The Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKAPKs) in Inflammation

Timing of dietary effects on the epigenome and their potential protective effects against toxins

Exposure to toxins causes lasting damaging effects on the body. Numerous studies in humans and animals suggest that diet has the potential to modify the epigenome and these modifications can be inherited transgenerationally, but few studies investigate how diet can protect against negative effects of toxins. Potential evidence in the primary literature supports that caloric restriction, high-fat diets, high protein-to-carbohydrate ratios, and dietary supplementation protect against environmental toxins and strengthen these effects on their offspring's epigenome. Most notably, the timing when dietary interventions are given - during a parent's early development, pregnancy, and/or lifetime - result in similar transgenerational epigenetic durations. This implies the existence of multiple opportunities to strategically fortify the epigenome. This narrative review explores how to best utilize dietary modifications to modify the epigenome to protect future generations against negative health effects of persistent environmental toxins. Furthermore, by suggesting an ideal diet with specific micronutrients, macronutrients, and food groups, epigenetics can play a key role in the field of preventive medicine. Based on these findings, longitudinal research should be conducted to determine if a high protein, high-fat, and low-carbohydrate diet during a mother's puberty or pregnancy can epigenetically protect against alcohol, tobacco smoke, and air pollution across multiple generations.

Immunomodulatory effects of 4-hydroxynonenal

The reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is a byproduct of lipid peroxidation driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4-HNE covalently binds to macromolecules such as proteins, altering their functions. While 4-HNE is implicated in various ROS-related pathologies, its impact on the immune system remains incompletely understood. This review explores how 4-HNE influences molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation and immune cell functions. 4-HNE modulates inflammation through the interaction with several signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancement of activated B cells (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thereby affecting immune responses and modulating cytokine production and inflammasome activation. However, its effects are complex, exhibiting both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on dose and cell type. This review highlights the multiple mechanisms by which 4-HNE modulates the immune cells' responses.

Intermediate Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Human Fetal Membrane Responses to Gram-Positive Bacterial Peptidoglycan

PROBLEM

Chorioamnionitis and preterm birth are leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite ongoing research, the signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis-inflammation of the fetal membranes (FM)-are not well understood. Previously, we reported that FMs utilize miR-146a-3p as an endogenously produced danger signal to sequentially activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 8 and subsequent inflammation following lipopolysaccharide stimulation of TLR4. In this current study, following stimulation of fetal membrane explants by the TLR2 agonist peptidoglycan (PDG), we investigated sequential microRNA-activation of TLR8, intermediate signaling pathways NFκB and MAPK (p38, ERK), and their effects on inflammation and mediators of membrane weakening.

METHOD OF STUDY

Human FMs explants were treated with or without PDG in the presence or absence of inhibitors to TLR7, TLR8, p65 NFκB, p38 MAPK, or ERK. Culture supernatants were measured for secreted factors by ELISA, tissue RNA was measured for TLR7/8-activating miRs by RT-qPCR, and tissue protein was measured for phosphorylated proteins by Western blot.

RESULTS

PDG-treated FMs produced elevated levels of TLR8-activating miR-146a-3p in a p65 NFκB-dependent manner. PDG-treated FMs produced elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, the neutrophil recruiting chemokine IL-8, and membrane weakening MMP1, MMP9, and PGE2 in a TLR8-dependent manner. Except for MMP9, this inflammatory and membrane weakening response to PDG was dependent upon p65 NFκB, p38 MAPK, and ERK signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

This study gives new insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in FM responses to Gram-positive bacteria and into the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis.

Alleviation of LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by lesbicoumestan (7) via the increase of Nrf2 expression in mouse Kupffer cells

Lesbicoumestans are a class of bioactive compounds isolated from the roots of Lespedeza bicolor (L. bicolor). These compounds have been reported to exhibit anticancer and antiproliferative activities. In this study, our primary focus was to examine the antioxidant capabilities of lesbicoumestan (7) (LC-7), a newly isolated coumestan from roots of L. bicolor, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated immortalized mouse Kupffer cells (ImKCs) as the experimental model. The investigation revealed that LC-7 played a pivotal role in inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, LC-7 effectively restored the imbalanced glutathione(GSH)/glutathione disulfide ratio and enhanced the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) following cellular exposure to LPS. Moreover, our investigation revealed that LC-7 exhibited the capacity to enhance the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), leading to inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines production induced by LPS. Notably, LC-7 did not significantly impact the nuclear factor kappa B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Intriguingly, LC-7 modulated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway by direct interaction with Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). These findings suggest that LC-7 possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in LPS-stimulated ImKCs by upregulating Nrf2 expression.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Elsholtzia ciliata extract on Poly I:C-treated RAW264.7 cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Inflammation is a vital biological response to noxious stimuli, including physical injury and pathogenic infection, and involves immune cells and various inflammatory mediators, limiting cell damage and eliminating pathogens. Although essential for healing, inflammation can cause symptoms, such as fever, swelling, pain, and itching, potentially reducing quality of life. Elsholtzia ciliata used in traditional medicine has numerous medicinal characteristics such as antiviral, antibacterial, antipyretic, diaphoretic, carminative, astringent, and diuretic effects.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of E. ciliata extract (ECE) in RAW264.7 cells treated with polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-β, and IL-6 levels were quantified by ELISA and/or real-time PCR. COX-2 and iNOS expression was analyzed using western blotting and real-time PCR. Phosphorylation and expression levels of signaling proteins, including AKT, IRF3, TBK1, STAT1, MAPKs, IκB, and IκK were analyzed using western blotting. The active substance of ECE was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).

RESULTS

Our detections revealed that ECE inhibited the levels of nitric oxide and central inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS and COX-2. Furthermore, ECE downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-β, and IL-6. Additionally, ECE inhibited the phosphorylation of several cell signaling pathways, including AKT, TBK1/IRF3, MAPK, and NF-κB, in Poly I:C-treated RAW264.7 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These results highlight E. ciliata as a candidate for mitigating virus-induced inflammation, providing valuable insights into its use in the development of new anti-inflammatory therapeutics.

The AhR/P38 MAPK pathway mediates kynurenine-induced cardiomyocyte damage: The dual role of resveratrol in apoptosis and autophagy

Chronic kidney disease increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, partly due to uremic toxins, such as Kynurenine (KYN). While KYN contributes to tissue damage, its role in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy remains unclear. Resveratrol (RSV) can protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, whereas its specific effects on KYN-induced cardiomyopathy are less understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of KYN in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy and examine the protective effects of RSV against KYN-induced damage. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were cultured and treated with KYN in presence or absence of RSV or inhibitors of the AhR/Src/MAPKs pathway. Cell viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and autophagy were assessed using MTT, TUNEL, JC-1, and autophagy detection assays. KYN induced apoptosis, and autophagy in H9C2 cells. RSV pretreatment reduced apoptosis but enhanced autophagy in KYN-treated cells. Inhibiting autophagy or blocking apoptosis, increased KYN-induced apoptosis and autophagy, respectively. Additionally, KYN treatment enhanced AhR activation and the phosphorylation of Src and MAPKs proteins, whereas RSV pretreatment decreased AhR activation and ERK phosphorylation. Inhibitors of p38 MAPK and JNK reduced expression of apoptotic proteins. AhR inhibition also reduced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and expression of apoptotic proteins while it enhanced autophagy-related protein expression in KYN treated H9C2 cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that KYN induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis via the AhR/p38 MAPK pathway whereas RSV can protect against the KYN-induced apoptosis while promoting autophagy. Given the high cardiovascular risk in CKD patients, these findings provide in-sight into potential therapeutic strategies targeting KYN-induced cardiomyopathy.

Reassessing the Role of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor 2 in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Lesions

OBJECTIVES

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI2) is a serine protease inhibitor that suppresses tumors by preventing extracellular matrix degradation and invasion. In many malignancies, the TFPI2 promoter hypermethylation silences its transcription, increasing tumor aggressiveness. However, TFPI2 paradoxically facilitates tumor progression in certain malignancies. Elevated circulating TFPI2 levels correlate with increased cancer aggressiveness and poor prognosis in ovarian, endometrial, and renal cell carcinoma, though the mechanisms underlying its tumor-promoting effects remain unclear. This review consolidates recent findings on TFPI2 regulation, its downstream targets in cellular homeostasis, and its prognostic significance. Additionally, we reassess TFPI2's role in tumorigenesis, particularly in clear cell carcinoma, as well as in chronic inflammation.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar without time restriction.

