial diversity within breast tissue, indicating potential imbalances brought about by cancer and highlighting specific microbes as promising therapeutic targets. Emphasizing a holistic One Health approach, this review underscores the importance of integrating insights from human, animal, and environmental health to gain a deeper understanding of the complex microbe-cancer interplay. As the field advances, the strategic manipulation of the microbiome and its metabolites presents innovative prospects for the enhancement of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. However, rigorous clinical trials remain essential to confirm the potential of microbiota-based interventions in breast cancer management.

Bioactive interpenetrating hybrids of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate): Effect of polysaccharide types on structural peculiarities and multifunctionality

Crosslinked poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) hybrids prepared in the same experimental condition by adding various polysaccharides of different chemical types; inulin, Na-alginate, starch and κ-Carrageenan were qualitatively compared. The results are presented to extract relevant physicochemical properties for qualitative comparison of structures within the same synthesis batch. Elastic properties and swelling degree of hybrids can be tightly regulated using different types of polysaccharides and by controlling effective cross-linking density. Addition of κ-Carrageenan to copolymer network increased elastic modulus by 6.2-fold in as-prepared state, but greatest increase in effective cross-link density through swelling was observed in alginate-doped gels. An overshooting effect was observed for alginate-doped hybrids; swelling first to a maximum, followed by a gradual deswelling until equilibrium was reached. Compressive elasticity of hybrids is mainly controlled by type of polysaccharides and cross-linking density but also depends on polymerization temperature. The obtained hybrid gels displayed excellent adsorption performance for methyl orange (MO). The highest adsorption capacity was reached with inulin-doped hybrids. The rate of adsorption was very fast and reached equilibrium with 98.9 % efficiency at about 90 min. This approach to modify the properties of hybrid gels with various types of polysaccharides may find wide use in biomaterials and water purification applications.

β-Glucan extracts as high-value multifunctional ingredients for skin health: A review

β-Glucans, which are naturally present in cereals, yeast, and mushrooms, have gained attention as a potential natural source for functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Due to the availability of β-glucans from several sources, different extraction methods can be employed to obtain high purity extracts that can be further modified to enhance their solubility or other biological properties. Apart from their known ability to interact with the immune system, β-glucans possess specific properties that could benefit overall skin health and prevent age-related signs, including soothing and antioxidant activities. As a result, the use of β-glucans to mitigate damage caused by environmental stressors or skin-related issues that accelerate skin aging or trigger chronic inflammation may represent a promising, natural, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach to maintaining skin homeostasis balance. This review outlines β-glucan extraction methodologies, molecular structure, functionalization approaches, and explores skin-related benefits of β-glucans, along with an overview of related products in the market.

Optimization and Physicochemical Characterization of Polysaccharide Purified from Sonneratia caseolaris Mangrove Leaves: a Potential Antioxidant and Antibiofilm Agent

The Box-Behnken design was applied to determine the optimal parameters of the extraction condition by using the response surface methodology (RSM) from the leaves of Sonneratia caseolaris L. The result indicates the best-optimized conditions used for the extraction of polysaccharides at 84.02 °C temperature, 3.12 h time, and 27.31 mL/g for the water-to-material ratio. The maximum experimental yield of 8.81 ± 0.09% was obtained which is in agreement with the predicted value of 8.79%. Thereafter, low molecular weight polysaccharide (SCLP) was separated after sequentially being purified through column chromatography with a relative molecular weight of 3.74 kDa. The physicochemical properties were evaluated by characterization techniques such as FT-IR spectra, NMR spectrum, and SEM analysis. RP-HPLC analysis confirmed that SCLP was a heteropolysaccharide, majorly comprising rhamnose (28.25%), and xylose (27.17%) residues, followed by mannose (18.90%), and galactose (17.17%), respectively. Thermal analysis (TGA-DSC) results showed that SCLP is a highly thermostable polymer with a degradation temperature of 361.63 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns and tertiary structure analyses indicate that SCLP had a semi-crystalline polymer having a triple-helical configuration. Moreover, SCLP displayed potential antibiofilm ability for all the tested pathogens while stronger activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, SCLP has potential in vitro antioxidant activity on DPPH, ABTS radical, superoxide, and Fe2+ chelating. These findings indicate that the polysaccharide has potentially been used in functional food, cosmetics, and pharmacological industries.

