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Ham JR, Lee MK. Anti‑osteoclastogenic effect of fermented mealworm extract by inhibiting RANKL‑induced NFATc1 action. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:130. [PMID: 38414787 PMCID: PMC10895579 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Augmented osteoclast activity and differentiation can lead to destructive bone diseases, such as arthritis and osteoporosis. Therefore, modulating osteoclastogenesis and differentiation may serve to be a possible strategy for treating such diseases. Tenebrio molitor larvae, also known as mealworms, are considered a good source of protein with nutritional value, digestibility, flavor and functional properties, such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects. However, the role of mealworms in osteoclastogenesis remains poorly understood. The present study therefore investigated the effects of fermented mealworm extract (FME) on receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) whilst also attempting to understand the underlying mechanism, if any. The cells treated with RANKL were used as the negative control. To prepare FME, defatted mealworm powder was fermented with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, and then extracted with fermented alcohol. Cell viability of BMMs isolated from 5-week-old Institute of Cancer Research mice was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Subsequently, the effects of FME on osteoclast differentiation were measured using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. In addition, expression of markers associated with osteoclast differentiation was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) was assessed by western blotting. TRAP staining revealed that FME inhibited osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner (10-100 µg/ml) without causing cytotoxicity. Specifically, the formation of osteoclasts appear to have been suppressed by FME as indicated by the reduction in the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells observed. Furthermore, FME treatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression of c-Fos, whilst also significantly decreasing the expression of NFATc1 on both protein and mRNA levels. c-Fos and NFATc1 are transcription factors that can regulate osteoclast differentiation. FME treatment also reduced the expression of genes associated with osteoclast differentiation and function, including dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein, osteoclast associated Ig-like receptor, Cathepsin K and TRAP, compared with that in the control group. Subsequently, FME was found to effectively suppress RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation compared with that by the non-fermented mealworm extract. These findings suggest that FME may confer anti-osteoclastogenic effects, providing insights into its potential application in treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Ri Ham
- Department of K-Gim Industry-Strategy, Mokpo Marine Food-Industry Research Center, Mokpo, Jeollanam-do 58621, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeollanam-do 57922, Republic of Korea
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Conway A, Jaiswal S, Jaiswal AK. The Potential of Edible Insects as a Safe, Palatable, and Sustainable Food Source in the European Union. Foods 2024; 13:387. [PMID: 38338521 PMCID: PMC10855650 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Entomophagy describes the practice of eating insects. Insects are considered extremely nutritious in many countries worldwide. However, there is a lethargic uptake of this practice in Europe where consuming insects and insect-based foodstuffs is often regarded with disgust. Such perceptions and concerns are often due to a lack of exposure to and availability of food-grade insects as a food source and are often driven by neophobia and cultural norms. In recent years, due to accelerating climate change, an urgency to develop alternate safe and sustainable food-sources has emerged. There are currently over 2000 species of insects approved by the World Health Organization as safe to eat and suitable for human consumption. This review article provides an updated overview of the potential of edible insects as a safe, palatable, and sustainable food source. Furthermore, legislation, food safety issues, and the nutritional composition of invertebrates including, but not limited, to crickets (Orthoptera) and mealworms (Coleoptera) are also explored within this review. This article also discusses insect farming methods and the potential upscaling of the industry with regard to future prospects for insects as a sustainable food source. Finally, the topics addressed in this article are areas of potential concern to current and future consumers of edible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Conway
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 ADY7, Ireland; (A.C.); (S.J.)
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland
| | - Swarna Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 ADY7, Ireland; (A.C.); (S.J.)
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland
| | - Amit K. Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 ADY7, Ireland; (A.C.); (S.J.)
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland
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Carpentieri S, Orkusz A, Ferrari G, Harasym J. Effect of replacing durum wheat semolina with Tenebrio molitor larvae powder on the techno-functional properties of the binary blends. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 8:100672. [PMID: 38261860 PMCID: PMC10797142 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae, due to their high nutritional value, are gaining growing attention in food and feed sectors. Although few studies dealt with wheat-based products functionalized with TM larvae powder, there is a lack of comprehensive characterization of the raw materials to optimize the formulations for end-product recommendation. This study aimed at investigating the effects of partial replacement of durum wheat semolina with increasing amounts of TM larvae powder (5-30%) on the techno-functional properties of the binary blends. Color, granulometry, hydration properties, pasting characteristics, spectral characteristics (FTIR), reducing sugar content, and bioactivity in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS) were assessed in the resulting blends. The increasing insect powder decreased the lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) but increased the redness (a*) of the samples. In turn, the addition of insect powder did not negatively alter the hydration properties, which were comparable to those detected for semolina. Higher amounts of insect powder led to increased protein and lipid contents, as corroborated by the FTIR spectra, and decreased pasting parameters, with stronger starch granule stability detected when 20% and 30% of insect powder were added to the formulation. Significant increases in TPC and antioxidant activity were observed with increasing amount of insect powder (up to 87%, 78%, 2-fold, 67%, for TPC, FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS, respectively, compared to semolina). Therefore, these promising results have highlighted the possibility of using TM larvae powder as an unconventional ingredient for wheat-based products, by enhancing the nutritional and health-promoting values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Carpentieri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Orkusz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Analysis, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Giovanna Ferrari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- ProdAl Scarl C/o University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Joanna Harasym
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Analysis, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Wroclaw, Poland
- Adaptive Food Systems Accelerator – Research Centre, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Wroclaw, Poland
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Choi YS, Lee JH, Kim TK, Shin DM. Edible insects in food. Adv Food Nutr Res 2023; 108:223-264. [PMID: 38461000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Edible insects, with their high protein and lipid content, offer a safe and cost-effective alternative to traditional protein sources. They are environmentally friendly, emitting fewer greenhouse gases and requiring less water than livestock farming. Their rapid reproduction, efficiency, and labor-saving qualities make them attractive for industry. However, the unappealing appearance of edible insects hinders consumer acceptance. To overcome this, materialization technologies should be developed, and negative perceptions addressed with objective data. Promoting the nutritional value, safe rearing, disease prevention, and cost-efficiency of edible insects can boost consumer interest. Commercializing various insect products is crucial to revitalize their integration into the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Shin
- Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Li M, Mao C, Li X, Jiang L, Zhang W, Li M, Liu H, Fang Y, Liu S, Yang G, Hou X. Edible Insects: A New Sustainable Nutritional Resource Worth Promoting. Foods 2023; 12:4073. [PMID: 38002131 PMCID: PMC10670618 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects are a highly nutritious source of protein and are enjoyed by people all over the world. Insects contain various other nutrients and beneficial compounds, such as lipids, vitamins and minerals, chitin, phenolic compounds, and antimicrobial peptides, which contribute to good health. The practice of insect farming is far more resource-efficient compared to traditional agriculture and animal husbandry, requiring less land, energy, and water, and resulting in a significantly lower carbon footprint. In fact, insects are 12 to 25 times more efficient than animals in converting low-protein feed into protein. When it comes to protein production per unit area, insect farming only requires about one-eighth of the land needed for beef production. Moreover, insect farming generates minimal waste, as insects can consume food and biomass that would otherwise go to waste, contributing to a circular economy that promotes resource recycling and reuse. Insects can be fed with agricultural waste, such as unused plant stems and food scraps. Additionally, the excrement produced by insects can be used as fertilizer for crops, completing the circular chain. Despite the undeniable sustainability and nutritional benefits of consuming insects, widespread acceptance of incorporating insects into our daily diets still has a long way to go. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the nutritional value of edible insects, the development of farming and processing technologies, and the problems faced in the marketing of edible insect products and insect foods to improve the reference for how people choose edible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Chengjuan Mao
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Lei Jiang
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengying Li