RESULTS

TFPI2 expression is tightly regulated by transcription factors, signaling molecules, growth factors, cytokines, and epigenetic modification. TFPI2 regulates cell proliferation, inflammation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, preserving tissue homeostasis. TFPI2 also regulates vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation, key elements of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the nucleus, it may modulate transcription factors to influence tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) polarization, facilitating cancer invasion. Its expression may be shaped by interactions between cancer cells and TAM activation. Beyond tumorigenesis, TFPI2 contributes to both inflammatory progression and resolution in diabetes, atherosclerosis, and preeclampsia.

CONCLUSIONS

TFPI2 may interact with TAMs and inflammatory cells to regulate cell proliferation and inflammation, maintaining tissue homeostasis.

Harnessing marine bioactive compounds: In silico insights into therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis and major depressive disorder

The quest for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents' increases day by day owing to the increased incidence of drug-resistant infections, chronic diseases, and a need for discovering novel treatments. Conventionally, the sources for molecules of drugs have remained from terrestrial plants and microorganisms, yet the chemical adaptability of marine organisms presents something very unique in chemical terms and remains an uncharted frontier. Marine bioactive compounds-chemicals produced by marine organisms that have positive health impacts on humans-attract particular interest due to their pharmaceutical potential. Marine organisms range from macroalgae (seaweeds), microalgae, and sponges to molluscs, echinoderms, and fish. Each of these categories generates a variety of bioactive compounds that have unique biochemical properties. Many marine-derived compounds have exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity and neuroprotective effects. Despite the enormous potential of marine bioactive compounds in drug discovery, several challenges like Accessibility and Sustainability, Complexity of Marine Compounds, and Regulation and Approval act as bottlenecks in taking them from the lab to the clinic. It is an imperative task to tackle these challenges for a complete development of marine pharmacopoeia. This review emphasizes on the possible application of chemicals emanating from marine sources as lead molecules for the prevention of major depressive disorder and rheumatoid arthritis.

Conjunctival MicroRNA Expression Signature in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Dry Eye: A NanoString-Based Bioinformatic Analysis

Purpose

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and tissue destruction of the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to sicca symptoms. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), key post-transcriptional regulators, has been implicated in pSS, but their role in conjunctival epithelial cells (CECs) remains unclear. This study aimed to identify altered miRNA expression patterns in CEC from patients with pSS and their potential involvement in pSS pathogenesis.

Methods

CEC samples were collected from six patients with pSS and six healthy controls (HCs) using nylon-tipped swabs. The miRNA expression was profiled using the NanoString nCounter system with minimal RNA input. Differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified via ROSALIND software, and bioinformatics tools (miRNet and miRTargetLink) were applied to construct miRNA-centric networks, predict target genes, and perform pathway enrichment analysis.

Results

We identified 11 DE miRNAs in patients with pSS compared with the HCs. Key miRNAs, including hsa-miR-548j-3p and hsa-miR-219b-3p, are central to immune and inflammatory regulation pathways. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted their involvement in processes such as immune cell regulation, inflammatory signaling, and glandular damage. Dysregulated miRNAs modulate key targets, like TNFAIP3, IL6R, IFNAR1, IL7, and ICOSLG, suggesting their potential role in pSS pathogenesis.

Conclusions

This study underscores the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in pSS-associated dry eye disease. Despite limitations like small sample size and reliance on in silico predictions, our findings provide valuable insights into miRNA-mediated regulation of immune responses and inflammation, paving the way for future diagnostic and therapeutic advancements.

Exploring the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of Chrysanthemum morifolium and Chrysanthemum indicum: a narrow review

Infectious diseases continue to be a major global public health concern, which is exacerbated by the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. This review investigates the potential of herbal medicine, particularly Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM) and Chrysanthemum indicum (CI), in addressing these challenges. Both herbs, documented in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 edition), are renowned for their heat-clearing and detoxifying properties. Phytochemical studies reveal that these botanicals contain diverse bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenylpropanoids, which exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, among other effects. Comparative analysis reveals that distinct compound profiles and differential concentrations of core phytochemicals between CM and CI may lead to differentiated therapeutic advantages in anti-infective applications. By systematically examining their ethnopharmacological origins, phytochemical fingerprints, and pharmacological mechanisms, this review highlights their synergistic potential with conventional antimicrobial therapies through multi-target mechanisms, proposing novel integrative approaches for global health challenges.

Manganese-Based Nanozyme Alleviates Acute Kidney Injury via Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Acute renal injury (AKI) has a high incidence rate and mortality, but current treatment methods are limited. As a kind of nanomaterial with enzyme-like activity, nanozyme has shown outstanding advantages in treating AKI according to recent reports. Herein, we assess the potential of manganese-based nanozymes (MnO2-BSA NPs) with excellent biosafety in effectively alleviating AKI. Our findings in vitro and in vivo reveal that MnO2-BSA NPs exert regulatory effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. These effects are mediated through activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathways. Notably, it was observed that the cytoprotective effect of MnO2-BSA NPs is abrogated upon inhibition of Nrf2 expression, highlighting the important role of this transcription factor in cellular protection. In summary, the study demonstrates the protective effect of MnO2-BSA NPs in AKI and provides the molecular mechanisms involved, which can contribute to the advancement of potential therapeutic interventions for nanozyme-based treatments.

Dopamine D1 receptor agonist alleviates post-weaning isolation-induced neuroinflammation and depression-like behaviors in female mice

BACKGROUND

Major depressive disorder is a significant global cause of disability, particularly among adolescents. The dopamine system and nearby neuroinflammation, crucial for regulating mood and processing rewards, are central to the frontostriatal circuit, which is linked to depression. This study aimed to investigate the effect of post-weaning isolation (PWI) on depression in adolescent mice, with a focus on exploring the involvement of microglia and dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) in the frontostriatal circuit due to their known links with mood disorders.

RESULTS

Adolescent mice underwent 8 weeks of PWI before evaluating their depression-like behaviors and the activation status of microglia in the frontostriatal regions. Selective D1-like dopamine receptor agonist SKF-81,297 was administered into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of PWI mice to assess its antidepressant and anti-microglial activation properties. The effects of SKF-81,297 on inflammatory signaling pathways were examined in BV2 microglial cells. After 8 weeks of PWI, female mice exhibited more severe depression-like behaviors than males, with greater microglial activation in the frontostriatal regions. Microglial activation in mPFC was the most prominent among the three frontostriatal regions examined, and it was positively correlated with the severity of depression-like behaviors. Female PWI mice exhibited increased expression of dopamine D2 receptors (D2R). SKF-81,297 treatment alleviated depression-like behaviors and local microglial activation induced by PWI; however, SKF-81,297 induced these alterations in naïve mice. In vitro, SKF-81,297 decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine release and phosphorylations of JNK and ERK induced by lipopolysaccharide, while in untreated BV2 cells, SKF-81,297 elicited inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights a sex-specific susceptibility to PWI-induced neuroinflammation and depression. While targeting the D1R shows potential in alleviating PWI-induced changes, further investigation is required to evaluate potential adverse effects under normal conditions.

Development of Machine Learning Models for Predicting Radiation Dermatitis in Breast Cancer Patients Using Clinical Risk Factors, Patient-Reported Outcomes, and Serum Cytokine Biomarkers

BACKGROUND

Radiation dermatitis (RD) is a significant side effect of radiotherapy experienced by breast cancer patients. Severe symptoms include desquamation or ulceration of irradiated skin, which impacts quality of life and increases healthcare costs. Early identification of patients at risk for severe RD can facilitate preventive management and reduce severe symptoms. This study evaluated the utility of subjective and objective factors, such as patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and serum cytokines, for predicting RD in breast cancer patients. The performance of machine learning (ML) and logistic regression-based models were compared.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data from 147 breast cancer patients who underwent radiotherapy was analyzed to develop prognostic models. ML algorithms, including neural networks, random forest, XGBoost, and logistic regression, were employed to predict clinically significant Grade 2+ RD. Clinical factors, PROs, and cytokine biomarkers were incorporated into the risk models. Model performance was evaluated using nested cross-validation with separate loops for hyperparameter tuning and calculating performance metrics.