Preparation, identification, and application of PEG/ZIF-8@ Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide as an adjuvant to enhance immune responses

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles loaded with polysaccharides are excellent drug-delivery carriers with high loading capacity and pH sensitivity. This study describes the one-step encapsulation of Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharides (DHP) in ZIF-8. The resultant PEG6000/ZIF-8@DHP complex exhibited drug release properties in acidic microenvironments, possessed water solubility, demonstrated high drug loading capacity, and displayed effective encapsulation. The effects of PEG6000/ZIF-8@ DHP administration on immunoregulation, antioxidant activities, and resistance against Aeromonas veronii in channel catfish were assessed. The study revealed that the PEG6000/ZIF-8@DHP complex stimulated cellular proliferation and phagocytosis, while also inducing the production of cytokines and nitric oxide. Additionally, the complex exhibited improved antioxidant properties and increased serum lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activities. PEG6000/ZIF-8@DHP exhibited efficacy in vivo against Aeromonas veronii infection. These results indicate that PEG6000/ZIF-8@DHP is an efficient immunostimulant and vaccine adjuvant for enhancing immunity in channel catfish.

Nutritional and Health-Promoting Effects of Lichens Used in Food Applications

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Lichens have a huge significance which is used in nutrition due to the bioactive components within. Lichen is a nutrient-dense resourceful diet nearly every day meal and has long been used as food; also, these valuable natural resources are now being utilized for a wide range of other purposes. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the nutritional and edible qualities of lichens as well as the possible health benefits of lichens. It is interesting to note that lichen is a nutrient-dense and functional food. It is a nutritional resource that can mitigate the effects of malnutrition to some amount.

RECENT FINDINGS

There is an indication that an intake of lichens as natural foods was associated with nutritional and health-promoting properties. Lichens have proven to have theoretically rich nutritional value, and their extracts and active constituents have also been shown to have multiple health benefits. Low-fat content, high carbohydrate, and crude fibre content; plentiful mineral components; and good protein sources are all thought to contribute to lichen's nutritional value. There is a lot of potential for using lichens as an effective food source and ensuring people's food production.

Bisphosphonate-incorporated coatings for orthopedic implants functionalization

Bisphosphonates (BPs), the stable analogs of pyrophosphate, are well-known inhibitors of osteoclastogenesis to prevent osteoporotic bone loss and improve implant osseointegration in patients suffering from osteoporosis. Compared to systemic administration, BPs-incorporated coatings enable the direct delivery of BPs to the local area, which will precisely enhance osseointegration and bone repair without the systemic side effects. However, an elaborate and comprehensive review of BP coatings of implants is lacking. Herein, the cellular level (e.g., osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclast precursors, and bone mesenchymal stem cells) and molecular biological regulatory mechanism of BPs in regulating bone homeostasis are overviewed systematically. Moreover, the currently available methods (e.g., chemical reaction, porous carriers, and organic material films) of BP coatings construction are outlined and summarized in detail. As one of the key directions, the latest advances of BP-coated implants to enhance bone repair and osseointegration in basic experiments and clinical trials are presented and critically evaluated. Finally, the challenges and prospects of BP coatings are also purposed, and it will open a new chapter in clinical translation for BP-coated implants.

Contemporary Aspects of Designing Marine Polysaccharide Microparticles as Drug Carriers for Biomedical Application

The main goal of modern pharmaceutical technology is to create new drug formulations that are safer and more effective. These formulations should allow targeted drug delivery, improved drug stability and bioavailability, fewer side effects, and reduced drug toxicity. One successful approach for achieving these objectives is using polymer microcarriers for drug delivery. They are effective for treating various diseases through different administration routes. When creating pharmaceutical systems, choosing the right drug carrier is crucial. Biomaterials have become increasingly popular over the past few decades due to their lack of toxicity, renewable sources, and affordability. Marine polysaccharides, in particular, have been widely used as substitutes for synthetic polymers in drug carrier applications. Their inherent properties, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, make marine polysaccharide-based microcarriers a prospective platform for developing drug delivery systems. This review paper explores the principles of microparticle design using marine polysaccharides as drug carriers. By reviewing the current literature, the paper highlights the challenges of formulating polymer microparticles, and proposes various technological solutions. It also outlines future perspectives for developing marine polysaccharides as drug microcarriers.