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Huixue Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Yaowei Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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Antonopoulou E, Kolygas M, Panteli N, Gouva E, Kontogeorgiou P, Feidantsis K, Chatzopoulos A, Bitchava K, Zacharis C, Bonos E, Giannenas I, Skoufos I, Andreadis SS, Skoulakis G, Athanassiou CG, Nathanailides C. Breeding Substrate Containing Distillation Residues of Mediterranean Medicinal Aromatic Plants Modulates the Effects of Tenebrio molitor as Fishmeal Substitute on Blood Signal Transduction and WBC Activation of Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2537. [PMID: 37570345 PMCID: PMC10417334 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This work assesses the dietary use of two insect meals of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae reared in conventional (TM-10) or MAP-enriched substrates (MAP-TM-10) as fish meal replacements (10%) in the diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish (n = 4500; 207.19 ± 1.47 g) were divided into three groups with triplicates: control (fed conventional diet), TM-10, and MAP-TM-10 groups. The fish were reared in floating cages for 12 weeks and the dietary effects on white blood cell activation, heat shock proteins, MAPKs, and apoptosis of the fish were evaluated. The MAP-TM-10 group exhibited the highest eosinophilic induction. Phosphorylated levels of p38 MAPK, p44/42 MAPK, HSP70, and HSP90 increased in the TM-10 and MAP-TM-10 groups. In terms of apoptosis, Bax levels were lower in the TM groups compared to the control, and the MAP-TM-10 group showed even lower levels than the TM-10 group. Bcl-2 levels increased in the TM-10 group compared to the control, and further increased in the MAP-TM-10 group. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, an apoptosis indicator, decreased in the TM groups, with the MAP-TM-10 group showing a further decrease compared to TM-10. These findings suggest that insects' breeding substrate being enriched with MAPs modulated the effect of TM on cellular stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Markos Kolygas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Nikolas Panteli
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Gouva
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Panagiota Kontogeorgiou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Patras, 26504 Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Achilleas Chatzopoulos
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Bitchava
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Skaloma Fishery [A.C], 46300 Sagaida, Greece
| | - Christos Zacharis
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Stefanos S. Andreadis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Georgios Skoulakis
- AgriScienceGEO, Melpomenis Str. P.O. Box 60561, Industrial Area of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
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7
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Kang Y, Applegate CC, He F, Oba PM, Vieson MD, Sánchez-Sánchez L, Swanson KS. Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Lesser Mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) Proteins Slowed Weight Gain and Improved Metabolism of Diet-Induced Obesity Mice. J Nutr 2023; 153:2237-2248. [PMID: 37331631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-protein diets not only meet amino acid needs but also modulate satiety and energy metabolism. Insect-based proteins are sustainable, high-quality proteins. Mealworms have been studied, but limited information is known about their ability to impact metabolism and obesity. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of defatted yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)- and whole lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus)-based proteins on the body weight (BW), serum metabolites, and liver and adipose tissue (AT) histology and gene expression of diet-induced obesity mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 46% kcal) to induce obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obese mice were then assigned to treatments (n = 10/group) and fed for 8 wk: HFD: HFD with casein protein; B50: HFD with 50% protein from whole lesser mealworm; B100: HFD with 100% protein from whole lesser mealworm; Y50: HFD with 50% protein from defatted yellow mealworm; Y100: HFD with 100% protein from defatted yellow mealworm. Lean mice (n = 10) fed a low-fat-diet (LFD; 10% kcal) were included. Longitudinal food intake, BW, body composition, and glucose response were measured. At time of killing, serum metabolites, tissue histopathology and gene expression, and hepatic triglycerides were analyzed. RESULTS After 8 wk, HFD, B50, and B100 had greater (P < 0.05) weight gain than LFD, whereas Y50 and Y100 did not. Y50, B100, and Y100 had a lower (P < 0.05) BW change rate than HFD. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and reduced (P < 0.05) serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations and reduced (P<0.05) LDL/HDL ratio. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) hepatic expression of genes related to energy balance, immune response, and antioxidants and reduced (P < 0.05) AT expression of genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Mealworm-based diets altered (P < 0.05) hepatic and AT expression of glucose and lipid metabolism genes. CONCLUSIONS In addition to serving as an alternative protein source, mealworms may confer health benefits to obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Kang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Catherine C Applegate
- The Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Fei He
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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8
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Bucea-Manea-Țoniș R, Martins OMD, Urdeș L, Coelho AS, Simion VE. Nudging Consumer Behavior with Social Marketing in Portugal: Can Perception Have an Influence over Trying Insect-Based Food? Insects 2023; 14:547. [PMID: 37367363 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Social marketing campaigns are widely used to inform, educate, communicate, and promote healthy behaviors that add benefits to the individual, but also to society and the environment. Considering the low cost and high quality of insect-based food, this research aims to identify the main factors which can be used by social marketing campaigns to help people to try new foods, such as insect-based food. Although it is considered an important alternative to protein, there are a few countries that have not experienced it. In many Western countries, insect-based food is perceived as being disgusting. Neophobia is also a barrier to trying these foods. The main goal is to analyze if social marketing campaigns might influence perception (familiarity, preparation, visual, and information). Our model proves this assumption because we obtained high path coefficients, indicating that perception influences social beliefs, individual beliefs, and consumption intention. Thus, they will increase the consumption intention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliva M D Martins
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Laura Urdeș
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Spiru Haret University, 030352 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Sofia Coelho
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- GOVCOPP-UA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Violeta-Elena Simion
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Spiru Haret University, 030352 Bucharest, Romania
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Guimarães VHD, Marinho BM, Motta-Santos D, Mendes GDRL, Santos SHS. Nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 113:109252. [PMID: 36509338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders represent a significant global health problem and the gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating systemic homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that microbiota and its signaling pathways may affect the whole metabolism and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), which in turn seems to modify microbiota. The present review aimed to investigate nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome components. A description of metabolic changes was obtained based on relevant scientific literature. The molecular and physiological mechanisms that impact the human microbiome were addressed, including the gut microbiota associated with obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. The RAS interaction signaling and modulation were analyzed. Strategies including the use of prebiotics, symbiotics, probiotics, and biotechnology may affect the gut microbiota and its impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbhara Mota Marinho
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy - EEFFTO, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Rocha Lemos Mendes
- Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Kim MH, Kim S, Kim S, Park W, Han J. Gryllus bimaculatus
‐containing diets protect against dexamethasone‐induced muscle atrophy, but not high‐fat diet‐induced obesity. Food Sci Nutr 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul South Korea
| | - Su‐Jeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry Chung‐Ang University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Si‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Human Ecology (Food Science and Nutrition) Korea University Seoul South Korea
| | - Woo‐Jae Park
- Department of Biochemistry Chung‐Ang University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Jung‐Soon Han
- Department of Human Ecology (Food Science and Nutrition) Korea University Seoul South Korea
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11
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Marschall MJM, Grundmann SM, Gessner DK, Wen G, Most E, Eder K, Ringseis R. Feeding of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal Attenuates Hepatic Lipid Synthesis and Fatty Liver Development in Obese Zucker Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15. [PMID: 36678159 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that dietary insect meal from Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae attenuates the development of liver steatosis and hyperlipidemia in the obese Zucker rat. To test the hypothesis, a 4-week trial with male, obese Zucker rats (n = 30) and male, lean Zucker rats (n = 10) was performed. The obese rats were assigned to three obese groups (group O-C, group O-HI25, group O-HI50) of 10 rats each. The lean rats served as a lean control group (L-C). Group L-C and group O-C were fed a control diet with 20% casein as protein source, whereas 25% and 50% of the protein from casein was replaced with protein from HI larvae meal in the diets of group O-HI25 and O-HI50, respectively. The staining of liver sections with Oil red O revealed an excessive lipid accumulation in the liver of group O-C compared to group L-C, whereas liver lipid accumulation in group O-HI25 and O-HI50 was markedly reduced compared to group O-C. Hepatic concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, the sum of total fatty acids and hepatic mRNA levels of several genes associated with lipid synthesis and plasma concentration of cholesterol were markedly higher in group O-C than in group L-C, but lower in group O-HI50 than in group O-C (p < 0.05). In conclusion, partial replacement of casein by HI larvae meal attenuates liver steatosis and dyslipidemia in obese Zucker rats. This suggests that HI larvae meal serves as a functional food protecting from obesity-induced metabolic disorders.