RESULTS

Feature selection identified 18 predictors of Grade 2+ RD including smoking, radiotherapy boost, reduced motivation, and the cytokines interleukin-4, interleukin-17, interleukin-1RA, interferon-gamma, and stromal cell-derived factor-1a. Incorporating these predictors, the XGBoost model achieved the highest performance with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.780 (95% CI: 0.701-0.854). This was not significantly improved over the logistic regression model, which demonstrated an AUC of 0.714 (95% CI: 0.629-0.798).

CONCLUSION

Clinical risk factors, PROs, and serum cytokine levels provide complementary prognostic information for predicting severe RD in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. ML and logistic regression models demonstrated comparable performance for predicting clinically significant RD with AUC>0.70.

Impacts of supplementation with milk proteins on inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Impacts of milk proteins (MPs) on inflammation are uncertain. The current systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated the effects of whey protein (WP), casein protein (CP), or MP supplementation on serum levels of cytokines and adipokines in adults.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of various online databases was conducted to find appropriate clinical trials published until September 2024. A random-effect statistical model was implemented.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis included 53 RCTs. It was indicated that MP supplements had no substantial effects on serum values of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, and leptin. However, there were statistically significant decreases in serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) following supplementation with MP (weighted mean difference (WMD): - 0.25 pg/mL, 95% CI - 0.48, - 0.03; P = 0.026) in the intervention group compared with the control group.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that MP supplementation may not have any considerable impacts on the levels of cytokines and adipokines.

Computational Molecular Docking Analysis of Linalool Enantiomers Interaction With Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 (MAPK1): Insights Into Potential Binding Mechanisms and Affinity

Molecular docking analysis of linalool interaction with mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) provides valuable insights into the potential binding mechanisms and affinity of this interaction. Linalool, a naturally occurring terpene alcohol, has been the subject of increasing interest due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. MAPK1 is a crucial signaling protein involved in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Using MOE software, we conducted a stereoisomer analysis of (R)- and (S)-linalool in our study. After docking, the ligand was ranked according to their binding energy and the best lead compound was selected based on the highest binding energy. The results showed that the S-linalool isomer showed superior anticancer activity, while the R-linalool molecule showed less activity. This interaction could provide insights into linalool's potential therapeutic applications, highlighting its diverse pharmacological properties.

Informatics-assisted proteomics revealing the anti-inflammatory effects of satsuma orange (Citrus unshiu) peel flavonoid extract in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

Citrus unshiu peel (CUP), rich in flavonoids, has been traditionally used for its health benefits. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of CUP flavonoid extract (CUPFE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells through proteomics analysis. CUPFE significantly reduced the inflammatory mediators and cytokines (nitric oxide, IL-6, and CCL-2) production. Quantitative proteomics analysis using LC-MS/MS identified 140 differentially expressed proteins between the CUPFE and LPS groups, with 86 proteins upregulated and 54 downregulated. Notably, CUPFE negatively regulated 56 proteins induced by LPS. Functional enrichment analysis using gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes revealed that most of these proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways (TNF-α, NF-κB, PI3K-Akt, mTOR, and MAPK) regulating inflammatory processes. Further analysis showed that CUPFE interferes these signaling pathways in a dose-dependent manner, counteracting the LPS-induced effects. Collectively, this study reveals CUPFE's anti-inflammatory effects, laying basis for future research on treating inflammation-related conditions.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-025-01830-1.

Context-dependent role of sirtuin 2 in inflammation

Sirtuin 2 is a member of the sirtuin family nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases, known for its regulatory role in different processes, including inflammation. In this context, sirtuin 2 has been involved in the modulation of key inflammatory signaling pathways and transcription factors by deacetylating specific targets, such as nuclear factor κB and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-leucine-rich-repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3). However, whether sirtuin 2-mediated pathways induce a pro- or an anti-inflammatory response remains controversial. Sirtuin 2 has been implicated in promoting inflammation in conditions such as asthma and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that its inhibition in these conditions could be a potential therapeutic strategy. Conversely, arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus studies suggest that sirtuin 2 is essential at the peripheral level and, thus, its inhibition in these pathologies would not be recommended. Overall, the precise role of sirtuin 2 in inflammation appears to be context-dependent, and further investigation is needed to determine the specific molecular mechanisms and downstream targets through which sirtuin 2 influences inflammatory processes in various tissues and pathological conditions. The present review explores the involvement of sirtuin 2 in the inflammation associated with different pathologies to elucidate whether its pharmacological modulation could serve as an effective strategy for treating this prevalent symptom across various diseases.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Methanol Extract of Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Through Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Stimulated Mouse Microglial Cells

Botanical extracts are recognized in traditional medicine for their therapeutic potential and safety standards. Botanical extracts are viable and sustainable alternatives to synthetic drugs, being essential in drug discovery for various diseases. Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby is a medical plant traditionally used to treat inflammation. However, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the molecular pathways activated in microglial cells require further investigation. Therefore, this study examines the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby methanol extracts (SMEs) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse microglial cells. SMEs significantly inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokine production, which are mediated through the dephosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) translocation into the nucleus. Additionally, SME treatment upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1, reducing oxidative stress, indicated by a decrease in reactive oxygen species and restoration of the total glutathione content in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. The inhibitory effects of SMEs on inflammatory mediator production and NF-κB nuclear translocation were significantly reversed by Sn-protoporphyrin, a specific HO-1 inhibitor. These findings demonstrate that SME protects microglial cells by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting NF-κB translocation.

Alterations in Methionine Cycle and Wnt/MAPK Signaling Associated with HMBi-Induced Cashmere Growth in Goats

Methionine (Met) was the first limiting amino acid identified in cashmere goats, and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid isopropyl ester (HMBi) can effectively provide Met and encourage cashmere growth in goats. However, existing studies have primarily centered on the trait of cashmere growth and have not delved into the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms by which HMBi promotes cashmere growth in goats. In the present study, we combined metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to reveal the effects of HMBi supplementation and its impact on the gene expressions and metabolic profiles within the skin tissue of Liaoning cashmere goats. A total of 14 female Liaoning cashmere goats were randomly allocated to the control (CON) and HMBi groups. The CON group received a basal diet, and the HMBi group was fed the basal diet plus 1.27% HMBi. Our results show that HMBi supplementation significantly increased (p < 0.05) the cashmere length and decreased the cashmere diameter in the goats. The metabolomics results show that the HMBi supplementation increased (variable importance in projection >1 and p < 0.05) the concentrations of Met, 2-Hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (HMB), proline betaine, and 10-hydroxydecanoic acid in the skin tissue of the goats. For HMB degradation and Met cycle-related genes, compared with the CON diets, the HMBi diets elevated (p < 0.05) LDHD, MAT1A, and AHCY by 86.33%, 154.54%, and 147.89% in the skin tissue, respectively. Regarding genes related to cell proliferation and differentiation, the HMBi supplementation increased (p < 0.05) CCND1, CDK4, IVL, and BMP4 by 113.31%, 107.93%, 291.33%, and 186.21%, respectively. The results of the transcriptome evaluation show that the differential expression genes were mainly enriched (p < 0.05) in the Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways. In summary, these findings indicate that the Met cycle, Wnt, and MAPK play important roles in the process of HMBi, promoting cashmere growth in Liaoning cashmere goats.