Cargo-Dependent Targeted Cellular Uptake Using Quaternized Starch as a Carrier

The tailored design of drug delivery systems for specific therapeutic agents is a prevailing approach in the field. In this paper, we present a study that highlights the potential of our modified starch, Q-starch, as a universal and adaptable drug delivery carrier for diverse therapeutic agents. We investigate the ability of Q-starch/cargo complexes to target different organelles within the cellular landscape, based on the specific activation sites of therapeutic agents. Plasmid DNA (pDNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) were chosen as representative therapeutic molecules, acting in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane, respectively. By carrying out comprehensive characterizations, employing dynamic light scattering (DLS), determining the zeta potential, and using cryo-transmitting electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), we reveal the formation of nano-sized, positively charged, and spherical Q-starch complexes. Our results demonstrate that these complexes exhibit efficient cellular uptake, targeting their intended organelles while preserving their physical integrity and functionality. Notably, the intracellular path of the Q-starch/cargo complex is guided by the cargo itself, aligning with its unique biological activity site. This study elucidates the versatility and potency of Q-starch as a versatile drug delivery carrier, paving the way for novel applications offering targeted delivery strategies for potential therapeutic molecules.

Polysaccharides from Passion Fruit Peels: From an Agroindustrial By-Product to a Viable Option for 5-FU-Induced Intestinal Damage

Gastrointestinal mucositis is a serious and dose-limiting toxic side effect of oncologic treatment. Interruption of cancer treatment due to gastrointestinal mucositis leads to a significant decrease in cure rates and consequently to the deterioration of a patient's quality of life. Natural polysaccharides show a variety of beneficial effects, including a gastroprotective effect. Treatment with soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) biomass residues protected the gastric and intestinal mucosa in models of gastrointestinal injury. In this study, we investigated the protective therapeutic effect of SDF on 5-FU-induced mucositis in male and female mice. Oral treatment of the animals with SDF did not prevent weight loss but reduced the disease activity index and preserved normal intestinal function by alleviating diarrhea and altered gastrointestinal transit. SDF preserved the length of the colon and histological damage caused by 5-FU. SDF significantly restored the oxidative stress and inflammation in the intestine and the enlargement and swelling of the spleen induced by 5-FU. In conclusion, SDF may be a promising adjuvant strategy for the prevention and treatment of intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU.

Rheological Considerations of Pharmaceutical Formulations: Focus on Viscoelasticity

Controlling rheological properties offers the opportunity to gain insight into the physical characteristics, structure, stability and drug release rate of formulations. To better understand the physical properties of hydrogels, not only rotational but also oscillatory experiments should be performed. Viscoelastic properties, including elastic and viscous properties, are measured using oscillatory rheology. The gel strength and elasticity of hydrogels are of great importance for pharmaceutical development as the application of viscoelastic preparations has considerably expanded in recent decades. Viscosupplementation, ophthalmic surgery and tissue engineering are just a few examples from the wide range of possible applications of viscoelastic hydrogels. Hyaluronic acid, alginate, gellan gum, pectin and chitosan are remarkable representatives of gelling agents that attract great attention applied in biomedical fields. This review provides a brief summary of rheological properties, highlighting the viscoelasticity of hydrogels with great potential in biomedicine.

A review of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: Health benefit, structure-activity relationship, modification, and nanoparticle encapsulation

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides possess unique functional properties. Various processing technologies have been used to produce and modify G. lucidum polysaccharides to improve their yield and utilization. In this review, the structure and health benefits were summarized, and the factors that may affect the quality of G. lucidum polysaccharides were discussed, including the use of chemical modifications such as sulfation, carboxymethylation, and selenization. Those modifications improve the physicochemical characteristics and utilization of G. lucidum polysaccharides, and make them more stable that could be used as functional biomaterials to encapsulate active substances. Ultimate, G. lucidum polysaccharide-based nanoparticles were designed to deliver various functional ingredients to achieve better health-promoting effects. Overall, this review presents an in-depth summary of current modification strategies and offers new insights into the effective processing techniques to develop G. lucidum polysaccharide-rich functional foods or nutraceuticals.