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12
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Zhou Y, Wang D, Zhou S, Duan H, Guo J, Yan W. Nutritional Composition, Health Benefits, and Application Value of Edible Insects: A Review. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 36553703 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, edible insects have been used as food to alleviate hunger and improve malnutrition. Some insects have also been used as medicines because of their therapeutic properties. This is not only due to the high nutritional value of edible insects, but more importantly, the active substances from edible insects have a variety of biofunctional activities. In this paper, we described and summarized the nutritional composition of edible insects and discussed the biological functions of edible insects and their potential benefits for human health. A summary analysis of the findings for each active function confirms that edible insects have the potential to develop functional foods and medicines that are beneficial to humans. In addition, we analyzed the issues that need to be considered in the application of edible insects and the current status of edible insects in food and pharmaceutical applications. We concluded with a discussion of regulations related to edible insects and an outlook on future research and applications of edible insects. By analyzing the current state of research on edible insects, we aim to raise awareness of the use of edible insects to improve human health and thus promote their better use and development.
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13
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Tavares PPLG, dos Santos Lima M, Pessôa LC, de Andrade Bulos RB, de Oliveira TTB, da Silva Cruz LF, de Jesus Assis D, da Boa Morte ES, Di Mambro Ribeiro CV, de Souza CO. Innovation in Alternative Food Sources: A Review of a Technological State-of-the-Art of Insects in Food Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233792. [PMID: 36496600 PMCID: PMC9737383 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects present great potential for the food industry due to their easier rearing conditions and high nutritional value, in comparison with traditional livestock. However, there is a lack of evaluation of the technological status of food products developed with edible insects. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the emergent technological and scientific applications of edible insects in the food industry through a prospective study of patent documents and research articles. Espacenet was used as a research tool, applying the terms Insect, Pupa, Larva, or Nymph and the codes A23L33 and A23V2002. A total of 1139 documents were found-341 were related to the study. Orbit® was used to evaluate technological domains and clusters of concepts. Scopus database research was performed to assess the prevalence of insect research, with the term "edible and insect*". The main insects used were silkworms, bees, beetles, mealworms, crickets, and cicadas. Protein isolates were the predominant technology, as they function as an ingredient in food products or supplements. A diverse application possibility for insects was found due to their nutritional composition. The insect market is expected to increase significantly in the next years, representing an opportunity to develop novel high-quality/sustainable products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus dos Santos Lima
- Undergraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiggi Cavalcanti Pessôa
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPEQ), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, Bahia, Brazil
- Environment Department, Senai Cimatec University Center, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Larissa Farias da Silva Cruz
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PGALI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Denilson de Jesus Assis
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPEQ), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, Bahia, Brazil
- School of Exact and Technological Sciences, Salvador University, Salvador 41820-021, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elba Santos da Boa Morte
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health (PPGANS), School of Nutrition, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-907, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Vaz Di Mambro Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PGALI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carolina Oliveira de Souza
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PGALI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Bromatological Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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14
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Aguilar-Toalá JE, Cruz-Monterrosa RG, Liceaga AM. Beyond Human Nutrition of Edible Insects: Health Benefits and Safety Aspects. Insects 2022; 13:insects13111007. [PMID: 36354831 PMCID: PMC9692588 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, edible insects are considered an outstanding source of nutrients, primarily because they contain high-quality protein, amino acids, and vitamins. Insects are considered a promising alternative protein source towards alleviating future global food shortage problems due to their production considered as being more sustainable by using less agricultural land and water, as well as releasing a smaller amount of greenhouse gas emissions. However, other important aspects to consider about the consumption of edible insects include their health benefits and some safety aspects, which has been relatively overlooked. In this sense, edible insects contain bioactive compounds that can provide diverse bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory with a positive impact on human health. On the other hand, edible insects are a nutrient-rich food that can provide a perfect growth medium for diverse microorganisms, as well as possess some anti-nutritive factors. These two main aspects could represent food safety concerns for consumers. In this context, recent scientific evidence indicates that preservation methods, mainly thermal treatments, utilized in the cooking or processing of edible insects decreased the microbial levels and anti-nutritive factors, which suggests that edible insects do not represent a critical biological risk to humans. Besides, edible insects could have a positive effect on gut microbiota, either by their pre-biotic effect or their antimicrobial activity towards pathogens. Thus, this review is focused on studies related to the health benefits of edible insects and their isolated components, as well as discussion about potential issues related to their microbial content and anti-nutritive factors; this review will provide a synopsis on whether edible insects may be considered safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Aguilar-Toalá
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Av. de las Garzas 10, Col. El Panteón, Lerma de Villada 52005, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rosy G. Cruz-Monterrosa
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Av. de las Garzas 10, Col. El Panteón, Lerma de Villada 52005, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Andrea M. Liceaga
- Protein Chemistry and Bioactive Peptides Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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15
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Zhao T, Wu L, Fan F, Yang Y, Xue X. Supplementation with Queen Bee Larva Powder Extended the Longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutrients 2022; 14:3976. [PMID: 36235629 PMCID: PMC9573043 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Queen bee larva (QBL) is one kind of important edible insect that is harvested during royal jelly production process. QBL has many physiological functions; however, limited information is available regarding its antiaging effects. In this study, the antiaging function of freeze-dried QBL powder (QBLP) was investigated by combining the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model and transcriptomics. The administration of QBLP to C. elegans was shown to improve lifespan parameters. Additionally, QBLP improved the mobility of nematodes. Transcriptome analysis showed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms that were almost all related to the biological functions of cell metabolism and stress, which are associated with lifespan. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis suggested that the lifespan of C. elegans was related to the longevity regulating pathway-worm. The expression levels of the key genes sod-3, gst-6, hsp-12.6, lips-7, ins-8, and lips-17 were upregulated. sod-3, hsp-12.6, lips-7, and lips-17 are downstream targets of DAF-16, which is an important transcription factor related to lifespan extension. CF1038 (daf-16(mu86)) supplemented with QBLP did not show a life-prolonging. This indicates that the antiaging function of QBLP is closely related to daf-16. Thus, QBLP is a component that could potentially be used as a functional material to ameliorate aging and aging-related symptoms.