The Therapeutic Potential of Kiwi Extract as a Source of Cysteine Protease Inhibitors on DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice and Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells

The discovery of effective cysteine protease inhibitors with crude protein kiwi extracts (CPKEs) has created novel challenges and prospects for pharmaceutical development. Despite extensive research on CPKEs, limited research has been conducted on treating atopic dermatitis (AD). Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of CPKEs on TNF-α activation in a HaCaT cell model and in a DNCB (1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene)-induced atopic dermatitis animal model. The molecular weight of the CPKE was determined using SDS-PAGE under non-reducing (17 kDa and 22 kDa) and reducing conditions (25 kDa, 22 kDa, and 15 kDa), whereas gelatin zymography was performed to examine the CPKE's inhibitory impact on cysteine protease (actinidin and papain) activity. Moreover, the CPKE remains stable at 60 °C, with pH levels varying from 4 to 11, as determined by the azocasein assay. CPKE treatment decreased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt, along with the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-p65 in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated HaCaT cells. Five-week-old BALB/c mice were treated with DNCB to act as an AD-like animal model. The topical application of CPKE to DNCB-treated mice for three weeks substantially decreased clinical dermatitis severity and epidermal thickness and reduced eosinophil infiltration and mast cells into ear and skin tissues. These findings imply that CPKE derived from kiwifruit might be a promising therapy option for inflammatory skin diseases such as AD.

The Effects and Mechanisms of Phytochemicals on Pain Management and Analgesic

Phytochemicals can be an essential treatment for chronic pain. This narrative review will summarize and critically analyze the evidence surrounding these substances in pain management. We will introduce phytochemicals, discuss their associated mechanisms, and comment on their viability for potential treatment. There have been decades of research on phytochemical therapies for pain management, but the authors limited the scope of the investigation to the last 25 years. This literature review will serve as a foundation for the pain practitioner to understand where these treatments fit in the paradigm for chronic pain treatment. Assess the integration of phytochemicals within pain management fully.

New Insights in Natural Bioactive Compounds for Periodontal Disease: Advanced Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth-supporting structures due to the host's immune response to microbial biofilms. Traditional periodontal treatments, such as scaling and root planing, pharmacological interventions, and surgical procedures, have significant limitations, including difficulty accessing deep periodontal pockets, biofilm recolonization, and the development of antibiotic resistance. In light of these challenges, natural bioactive compounds derived from plants, herbs, and other natural sources offer a promising alternative due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and tissue-regenerative properties. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), baicalin, carvacrol, berberine, essential oils, and Gum Arabic, exert therapeutic effects in periodontal disease. Bioactive compounds inhibit critical inflammatory pathways like NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK while activating protective pathways such as Nrf2/ARE, reducing cytokine production and oxidative stress. They also inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), preventing tissue degradation and promoting healing. In addition, these compounds have demonstrated the potential to disrupt bacterial biofilms by interfering with quorum sensing, targeting bacterial cell membranes, and enhancing antibiotic efficacy.Bioactive compounds also modulate the immune system by shifting the balance from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory responses and promoting efferocytosis, which helps resolve inflammation and supports tissue regeneration. However, despite the promising potential of these compounds, challenges related to their poor bioavailability, stability in the oral cavity, and the absence of large-scale clinical trials need to be addressed. Future strategies should prioritize the development of advanced delivery systems like nanoparticles and hydrogels to enhance bioavailability and sustain release, alongside long-term studies to assess the effects of these compounds in human populations. Furthermore, combining bioactive compounds with traditional treatments could provide synergistic benefits in managing periodontal disease. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of natural bioactive compounds in managing periodontal disease, emphasizing their molecular mechanisms of action and offering insights into their integration with conventional therapies for a more comprehensive approach to periodontal health.

Shared Genes and Pathways in Ulcerative Colitis and Ankylosing Spondylitis: Functional Validation and Implications for Diagnosis

Background

Associations between ulcerative colitis (UC) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have been reported in multiple studies, but the common etiologies of UC and AS remain unknown. Thus, in the current study, we aimed to investigate the shared genes and relevant mechanisms in UC and AS.

Methods

Using datasets for UC (GSE113079) and AS (GSE1797879), we initially identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through differential expression analysis. The DEGs from both datasets were intersected to identify common DEGs, relevant to both UC and AS, which were used in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to confirm key genes in the shared pathway. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to obtain information on key gene pathways and interactions with UC or AS-related diseases, followed by immune infiltration analysis. Finally, peripheral blood samples of AS and UC were used to verify the mRNA expression of the eight key genes using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results

Our results revealed that GMFG, GNG11, CLEC4D, CMTM2, VAMP5, S100A8, S100A12 and DGKQ are potential diagnostic biomarkers of AS and UC. Rimegepant, eptinezumab, methotrexate, atogepant, and ubrogepant were identified as potential drugs for S100A12 and S100A8 in patients with UC and AS. GSEA showed that these key genes were associated with antigen processing and presentation, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity and the T cell receptor signaling pathway in AS and UC, and were significantly associated with immune cells in various immune-related pathways. Subsequent functional experiments revealed significant increases in the mRNA expressions of S100A12 and VAMP5 in patients with AS and UC. Additionally, CLEC4D mRNA expression was notably higher in patients with UC than in healthy controls.

Conclusion

Key genes and shared pathways were identified in UC and AS, which may improve understanding of their relationship and guide diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Upregulation of the MAP2K4 gene triggers endothelial-mesenchymal transition in COVID-19

BACKGROUND

SARS-CoV-2 infection is marked by an excessive inflammatory response, leading to elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines through activation of intracellular pathways like mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Viruses can use the MAPK signaling pathway to their advantage, but the relationship of this pathway to the severe SARS-CoV-2 period has not been fully elucidated. MAP2K4 is involved in the MAPK signaling pathway and affects cellular processes such as cell-cell junction, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this study, we sought to determine the associated biomarkers that are involved in the MAP2K4 pathway and elucidate its possible roles in terms of some clinical features associated with COVID-19. We evaluated the expressions of MAP2K4, SNAI1, SLUG, ZEB1 and E-Cadherin. For this purpose, we prospectively recruited 66 individuals, 39 of whom were women and had a mean age of 65 years. The results revealed that MAP2K4 upregulation increased SNAI1 gene expression level whereas E- Cadherin level was decreased in SARS-CoV-2 positive participants. In addition, negative correlations were determined with PLT, Lymphocyte and CKMB and E- Cadherin levels in positive participants. We also observed a negative correlation between the MAP2K4 and AST, and a positive correlation between SLUG and BUN, ZEB1 and CK.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers fibrosis by increasing MAP2K4 regulation. Additionally, this is the first study to demonstrate the possible contribution of MAP2K4 in influencing COVID-19 clinical features, which may be relevant for identifying COVID-19 positive participants with severe complications.

A Review of Telomere Attrition in Cancer and Aging: Current Molecular Insights and Future Therapeutic Approaches

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

As cells divide, telomeres shorten through a phenomenon known as telomere attrition, which leads to unavoidable senescence of cells. Unprotected DNA exponentially increases the odds of mutations, which can evolve into premature aging disorders and tumorigenesis. There has been growing academic and clinical interest in exploring this duality and developing optimal therapeutic strategies to combat telomere attrition in aging and cellular immortality in cancer. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of telomere biology and therapeutic tactics to address aging and cancer.

METHODS

We used the Rayyan platform to review the PubMed database and examined the ClinicalTrial.gov registry to gain insight into clinical trials and their results.

RESULTS

Cancer cells activate telomerase or utilize alternative lengthening of telomeres to escape telomere shortening, leading to near immortality. Contrarily, normal cells experience telomeric erosion, contributing to premature aging disorders, such as Werner syndrome and Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria, and (2) aging-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

The literature presents several promising therapeutic approaches to potentially balance telomere maintenance in aging and shortening in cancer. This review highlights gaps in knowledge and points to the potential of these optimal interventions in preclinical and clinical studies to inform future research in cancer and aging.

Endarachne binghamiae Extract Ameliorates Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages Through Regulation of MAPK, NF-kB and PI3K/AKT Pathways, and Prevents Acute Lung Injury in Mice

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of the hot water extract of Endarachne binghamiae (EB-WE), a type of marine brown algae, was investigated in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and an acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model induced by intranasal LPS administration. Treatment with EB-WE significantly inhibited NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-a and IL-6) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In mRNA analysis, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, COX-2, and iNOS mRNAs, was down-regulated by EB-WE treatment. The phosphorylation of MAPK, IkB, and PI3K/AKT molecules responsible for signal pathways during inflammation in LPS-stimulated macrophages was also significantly inhibited by EB-WE. In an in vivo model for ALI, oral administration of EB-WE significantly reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1, CXC-16, CXCL1, and TARC) in serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice. Similarly to the results in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, treatment with EB-WE significantly inhibited intracellular signal pathways mediated by MAPK, IkB, and PI3K/AKT in lung tissues of mice with ALI, and also decreased the expression of mRNAs of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-a, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of EB-WE on ALI was apparently confirmed in histological examination through lung tissue staining. Taken together, it is clear that EB-WE has potential activity to effectively ameliorate the inflammatory responses in macrophages through down-regulation of MAPK, NF-kB, and PI3K/AKT activation, and suppress acute lung injury induced by LPS. These findings strongly suggest that EB-WE is a promising natural product beneficial for developing preventive treatments and cures of inflammation-related diseases.