Food-Grade Oleogels: Trends in Analysis, Characterization, and Applicability

Currently, a large number of scientific articles can be found in the research literature in the field focusing on the use of oleogels for food formulation to improve their nutritional properties. The present review focuses on the most representative food-grade oleogels, highlighting current trends in terms of the most suitable methods of analysis and characterization, as well as trends in their application as substitutes for saturated and trans fats in foods. For this purpose, the physicochemical properties, structure, and composition of some oleogelators are primarily discussed, along with the adequacy of oleogel incorporation for use in edible products. Analysis and characterization of oleogels by different methods are important in the formulation of innovative foods, and therefore, this review discusses the most recent published results regarding their microstructure, rheological and textural properties, and oxidative stability. Last but not least, issues related to the sensory properties of oleogel-based foods are discussed, highlighting also the consumer acceptability of some of them.

Controlled Drug Release from Nanoengineered Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are naturally occurring complex molecules with exceptional physicochemical properties and bioactivities. They originate from plant, animal, and microbial-based resources and processes and can be chemically modified. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of polysaccharides enable their increased use in nanoscale synthesis and engineering for drug encapsulation and release. This review focuses on sustained drug release studies from nanoscale polysaccharides in the fields of nanotechnology and biomedical sciences. Particular emphasis is placed on drug release kinetics and relevant mathematical models. An effective release model can be used to envision the behavior of specific nanoscale polysaccharide matrices and reduce impending experimental trial and error, saving time and resources. A robust model can also assist in translating from in vitro to in vivo experiments. The main aim of this review is to demonstrate that any study that establishes sustained release from nanoscale polysaccharide matrices should be accompanied by a detailed analysis of drug release kinetics by modeling since sustained release from polysaccharides not only involves diffusion and degradation but also surface erosion, complicated swelling dynamics, crosslinking, and drug-polymer interactions. As such, in the first part, we discuss the classification and role of polysaccharides in various applications and later elaborate on the specific pharmaceutical processes of polysaccharides in ionic gelling, stabilization, cross-linking, grafting, and encapsulation of drugs. We also document several drug release models applied to nanoscale hydrogels, nanofibers, and nanoparticles of polysaccharides and conclude that, at times, more than one model can accurately describe the sustained release profiles, indicating the existence of release mechanisms running in parallel. Finally, we conclude with the future opportunities and advanced applications of nanoengineered polysaccharides and their theranostic aptitudes for future clinical applications.

Antidiabetic Properties of Plant Secondary Metabolites

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is one of the major medical problems that the modern world is currently facing. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus both result in early disability and death, as well as serious social and financial problems. In some cases, synthetic drugs can be quite effective in the treatment of diabetes, though they have side effects. Plant-derived pharmacological substances are of particular interest. This review aims to study the antidiabetic properties of secondary plant metabolites. Existing review and research articles on the investigation of the antidiabetic properties of secondary plant metabolites, the methods of their isolation, and their use in diabetes mellitus, as well as separate articles that confirm the relevance of the topic and expand the understanding of the properties and mechanisms of action of plant metabolites, were analyzed for this review. The structure and properties of plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including plant antioxidants, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and insulin-like plant substances, as well as their antidiabetic properties and mechanisms for lowering blood sugar, are presented. The main advantages and disadvantages of using phytocomponents to treat diabetes are outlined. The types of complications of diabetes mellitus and the effects of medicinal plants and their phytocomponents on them are described. The effects of phytopreparations used to treat diabetes mellitus on the human gut microbiota are discussed. Plants with a general tonic effect, plants containing insulin-like substances, plants-purifiers, and plants rich in vitamins, organic acids, etc. have been shown to play an important role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the prevention of its complications.