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16
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Ros-Baró M, Casas-Agustench P, Díaz-Rizzolo DA, Batlle-Bayer L, Adrià-Acosta F, Aguilar-Martínez A, Medina FX, Pujolà M, Bach-Faig A. Edible Insect Consumption for Human and Planetary Health: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:11653. [PMID: 36141915 PMCID: PMC9517137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to examine the health outcomes and environmental impact of edible insect consumption. Following PRISMA-P guidelines, PubMed, Medline ProQuest, and Cochrane Library databases were searched until February 2021. Twenty-five articles met inclusion criteria: twelve animal and six human studies (randomized, non-randomized, and crossover control trials), and seven studies on sustainability outcomes. In animal studies, a supplement (in powdered form) of 0.5 g/kg of glycosaminoglycans significantly reduced abdominal and epididymal fat weight (5-40% and 5-24%, respectively), blood glucose (10-22%), and total cholesterol levels (9-10%), and a supplement of 5 mg/kg chitin/chitosan reduced body weight (1-4%) and abdominal fat accumulation (4%) versus control diets. In other animal studies, doses up to 7-15% of edible insect inclusion level significantly improved the live weight (9-33%), reduced levels of triglycerides (44%), cholesterol (14%), and blood glucose (8%), and increased microbiota diversity (2%) versus control diet. In human studies, doses up to 7% of edible insect inclusion level produced a significant improvement in gut health (6%) and reduction in systemic inflammation (2%) versus control diets and a significant increase in blood concentrations of essential and branched-chain amino acids and slowing of digestion (40%) versus whey treatment. Environmental indicators (land use, water footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions) were 40-60% lower for the feed and food of edible insects than for traditional animal livestock. More research is warranted on the edible insect dose responsible for health effects and on environmental indicators of edible insects for human nutrition. This research demonstrates how edible insects can be an alternative protein source not only to improve human and animal nutrition but also to exert positive effects on planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ros-Baró
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Casas-Agustench
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Diana Alícia Díaz-Rizzolo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Healthcare Transversal Research Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Batlle-Bayer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alícia Aguilar-Martínez
- Food Lab Research Group (2017SGR 83), Faculty of Health Sciences, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Unesco Chair on Food, Culture and Development, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc-Xavier Medina
- Food Lab Research Group (2017SGR 83), Faculty of Health Sciences, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Unesco Chair on Food, Culture and Development, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pujolà
- Faculty of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Anna Bach-Faig
- Food Lab Research Group (2017SGR 83), Faculty of Health Sciences, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Food and Nutrition Area, Barcelona Official College of Pharmacists, 08009 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Lee JH, Kim TK, Cha JY, Jang HW, Yong HI, Choi YS. How to Develop Strategies to Use Insects as Animal Feed: Digestibility, Functionality, Safety, and Regulation. J Anim Sci Technol 2022; 64:409-431. [PMID: 35709133 PMCID: PMC9184698 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various insects have emerged as novel feed resources due to their economical,
eco-friendly, and nutritive characteristics. Fish, poultry, and pigs are
livestock that can feed on insects. The digestibility of insect-containing meals
were presented by the species, life stage, nutritional component, and processing
methods. Several studies have shown a reduced apparent digestibility coefficient
(ADC) when insects were supplied as a replacement for commercial meals related
to chitin. Although the expression of chitinase mRNA was present in several
livestock, indigestible components in insects, such as chitin or fiber, could be
a reason for the reduced ADC. However, various components can positively affect
livestock health. Although the bio-functional properties of these components
have been verified in vitro, they show positive health-promoting effects owing
to their functional expression when directly applied to animal diets. Changes in
the intestinal microbiota of animals, enhancement of immunity, and enhancement
of antibacterial activity were confirmed as positive effects that can be
obtained through insect diets. However, there are some issues with the safety of
insects as feed. To increase the utility of insects as feed, microbial hazards,
chemical hazards, and allergens should be regulated. The European Union, North
America, East Asia, Australia, and Nigeria have established regulations
regarding insect feed, which could enhance the utility of insects as novel feed
resources for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul
01133, Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hae In Yong, Division of
Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
Tel: +82-42-821-5775, E-mail:
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Corresponding author: Yun-Sang Choi, Research Group
of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea. Tel:
+82-63-219-9387, E-mail:
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18
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Jahandideh F, Bourque SL, Wu J. A comprehensive review on the glucoregulatory properties of food-derived bioactive peptides. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100222. [PMID: 35498998 PMCID: PMC9039931 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, affects millions of people worldwide and is on the rise. Dietary proteins, from a wide range of food sources, are rich in bioactive peptides with antidiabetic properties. Notable examples include AGFAGDDAPR, a black tea-derived peptide, VRIRLLQRFNKRS, a β-conglycinin-derived peptide, and milk-derived peptide VPP, which have shown antidiabetic effects in diabetic rodent models through variety of pathways including improving beta-cells function, suppression of alpha-cells proliferation, inhibiting food intake, increasing portal cholecystokinin concentration, enhancing insulin signaling and glucose uptake, and ameliorating adipose tissue inflammation. Despite the immense research on glucoregulatory properties of bioactive peptides, incorporation of these bioactive peptides in functional foods or nutraceuticals is widely limited due to the existence of several challenges in the field of peptide research and commercialization. Ongoing research in this field, however, is fundamental to pave the road for this purpose.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Akt, Protein kinase B
- Bioactive peptides
- C/EBP-α, CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein alpha
- CCK, Cholecystokinin
- CCK-1R, CCK type 1 receptor
- DPP-IV, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
- Diabetes mellitus
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2
- GIP, Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide 1
- GLUT, Glucose transporter
- Glucose homeostasis
- IRS-1, Insulin receptor substrate-1
- Insulin resistance
- MAPK, Mitogen activated protein kinase
- PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PPARγ, Peroxisome proliferator associated receptor gamma
- Reproductive dysfunction
- TZD, Thiazolidinedione
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine-monophosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Jahandideh
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Stephane L Bourque
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Jianping Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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19
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Bull C, Belobrajdic D, Hamzelou S, Jones D, Leifert W, Ponce-reyes R, Terefe NS, Williams G, Colgrave M. How Healthy Are Non-Traditional Dietary Proteins? The Effect of Diverse Protein Foods on Biomarkers of Human Health. Foods 2022; 11:528. [PMID: 35206005 PMCID: PMC8871094 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Future food security for healthy populations requires the development of safe, sustainably-produced protein foods to complement traditional dietary protein sources. To meet this need, a broad range of non-traditional protein foods are under active investigation. The aim of this review was to evaluate their potential effects on human health and to identify knowledge gaps, potential risks, and research opportunities. Non-traditional protein sources included are algae, cereals/grains, fresh fruit and vegetables, insects, mycoprotein, nuts, oil seeds, and legumes. Human, animal, and in vitro data suggest that non-traditional protein foods have compelling beneficial effects on human health, complementing traditional proteins (meat/poultry, soy, eggs, dairy). Improvements in cardiovascular health, lipid metabolism, muscle synthesis, and glycaemic control were the most frequently reported improvements in health-related endpoints. The mechanisms of benefit may arise from their diverse range of minerals, macro- and micronutrients, dietary fibre, and bioactive factors. Many were also reported to have anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activity. Across all protein sources examined, there is a strong need for quality human data from randomized controlled intervention studies. Opportunity lies in further understanding the potential effects of non-traditional proteins on the gut microbiome, immunity, inflammatory conditions, DNA damage, cognition, and cellular ageing. Safety, sustainability, and evidence-based health research will be vital to the development of high-quality complementary protein foods that enhance human health at all life stages.
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Abstract
Consumption of edible insects has been widely suggested as an environmentally sustainable substitute for meat to reduce GHG emissions. However, the novel research field for edible insects rely on the content of bioactive ingredients and on the ability to induce a functional effect in humans. The goal of this manuscript was to review the available body of evidence on the properties of edible insects in modulating oxidative and inflammatory stress, platelet aggregation, lipid and glucose metabolism and weight control. A search for literature investigating the functional role of edible insects was carried out in the PUBMED database using specific keywords. A total of 55 studies, meeting inclusion criteria after screening, were divided on the basis of the experimental approach: in vitro studies, cellular models/ex vivo studies or in vivo studies. In the majority of the studies, insects demonstrated the ability to reduce oxidative stress, modulate antioxidant status, restore the impaired activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce markers of oxidative damage. Edible insects displayed anti-inflammatory activity reducing cytokines and modulating specific transcription factors. Results from animal studies suggest that edible insects can modulate lipid and glucose metabolism. The limited number of studies focused on the assessment of anticoagulation activity of edible insects make it difficult to draw conclusions. More evidence from dietary intervention studies in humans is needed to support the promising evidence from in vitro and animal models about the functional role of edible insects consumption.