Exploring the health benefits of food bioactive compounds from a perspective of NLRP3 inflammasome activation: an insight review

The food industry has been focusing on food bioactive compounds with multiple physiological and immunological properties that benefit human health. These bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids, have great potential to limit inflammatory responses especially NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which is a key innate immune platform for inflammation. Current studies have revealed numerous food bioactive compounds with promising activities for unraveling immune metabolic disorders and excessive inflammatory responses by directly and indirectly regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This review explores the food hazards, including microbial and abiotic factors, that may trigger NLRP3-mediated illnesses and inflammation. It also highlights bioactive compounds in food that can suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation through various mechanisms, linking its activation and inhibition to different pathways. Especially, this review provided further insight into NLRP3-related targets where food bioactive compounds can interact to block the NLRP3 inflammasome activation process, as well as mechanisms on how these compounds facilitate inactivation processes.

Cannabinol modulates the endocannabinoid system and shows TRPV1-mediated anti-inflammatory properties in human keratinocytes

Cannabinol (CBN) is a secondary metabolite of cannabis whose beneficial activity on inflammatory diseases of human skin has attracted increasing attention. Here, we sought to investigate the possible modulation by CBN of the major elements of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), in both normal and lipopolysaccharide-inflamed human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). CBN was found to increase the expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) at gene level and that of vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) at protein level, as well as their functional activity. In addition, CBN modulated the metabolism of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglicerol (2-AG), by increasing the activities of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-the biosynthetic and degradative enzyme of AEA-and that of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the hydrolytic enzyme of 2-AG. CBN also affected keratinocyte inflammation by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-8, IL-12, and IL-31 and increasing the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Of note, the release of IL-31 was mediated by TRPV1. Finally, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway was investigated in inflamed keratinocytes, demonstrating a specific modulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) upon treatment with CBN, in the presence or not of distinct ECS-directed drugs. Overall, these results demonstrate that CBN modulates distinct ECS elements and exerts anti-inflammatory effects-remarkably via TRPV1-in human keratinocytes, thus holding potential for both therapeutic and cosmetic purposes.

Oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders: Mechanisms and implications

Neuroprotection is a proactive approach to safeguarding the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, by preventing or limiting damage to nerve cells and other components. It primarily defends the central nervous system against injury from acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorders. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the body's natural defense mechanisms and the generation of reactive oxygen species, is crucial in developing neurological disorders. Due to its high metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Excessive ROS damages the essential biomolecules, leading to cellular malfunction and neurodegeneration. Several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and ischemic stroke, are associated with oxidative stress. Understanding the impact of oxidative stress in these conditions is crucial for developing new treatment methods. Researchers are exploring using antioxidants and other molecules to mitigate oxidative stress, aiming to prevent or slow down the progression of brain diseases. By understanding the intricate interplay between oxidative stress and neurological disorders, scientists hope to pave the way for innovative therapeutic and preventive approaches, ultimately improving individuals' living standards.

Protective Effects of Codium fragile Extract against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known analgesic used globally. Generally, APAP has been proven to be safe and effective at therapeutic doses; however, it can cause serious liver damage when administered at high levels. We prepared Codium fragile extract (CFE) using the seaweed C. fragile and confirmed that the CFE contains a substance called Loliolide with antioxidant activity. We performed the present study to determine whether CFE protects HEPG2 cells and BALB/c mice from oxidative stress-induced liver damage. We confirmed that CFE and Loliolide were non-cytotoxic and protected against liver damage by reducing the activities of ALT and AST, which were increased by APAP treatment, and that CFE reduced the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 in HEPG2 cells as determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Furthermore, the TNF-α and IL-6 levels, which were increased after APAP treatment in BALB/c mice, decreased after CFE treatment. Therefore, we demonstrated that CFE exerts a protective effect against APAP-induced liver injury by suppressing the inflammatory response through anti-inflammatory activity. Our findings provide new perspectives for developing functional foods that utilize seaweeds to improve liver function.

Polycyclic aromatics-derived benzene carboxylic acids (BPCAs) as a fast predictor of the genotoxicity of combustion particles

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are common toxics in combustion particles. Numerous studies on health effects of PAC mixtures focused on limited compounds. It's still challenging to quantify complex PAC mixtures in combustion particles. Recently, benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) method, which involves conversion of PAC mixtures into a few BPCAs, has been used to quantify complex PAC mixtures in particles. In this study, in vitro biossays were used to evaluate the toxicity of extractable organic matter (EOM) in combustion particles. Analysis with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) identified ~1000 molecules, mostly aromatics (84.47 ± 5.32 %), that positively associate with the EOM toxicity (p < 0.05). We further employed BPCAs method to quantify PAC mixtures in the EOM of combustion particles, and observed the toxicity (especially genotoxicity) of EOM linearly increases with the abundance of PAC mixtures (r2: 0.68-0.89, p < 0.05), as it is shown by a data set referring to all source types including biomass burning, coal combustion and vehicle exhaust. The genotoxicity of PAC mixtures in EOM of combustion particles was estimated to be 10-13 times that of benzo[a]pyrene at the same mass concentration. Target analysis of 48 PAC was carried out, but a weaker relationship is found for the toxicity of EOM and the abundance of 48 PAC. Taken together, we suggest PAC-derived BPCAs as a fast predictor of the genotoxicity of combustion particles, which could be promising in routine monitoring of PAC pollution in the air.

Exploring the interplay between inflammation and male fertility

Male fertility results from a complex interplay of physiological, environmental, and genetic factors. It is conditioned by the properly developed anatomy of the reproductive system, hormonal regulation balance, and the interplay between different cell populations that sustain an appropriate and functional environment in the testes. Unfortunately, the mechanisms sustaining male fertility are not flawless and their perturbation can lead to infertility. Inflammation is one of the factors that contribute to male infertility. In the testes, it can be brought on by varicocele, obesity, gonadal infections, leukocytospermia, physical obstructions or traumas, and consumption of toxic substances. As a result of prolonged or untreated inflammation, the testicular resident cells that sustain spermatogenesis can suffer DNA damage, lipid and protein oxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction consequently leading to loss of function in affected Sertoli cells (SCs) and Leydig cells (LCs), and the formation of morphologically abnormal dysfunctional sperm cells that lay in the basis of male infertility and subfertility. This is due mainly to the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by local immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes T, mast cells) and tissue-specific cells [SCs, LCs, peritubular myoid cells (PMCs) and germ cells (GCs)]. Depending on the location, duration, and intensity of inflammation, these mediators can exert their toxic effect on different elements of the testes. In this review, we discuss the most prevalent inflammatory factors that negatively affect male fertility and describe the different ways inflammation can impair male reproductive function.

Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced COX-2 expression via p38MAPK, JNK, and C/EBPβ phosphorylation inhibition by furomagydarin A, a benzofuran glycoside from Magydaris pastinacea

The phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of the seeds of Magydaris pastinacea afforded two undescribed benzofuran glycosides, furomagydarins A-B (1, 2), together with three known coumarins. The structures of the new isolates were elucidated after extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments as well as HR MS. Compound 1 was able to inhibit the COX-2 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide, a pro-inflammatory stimulus. RT-qPCR and luciferase reporter assays suggested that compound 1 reduces COX-2 expression at the transcriptional level. Further studies highlighted the capability of compound 1 to suppress the LPS-induced p38MAPK, JNK, and C/EBPβ phosphorylation, leading to COX-2 down-regulation in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Sorbus commixta Fruit Extract Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia Cells via the MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Sorbus commixta Hedl. is a traditional medicinal plant in Korea, China, and Japan with known antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and anti-melanin activities. However, its anti-neuroinflammatory effects remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of S. commixta fruit extracts on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated pro-inflammatory factors in BV-2 microglia. We compared the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of S. commixta fruit water extract (SFW) and 70% ethanol extract using a nitric oxide assay. Our data indicated that the SFW (25-100 μg/mL) treatment significantly inhibited excessive nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglia compared to the 70% ethanol extract. It also attenuated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α. Moreover, SFW exhibited its anti-inflammatory properties by downregulating the expression of factors involved in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B. Caffeic acid was identified as a primary component of SFW showing anti-neuroinflammatory activity. These findings suggest that SFW may offer substantial therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases involving microglia activation.