Biopharmaceutical applications of microbial polysaccharides as materials: A review

Biological characteristics of natural polymers make microbial polysaccharides an excellent choice for biopharmaceuticals. Due to its easy purifying procedure and high production efficiency, it is capable of resolving the existing application issues associated with some plant and animal polysaccharides. Furthermore, microbial polysaccharides are recognized as prospective substitutes for these polysaccharides based on the search for eco-friendly chemicals. In this review, the microstructure and properties of microbial polysaccharides are utilized to highlight their characteristics and potential medical applications. From the standpoint of pathogenic processes, in-depth explanations are provided on the effects of microbial polysaccharides as active ingredients in the treatment of human diseases, anti-aging, and drug delivery. In addition, the scholarly developments and commercial applications of microbial polysaccharides as medical raw materials are also discussed. The conclusion is that understanding the use of microbial polysaccharides in biopharmaceuticals is essential for the future development of pharmacology and therapeutic medicine.

Effects of Pine Pollen Polysaccharides and Sulfated Polysaccharides on Ulcerative Colitis and Gut Flora in Mice

Polysaccharides are important biological macromolecules in all organisms, and have recently been studied as therapeutic agents for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the effects of Pinus yunnanensis pollen polysaccharides on ulcerative colitis remains unknown. In this study, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was used to induce the UC model to investigate the effects of Pinus yunnanensis pollen polysaccharides (PPM60) and sulfated polysaccharides (SPPM60) on UC. We evaluated the improvement of polysaccharides on UC by analyzing the levels of intestinal cytokines, serum metabolites and metabolic pathways, intestinal flora species diversity, and beneficial and harmful bacteria. The results show that purified PPM60 and its sulfated form SPPM60 effectively alleviated the disease progression of weight loss, colon shortening and intestinal injury in UC mice. On the intestinal immunity level, PPM60 and SPPM60 increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, and IL-13) and decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). On the serum metabolism level, PPM60 and SPPM60 mainly regulated the abnormal serum metabolism of UC mice by regulating the energy-related and lipid-related metabolism pathways, respectively. On the intestinal flora level, PPM60 and SPPM60 reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as Akkermansia and Aerococcus) and induced the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as lactobacillus). In summary, this study is the first to evaluate the effects of PPM60 and SPPM60 on UC from the joint perspectives of intestinal immunity, serum metabolomics, and intestinal flora, which may provide an experimental basis for plant polysaccharides as an adjuvant clinical treatment of UC.

Polysaccharides as antioxidants and prooxidants in managing the double-edged sword of reactive oxygen species

Polysaccharides, a class of naturally occurring carbohydrates, were widely presented in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Recently, health benefits of polysaccharides have attracted much attention due to their unique characteristics in reactive oxygen species (ROS) management. ROS, by-products of aerobic metabolism linked to food consumption, exhibited a dual role in protecting cells and fostering pathogenesis collectively termed double-edged sword. Some interesting studies reported that polysaccharides could behave as prooxidants under certain conditions, besides antioxidant capacities. Potentiation of the bright side of ROS could contribute to the host defense that was vitally important for the polysaccharides acting as biological response modifiers. Correspondingly, disease prevention of polysaccharides linked to the management of ROS production was systematically described and discussed in this review. Furthermore, major challenges and future prospects were presented, aiming to provide new insight into applying polysaccharides as functional food ingredients and medicine.

Novel Green Crosslinked Salecan Hydrogels and Preliminary Investigation of Their Use in 3D Printing

Salecan, a kind of polysaccharide, is produced by the Agrobacterium ZX09 salt tolerant strain. In this study, green crosslinked citric acid-salecan hydrogels are explored as novel materials with a high potential for use in regenerative medicine. The impact of salecan and citric acid on the final crosslinked hydrogels was intensively studied and estimated in terms of the whole physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity. FTIR spectra demonstrated the successful green crosslinking of salecan through its esterification with citric acid where the formation of strong covalent bonds collaboratively helped to stabilize the entire hydrogel systems in a wet state. Hydrogels presented a microporous morphology, good swelling capacity, pH responsiveness, great mechanical stability under stress conditions and good antibacterial activity, all related to the concentration of the biopolymers used in the synthesis step. Additionally, salecan hydrogels were preliminary investigated as printing inks. Thanks to their excellent rheological behavior, we optimized the citrate-salecan hydrogel inks and printing parameters to render 3D constructs with great printing fidelity and integrity. The novel synthesized salecan green crosslinked hydrogels enriches the family of salecan-derived hydrogels. Moreover, this work not only expands the application of salecan hydrogels in various fields, but also provides a new potential option of designing salecan-based 3D printed scaffolds for customized regenerative medicine.