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21
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Errico S, Spagnoletta A, Verardi A, Moliterni S, Dimatteo S, Sangiorgio P. Tenebrio molitor as a source of interesting natural compounds, their recovery processes, biological effects, and safety aspects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:148-197. [PMID: 34773434 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is urgent to produce in larger quantities and more sustainably to reduce the gap between food supply and demand. In a circular bioeconomy vision, insects receive great attention as a sustainable alternative to satisfy food and nutritional needs. Among all insects, Tenebrio molitor (TM) is the first insect approved by the European Food Safety Authority as a novel food in specific conditions and uses, testifying its growing relevance and potential. This review holistically presents the possible role of TM in the sustainable and circular solution to the growing needs for food and nutrients. We analyze all high value-added products obtained from TM (powders and extracts, oils and fatty acids, proteins and peptides, and chitin and chitosan), their recovery processes (evaluating the best ones in technical and environmental terms), their nutritional and economical values, and their biological effects. Safety aspects are also mentioned. TM potential is undoubted, but some aspects still need to be discussed, including the health effects of substances and microorganisms in its body, the optimal production conditions (that affect product quality and safety), and TM capacity to convert by-products into new products. Environmental, economic, social, and market feasibility studies are also required to analyze the new value chains. Finally, to unlock the enormous potential of edible insects as a source of nutritious and sustainable food, it will be necessary to overcome the cultural, psychological, and regulatory barriers still present in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Errico
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Alessandra Verardi
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Stefania Moliterni
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Salvatore Dimatteo
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Paola Sangiorgio
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
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Walkowiak-Nowicka K, Chowański S, Urbański A, Marciniak P. Insects as a New Complex Model in Hormonal Basis of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11066. [PMID: 34681728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, one of the biggest problems in healthcare is an obesity epidemic. Consumption of cheap and low-quality energy-rich diets, low physical activity, and sedentary work favor an increase in the number of obesity cases within many populations/nations. This is a burden on society, public health, and the economy with many deleterious consequences. Thus, studies concerning this disorder are extremely needed, including searching for new, effective, and fitting models. Obesity may be related, among other factors, to disrupting adipocytes activity, disturbance of metabolic homeostasis, dysregulation of hormonal balance, cardiovascular problems, or disorders in nutrition which may lead to death. Because of the high complexity of obesity, it is not easy to find an ideal model for its studies which will be suitable for genetic and physiological analysis including specification of different compounds’ (hormones, neuropeptides) functions, as well as for signaling pathways analysis. In recent times, in search of new models for human diseases there has been more and more attention paid to insects, especially in neuro-endocrine regulation. It seems that this group of animals might also be a new model for human obesity. There are many arguments that insects are a good, multidirectional, and complex model for this disease. For example, insect models can have similar conservative signaling pathways (e.g., JAK-STAT signaling pathway), the presence of similar hormonal axis (e.g., brain–gut axis), or occurrence of structural and functional homologues between neuropeptides (e.g., neuropeptide F and human neuropeptide Y, insulin-like peptides, and human insulin) compared to humans. Here we give a hint to use insects as a model for obesity that can be used in multiple ways: as a source of genetic and peptidomic data about etiology and development correlated with obesity occurrence as well as a model for novel hormonal-based drug activity and their impact on mechanism of disease occurrence.
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Cláudia da Costa Rocha A, José de Andrade C, de Oliveira D. Perspective on integrated biorefinery for valorization of biomass from the edible insect Tenebrio molitor. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kang YM, Kang HA, Cominguez DC, Kim SH, An HJ. Papain Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Mice and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via AMPK Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9885. [PMID: 34576066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain is a proteolytic enzyme present in the leaves, fruits, roots, and latex of the Carica papaya (papaya) plant. Although it exhibits a wide range of activities, there are no reports on the anti-obesity effects of papain. This study examined the anti-obesity effect and obesity-involved anti-inflammatory mechanism of papain in in vivo and in vitro models using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Oral administration of papain reduced HFD-induced weight of the body, liver, and adipose tissues of mice. Papain also reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte size. Moreover, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were markedly reduced in papain-treated mice. In addition, papain inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes and oil accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and rat primary preadipocytes. Mechanistically, papain significantly downregulated the protein levels of key adipogenesis regulators and reversed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in HFD-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Papain also markedly enhanced activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in both models. Collectively, these results suggest that papain exerts anti-obesity effects in HFD-induced mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by regulating levels of adipogenic factors involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation; thus, it could be useful in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Navarro Del Hierro J, Cantero-Bahillo E, Fornari T, Martin D. Effect of Defatting and Extraction Solvent on the Antioxidant and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activities of Extracts from Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor. Insects 2021; 12:789. [PMID: 34564229 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The food industry is notably investing more resources on the production of nutritious, healthy, safe and sustainable products derived from edible insects. In this sense, natural extracts (or concentrated forms of compounds from natural sources) are usually food ingredients with added value for human health. This is due to their intrinsic beneficious biological activities; however, bioactive extracts from edible insects have been scarcely explored. Due to that and considering that the bioactivities of extracts might be conditioned by parameters of the technological process, we assessed how different extraction conditions, such as the defatting of the raw insect flours or the extraction solvents employed, affected two bioactivities of the resulting extracts from insects: the blocking of the digestion of fats from the diet by evaluating the inhibition of the responsible enzyme (pancreatic lipase), as well as their antioxidant activity. T. molitor and H. illucens were used, as they are two of the most known edible species for both feed and food. We observed a multibioactivity for all the extracts. Both tested processing factors differentially modulated the bioactivity of extracts from both species. We also analysed the composition of the H. illucens extracts and detected amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, sterols and organic acids. Abstract The production of specific insect extracts with bioactive properties for human health is an emerging and innovative field for the edible insects industry, but there are unexplored extraction factors that might modulate the bioactivity of the extracts. Ultrasound-assisted extracts from T. molitor and H. illucens were produced. Effects of defatting pre-treatment and extraction solvent were evaluated on extraction yield, antioxidant activity and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect. Chemical characterisation of defatted extracts from H. illucens was performed by GC-MS-FID. Non-defatted extracts showed higher extraction yields. Defatted extracts had similar extraction yields (around 3%). Defatted extracts had higher antioxidant activity, T. molitor being stronger than H. illucens. Antioxidant activity of T. molitor methanol extract was higher than the rest of solvents. Aqueous ethanol improved the antioxidant activity of H. illucens extracts. All extracts inhibited lipase, but no significant effect of defatting and solvent was observed for T. molitor. A significant higher inhibitory activity was observed for H. illucens, the strongest being defatted 100% and 70% ethanol H. illucens extracts. H. illucens extracts contained free amino acids and disaccharides, together with minor fractions of lipids, sterols and organic acids. These results evidence the potential of extracts obtained from edible insects as antioxidants and inhibitors of the pancreatic lipase, a simultaneous multibioactivity that might be favoured by the defatting pre-treatment of the samples and the solvent of extraction.
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Lee JH, Kim TK, Jeong CH, Yong HI, Cha JY, Kim BK, Choi YS. Biological activity and processing technologies of edible insects: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1003-1023. [PMID: 34471556 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The burgeoning global population growth has raised concerns regarding the expected increase in the demand for food, which could be partially tackled by identifying novel food sources. To this end, edible insects have recently attracted research interest. Several technologies for utilizing edible insect-derived proteins have been introduced; however, research into their functional utilization is insufficient. Herein, we reviewed the relevant literature on the importance of insects as food sources, extraction of edible insects, the nutritional value of insects, biological activities of components, and their applications in food industries. We summarized the studies primarily focused on the functional utilization of edible insects, suggesting that for successful incorporation and growth of edible insects in food and pharmaceutical industries, strategies to improve the extraction methods are required to explore the biological activity of edible insects. Furthermore, the awareness of edible insects with a focus on their allergens warrants consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Chang Hee Jeong
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Bum-Keun Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
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Moruzzo R, Riccioli F, Espinosa Diaz S, Secci C, Poli G, Mancini S. Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor): Potential and Challenges to Promote Circular Economy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2568. [PMID: 34573534 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The main objective of this review is to analyse the potential of insects from the perspective of circular economy, focusing our attention on mealworm larvae. After pointing out the key concepts of circular economy and describing the use of insects in bioconversion processes, we discuss the most relevant uses of the mealworm in different industries, which show the great contribution this insect can make within circular productive systems. This topic has attracted a lot of attention due to its implications from an economic and environmental point of view. Recently, mealworm larvae were positively assessed by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as a safe novel food. As a matter of fact, the mealworm is the first edible insect to achieve this important milestone in the EU. Due to this new scientific opinion, considerable expectations arise on mealworms and their potential in different fields, which will surely lead to market developments in the following years. Abstract Over the last few years, the concept of Circular Economy (CE) has received a lot of attention due to its potential contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially by reconciling economic growth with the protection of the environment through its grow-make-use-restore approach. The use of insects in circular production systems has been a good example of this concept as insects can transform a wide range of organic waste and by-products into nutritious feedstuffs, which then go back into the production cycle. This paper explores the potential of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) in circular production systems by reviewing their use and applicability in several industries such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food, etc. Despite the high versatility of this insect and its potential as a substitute source of nutrients and other valuable components, there are still many legislative and behavioural challenges that hinder its adoption and acceptance.