Depression like-behavior and memory loss induced by methylglyoxal is associated with tryptophan depletion and oxidative stress: a new in vivo model of neurodegeneration

BACKGROUND

Depression and memory loss are prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, with diabetic patients facing an elevated risk of brain dysfunction. Methylglyoxal (MGO) formation, which is heightened in diabetes owing to hyperglycemia and gut dysbiosis, may serve as a critical link between diabetes and brain diseases. Despite the high prevalence of MGO, the precise mechanisms underlying MGO-induced depression and memory loss remain unclear.

RESULTS

We investigated the effect of MGO stress on depression like-behavior and memory loss to elucidate the potential interplay between MGO-induced tryptophan (Trp) metabolism impairment and oxidative stress in the brain. It demonstrates that MGO induces depression-like behavior in mice, as confirmed by the OFT, TST, FST, SPT, and EPM behavioral tests. MGO led to the depletion of Trp and related neurotransmitters as 5-HT, EPI, and DA in the mouse brain. Additionally, MGO reduced the cell count in the DG, CA1, and CA3 hippocampal regions and modulated TPH2 levels in the brain. Notably, co-treatment with MGO and Trp mirrored the effects observed after Trp-null treatment in neurons, including reduced TPH1 and TPH2 levels and inhibition of neuronal outgrowth. Furthermore, MGO significantly altered the expression of key proteins associated with neurodegeneration, such as p-Tau, p-GSK-3β, APP, oAβ, BDNF, NGF, and p-TrkB. Concurrently, MGO activated MAPKs through ROS induction, triggering a redox imbalance by downregulating Nrf-2, Ho-1, TXNRD1, Trx, Sirt-3, and Sirt-5 expression levels, NAD+, and CAT activity in the mouse brain. This led to an accelerated neuroinflammatory response, as evidenced by increased expression of Iba-1, p-NF-κB, and the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α. Importantly, Trp treatment ameliorated MGO-induced depression like-behavior and memory loss in mice and markedly mitigated increased expression of p-Tau, APP, p-ERK1/2, p-pJNK, and p-NF-κB in the brain. Likewise, Trp treatment also induced the expression of MGO detoxifying factors GLO-I and GLO-II and CAT activity, suggesting the induction of an antioxidant system and reduced inflammation by inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data revealed that MGO-induced depression like-behavior and memory deficits resulted from disturbances in Trp, 5-HT, BDNF, and NGF levels, increased p-Tau and APP expression, neuroinflammation, and impaired redox status (Nrf-2/Ho-1/TXNRD1/Sirt3/5) in the brain.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanol Extract from Hibiscus cannabinus L. Flower in Diesel Particulate Matter-Stimulated HaCaT Cells

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM) is a very small particulate matter originating from cities, factories, and the use of fossil fuels in diesel vehicles. When DPM permeates the skin, it causes inflammation, leading to severe atopic dermatitis. Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Kenaf) seeds and leaves possess various beneficial properties, including anti-coagulation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Hibiscus cannabinus L. flower (HCFE) in HaCaT cells stimulated with 100 μg/mL of DPM.

METHODS

The anthocyanin content of HCFE was analyzed, and its antioxidant capacity was investigated using the DPPH assay. After inducing inflammation with 100 ug/mL of DPM, the cytotoxicity of HCFE 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL was measured, and the inhibitory effect of HCFE on inflammatory mediators was evaluated.

RESULTS

Anthocyanin and myricetin-3-O-glucoside were present in HCFE and showed high antioxidant capacity. In addition, HCFE decreased the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, and MCP-1, and significantly reduced the gene expression of CXCL10, CCL5, CCL17, and CCL22, which are known to increase in atopic dermatitis lesions. Furthermore, HCFE reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and down-regulated the activation of NF-κB, MAPKs. Inhibition of the NLRP-3 inflammasome was observed in DPM-stimulated HaCaT cells. In addition, the restoration of filaggrin and involucrin, skin barrier proteins destroyed by DPM exposure, was confirmed.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that HCFE could be used to prevent and improve skin inflammation and atopic dermatitis through the regulation of inflammatory mediators and the inhibition of skin water loss.

Coumarins as versatile therapeutic phytomolecules: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Coumarins, abundantly distributed in a plethora of biologically active compounds, serve as a fundamental motif in numerous natural products, drugs, and therapeutic leads. Despite their small size, they exhibit a diverse range of biological activities, intriguing researchers with their immense pharmacological potential.

PURPOSE

This study consolidates the evidence regarding the essential role of coumarins in modern drug discovery, exploring their broad-spectrum pharmaceutical effects, structural versatility, and mechanisms of action across various domains.

METHODS

For literature search, we utilized PubMed, Google scholar, and SciFinder databases. Keyword and keyword combinations such as "coumarins", "natural coumarins", "specific natural coumarins for particular diseases", and "therapeutic effects" were employed to retrieve relevant studies. The search encompassed articles published between 2005 and 2023. Selection criteria included studies reporting on the pharmacological activities of natural coumarins against various diseases.

RESULTS

The results highlight the therapeutic potential of natural coumarins against various diseases, demonstrating anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. They also act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and as anti-thrombotic, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective agents. They also show efficacy against diabetic nephropathy, neurodegenerative diseases, microbial infections and many other diseases.

CONCLUSION

This review underscores the significant role of natural coumarins in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Their diverse biological activities and structural versatility make them promising therapeutic agents. This study serves as a catalyst for further research in the field, aiming to address emerging challenges and opportunities in drug development.

Investigating Xiaochaihu Decoction's fever-relieving mechanism via network pharmacology, molecular docking, dynamics simulation, and experiments

Xiaochaihu Decoction（XCHD）is a classic prescription for the treatment of fever, but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, We elucidated the mechanism of action through network pharmacology and molecular docking. A rat fever model was established to verify the prediction results of network pharmacology. The analysis revealed that 120 intersection targets existed between XCHD and fever. The TP53, STAT3, RELA, MAPK1, AKT1, TNF and MAPK14 as potential core targets of XCHD in fever treatment. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses indicated that XCHD may act through pathways such as the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway. Molecular docking results demonstrated that quercetin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and baicalein exhibited strong binding activity to key targets. Animal experiments showed that XCHD significantly reduced body temperature and levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, PGE2, and cAMP in rats with fever. Importantly, no significant difference was observed between the XCHD self-emulsifying nano phase plus suspension phase and XCHD group. XCHD exerts its therapeutic effects on fever through a multi-ingredient, multi-target, and multi-pathway approach.

Proteomic Analysis of Signaling Pathways Modulated by Fatty Acid Binding Protein 5 (FABP5) in Macrophages

Although acute inflammation serves essential functions in maintaining tissue homeostasis, chronic inflammation is causally linked to many diseases. Macrophages are a major cell type that orchestrates inflammatory processes. During inflammation, macrophages undergo polarization and activation, thereby mobilizing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory transcriptional programs that regulate ensuing macrophage functions. Fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) is a lipid chaperone highly expressed in macrophages. FABP5 deletion is implicated in driving macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, yet signaling pathways regulated by macrophage-FABP5 have not been systematically profiled. We leveraged proteomic and phosphoproteomic approaches to characterize pathways modulated by FABP5 in M1 and M2 polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Stable isotope labeling by amino acids-based analysis of M1 and M2 polarized wild-type and FABP5 knockout BMDMs revealed numerous differentially regulated proteins and phosphoproteins. FABP5 deletion impacted downstream pathways associated with inflammation, cytokine production, oxidative stress, and kinase activity. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) emerged as a novel target of FABP5 and pharmacological FABP5 inhibition blunted TLR2-mediated activation of downstream pathways, ascribing a novel role for FABP5 in TLR2 signaling. This study represents a comprehensive characterization of the impact of FABP5 deletion on the proteomic and phosphoproteomic landscape of M1 and M2 polarized BMDMs. Loss of FABP5 altered pathways implicated in inflammatory responses, macrophage function, and TLR2 signaling. This work provides a foundation for future studies seeking to investigate the therapeutic potential of FABP5 inhibition in pathophysiological states resulting from dysregulated inflammatory signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This research offers a comprehensive analysis of fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) in macrophages during inflammatory response. The authors employed quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic approaches to investigate this utilizing bone marrow-derived macrophages that were M1 and M2 polarized using lipopolysaccharide with interferon γ and interleukin-4, respectively. This revealed multiple pathways related to inflammation that were differentially regulated due to the absence of FABP5. These findings underscore the potential therapeutic significance of macrophage-FABP5 as a candidate for addressing inflammatory-related diseases.