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Villaseñor VM, Enriquez-Vara JN, Urías-Silva JE, Mojica L. Edible Insects: Techno-functional Properties Food and Feed Applications and Biological Potential. Food Reviews International 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1890116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M. Villaseñor
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro De Investigación Y Asistencia En Tecnología Y Diseño Del Estado De Jalisco, A. C., Ciatej, Guadalajara, México
| | - Jhony Navat Enriquez-Vara
- CONACYT, Centro De Investigación Y Asistencia En Tecnología Y Diseño Del Estado De Jalisco, A. C., Ciatej, Guadalajara, México
| | - Judith E. Urías-Silva
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro De Investigación Y Asistencia En Tecnología Y Diseño Del Estado De Jalisco, A. C., Ciatej, Guadalajara, México
| | - Luis Mojica
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro De Investigación Y Asistencia En Tecnología Y Diseño Del Estado De Jalisco, A. C., Ciatej, Guadalajara, México
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Kim JH, Kim EY, Chung KJ, Lee JH, Choi HJ, Chung TW, Kim KJ. Mealworm Oil (MWO) Enhances Wound Healing Potential through the Activation of Fibroblast and Endothelial Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040779. [PMID: 33546205 PMCID: PMC7913324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mealworm and mealworm oil (MWO) have been reported to affect antioxidant, anti-coagulation, anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the function of MWO in wound healing is still unclear. In this study, we found that MWO induced the migration of fibroblast cells and mRNA expressions of wound healing factors such as alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen-1 (COL-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in fibroblast cells. The tube formation and migration of endothelial cells were promoted through the activation of VEGF/VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2)-mediated downstream signals including AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 by MWO-stimulated fibroblasts for angiogenesis. Moreover, we confirmed that MWO promoted skin wound repair by collagen synthesis, re-epithelialization and angiogenesis in an in vivo excisional wound model. These results demonstrate that MWO might have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, TaeKyeung University, 65, Danbuk 1-gil, Jain-myeon, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38547, Korea;
| | - Eun-Yeong Kim
- APROGEN, Inc., 545, Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13215, Korea;
| | - Kyu Jin Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea;
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- JIN BioCell Co., Ltd., #118-119, National Clinical Research Center for Korean Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- JIN BioCell Co., Ltd., #118-119, National Clinical Research Center for Korean Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, TaeKyeung University, 65, Danbuk 1-gil, Jain-myeon, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38547, Korea;
- JIN BioCell Co., Ltd., #118-119, National Clinical Research Center for Korean Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (H.-J.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.-W.C.); (K.-J.K.)
| | - Keuk-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, TaeKyeung University, 65, Danbuk 1-gil, Jain-myeon, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38547, Korea;
- Correspondence: (T.-W.C.); (K.-J.K.)
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Choi RY, Ji M, Lee MK, Paik MJ. Metabolomics Study of Serum from a Chronic Alcohol-Fed Rat Model Following Administration of Defatted Tenebrio molitor Larva Fermentation Extract. Metabolites 2020; 10:E436. [PMID: 33138187 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously showed that defatted mealworm fermentation extract (MWF) attenuates alcoholic liver injury by regulating lipid, inflammatory, and antioxidant metabolism in chronic alcohol-fed rats. The current metabolomics study was performed to monitor biochemical events following the administration of MWF (daily for eight weeks) to a rat model of alcoholic liver injury by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The levels of 15 amino acids (AAs), 17 organic acids (OAs), and 19 free fatty acids (FFAs) were measured in serum. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to compare the levels of 51 metabolites in serum. In particular, 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3-HB), pyroglutamic acid (PG), octadecanoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were evaluated as high variable importance point (VIP) scores and PCA loading scores as determined by PLS-DA and PCA, and these were significantly higher in the MWF and silymarin groups than in the EtOH group. MWF showed a protective effect from alcohol-induced liver damage by elevating hepatic β-oxidation activity, and serum 3-HB levels were significantly higher in the MWF group than in the EtOH control group. Glycine levels were higher in the MWF group than in the EtOH group, and PG levels (related to glutathione production) were also elevated, indicating a reduction in alcohol-related oxidative stress. In addition, MWF is protected from alcohol-induced inflammation and steatosis by increasing serum DHA, palmitic, and octadecanoic acid levels as compared with the EtOH group. These results suggest that MWF might attenuate alcoholic liver disease, due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by up-regulating hepatic β-oxidation activity and down-regulating liver FFA uptake.
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Choi RY, Ham JR, Ryu HS, Lee SS, Miguel MA, Paik MJ, Ji M, Park KW, Kang KY, Lee HI, Lee MK. Defatted Tenebrio molitor Larva Fermentation Extract Modifies Steatosis, Inflammation and Intestinal Microflora in Chronic Alcohol-Fed Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051426. [PMID: 32423176 PMCID: PMC7284378 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of defatted mealworm fermentation extract (MWF) on alcoholic liver injury in rats. The rats were fed either a Lieber-DeCarli control (Con) or alcohol liquid diet (EtOH). The alcohol-fed rats were administered MWF (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day) and silymarin (200 mg/kg/day) orally for eight weeks. MWF prevented alcohol-induced hepatocellular damage by decreasing their serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels significantly compared to the EtOH group. MWF effectively reduced the relative hepatic weight, lipid contents, and fat deposition, along with the down-regulation of transcriptional factors and genes involved in lipogenesis compared to the EtOH group. It also enhanced the antioxidant defense system by elevating the glutathione level and glutathione reductase activity. MWF attenuated the alcohol-induced inflammatory response by down-regulating hepatic inflammation-associated proteins expression, such as phosphorylated-inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in chronic alcohol-fed rats. Furthermore, sequencing analysis in the colonic microbiota showed that MWF tended to increase Lactobacillus johnsonii reduced by chronic alcohol consumption. These findings suggest that MWF can attenuate alcoholic liver injury by regulating the lipogenic and inflammatory pathway and antioxidant defense system, as well as by partially altering the microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra-Yeong Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.-Y.C.); (J.R.H.); (H.-S.R.)
| | - Ju Ri Ham
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.-Y.C.); (J.R.H.); (H.-S.R.)
| | - Hyo-Seon Ryu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.-Y.C.); (J.R.H.); (H.-S.R.)