Hypermigration of macrophages through the concerted action of GRA effectors on NF-κB/p38 signaling and host chromatin accessibility potentiates Toxoplasma dissemination

Mononuclear phagocytes facilitate the dissemination of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Here, we report how a set of secreted parasite effector proteins from dense granule organelles (GRA) orchestrates dendritic cell-like chemotactic and pro-inflammatory activation of parasitized macrophages. These effects enabled efficient dissemination of the type II T. gondii lineage, a highly prevalent genotype in humans. We identify novel functions for effectors GRA15 and GRA24 in promoting CCR7-mediated macrophage chemotaxis by acting on NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, respectively, with contributions by GRA16/18 and counter-regulation by effector TEEGR. Furthermore, GRA28 boosted chromatin accessibility and GRA15/24/NF-κB-dependent transcription at the Ccr7 gene locus in primary macrophages. In vivo, adoptively transferred macrophages infected with wild-type T. gondii outcompeted macrophages infected with a GRA15/24 double mutant in migrating to secondary organs in mice. The data show that T. gondii, rather than being passively shuttled, actively promotes its dissemination by inducing a finely regulated pro-migratory state in parasitized human and murine phagocytes via co-operating polymorphic GRA effectors.

IMPORTANCE

Intracellular pathogens can hijack the cellular functions of infected host cells to their advantage, for example, for intracellular survival and dissemination. However, how microbes orchestrate the hijacking of complex cellular processes, such as host cell migration, remains poorly understood. As such, the common parasite Toxoplasma gondii actively invades the immune cells of humans and other vertebrates and modifies their migratory properties. Here, we show that the concerted action of a number of secreted effector proteins from the parasite, principally GRA15 and GRA24, acts on host cell signaling pathways to activate chemotaxis. Furthermore, the protein effector GRA28 selectively acted on chromatin accessibility in the host cell nucleus to selectively boost host gene expression. The joint activities of GRA effectors culminated in pro-migratory signaling within the infected phagocyte. We provide a molecular framework delineating how T. gondii can orchestrate a complex biological phenotype, such as the migratory activation of phagocytes to boost dissemination.

Oleic acid attenuates asthma pathogenesis via Th1/Th2 immune cell modulation, TLR3/4-NF-κB-related inflammation suppression, and intrinsic apoptotic pathway induction

WHO reported that asthma was responsible for 455,000 deaths in 2019 and asthma patients was evaluated 262 million in May 2023. The incidence is expected to increase as the average life expectancy increases, highlighting asthma as a significant health challenge in an aging society. The etiology of asthma is linked to an imbalance of Th1 and Th2 cells, respiratory inflammation, and pulmonary cell proliferation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-asthmatic effect and potential mechanism of oleic acid. The anti-inflammatory effect of oleic acid was evaluated in an LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell model, and immune modulation and the anti-apoptotic effect were measured in an ovalbumin-induced BALB/c mouse model. A variety of analytical procedures, such as MTT, qPCR, ELISA, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, gene transfection, immunohistochemistry, and several staining methods (Diff Quik, H&E, PAS), were used to evaluate the effectiveness and mechanisms of these methods. The results from in vitro experiments showed that oleic acid could reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), and molecular docking studies suggested that oleic acid could interact with TLR3 and TLR4 proteins to form ligand-protein complexes, showing good binding affinity. Additionally, oleic acid attenuated the expression of MAPK pathway components (JNK, p38 MAPK) and NF-κB pathway constituents (IκB, NF-κB, COX-2, PGE2). In vivo results indicated that oleic acid reduced the levels of inflammatory cells (WBCs and eosinophils) and IgE activity, reduced the expression of the Th2 cell transcription factor GATA-3, and decreased the levels of Th2/Th17-related cytokines (IL-4, TNF-α, and IL-6). Oleic acid also alleviated OVA-induced pathological changes in the lung, such as epithelial cell proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mucus hypersecretion. OVA restored apoptosis in lung epithelial cells by modulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. In summary, oleic acid has potential as a novel candidate for asthma treatment through its ability to regulate immune cells, exert anti-inflammatory effects, and promote apoptosis, thereby ameliorating asthma manifestations.

C5a Induces Inflammatory Signaling and Apoptosis in PC12 Cells through C5aR-Dependent Signaling: A Potential Mechanism for Adrenal Damage in Sepsis

The complement system is critically involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis. In particular, complement anaphylatoxin C5a is generated in excess during sepsis, leading to cellular dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that excessive C5a impairs adrenomedullary catecholamine production release and induces apoptosis in adrenomedullary cells. Currently, the mechanisms by which C5a impacts adrenal cell function are poorly understood. The PC12 cell model was used to examine the cellular effects following treatment with recombinant rat C5a. The levels of caspase activation and cell death, protein kinase signaling pathway activation, and changes in inflammatory protein expression were examined following treatment with C5a. There was an increase in apoptosis of PC12 cells following treatment with high-dose C5a. Ten inflammatory proteins, primarily involved in apoptosis, cell survival, and cell proliferation, were upregulated following treatment with high-dose C5a. Five inflammatory proteins, involved primarily in chemotaxis and anti-inflammatory functions, were downregulated. The ERK/MAPK, p38/MAPK, JNK/MAPK, and AKT protein kinase signaling pathways were upregulated in a C5aR-dependent manner. These results demonstrate an apoptotic effect and cellular signaling effect of high-dose C5a. Taken together, the overall data suggest that high levels of C5a may play a role in C5aR-dependent apoptosis of adrenal medullary cells in sepsis.

Gut instinct: harnessing the power of probiotics to tame pathogenic signaling pathways in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) marked by persistent inflammation of the mucosal lining of the large intestine, leading to debilitating symptoms and reduced quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that an imbalance of the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in UC pathogenesis, and various signaling pathways are implicated in the dysregulated immune response. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host, have attracted significant attention for their potential to restore gut microbial balance and ameliorate inflammation in UC. Recent studies have elucidated the mechanisms by which probiotics modulate these signaling pathways, often by producing anti-inflammatory molecules and promoting regulatory immune cell function. For example, probiotics can inhibit the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway by stabilizing Inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα), dampening the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Similarly, probiotics can modulate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, suppressing the activation of STAT1 and STAT3 and thus reducing the inflammatory response. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of probiotics in modulating pathogenic signaling pathways in UC will pave the way for developing more effective probiotic-based therapies. In this review, we explore the mechanistic role of probiotics in the attenuation of pathogenic signaling pathways, including NF-κB, JAK/STAT, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Wnt/β-catenin, the nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), interleukin-23 (IL-23)/IL-17 signaling pathway in UC.

Unlocking the potential of tranilast: Targeting fibrotic signaling pathways for therapeutic benefit

Fibrosis is the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in an organ or tissue that results from an impaired tissue repair in response to tissue injury or chronic inflammation. The progressive nature of fibrotic diseases and limited treatment options represent significant healthcare challenges. Despite the substantial progress in understanding the mechanisms of fibrosis, a gap persists translating this knowledge into effective therapeutics. Here, we discuss the critical mediators involved in fibrosis and the role of tranilast as a potential antifibrotic drug to treat fibrotic conditions. Tranilast, an antiallergy drug, is a derivative of tryptophan and has been studied for its role in various fibrotic diseases. These include scleroderma, keloid and hypertrophic scars, liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and uterine fibroids. Tranilast exerts antifibrotic effects by suppressing fibrotic pathways, including TGF-β, and MPAK. Because it disrupts fibrotic pathways and has demonstrated beneficial effects against keloid and hypertrophic scars, tranilast could be used to treat other conditions characterized by fibrosis.