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (S.S.L.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Michelle A. Miguel
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (S.S.L.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Man-Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (M.-J.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Moongi Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (M.-J.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Kyung-Wuk Park
- Suncheon Research Center for Natural Medicines, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (K.-W.P.); (K.-Y.K.)
| | - Kyung-Yun Kang
- Suncheon Research Center for Natural Medicines, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (K.-W.P.); (K.-Y.K.)
| | - Hae-In Lee
- Mokpo Marin Food-Industry Research Center, Mokpo 58621, Korea;
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.-Y.C.); (J.R.H.); (H.-S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-750-3656
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Elucidate the effect of insects as feed and food on nutrition and health of humans and animals. RECENT FINDINGS A new sector is developing of insects as food and feed. The academic interest is growing exponentially. In addition to their high nutritional values, there are also health benefits. These relate to prebiotic effects of insect products, such as chitin on humans and animals. Insects have a large reservoir of antimicrobial peptides. Some insect species have shown to have antioxidant properties. SUMMARY The increasing demand for meat and the limited amount of land availability prompt the search for alternative protein sources. Insects require less land and have a lower environmental impact than meat products. In addition to having a high nutritional value, they have also health benefits. Several edible insect species can be grown on organic side streams, in this way contributing to a circular economy. The number of scientific articles increased exponentially, and more than 290 start-ups are now engaging in its production and marketing. Food safety issues are not a major issue but need to be carefully checked when organic waste streams are used. The main strategies related to consumer issues are disguising the insects in familiar products and making them tasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
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Pyo SJ, Kang DG, Jung C, Sohn HY. Anti-Thrombotic, Anti-Oxidant and Haemolysis Activities of Six Edible Insect Species. Foods 2020; 9:E401. [PMID: 32244589 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Korea, various insect species such as crickets and grasshoppers, as well as honey bee and silkworm pupae, have been consumed as food and used in oriental medicine. In this study to evaluate useful the bioactivities and potentially adverse effects of edible insects, ethanol extracts of Allomyrina dichotoma (AD), Tenebrio molitor (TM), Protaetia brevitarsis (PB), Gryllus bimaculatus (GB), Teleogryllusemma (TE), and Apis mellifera (AM) were prepared and evaluated with regard to their anti-thrombosis, anti-oxidant and haemolysis activities against human red blood cells. AD and TE extracts showed strong anti-oxidant activities, which were not related to polyphenol content. All ethanol extracts, except AM extract, showed strong platelet aggregation activities. The platelet aggregation ratios of the extracts were 194%–246% of those of the solvent controls. The effects of the AD, TM, PB, GM, and AM extracts on thrombin, prothrombin and various coagulation factors were negligible. Only the extract of TM showed concentration-dependent anti-coagulation activities, with a 1.75-fold aPTT (activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) extension at 5 mg/mL. Of the six insect extracts, TM and AM extracts exhibited potent haemolytic activity. Our results on the insect extracts’ functional properties suggest that edible insects have considerable potential not just as a food source but as a novel bio-resource as well.
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Cho HR, Lee SO. Novel hepatoprotective peptides derived from protein hydrolysates of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). Food Res Int 2020; 133:109194. [PMID: 32466897 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we hypothesized that protein hydrolysates of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) which is known to exert significant scavenging activity toward reactive oxygen species (ROS) might protect liver cells against ROS-induced cytotoxicity. Therefore, hepatoprotective effects of protein hydrolysates of mealworm and their underlying mechanisms were investigated in AML12 mouse liver cells and the responsible peptides were further identified. Pretreatment with the mealworm alcalase hydrolysate (MAH; <1 kDa) showed the highest protective effect against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in AML12 cells among three mealworm hydrolysates produced by different proteases (alcalase, flavourzyme, and neutrase). Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that MAH reduces ROS levels through increasing NF-E2-related factor 2-mediated expression of catalase, heme oxygenase-1, and genes involved in glutathione synthesis. Moreover, two novel hepatoprotective peptides, Ala-Lys-Lys-His-Lys-Glu and Leu-Glu, which shared similar mechanisms of action with MAH were identified. These results suggest that MAH and the two peptides represent potential sources of natural hepatoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rin Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Syng-Ook Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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Liu C, Masri J, Perez V, Maya C, Zhao J. Growth Performance and Nutrient Composition of Mealworms ( Tenebrio Molitor) Fed on Fresh Plant Materials-Supplemented Diets. Foods 2020; 9:foods9020151. [PMID: 32033344 PMCID: PMC7074268 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have a great potential to serve as a sustainable food source for humans due to their favorable nutrient profile and low environmental impact. Feed formulation and optimization are important for mealworm production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh plant materials-supplemented diets on the growth performance and nutritional value of mealworms. Mealworm larvae were grown on wheat bran or wheat bran enriched with carrot, orange, or red cabbage for four weeks. Larval and pupal survival, growth rate, pupating rate, duration of pupal stage, proximate composition, reducing power, metal chelating activity, and radical scavenging activity of the mealworms were analyzed. Dietary supplementation with fresh plant materials did not result in significant changes in mealworm survival, development, proximate composition, or antioxidant activities. However, mealworm larvae fed on carrot-, orange-, and red cabbage-supplemented diets had improved growth rates, and were 40%–46% heavier in week four than those fed on wheat bran only, indicating the supplementation resulted in an increased production efficiency of mealworm larvae. Our findings may help optimize the diet formulation for mealworm mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Jasmin Masri
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, Rongxiang Xu College of Health and Human Services, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 91803, USA; (J.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Violet Perez
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, Rongxiang Xu College of Health and Human Services, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 91803, USA; (J.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Cassandra Maya
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, Rongxiang Xu College of Health and Human Services, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 91803, USA; (J.M.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-323-343-4665
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Navarro Del Hierro J, Gutiérrez-Docio A, Otero P, Reglero G, Martin D. Characterization, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase of extracts from the edible insects Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor. Food Chem 2020; 309:125742. [PMID: 31704068 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from the edible insects Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor were obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE) using ethanol (E) or ethanol:water (E:W). Characterization by GC-MS was performed and total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant activity (DPPH) and pancreatic lipase inhibitory capacity were assayed. Most extracts, mainly ethanolic extracts, predominantly presented lipids as free fatty acids, followed by aminoacids, organic acids, carbohydrates, hydrocarbons and sterols. The UAE-E:W extracts were different, being characterized by organic acids for A. domesticus, or aminoacids for T. molitor. All the extracts exhibited antioxidant activity, which correlated with TPC values, being the E:W extracts the most effective. All the extracts showed inhibitory activity of lipase, although those from T. molitor and extracted by PLE were the most effective. Therefore, bioactive insect extracts can be selectively obtained by advanced methods of extraction, being aqueous ethanol preferred for antioxidant activity and PLE for inhibitory lipase activity.
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Liang X, Pan J, Cao C, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Fan Y, Li K, Tao C, Wang Y. Transcriptional Response of Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue to Acute Cold Exposure in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163968. [PMID: 31443159 PMCID: PMC6720191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beige adipose tissue has been considered to have potential applications in combating obesity and its related metabolic diseases. However, the mechanisms of acute cold-stimulated beige formation still remain largely unknown. Here, transcriptional analysis of acute cold-stimulated (4 °C for 4 h) subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) was conducted to determine the molecular signatures that might be involved in beige formation. Histological analysis confirmed the appearance of beige adipocytes in acute cold-treated sWAT. The RNA-sequencing data revealed that 714 genes were differentially expressed (p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2), in which 221 genes were upregulated and 493 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses showed that the upregulated genes were enriched in the GO terms related to lipid metabolic process, fatty acid metabolic process, lipid oxidation, fatty acid oxidation, etc. In contrast, downregulated genes were assigned the GO terms of regulation of immune response, regulation of response to stimulus, defense response, etc. The expressions of some browning candidate genes were validated in cold-treated sWAT and 3T3-L1 cell browning differentiation. In summary, our results illustrated the transcriptional response of sWAT to acute cold exposure and identified the genes, including Acad11, Cyp2e1, Plin5, and Pdk2, involved in beige adipocyte formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Cong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China.
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China.
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Li H, Yoo W, Park HM, Lim SY, Shin DH, Kim S, Park HY, Jeong TS. Arazyme Suppresses Hepatic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis in Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Like Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092325. [PMID: 31083413 PMCID: PMC6539878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arazyme, a metalloprotease from the spider Nephila clavata, exerts hepatoprotective activity in CCL4-induced acute hepatic injury. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-like C57BL/6J mice. The mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group): the normal diet group, the HFD group, the arazyme group (HFD with 0.025% arazyme), and the milk thistle (MT) group (HFD with 0.1% MT). Dietary supplementation of arazyme for 13 weeks significantly lowered plasma triglyceride (TG) and non-esterified fatty acid levels. Suppression of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in the arazyme group was caused by the reduced hepatic TG and total cholesterol (TC) contents. Arazyme supplementation decreased hepatic lipogenesis-related gene expression, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription protein 1 (Srebf1), fatty acid synthase (Fas), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (Acc1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1), Scd2, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (Gpam), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (Dgat1), and Dgat2. Arazyme directly reduced palmitic acid (PA)-induced TG accumulation in HepG2 cells. Arazyme suppressed macrophage infiltration and tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfa), interleukin-1β (Il1b), and chemokine-ligand-2 (Ccl2) expression in the liver, and inhibited secretion of TNFα and expression of inflammatory mediators, Tnfa, Il1b, Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, and Ccl5, in PA-induced RAW264.7 cells. Arazyme effectively protected hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis by inhibiting SREBP-1-mediated lipid accumulation and macrophage-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Wonbeak Yoo
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hye-Mi Park
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Soo-Youn Lim
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | | | - Seokho Kim
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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Adamski Z, Bufo SA, Chowański S, Falabella P, Lubawy J, Marciniak P, Pacholska-Bogalska J, Salvia R, Scrano L, Słocińska M, Spochacz M, Szymczak M, Urbański A, Walkowiak-Nowicka K, Rosiński G. Beetles as Model Organisms in Physiological, Biomedical and Environmental Studies - A Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:319. [PMID: 30984018 PMCID: PMC6447812 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Model organisms are often used in biological, medical and environmental research. Among insects, Drosophila melanogaster, Galleria mellonella, Apis mellifera, Bombyx mori, Periplaneta americana, and Locusta migratoria are often used. However, new model organisms still appear. In recent years, an increasing number of insect species has been suggested as model organisms in life sciences research due to their worldwide distribution and environmental significance, the possibility of extrapolating research studies to vertebrates and the relatively low cost of rearing. Beetles are the largest insect order, with their representative - Tribolium castaneum - being the first species with a completely sequenced genome, and seem to be emerging as new potential candidates for model organisms in various studies. Apart from T. castaneum, additional species representing various Coleoptera families, such as Nicrophorus vespilloides, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Coccinella septempunctata, Poecilus cupreus, Tenebrio molitor and many others, have been used. They are increasingly often included in two major research aspects: biomedical and environmental studies. Biomedical studies focus mainly on unraveling mechanisms of basic life processes, such as feeding, neurotransmission or activity of the immune system, as well as on elucidating the mechanism of different diseases (neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic, or immunological) using beetles as models. Furthermore, pharmacological bioassays for testing novel biologically active substances in beetles have also been developed. It should be emphasized that beetles are a source of compounds with potential antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Environmental-based studies focus mainly on the development and testing of new potential pesticides of both chemical and natural origin. Additionally, beetles are used as food or for their valuable supplements. Different beetle families are also used as bioindicators. Another important research area using beetles as models is behavioral ecology studies, for instance, parental care. In this paper, we review the current knowledge regarding beetles as model organisms and their practical application in various fields of life science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sabino A. Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Jan Lubawy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Pacholska-Bogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Małgorzata Słocińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Urbański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina Walkowiak-Nowicka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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Kim HJ, Choi EJ, Kim HS, Choi CW, Choi SW, Kim SL, Seo WD, Do SH. Germinated soy germ extract ameliorates obesity through beige fat activation. Food Funct 2019; 10:836-848. [PMID: 30681105 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02252f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide public health concern requiring safe and effective strategies. Recent studies suggest that bioactive compounds from soybeans have beneficial effects on weight loss and reducing fat accumulation. However, despite the biochemical and nutritional changes during germination, the biological effects of germinated soy germ have not been fully investigated. In this article, germinated soy germ extract (GSGE) was evaluated as a potential treatment option for obesity using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that GSGE suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into mature adipocytes, along with reductions in lipid accumulation and lipid droplet formation. In vivo studies also showed that a daily dose of 1 mg kg-1 of GSGE reduced weight gain, adipocyte area, serum triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol in HFD-fed mice. The GSGE treatment promoted browning, which was associated with increased UCP1 expression in vitro and in vivo. In addition, GSGE treatment induced beige fat activation by upregulation of lipolysis and beta-oxidation. Furthermore, gene and protein expression levels of endocannabinoid system-related factors such as NAPE-PLD, FAAH, DAGL-α, and CB2 were altered along with browning and beige fat activation by GSGE. The present study indicates that GSGE effectively inhibits lipid accumulation and promotes beige fat transition and activation. Therefore, we suggest that GSGE treatment could be a promising strategy for the prevention of obesity by promoting weight loss, reducing fat accumulation, and improving obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jun Kim
- Konkuk University, Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Tan YQ, Kwan HY, Yao X, Leung LK. The activity of transient receptor potential channel C‐6 modulates the differentiation of fat cells. FASEB J 2019; 33:6526-6538. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801518rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin Tan
- School of Life SciencesFaculty of ScienceBaptist University Hong Kong China
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- School of Chinese MedicineBaptist University Hong Kong China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Lai K. Leung
- School of Life SciencesFaculty of ScienceBaptist University Hong Kong China
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Ahn EM, Myung NY, Jung HA, Kim SJ. The ameliorative effect of Protaetia brevitarsis Larvae in HFD-induced obese mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1177-86. [PMID: 31275718 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-00553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis (P. brevitarsis) larvae, edible insect, traditionally is consumed for various health benefits. However, little information is available with respect to its direct anti-obesity effects. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the regulatory effect of P. brevitarsis against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. HFD-fed mice showed an increase in the body weight and serum levels of total cholesterol as well as low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides. The administration of P. brevitarsis to obese mice induced a reduction in their body weight, lipid accumulation in liver and serum lipid parameter compared with the HFD fed mice. P. brevitarsis also inhibited the expression of obesity-related genes such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and fatty acid synthesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, oleic acid was identified as predominant fatty acid of P. brevitarsis by gas chromatography analysis. Conclusively, these findings suggested that P. brevitarsis may help to prevent obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Kim BM, Cho BO, Jang SI. Anti-obesity effects of Diospyros lotus leaf extract in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:603-613. [PMID: 30365061 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diospyros (D.) lotus has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory properties. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of D. lotus leaf water extract (DLE) on high‑fat diet (HFD)‑induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice. The present study first investigated the effect of DLE on the lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) contents in 3T3‑L1 cells, and the results revealed that treatment with DLE suppressed the lipid accumulation and TG level. Subsequently, the anti‑obesity effects of DLE were investigated in vivo. Oral administration of DLE reduced the body weight gain, food efficiency ratio, and liver and visceral fat weight in mice fed with a HFD. DLE administration in these mice also reduced TG, total cholesterol, low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, insulin and leptin levels, as well as the atherogenic index. Furthermore, DLE administration decreased hepatic steatosis, as well as serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels in mice fed with HFD. It was further observed that treatment of the HFD‑fed mice with DLE prevented lipid peroxidation, while it recovered glutathione depletion and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. In conclusion, the current study suggests that the anti‑obesity effect of DLE may provide positive insights as a potential functional food ingredient for the prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Mi Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ok Cho
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Il Jang
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea
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Seo M, Kim J, Moon SS, Hwang JS, Kim MA. Intraventricular administration of Tenebrio molitor larvae extract regulates food intake and body weight in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Nutr Res 2017; 44:18-26. [PMID: 28821314 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the in vitro and in vivo antiobesity effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae, a traditional food in many countries, but it remains unknown how the larvae affect appetite regulation in mice with diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that the extract of T molitor larvae mediates appetite by regulating neuropeptide expression. We investigated T molitor larvae extract's (TME's) effects on anorexigenesis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced orexigenic neuropeptide expression in the hypothalami of obese mice. Intracerebroventricular TME administration suppressed feeding by down-regulating the expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein. T molitor larvae extract significantly reduced the expression of ER stress response genes. These results suggest that TME and its bioactive components are potential therapeutics for obesity and ER stress-driven disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea.
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