Psoralen protects neurons and alleviates neuroinflammation by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization via inhibition of the Fyn-PKCδ pathway

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is closely associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Psoralen has potential for the treatment of many diseases, however, the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of psoralen have been unclear. This study investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of psoralen and its regulation of microglial M1/M2 polarization. The LPS-induced mice model was used to test anti-neuroinflammatory effects, regulatory effects on microglia polarization, and neuroprotective effects of psoralen in vivo. The LPS-induced BV2 model was used to test the anti-neuroinflammatory effects and the regulatory effects and mechanisms on microglial M1/M2 polarization of psoralen in vitro. PC12 cell model induced by conditioned medium of BV2 cells was used to validate the protective effects of psoralen against neuroinflammation-induced neuronal damage. These results showed that psoralen inhibited the expression of iNOS, CD86, and TNF-α, and increased the expression of Arg-1, CD206, and IL-10. These results indicated that psoralen inhibited the M1 microglial phenotype and promoted the M2 microglial phenotype. Further studies showed that psoralen inhibited the phosphorylation of Fyn and PKCδ, thereby inhibiting activation of the MAPKs and NF-κB pathways and suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia. Furthermore, psoralen reduced oxidative stress, neuronal damage, and apoptosis via inhibition of neuroinflammation. For the first time, this study showed that psoralen protected neurons and alleviated neuroinflammation by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization, which may be mediated by inhibition of the Fyn-PKCδ pathway. Thus, psoralen may be a potential agent in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases.

Genus Sambucus: Exploring Its Potential as a Functional Food Ingredient with Neuroprotective Properties Mediated by Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms

The genus Sambucus, mainly Sambucus nigra, has emerged as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential neuroprotective properties. This review explores the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroregenerative effects of Sambucus-derived compounds and their implications for brain health and cognitive function. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of Sambucus extracts to mitigate oxidative stress, modulate inflammatory responses, and promote neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. In vivo studies using animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, have shown that Sambucus compounds can improve cognitive function, motor performance, and neuronal survival while attenuating neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. The neuroprotective effects of Sambucus are primarily attributed to its rich content of polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, which exert their benefits through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of signaling pathways involved in inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the potential of Sambucus as a functional food ingredient is discussed, highlighting its application in various food products and the challenges associated with the stability and bioavailability of its bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on the neuroprotective potential of Sambucus and its derivatives, offering valuable insights for the development of dietary strategies to promote brain health and prevent age-related cognitive decline.

Protective effects of Amauroderma rugosum on dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis through the regulation of macrophage polarization and suppression of oxidative stress

BACKGROUND

Amauroderma rugosum (AR) is a medicinal mushroom commonly used to treat inflammation, gastric disorders, epilepsy, and cancers due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacological effects of AR and its underlying mechanism of action against ulcerative colitis (UC) in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

A UC mouse model was established by administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). AR extract was administered intragastrically to mice for 7 days. At the end of the experiment, histopathology, macrophage phenotype, oxidative stress, and inflammatory status were examined in vivo. Furthermore, RAW 264.7, THP-1, and Caco-2 cells were used to elucidate the mechanism of action of AR in vitro.

RESULTS

AR extract (0.5-2 mg/mL) significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced M1 macrophage (pro-inflammatory) polarization in both RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells. LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IL-6) were reduced by AR extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, AR extract downregulated MAPK signaling activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. AR extract elicited a concentration-dependent increase in the mRNA expression of M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype markers (CD206, Arg-1, Fizz-1, and Ym-1) in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, AR extract suppressed DSS-induced ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction in Caco-2 cells. The in vivo experiment revealed that AR extract (200 mg/kg) increased colon length compared to the DSS-treated group. In addition, disease activity index, spleen ratio, body weight, oxidative stress, and colonic inflammation were markedly improved by AR treatment in DSS-induced UC mice. Finally, AR suppressed M1 and promoted M2 macrophage polarization in UC mice.

CONCLUSION

The AR extract protected against DSS-induced UC by regulating macrophage polarization and suppressing oxidative stress. These valuable findings suggest that adequate intake of AR can prevent and/or treat UC.

Enterolignans: from natural origins to cardiometabolic significance, including chemistry, dietary sources, bioavailability, and activity

The enterolignans, enterolactone and enterodiol, the main metabolites produced from plant lignans by the gut microbiota, have enhanced bioavailability and activity compared to their precursors, with beneficial effects on metabolic and cardiovascular health. Although extensively studied, the biosynthesis, cardiometabolic effects, and other therapeutic implications of mammalian lignans are still incompletely understood. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of these phytoestrogen metabolites based on up-to-date information reported in studies from a wide range of disciplines. Established and novel synthetic strategies are described, as are the various lignan precursors, their dietary sources, and a proposed metabolic pathway for their conversion to enterolignans. The methodologies used for enterolignan analysis and the available data on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability are summarized and their cardiometabolic bioactivity is explored in detail. The special focus given to research on the health benefits of microbial-derived lignan metabolites underscores the critical role of lignan-rich diets in promoting cardiovascular health.

SARS-CoV-2 Protein Nsp9 Is Involved in Viral Evasion through Interactions with Innate Immune Pathways

The suppression of the host's innate antiviral immune response by SARS-CoV-2, a contributing factor to the severity of disease, has been considerably studied in recent years. Many of these studies have focused on the actions of the structural proteins of the virus because of their accessibility to host immunological components. However, less is known about SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural and accessory proteins in relation to viral evasion. Herein, we study SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins Orf3a, Orf6, and Nsp9 in a mimicked virus-infected state using poly(I:C), a synthetic analog of viral dsRNA, that elicits the antiviral immune response. Through genome-wide expression profiling, we determined that Orf3a, Orf6, and Nsp9 all modulate the host antiviral signaling transcriptome to varying extents, uniquely suppressing aspects of innate immune signaling. Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 Nsp9 hinders viral detection through suppression of RIG-I expression and antagonizes the interferon antiviral cascade by downregulating NF-kB and TBK1. Our data point to unique molecular mechanisms through which the different SARS-CoV-2 proteins suppress immune signaling and promote viral evasion. Nsp9 in particular acts on major elements of the host antiviral pathways to impair the antiviral immune response.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Hub Genes Reveals Associated Inflammatory Pathways in Estrogen-Dependent Gynecological Diseases

Gynecological diseases are triggered by aberrant molecular pathways that alter gene expression, hormonal balance, and cellular signaling pathways, which may lead to long-term physiological consequences. This study was able to identify highly preserved modules and key hub genes that are mainly associated with gynecological diseases, represented by endometriosis (EM), ovarian cancer (OC), cervical cancer (CC), and endometrial cancer (EC), through the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of microarray datasets sourced from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Five highly preserved modules were observed across the EM (GSE51981), OC (GSE63885), CC (GSE63514), and EC (GSE17025) datasets. The functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the highly preserved modules were heavily involved in several inflammatory pathways that are associated with transcription dysregulation, such as NF-kB signaling, JAK-STAT signaling, MAPK-ERK signaling, and mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, the results also include pathways that are relevant in gynecological disease prognosis through viral infections. Mutations in the ESR1 gene that encodes for ERα, which were shown to also affect signaling pathways involved in inflammation, further indicate its importance in gynecological disease prognosis. Potential drugs were screened through the Drug Repurposing Encyclopedia (DRE) based on the up-and downregulated hub genes, wherein a bacterial ribosomal subunit inhibitor and a benzodiazepine receptor agonist were the top candidates. Other drug candidates include a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, glucocorticoid receptor agonists, cholinergic receptor agonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sterol demethylase inhibitors, a bacterial antifolate, and serotonin receptor antagonist drugs which have known anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrating that the gene network highlights specific inflammatory pathways as a therapeutic avenue in designing drug candidates for gynecological diseases.